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Ben Ayed I, Ammar A, Aouichaoui C, Mezghani N, Salem A, Naija S, Ben Amor S, Trabelsi K, Jahrami H, Trabelsi Y, El Massioui F. Does acute aerobic exercise enhance selective attention, working memory, and problem-solving abilities in Alzheimer's patients? A sex-based comparative study. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1383119. [PMID: 38903391 PMCID: PMC11187274 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1383119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of acute aerobic exercise on certain cognitive functions known to be affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD), with a particular emphasis on sex differences. Methods A total of 53 patients, with a mean age of 70.54 ± 0.88 years and moderate AD, voluntarily participated in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: the experimental group (EG), which participated in a 20-min moderate-intensity cycling session (60% of the individual maximum target heart rate recorded at the end of the 6-min walk test); and the control group (CG), which participated in a 20-min reading activity. Cognitive abilities were assessed before and after the physical exercise or reading session using the Stroop test for selective attention, the forward and backward digit span test for working memory, and the Tower of Hanoi task for problem-solving abilities. Results At baseline, both groups had comparable cognitive performance (p > 0.05 in all tests). Regardless of sex, aerobic acute exercise improved attention in the Stroop test (p < 0.001), enhanced memory performance in both forward (p < 0.001) and backward (p < 0.001) conditions, and reduced the time required to solve the problem in the Tower of Hanoi task (p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in the number of movements. In contrast, the CG did not significantly improve after the reading session for any of the cognitive tasks (p > 0.05). Consequently, the EG recorded greater performance improvements than the CG in most cognitive tasks tested (p < 0.0001) after the intervention session. Discussion These findings demonstrate that, irrespective to sex, a single aerobic exercise session on an ergocycle can improve cognitive function in patients with moderate AD. The results suggest that acute aerobic exercise enhances cognitive function similarly in both female and male patients, indicating promising directions for inclusive therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Ben Ayed
- Research Laboratory, Exercise Physiology and Physiopathology: from Integrated to Molecular “Biology, Medicine and Health”, LR19ES09, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Sousse University, Sousse, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Human and Artificial Cognition (EA 4004), Psychology UFR, University of Vincennes/Saint-Denis, Saint-Denis, France
- Research Laboratory, Education, Motricity, Sport and Health (EM2S), LR15JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Achraf Ammar
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Chirine Aouichaoui
- Research Laboratory, Exercise Physiology and Physiopathology: from Integrated to Molecular “Biology, Medicine and Health”, LR19ES09, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Sousse University, Sousse, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saïd, University of Manouba, Cité Nasr, Tunisia
| | - Nourhen Mezghani
- Department of Sport Sciences, College of Education, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atef Salem
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Salma Naija
- Neurology Department, University Hospital Sahloul Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Sana Ben Amor
- Neurology Department, University Hospital Sahloul Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- Research Laboratory, Education, Motricity, Sport and Health (EM2S), LR15JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Haitham Jahrami
- College of Medicine and Medical Science, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Yassine Trabelsi
- Research Laboratory, Exercise Physiology and Physiopathology: from Integrated to Molecular “Biology, Medicine and Health”, LR19ES09, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Sousse University, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Farid El Massioui
- Laboratory of Human and Artificial Cognition (EA 4004), Psychology UFR, University of Vincennes/Saint-Denis, Saint-Denis, France
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Curtin D, Taylor EM, Bellgrove MA, Chong TTJ, Coxon JP. Dopamine D2 Receptor Modulates Exercise Related Effect on Cortical Excitation/Inhibition and Motor Skill Acquisition. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e2028232024. [PMID: 38553046 PMCID: PMC11079968 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2028-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Exercise is known to benefit motor skill learning in health and neurological disease. Evidence from brain stimulation, genotyping, and Parkinson's disease studies converge to suggest that the dopamine D2 receptor, and shifts in the cortical excitation and inhibition (E:I) balance, are prime candidates for the drivers of exercise-enhanced motor learning. However, causal evidence using experimental pharmacological challenge is lacking. We hypothesized that the modulatory effect of the dopamine D2 receptor on exercise-induced changes in the E:I balance would determine the magnitude of motor skill acquisition. To test this, we measured exercise-induced changes in excitation and inhibition using paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in 22 healthy female and male humans, and then had participants learn a novel motor skill-the sequential visual isometric pinch task (SVIPT). We examined the effect of D2 receptor blockade (800 mg sulpiride) on these measures within a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Our key result was that motor skill acquisition was driven by an interaction between the D2 receptor and E:I balance. Specifically, poorer skill learning was related to an attenuated shift in the E:I balance in the sulpiride condition, whereas this interaction was not evident in placebo. Our results demonstrate that exercise-primed motor skill acquisition is causally influenced by D2 receptor activity on motor cortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Curtin
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Eleanor M Taylor
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Trevor T-J Chong
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - James P Coxon
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Igloi K, Marin Bosch B, Kuenzi N, Thomas A, Lauer E, Bringard A, Schwartz S. Interactions between physical exercise, associative memory, and genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae205. [PMID: 38802684 PMCID: PMC11129939 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The ε4 allele of the APOE gene heightens the risk of late onset Alzheimer's disease. ε4 carriers, may exhibit cognitive and neural changes early on. Given the known memory-enhancing effects of physical exercise, particularly through hippocampal plasticity via endocannabinoid signaling, here we aimed to test whether a single session of physical exercise may benefit memory and underlying neurophysiological processes in young ε3 carriers (ε3/ε4 heterozygotes, risk group) compared with a matched control group (homozygotes for ε3). Participants underwent fMRI while learning picture sequences, followed by cycling or rest before a memory test. Blood samples measured endocannabinoid levels. At the behavioral level, the risk group exhibited poorer associative memory performance, regardless of the exercising condition. At the brain level, the risk group showed increased medial temporal lobe activity during memory retrieval irrespective of exercise (suggesting neural compensatory effects even at baseline), whereas, in the control group, such increase was only detectable after physical exercise. Critically, an exercise-related endocannabinoid increase correlated with task-related hippocampal activation in the control group only. In conclusion, healthy young individuals carrying the ε4 allele may present suboptimal associative memory performance (when compared with homozygote ε3 carriers), together with reduced plasticity (and functional over-compensation) within medial temporal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Igloi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Blanca Marin Bosch
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Noémie Kuenzi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Thomas
- Faculty Unit of Toxicology, CURML, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry, CURML, Lausanne and Geneva University Hospitals, Lausanne, CH-1011 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Estelle Lauer
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry, CURML, Lausanne and Geneva University Hospitals, Lausanne, CH-1011 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Bringard
- Department of Pneumology, Geneva University Hospitals, CH-1011 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Schwartz
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva Neuroscience Center, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Luo Q, Tian Z, Hu Y, Wang C. Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Executive and Memory Functions in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review. J Aging Phys Act 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38521051 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2023-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease threatens the health of older adults, particularly by disrupting executive and memory functions, and many studies have shown that aerobic exercise prevents and improves the symptoms associated with the disease. OBJECTIVE The objective was to systematically review the effects of aerobic exercise on executive and memory functions in patients with Alzheimer's disease and to determine the effect factors and mechanisms of the design of aerobic exercise intervention programs. METHOD Relevant literature was searched in three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO) from January 1, 2014 to March 1, 2023, using a subject-word search method. Data on 10 items, including author and country, were extracted from the literature after screening. The quality of the literature was evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale, and a systematic review was performed. RESULTS Twelve papers from seven countries were ultimately included, embodying 11 randomized controlled trials and one study with a repeated-measures design. The overall quality of the studies was good as 657 study participants, aged 45 years and older who had varying degrees of Alzheimer's disease and significant symptoms, were included. Aerobic exercise was found to have a significant positive impact on executive and memory functions in people with Alzheimer's disease. CONCLUSION The effects of aerobic exercise on aspects of executive function were mainly characterized by improvements in inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, whereas the effects on aspects of memory function were mainly characterized by improvements in logical memory, situational memory, and short-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyou Luo
- College of Physical Education, Hunan University, Changsha, HUN, China
| | - Zuguo Tian
- College of Physical Education, Hunan University, Changsha, HUN, China
| | - Yuting Hu
- College of Physical Education, Hunan University, Changsha, HUN, China
| | - Chaochao Wang
- College of Physical Education, Hunan University, Changsha, HUN, China
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Loprinzi PD, Caplan JB. Lack of effects of acute exercise intensity on mnemonic discrimination. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024:17470218241238881. [PMID: 38424033 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241238881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The hippocampus is thought to support episodic memory by pattern separation, thereby supporting the ability to discriminate high similarity items. Past research evaluating whether acute exercise can improve mnemonic discrimination of high similarity items is mixed. The present experiment attempts to extend these prior mixed findings by evaluating the effects of multiple exercise intensities on hippocampal-dependent, mnemonic discrimination and memory performance. Fifty-seven young adults completed a three-condition (control, moderate-intensity, and vigorous-intensity), within-subjects crossover pretest-posttest comparison. We observed no effects of acute exercise on recognition memory or mnemonic discrimination. We discuss the implications of these null findings with the broader literature by discussing the complexity of this potential exercise-mnemonic discrimination relationship, including the unique role of exercise intensity, differences in the level of processing (e.g., conceptual vs. perceptual), and unique brain regions involved in mnemonic discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Jeremy B Caplan
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Brooks E, Wallis S, Hendrikse J, Coxon J. Micro-consolidation occurs when learning an implicit motor sequence, but is not influenced by HIIT exercise. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2024; 9:23. [PMID: 38509108 PMCID: PMC10954609 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-024-00238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
We investigated if micro-consolidation, a phenomenon recently discovered during the brief rest periods between practice when learning an explicit motor sequence, generalises to learning an implicit motor sequence task. We demonstrate micro-consolidation occurs in the absence of explicit sequence awareness. We also investigated the effect of a preceding bout of high-intensity exercise, as exercise is known to augment the consolidation of new motor skills. Micro-consolidation was not modified by exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Brooks
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Victoria, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Sarah Wallis
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Victoria, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Joshua Hendrikse
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Victoria, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - James Coxon
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Victoria, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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7
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Kim J, Keye SA, Pascual-Abreu M, Khan NA. Effects of an acute bout of cycling on different domains of cognitive function. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2024; 283:21-66. [PMID: 38538189 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The literature suggesting acute exercise benefits cognitive function has been largely confined to single cognitive domains and measures of reliant on measures of central tendencies. Furthermore, studies suggest cognitive intra-individual variability (IIV) to reflect cognitive efficiency and provide unique insights into cognitive function, but there is limited knowledge on the effects of acute exercise on IIV. To this end, this study examined the effects of acute exercise on three different cognitive domains, executive function, implicit learning, and hippocampal-dependent memory function using behavioral performance and event-related potentials (ERPs). Furthermore, this study also sought to explore the effects of an acute bout of exercise on IIV using the RIDE algorithm to separate signals into individuals components based on latency variability. Healthy adult participants (N=20; 26.3±4.8years) completed a randomized cross-over trial with seated rest or 30min of high intensity cycling. Before and after each condition, participants completed a cognitive battery consisting of the Eriksen Flanker task, implicit statistical learning task, and a spatial reconstruction task. While exercise did not affect Flanker or spatial reconstruction performance, there were exercise related decreases in accuracy (F=5.47; P=0.040), slowed reaction time (F=5.18; P=0.036), and decreased late parietal positivity (F=4.26; P=0.046). However, upon adjusting for performance and ERP variability, there were exercise related decreases in Flanker reaction time (F=24.00; P<0.001), and reduced N2 amplitudes (F=13.03; P=0.002), and slower P3 latencies (F=3.57; P=0.065) for incongruent trials. These findings suggest that acute exercise may impact cognitive IIV as an adaptation to maintain function following exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongwoon Kim
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Shelby A Keye
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Melannie Pascual-Abreu
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Naiman A Khan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.
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Taylor EM, Cadwallader CJ, Curtin D, Chong TTJ, Hendrikse JJ, Coxon JP. High-intensity acute exercise impacts motor learning in healthy older adults. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2024; 9:9. [PMID: 38368455 PMCID: PMC10874400 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-024-00220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Healthy aging is associated with changes in motor sequence learning, with some studies indicating decline in motor skill learning in older age. Acute cardiorespiratory exercise has emerged as a potential intervention to improve motor learning, however research in healthy older adults is limited. The current study investigated the impact of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIT) on a subsequent sequential motor learning task. Twenty-four older adults (aged 55-75 years) completed either 20-minutes of cycling, or an equivalent period of active rest before practicing a sequential force grip task. Skill learning was assessed during acquisition and at a 6-hour retention test. In contrast to expectation, exercise was associated with reduced accuracy during skill acquisition compared to rest, particularly for the oldest participants. However, improvements in motor skill were retained in the exercise condition, while a reduction in skill was observed following rest. Our findings indicate that high-intensity exercise conducted immediately prior to learning a novel motor skill may have a negative impact on motor performance during learning in older adults. We also demonstrated that exercise may facilitate early offline consolidation of a motor skill within this population, which has implications for motor rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M Taylor
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Claire J Cadwallader
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Dylan Curtin
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Trevor T-J Chong
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Joshua J Hendrikse
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - James P Coxon
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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Looser VN, Gerber M, Ludyga S. Physical activity and verbal memory performance: Mediating effects of resting-state brain activity. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2024; 286:33-66. [PMID: 38876578 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Verbal short-term and long-term memory are crucial neuropsychological functions involved in core cognitive abilities. They constitute vital components of subjective well-being and academic achievement. To date, there is limited research on the association between regular physical activity and memory abilities during young adulthood. The Individual Alpha Peak Frequency (IAPF) contributes to various cognitive abilities and also appears to be sensitive to physical activity. Consequently, the IAPF has the potential to underlie the association between physical activity and verbal memory. We examined the direct relation of physical activity and verbal memory, and the potential indirect relation via IAPF in young adults. Regular physical activity was assessed via accelerometry on seven consecutive days in 115 participants (N=115, 48% female) aged 18-35 years (M=24.1, SD=3.8). In addition, verbal memory performance was assessed using an immediate and delayed free-recall task. Brain activity during rest was recorded with EEG, and IAPF was extracted for mediation analyses. Path analysis revealed pronounced sex differences in the association between physical activity, IAPF, and verbal memory performance. Exclusively in female participants, higher vigorous physical activity levels were associated with better recall performance. In contrast, no association of physical activity and memory was found in male participants. However, being more physically active was related to a higher IAPF exclusively in male participants. Physical activity shows differential associations between IAPF and verbal memory in male and female participants. However, the lack of a mediating role of IAPF suggests that this neurophysiological marker cannot explain these specific associations in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Nina Looser
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Markus Gerber
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Ludyga
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Keller M, Lichtenstein E, Roth R, Faude O. Balance Training Under Fatigue: A Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effect of Fatigue on Adaptations to Balance Training. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:297-305. [PMID: 37643391 PMCID: PMC10798588 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Keller, M, Lichtenstein, E, Roth, R, and Faude, O. Balance training under fatigue: a randomized controlled trial on the effect of fatigue on adaptations to balance training. J Strength Cond Res 38(2): 297-305, 2024-Balance training is an effective means for injury prevention in sports. However, one can question the existing practice of putting the balance programs at the start of a training session (i.e., train in an unfatigued state) because the occurrence of injuries has been associated with fatigue. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the influence of balance training in a fatigued or an unfatigued state on motor performance tested in fatigued and unfatigued conditions. Fifty-two, healthy, active volunteers (28.0 years; 19 women) were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 different training groups. The BALANCE group completed 6 weeks of balance training. The other 2 groups completed the identical balance tasks either before (BALANCE-high-intensity interval training [HIIT]) or after (HIIT-BALANCE) a HIIT session. Thus, these groups trained the balance tasks either in a fatigued or in an unfatigued state. In PRE and POST tests, balance (solid ground, soft mat, wobble board) and jump performance was obtained in fatigued and unfatigued states. Balance training resulted in reduced sway paths in all groups. However, the linear models revealed larger adaptations in BALANCE-HIIT and BALANCE when compared with HIIT-BALANCE ( d = 0.22-0.71). These small to moderate effects were-despite some uncertainties-consistent for the "unfatigued" and "fatigued" test conditions. The results of this study revealed for the first time that balance training under fatigue results in diminished adaptations, even when tested in a fatigued state. Therefore, the data indicate that balance training should be implemented at the start of a training session or in an unfatigued state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Keller
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric Lichtenstein
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Roth
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Faude
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Mograss M, Frimpong E, Vilcourt F, Chouchou F, Zvionow T, Dang-Vu TT. The effects of acute exercise and a nap on heart rate variability and memory in young sedentary adults. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14454. [PMID: 37855092 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the autonomic nervous system can contribute to memory consolidation during sleep. Whether fluctuations in cardiac autonomic activity during sleep following physical exercise contribute to the process of memory consolidation has not been studied. We assessed the effects of a non-rapid eye movement (NREM) nap following acute exercise on cardiac autonomic regulation assessed with heart rate variability (HRV) to examine if HRV influences memory processes. Fifty-six (59% female) healthy young adults (23.14 ± 3.74 years) were randomly allocated to either the exercise plus nap (ExNap, n = 27) or nap alone (NoExNap, n = 29) groups. The ExNap group performed a 40-minute moderate-intensity cycling, while the NoExNap group was sedentary prior to learning 45 neutral pictures for a later test. Subsequently, participants underwent a 60-minute NREM nap while measuring EKG, followed by a visual recognition test. Our results indicated that heart rate did not significantly differ between the groups (p = .243), whereas vagally mediated HRV indices were lower in the ExNap group compared to the NoExNap group (p < .05). There were no significant differences in sleep variables between the groups (p > .05). Recognition accuracy was significantly higher in the ExNap group than in the NoExNap group (p = .027). In addition, the recognition accuracy of the ExNap group was negatively associated with vagally mediated HRV (p < .05). Pre-nap acute exercise appears to attenuate parasympathetic activity and to alter the relationship between memory and cardiac autonomic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melodee Mograss
- Sleep, Cognition and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Frimpong
- Sleep, Cognition and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Franck Vilcourt
- IRISSE Laboratory (EA4075), UFR SHE, University of La Réunion, Le Tampon, France
| | - Florian Chouchou
- IRISSE Laboratory (EA4075), UFR SHE, University of La Réunion, Le Tampon, France
| | - Tehila Zvionow
- Sleep, Cognition and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thien Thanh Dang-Vu
- Sleep, Cognition and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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12
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Zhang R, Liu S, Mousavi SM. Cognitive Dysfunction and Exercise: From Epigenetic to Genetic Molecular Mechanisms. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-03970-7. [PMID: 38286967 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03970-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Maintaining good health is crucial, and exercise plays a vital role in achieving this goal. It offers a range of positive benefits for cognitive function, regardless of age. However, as our population ages and life expectancy increases, cognitive impairment has become a prevalent issue, often coexisting with age-related neurodegenerative conditions. This can result in devastating consequences such as memory loss, difficulty speaking, and confusion, greatly hindering one's ability to lead an ordinary life. In addition, the decrease in mental capacity has a significant effect on an individual's physical and emotional well-being, greatly reducing their overall level of contentment and causing a significant financial burden for communities. While most current approaches aim to slow the decline of cognition, exercise offers a non-pharmacological, safe, and accessible solution. Its effects on cognition are intricate and involve changes in the brain's neural plasticity, mitochondrial stability, and energy metabolism. Moreover, exercise triggers the release of cytokines, playing a significant role in the body-brain connection and its impact on cognition. Additionally, exercise can influence gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms, leading to lasting improvements in brain function and behavior. Herein, we summarized various genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that can be modulated by exercise in cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhong Zhang
- Department of Physical Education, Luliang University, Lishi, 033000, Shanxi, China.
| | - Shangwu Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Luliang University, Lishi, 033000, Shanxi, China
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13
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Dora K, Tsukamoto H, Suga T, Tomoo K, Suzuki A, Adachi Y, Takeshita M, Kato Y, Kawasaki M, Sato W, Imaizumi A, Karakawa S, Uchida H, Hashimoto T. Essential amino acid supplements ingestion has a positive effect on executive function after moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22644. [PMID: 38114553 PMCID: PMC10730626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49781-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise acutely improves cognitive function (e.g., executive function (EF); memory recognition (MR)) and increases circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In addition, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) ingestion acutely shortens the choice reaction time and increases brain BDNF. We examined whether the ingestion of essential amino acid (EAA) supplements (mainly composed of BCAA) would positively impact on cognitive function and circulating BDNF after moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. Twenty-two healthy young men received either an EAA supplements or the placebo (PL) 30 min before undergoing aerobic exercise. The participants performed a cycling exercise at 60% of peak oxygen uptake for 30 min. EF after aerobic exercise was better after the EAA treatment than after the PL treatment (P = 0.02). MR (P = 0.38 for response accuracy; P = 0.15 for reaction time) and circulating BDNF (P = 0.59) were not altered by EAA supplements. EF improvement was correlated with increases in some amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine, lysine, phenylalanine; all Ps < 0.05) that are potential substrates for synthesizing neurotransmitters in the brain. These results suggest that EAA supplements ingestion had a positive effect on EF after moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, while MR and BDNF were not altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Dora
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hayato Tsukamoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tadashi Suga
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Keigo Tomoo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Asuka Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yusuke Adachi
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masamichi Takeshita
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yumiko Kato
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mika Kawasaki
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Wataru Sato
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Imaizumi
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sachise Karakawa
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Uchida
- Sports Nutrition Department, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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14
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Monz A, Morbe K, Klein M, Schaefer S. Mutual interference between memory encoding and motor skills: the influence of motor expertise. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1196978. [PMID: 38162966 PMCID: PMC10755016 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1196978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In cognitive-motor dual-task situations, the extent of performance decrements is influenced by the attentional requirements of each task. Well-learned motor skills should be automatized, leading to less interference. This study presents two studies combining an episodic memory encoding task with well-practiced motor tasks in athletes. Study 1 asked 40 rowers (early teenagers to middle adulthood) to row on ergometers at slow or fast speeds. In study 2, Taekwondo athletes (n = 37) of different skill levels performed a well-practiced sequence of martial arts movements. Performing the motor task during encoding led to pronounced performance reductions in memory in both studies, with costs of up to 80%. Cognitive costs were even larger when rowing with the fast compared to the slow speed in study 1. Both studies also revealed decrements in motor performances under dual-task conditions: Rowing became slower and more irregular (study 1), and the quality of the Taekwondo performance was reduced. Although higher-level athletes outperformed others in motor skills under single-task conditions, proportional dual-task costs were similar across skill levels for most domains. This indicates that even well-practiced motor tasks require cognitive resources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sabine Schaefer
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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15
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Sep MSC, Geuze E, Joëls M. Impaired learning, memory, and extinction in posttraumatic stress disorder: translational meta-analysis of clinical and preclinical studies. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:376. [PMID: 38062029 PMCID: PMC10703817 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02660-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Current evidence-based treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are efficacious in only part of PTSD patients. Therefore, novel neurobiologically informed approaches are urgently needed. Clinical and translational neuroscience point to altered learning and memory processes as key in (models of) PTSD psychopathology. We extended this notion by clarifying at a meta-level (i) the role of information valence, i.e. neutral versus emotional/fearful, and (ii) comparability, as far as applicable, between clinical and preclinical phenotypes. We hypothesized that cross-species, neutral versus emotional/fearful information processing is, respectively, impaired and enhanced in PTSD. This preregistered meta-analysis involved a literature search on PTSD+Learning/Memory+Behavior, performed in PubMed. First, the effect of information valence was estimated with a random-effects meta-regression. The sources of variation were explored with a random forest-based analysis. The analyses included 92 clinical (N = 6732 humans) and 182 preclinical (N = 6834 animals) studies. A general impairment of learning, memory and extinction processes was observed in PTSD patients, regardless of information valence. Impaired neutral learning/memory and fear extinction were also present in animal models of PTSD. Yet, PTSD models enhanced fear/trauma memory in preclinical studies and PTSD impaired emotional memory in patients. Clinical data on fear/trauma memory was limited. Mnemonic phase and valence explained most variation in rodents but not humans. Impaired neutral learning/memory and fear extinction show stable cross-species PTSD phenotypes. These could be targeted for novel PTSD treatments, using information gained from neurobiological animal studies. We argue that apparent cross-species discrepancies in emotional/fearful memory deserve further in-depth study; until then, animal models targeting this phenotype should be applied with utmost care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milou S C Sep
- Brain Research and Innovation Centre, Ministry of Defence, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- GGZ inGeest Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Sleep & Stress Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Elbert Geuze
- Brain Research and Innovation Centre, Ministry of Defence, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marian Joëls
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Jentsch VL, Wolf OT, Otto T, Merz CJ. The impact of physical exercise on the consolidation of fear extinction memories. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14373. [PMID: 37350416 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Based on the mechanisms of fear extinction, exposure therapy is the most common treatment for anxiety disorders. However, extinguished fear responses can reemerge even after successful treatment. Novel interventions enhancing exposure therapy efficacy are therefore critically needed. Physical exercise improves learning and memory and was also shown to enhance extinction processes. This study tested whether physical exercise following fear extinction training improves the consolidation of extinction memories. Sixty healthy men underwent a differential fearconditioning paradigm with fear acquisition training on day 1 and fear extinction training followed by an exercise or resting control intervention on day 2. On day 3, retrieval and reinstatement were tested including two additional but perceptually similar stimuli to explore the generalization of exercise effects. Exercise significantly increased heart rate, salivary alpha amylase, and cortisol, indicating successful exercise manipulation. Contrary to our expectations, exercise did not enhance but rather impaired extinction memory retrieval on the next day, evidenced by significantly stronger differential skin conductance responses (SCRs) and pupil dilation (PD). Importantly, although conditioned fear responses were successfully acquired, they did not fully extinguish, explaining why exercise might have boosted the consolidation of the original fear memory trace instead. Additionally, stronger differential SCRs and PD toward the novel stimuli suggest that the memory enhancing effects of exercise also generalized to perceptually similar stimuli. Together, these findings indicate that physical exercise can facilitate both the long-term retrievability and generalization of extinction memories, but presumably only when extinction was successful in the first place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L Jentsch
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Oliver T Wolf
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tobias Otto
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian J Merz
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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17
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Cristini J, Kraft VS, De Las Heras B, Rodrigues L, Parwanta Z, Hermsdörfer J, Steib S, Roig M. Differential effects of acute cardiovascular exercise on explicit and implicit motor memory: The moderating effects of fitness level. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2023; 205:107846. [PMID: 37865261 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
A single bout of cardiovascular exercise (CE) performed after practice can facilitate the consolidation of motor memory. However, the effect is variable and may be modulated by different factors such as the motor task's or participant's characteristics and level of awareness during encoding (implicit vs explicit learning). This study examines the effects of acute CE on the consolidation of motor sequences learned explicitly and implicitly, exploring the potential moderating effect of fitness level and awareness. Fifty-six healthy adults (24.1 ± 3.3 years, 32 female) were recruited. After practicing with either the implicit or explicit variant of the Serial Reaction Time Task (SRTT), participants either performed a bout of 16 min of vigorous CE or rested for the same amount of time. Consolidation was quantified as the change in SRTT performance from the end of practice to a 24 h retention test. Fitness level (V̇O2peak) was determined through a graded exercise test. Awareness (implicit vs explicit learning) was operationalized using a free recall test conducted immediately after retention. Our primary analysis indicated that CE had no statistically significant effects on consolidation, regardless of the SRTT's variant utilized during practice. However, an exploratory analysis, classifying participants based on the level of awareness gained during motor practice, showed that CE negatively influenced consolidation in unfit participants who explicitly acquired the motor sequence. Our findings indicate that fitness level and awareness in sequence acquisition can modulate the interaction between CE and motor memory consolidation. These factors should be taken into account when assessing the effects of CE on motor memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cristini
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, Quebec, Canada; School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - V S Kraft
- Chair of Human Movement Science, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - B De Las Heras
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, Quebec, Canada; School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - L Rodrigues
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, Quebec, Canada; School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Z Parwanta
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, Quebec, Canada; School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - J Hermsdörfer
- Chair of Human Movement Science, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - S Steib
- Department of Exercise, Training and Active Aging, Institute of Sport and Sport Science, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Roig
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, Quebec, Canada; School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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18
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Venezia AC, Weiss LR, Nielson KA, Smith JC. Moderate-to-vigorous intensity cycling exercise immediately after visual learning enhances delayed recognition memory performance. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 69:102498. [PMID: 37665933 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
A single bout of acute aerobic exercise has been shown to improve long-term memory, though it is unclear if exercise before learning or after learning is optimal for memory enhancement. Although some research has demonstrated that exercise before learning is ideal, investigations have consistently shown that acute arousal post-learning is a powerful memory enhancer. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to compare the effects of self-perceived hard cycling before or after learning on recognition memory for emotional and neutral images, and examine the relationship between central noradrenergic activity and memory performance. Seventy-two males and females (18-35 years of age) participated in this between-subjects study. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: exercise before learning, exercise after learning, and control. Participants in the exercise groups engaged in 20 min of cycling at a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of 15 ("hard") on the Borg RPE scale before or after viewing a series of 90 pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral images (30 each). Participants in the control group engaged in no exercise before or after image viewing. At several time points throughout the experiment, saliva was collected to measure salivary alpha amylase (sAA), a marker of central noradrenergic activity. One-week later, recognition memory was assessed where participants viewed 180 images (90 new) and had to identify which images were previously viewed. Participants in the exercise after learning group had significantly higher recognition memory compared to the control group, but this was not seen with exercise before learning. sAA was not correlated with memory in any group, though it did increase during exercise. These results demonstrate that acute self-perceived hard cycling post-learning, but not pre-learning, improves recognition memory, though this was unrelated to the exercise-induced increase in central noradrenergic activity as measured in saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Venezia
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, USA.
| | - Lauren R Weiss
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Kristy A Nielson
- Department of Psychology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Neurology and the Center for Imaging Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, WI, USA
| | - J Carson Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Jespersen L, Maes KM, Ardenkjær-Skinnerup N, Roig M, Bjørndal JR, Beck MM, Lundbye-Jensen J. Acute exercise performed before and after motor practice enhances the positive effects on motor memory consolidation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2023; 205:107830. [PMID: 37741613 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Performing a single bout of exercise can enhance motor learning and long-term retention of motor skills. Parameters such as the intensity and when the exercise bout is performed in relation to skill practice (i.e., timing) likely influence the effectiveness. However, it is still not fully understood how exercise should be administered to maximize its effects and how exercise interacts with distinct components of skill learning. Here, we expand this knowledge by investigating the potential synergistic effects of performing acute exercise both prior to and following motor practice. Sixty-four, able-bodied, young adult male participants practiced a sequential visuomotor accuracy tracking (SVAT) task requiring rapid and accurate force modulation and high levels of precision control using intrinsic hand muscles. The task also contained a repeated pattern of targets that allowed sequence-specific skill improvements. Sequential and non-sequential motor performance was assessed at baseline, immediately after motor practice, and again seven days later. One group performed moderate-intensity exercise before practice (PREMO), a second group performed high-intensity exercise after practice (POSTHI), a third group exercised both before and after practice (PREMO + POSTHI), and a fourth group did not exercise during these periods (CON). Regardless of the exercise condition, acute exercise improved long-term retention of the skill by countering performance decay between experimental sessions (i.e., a 7-day interval). Furthermore, exercising both before and after motor practice led to the greatest improvements in skilled performance over time. We found that the effects of exercise were not specific to the practiced sequence. Namely, the effects of exercise generalized across sequential and non-sequential target positions and orders. This suggests that acute exercise works through mechanisms that promote general aspects of motor memory (e.g., lasting improvements in fast and accurate motor execution). The results demonstrate that various exercise protocols can promote the stabilization and long-term retention of motor skills. This effect can be enhanced when exercise is performed both before and after practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Jespersen
- Movement & Neuroscience, Department of Nutrition, Exercise & Sports, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 51, DK2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Katrine Matlok Maes
- Movement & Neuroscience, Department of Nutrition, Exercise & Sports, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 51, DK2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicoline Ardenkjær-Skinnerup
- Movement & Neuroscience, Department of Nutrition, Exercise & Sports, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 51, DK2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Roig
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory, Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation, Laval, Quebec, Canada; School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonas Rud Bjørndal
- Movement & Neuroscience, Department of Nutrition, Exercise & Sports, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 51, DK2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Malling Beck
- Movement & Neuroscience, Department of Nutrition, Exercise & Sports, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 51, DK2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Kettegård Allé 30, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jesper Lundbye-Jensen
- Movement & Neuroscience, Department of Nutrition, Exercise & Sports, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 51, DK2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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You Y, Liu J, Yao Z, Zhang S, Chen K, Ma X. Neural mechanisms of long-term exercise intervention on cognitive performance among short-sleep young adults: A hemodynamic study. Sleep Med 2023; 110:7-16. [PMID: 37517285 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Short-sleep is becoming increasingly common and may negatively affect brain function including cognitive ability. Physical exercise has been proved to improve cognitive function while intensity matters. This study was conducted to examine the effects of 12-week exercise interventions on cognitive performance and prefrontal cortex activation related to task performance in short-sleep young adults. METHODS A total of 50 subjects (23.62 ± 5.28 years and 24 men) with regular short-sleep conditions (<7 h per night) participated in this study and were divided into three groups: control, moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) group. As task performance (congruent and incongruent Stroop) was monitored, changes in prefrontal oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyHb), an indicator of cortical activation, were measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to explore the hemodynamics mechanism. RESULTS Post 12-week intervention, significant differences in reaction time for congruent [β (95%CI): -0.045 (-0.088, -0.002), p = 0.039] and incongruent Stroop tests [β (95%CI): -0.058 (-0.113, -0.003), p = 0.038] were found only in the MICT intervention group. However, HIIT did not show significant improvements in cognitive function. Left middle frontal gyrus (Frontal Mid L) and right dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus (Frontal Sup R) were both stimulated by MICT and HIIT. Moreover, left dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus (Frontal Sup L) was stimulated by MICT. CONCLUSION The findings indicated that 12-week MICT improved cognition by significantly increasing cortical activity across more brain regions. Thus, we suggested that maintaining moderate-intensity exercise could benefit cognitive function despite short sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei You
- Division of Sports Science & Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jianxiu Liu
- Division of Sports Science & Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhengbang Yao
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- Division of Sports Science & Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Keshuo Chen
- Division of Sports Science & Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xindong Ma
- Division of Sports Science & Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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21
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Byrial P, Nyboe L, Thomsen PH, Clausen L. Motor function in early onset schizophrenia-A 2-year follow-up study. Early Interv Psychiatry 2023; 17:910-920. [PMID: 36638822 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM Motor symptoms primarily assessed by clinical rating are documented across the schizophrenia spectrum, but no studies have examined the longitudinal course of these symptoms in adolescents using tests that control for the natural maturational process. The aim is therefore to compare fine and gross motor function using age-adjusted tests in adolescents with schizophrenia and controls across a 2-year period, and examine if clinical correlates contribute to changes in motor function in adolescents with schizophrenia. METHOD Motor function assessed by two age-adjusted tests was compared in 25 adolescents with schizophrenia and age- and sex-matched controls over a 2-year period using t-tests, Cohen's D and χ2 tests. Linear mixed models with a random intercept at patient level were used to assess changes between baseline and follow-up. The latter approach was adopted to assess the association between changes and potential predictors as age, sex, complications during labour/delivery, childhood motor function, symptoms severity, executive function and antipsychotics. RESULT All measures of motor function but one significantly differentiated adolescents with schizophrenia from controls with large effect sizes at 2-year follow-up. The overall scores did not change during follow-up, whereas two resembling motor areas of the tests significantly improved in adolescents with schizophrenia. The severity of schizophrenia, sex and IQ revealed association with the changes. CONCLUSION The finding of both stability and improvements from diagnosis to follow-up in adolescents with schizophrenia and the differences between adolescents with and without schizophrenia argue in favour of the neurodevelopment hypothesis and highlights the need for assessing motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Byrial
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lene Nyboe
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Depression and Anxiety, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per Hove Thomsen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Loa Clausen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Venezia AC, Barney P, Spagnoli D, Greco-Hiranaka C, Piepmeier AT, Smith JC, Weiss LR. The Effects of Acute Resistance Exercise on Memory, Processing Speed, and Mood State After a Cognitive Challenge. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1738-1745. [PMID: 36696154 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Venezia, AC, Barney, P, Spagnoli, D, Greco-Hiranaka, C, Piepmeier, AT, Smith, JC, and Weiss, LR. The effects of acute resistance exercise on memory, processing speed, and mood state after a cognitive challenge. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1738-1745, 2023-Acute moderate-to-vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise has been shown to improve learning and memory, but the effectiveness of acute high-intensity resistance exercise for improving memory is not fully understood. Like acute aerobic exercise, acute resistance exercise increases arousal and circulating catecholamines, mechanisms suggested to mediate the memory-enhancing effects of acute exercise. Furthermore, although acute exercise has been shown to benefit mood state, it is unknown if high-intensity resistance exercise positively influences mood state after a cognitive challenge. In this within-subjects design, subjects (18- to 25-year-old men) completed an approximately 40-minute session of resistance exercise or seated rest. Immediately after, the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) Code Substitution (CS)-Learning, CS-Immediate Recognition, and CS-Delayed Recognition tasks were completed, followed by the ANAM Mood Scale. There were no significant effects of exercise on recognition memory; however, CS-Learning (attention and processing speed) was better after resistance exercise ( p = 0.03). After the cognitive challenge, restlessness ( p < 0.001), vigor ( p = 0.03), and depression ( p = 0.047) scores were higher after resistance exercise compared with rest; however, after false discovery rate correction, only restlessness remained significantly different between sessions ( q = 0.002), whereas vigor ( q = 0.09) and depression ( q = 0.09) did not. These results suggest that an acute bout of resistance exercise improves attention and processing speed, although it does not improve recognition memory and has mixed effects on mood state in college-aged men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Venezia
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The University of Scranton, Scranton, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick Barney
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The University of Scranton, Scranton, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniela Spagnoli
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The University of Scranton, Scranton, Pennsylvania
| | - Cannon Greco-Hiranaka
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The University of Scranton, Scranton, Pennsylvania
| | - Aaron T Piepmeier
- Department of Exercise Science, Elon University, Elon, North Carolina; and
| | - J Carson Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Lauren R Weiss
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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Ayotte B, Cristini J, Lotlikar M, Parwanta Z, Cossette P, Gasparovic L, Yee-Wong M, He QY, Doyon J, Dal Maso F, Carrier J, Steib S, Robertson EM, Roig M. Does Cardiorespiratory Fitness Protect Memory from Sleep Deprivation? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:1632-1640. [PMID: 37379255 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Animal studies have demonstrated that physical exercise can protect memory from the effects of sleep deprivation (SD). We examined whether having a high cardiorespiratory fitness (V̇O 2peak ) is associated with an enhanced capacity to encode episodic memory after one night of SD. METHODS Twenty-nine healthy young participants were allocated into either an SD group ( n = 19) that underwent 30 h of uninterrupted wakefulness, or a sleep control (SC) group ( n = 10) that followed a regular sleep routine. Following either the SD or SC period, participants were asked to view 150 images as the encoding part of the episodic memory task. Ninety-six hours after viewing the images, participants returned to the laboratory to perform the recognition part of the episodic memory task, which required the visual discrimination of the 150 images previously presented from 75 new images introduced as distractors. Cardiorespiratory fitness (V̇O 2peak ) was assessed with a bike ergometer graded exercise test. Group differences in memory performance were assessed with independent t tests and associations between V̇O 2peak and memory with multiple linear regression. RESULTS The SD group showed a significant increase in subjective fatigue (mean difference [MD] [standard error {SE}] = 38.94 [8.82]; P = 0.0001) and a worse capacity to identify the original 150 images (MD [SE] = -0.18 [0.06]; P = 0.005) and discriminate them from distractors (MD [SE] = -0.78 [0.21] P = 0.001). When adjusted for fatigue, higher V̇O 2peak was significantly associated with better memory scores in the SD (R 2 = 0.41; β [SE] = 0.03 [0.01]; P = 0.015) but not in the SC group ( R2 = 0.23; β [SE] = 0.02 [0.03]; P = 0.408). CONCLUSIONS These results confirm that SD before encoding impairs the capacity to create robust episodic memories and provide preliminary support to the hypothesis that maintaining high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness could have a protective effect against the disruptive effects of sleep loss on memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Julien Doyon
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CANADA
| | | | - Julie Carrier
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, CANADA
| | - Simon Steib
- Human Movement, Training and Active Aging Department, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, GERMANY
| | - Edwin M Robertson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UNITED KINGDOM
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24
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Blomstrand P, Tesan D, Nylander EM, Ramstrand N. Mind body exercise improves cognitive function more than aerobic- and resistance exercise in healthy adults aged 55 years and older - an umbrella review. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2023; 20:15. [PMID: 37558977 PMCID: PMC10413530 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-023-00325-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise is often cited as a major factor contributing to improved cognitive functioning. As a result, the relationship between exercise and cognition has received much attention in scholarly literature. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses present varying and sometimes conflicting results about the extent to which exercise can influence cognition. The aim of this umbrella review was to summarize the effects of physical exercise on cognitive functions (global cognition, executive function, memory, attention, or processing speed) in healthy adults ≥ 55 years of age.Methods An umbrella review of systematic reviews with meta-analyses investigating the effect of exercise on cognition was performed. Databases (CINAHL, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched from inception until June 2023 for reviews of randomized or non-randomised controlled trials. Full-text articles meeting the inclusion criteria were reviewed and methodological quality assessed. Overlap within included reviews was assessed using the corrected covered area method (CCA). A random effects model was used to calculate overall pooled effect size with sub-analyses for specific cognitive domains, exercise type and timing of exercise.Results Database searches identified 9227 reviews. A total of 20 met the inclusion criteria. They were based on 332 original primary studies. Overall quality of the reviews was considered moderate with most meeting 8 or more of the 16 AMSTAR 2 categories. Overall pooled effects indicated that exercise in general has a small positive effect on cognition (d = 0.22; SE = 0.04; p < 0.01). Mind-body exercise had the greatest effect with a pooled effect size of (d = 0.48; SE = 0.06; p < 0.001). Exercise had a moderate positive effect on global cognition (d = 0.43; SE = 0,11; p < 0,001) and a small positive effect on executive function, memory, attention, and processing speed. Chronic exercise was more effective than acute exercise. Variation across studies due to heterogeneity was considered very high.Conclusions Mind-body exercise has moderate positive effects on the cognitive function of people aged 55 or older. To promote healthy aging, mind-body exercise should be used over a prolonged period to complement other types of exercise. Results of this review should be used to inform the development of guidelines to promote healthy aging.Trial registration PROSPERO (CDR 42022312955).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Blomstrand
- Department of Natural Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden.
- Futurum Academy for Health and Care, Region Jönköping County, Jönköping, Sweden.
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Dario Tesan
- Futurum Academy for Health and Care, Region Jönköping County, Jönköping, Sweden
| | | | - Nerrolyn Ramstrand
- Department of Rehabilitation, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
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25
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Liu G, Li W, Li X. Striking a balance: how long physical activity is ideal for academic success? Based on cognitive and physical fitness mediation analysis. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1226007. [PMID: 37519383 PMCID: PMC10372443 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1226007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Balancing physical activity and studying is an important issue facing Chinese teenagers. Therefore, numerous studies have found that engaging in physical activity can promote academic performance among students. However, what is the optimal duration of physical activity? This study used data from the China Education Panel Survey, with a sample size of 18,009 valid respondents. General linear regression analysis was conducted using Stata 17 software to evaluate the effects of different durations of physical activity, cognitive ability, and physical Fitness on academic performance among adolescents. Furthermore, the "Bootstrap Mediation" method and the "Maximum Likelihood Estimation" method were used to analyze whether physical health and cognitive ability have significant mediating effects. The present study reveals the following findings: (1) There exists a non-linear relationship between students' academic performance and the duration of physical exercise. The greatest improvement in academic performance is observed when the exercise duration reaches 2 hours. (2) Physical exercise can enhance students' academic performance by promoting physical health and cognitive abilities. (3) Gender heterogeneity is observed, with the optimal exercise duration for male students being 2 hours, while female students exhibit the highest academic performance when exercising for one hour. This study provides theoretical guidance for research on adolescents' participation in physical Activity and improving academic performance, enabling adolescents to engage in physical Activity more scientifically and rationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Liu
- Institute of Physical Education and Training, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- School of Recreation and Community Sport, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotian Li
- School of Recreation and Community Sport, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
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26
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Frimpong E, Mograss M, Zvionow T, Paez A, Aubertin-Leheudre M, Bherer L, Pepin V, Robertson EM, Dang-Vu TT. Acute evening high-intensity interval training may attenuate the detrimental effects of sleep restriction on long-term declarative memory. Sleep 2023; 46:zsad119. [PMID: 37084788 PMCID: PMC10334486 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence shows that a nap and acute exercise synergistically enhanced memory. Additionally, human-based cross-sectional studies and animal experiments suggest that physical exercise may mitigate the cognitive impairments of poor sleep quality and sleep restriction, respectively. We evaluated whether acute exercise may offset sleep restriction's impairment of long-term declarative memory compared to average sleep alone. A total of 92 (82% females) healthy young adults (24.6 ± 4.2 years) were randomly allocated to one of four evening groups: sleep restriction only (S5, 5-6 h/night), average sleep only (S8, 8-9 h/night), high-intensity interval training (HIIT) before restricted sleep (HIITS5), or HIIT before average sleep (HIITS8). Groups either followed a 15-min remote HIIT video or rest period in the evening (7:00 p.m.) prior to encoding 80 face-name pairs. Participants completed an immediate retrieval task in the evening. The next morning a delayed retrieval task was given after their subjectively documented sleep opportunities. Long-term declarative memory performance was assessed with the discriminability index (d') during the recall tasks. While our results showed that the d' of S8 (0.58 ± 1.37) was not significantly different from those of HIITS5 (-0.03 ± 1.64, p = 0.176) and HIITS8 (-0.20 ± 1.28, p = 0.092), there was a difference in d' compared to S5 (-0.35 ± 1.64, p = 0.038) at the delayed retrieval. These results suggest that the acute evening HIIT partially reduced the detrimental effects of sleep restriction on long-term declarative memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Frimpong
- Sleep, Cognition and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- PERFORM Center, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Melodee Mograss
- Sleep, Cognition and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- PERFORM Center, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tehila Zvionow
- Sleep, Cognition and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- PERFORM Center, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Arsenio Paez
- Sleep, Cognition and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- PERFORM Center, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mylene Aubertin-Leheudre
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département des Sciences de l’activité physique, GRAPA, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Bherer
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Centre de recherche de l’Institut de cardiologie de Montréal, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Véronique Pepin
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- PERFORM Center, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche, CIUSSS du Nord-de l’Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Edwin M Robertson
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Thien Thanh Dang-Vu
- Sleep, Cognition and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- PERFORM Center, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, QC, Canada
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27
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Callow DD, Pena GS, Stark CEL, Smith JC. Effects of acute aerobic exercise on mnemonic discrimination performance in older adults. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2023; 29:519-528. [PMID: 35968853 PMCID: PMC10538177 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617722000492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ample evidence suggests exercise is beneficial for hippocampal function. Furthermore, a single session of aerobic exercise provides immediate benefits to mnemonic discrimination performance, a highly hippocampal-specific memory process, in healthy younger adults. However, it is unknown if a single session of aerobic exercise alters mnemonic discrimination in older adults, who generally exhibit greater hippocampal deterioration and deficits in mnemonic discrimination performance. METHODS We conducted a within subject acute exercise study in 30 cognitively healthy and physically active older adults who underwent baseline testing and then completed two experimental visits in which they performed a mnemonic discrimination task before and after either 30 min of cycling exercise or 30 min of seated rest. Linear mixed-effects analyses were conducted in which condition order and age were controlled, time (pre vs. post) and condition (exercise vs. rest) were modeled as fixed effects, and subject as a random effect. RESULTS No significant time by condition interaction effect was found for object recognition (p = .254, η2=.01), while a significant reduction in interference was found for mnemonic discrimination performance following the exercise condition (p = .012, η2=.07). A post-intervention only analysis indicated that there was no difference between condition for object recognition (p = .186, η2=.06), but that participants had better mnemonic discrimination performance (p < .001, η2=.22) following the exercise. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a single session of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise may reduce interference and elicit better mnemonic discrimination performance in healthy older adults, suggesting benefits for hippocampal-specific memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D. Callow
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Gabriel S. Pena
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Craig E. L. Stark
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - J. Carson Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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28
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Song H, Wang JJ, Zhang B, Shi L, Lau PWC. Do acute and chronic physical activity interventions affect the cognitive function of preschool children? A meta-analysis. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 67:102419. [PMID: 37665872 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
This meta-analysis aims to investigate the effects of acute and chronic physical activity (PA) interventions on multiple domains of cognitive function (CF) in preschool children. Electronic databases (PsycINFO, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Embase, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and ERIC) were searched for relevant studies between January 2000 and February 2022. Studies that examined the effects of acute or chronic physical activity interventions on CF in preschool children aged 2-6 years were included. A total of 16 articles were eligible for this meta-analysis. Results showed that there was no effect of acute PA interventions on CF (Hedges' g = 0.04; 95% CI = -0.12, 0.19). Chronic PA interventions had a moderate and positive effect on overall CF (Hedges' g = 0.49; 95% CI = 0.29, 0.69), a large effect on perception (Hedges' g = 1.19; 95% CI = 0.64, 1.75), and a moderate effect on inhibitory control (Hedges' g = 0.73; 95% CI = 0.22, 1.24). The moderator analyses showed that overall CF performance was significantly moderated by intervention modality and assessment of cognitive outcomes, and no other moderator (study design, sample size, frequency, duration, and session length) was found to have an effect. Chronic PA intervention might be a promising way to promote multiple aspects of CF, especially executive function and perception. Future studies should explore the effect of different intensities of PA on the CF of preschool children to discern the most effective PA prescription to, in turn, enhance the CF of preschool children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqi Song
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing-Jing Wang
- Mass Sports Research Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Borui Zhang
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Laboratory of Exercise Science and Health, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College (UIC), Zhuhai, China
| | - Patrick W C Lau
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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29
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Yuan X, Li D, Hu Y, Qi M, Kong Y, Zhao C, Huang J, Song Y. Neural and behavioral evidence supporting the relationship between habitual exercise and working memory precision in healthy young adults. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1146465. [PMID: 37090810 PMCID: PMC10116001 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1146465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionWorking memory (WM) is a well-known fundamental ability related to various high-level cognitive functions, such as executive functioning, decision-making, and problem-solving. Although previous studies have posited that chronic exercise may improve cognitive functions, its underlying neural mechanisms and whether habitual exercise is associated with individual WM ability remain unclear.MethodsIn the current study, 36 participants reported their habitual physical activity through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). In addition to assessments of intelligence quotient (IQ), WM storage capacity (K score), and visuomotor coordination capacity, electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were recorded while the participants performed a WM precision task fusing conventional visual and motor retrospective cue (retro-cue) WM tasks.ResultsWe found that greater amounts of and higher frequencies of vigorous-intensity exercise were highly correlated with smaller recall errors in the WM precision task. Contralateral delay activity (CDA), a well-known WM-related event-related potential (ERP) component evoked by the valid retro-cue, predicted individual behavioral recall error. Participants who met the medium or high level of IPAQ criteria (the regular exercise group) showed smaller behavioral recall error and larger CDA than participants who did not meet the criteria (the irregular exercise group). The two groups did not differ in other assessments, such as IQ, WM storage capacity, and visuomotor coordination ability.DiscussionHabitual exercise was specifically correlated with individual differences in WM precision, rather than IQ, WM storage capacity, and visuomotor coordination ability, suggesting potential mechanisms of how modulations of chronic exercise improve cognition through visual and/or motor WM precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuye Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengdi Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanjun Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenguang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
- School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Huang,
| | - Yan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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30
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Cheval B, Darrous L, Choi KW, Klimentidis YC, Raichlen DA, Alexander GE, Cullati S, Kutalik Z, Boisgontier MP. Genetic insights into the causal relationship between physical activity and cognitive functioning. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5310. [PMID: 37002254 PMCID: PMC10066390 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity and cognitive functioning are strongly intertwined. However, the causal relationships underlying this association are still unclear. Physical activity can enhance brain functions, but healthy cognition may also promote engagement in physical activity. Here, we assessed the bidirectional relationships between physical activity and general cognitive functioning using Latent Heritable Confounder Mendelian Randomization (LHC-MR). Association data were drawn from two large-scale genome-wide association studies (UK Biobank and COGENT) on accelerometer-measured moderate, vigorous, and average physical activity (N = 91,084) and cognitive functioning (N = 257,841). After Bonferroni correction, we observed significant LHC-MR associations suggesting that increased fraction of both moderate (b = 0.32, CI95% = [0.17,0.47], P = 2.89e - 05) and vigorous physical activity (b = 0.22, CI95% = [0.06,0.37], P = 0.007) lead to increased cognitive functioning. In contrast, we found no evidence of a causal effect of average physical activity on cognitive functioning, and no evidence of a reverse causal effect (cognitive functioning on any physical activity measures). These findings provide new evidence supporting a beneficial role of moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA) on cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Cheval
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Laboratory for the Study of Emotion Elicitation and Expression (E3Lab), Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Liza Darrous
- University for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Karmel W Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yann C Klimentidis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - David A Raichlen
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gene E Alexander
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Stéphane Cullati
- Population Health Laboratory, Department of Community Health, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- University for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Matthieu P Boisgontier
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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31
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Ramirez Butavand D, Rodriguez MF, Cifuentes MV, Miranda M, Bauza CG, Bekinschtein P, Ballarini F. Acute and chronic physical activity improves spatial memory in an immersive virtual reality task. iScience 2023; 26:106176. [PMID: 36876135 PMCID: PMC9976459 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity benefits both fitness and cognition. However, its effect on long-term memory is unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effect of acute and chronic exercise on long-term spatial memory for a new virtual reality task. Participants were immersed in the virtual environment and navigated a wide arena that included target objects. We assessed spatial memory in two conditions (encoded targets separated by a short or long distance) and found that 25 min of cycling after encoding - but not before retrieval - was sufficient to improve the long-term memory retention for the short, but not for the long distance. Furthermore, we found that participants who engaged in regular physical activity showed memory for the short-distance condition whereas controls did not. Thus, physical activity could be a simple way to improve spatial memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ramirez Butavand
- Instituto De Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional (INCyT), CONICET- Fundación INECO, Universidad Favaloro, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Neurociencia Traslacional, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Dr. Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María F Rodriguez
- CONICET, PLADEMA, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María V Cifuentes
- CIC, PLADEMA, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Miranda
- Instituto De Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional (INCyT), CONICET- Fundación INECO, Universidad Favaloro, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristian García Bauza
- CONICET, PLADEMA, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pedro Bekinschtein
- Instituto De Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional (INCyT), CONICET- Fundación INECO, Universidad Favaloro, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabricio Ballarini
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Traslacional, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Dr. Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, ITBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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32
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Looser VN, Ludyga S, Gerber M. Does heart rate variability mediate the association between chronic stress, cardiorespiratory fitness, and working memory in young adults? Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:609-618. [PMID: 36631930 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Young adulthood is a demanding development phase rendering individuals at risk for high levels of stress. While chronic stress may impair working memory maintenance, cardiorespiratory fitness is suggested to have a protective effect. Heart rate variability (HRV) contributes to this cognitive domain, but also retaliates to stress and aerobic exercise. Therefore, the present study investigated the mediating role of resting HRV on the association between chronic stress, cardiorespiratory fitness, and working memory maintenance in young healthy adults. Healthy participants (N = 115, 48% female) aged 18-35 years (M = 24.1, SD = 3.8) completed the Åstrand test on a bicycle ergometer to estimate maximal oxygen consumption [ V ̇ O 2 max $$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_{2\max } $$ (ml/min/kg)]. In addition, working memory maintenance was assessed using the modified Sternberg task with low (three items) and high cognitive load (six items). Using electrocardiography, HRV was recorded and the LF/HF ratio was extracted for mediation analyses. Path analysis revealed that cardiorespiratory fitness was significantly associated with accuracy on high cognitive load trials (β = 0.19, p = 0.035), but not on trials with low cognitive load. Perceived levels of chronic stress failed to show a significant association with working memory maintenance, independently of cognitive load. The pattern of results remained unchanged after introduction of HRV as a mediator (β = 0.18, p = 0.045). In conclusion, higher cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with better maintenance of verbal information in working memory. However, this association cannot be explained by vagal influences on memory processing driven by the autonomic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Nina Looser
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Ludyga
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerber
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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33
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Ji C, Yang J, Lin L, Chen S. Evaluating the Cognitive Effects of Video-Induced Negative Affect in College Students: A Comparative Study between Acute Exercise and Music Listening. J Intell 2023; 11:jintelligence11010012. [PMID: 36662142 PMCID: PMC9861909 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Video-induced negative affect may have an impact on cognition. In this study, acute exercise and music listening are used to explore their impact on individual cognition with video-induced negative affect. Method: All the participants were randomly divided into six groups. Group 1 (n = 19, average age = 20.15) was not given any form of acute exercise or music listening; Group 2 (n = 20, average age = 21.33) was given music listening; Group 3 (n = 20, average age = 20.89) was given acute exercise; Group 4 (n = 20, average age = 21.03) only watched a video without being given any acute exercise or music listening; Group 5 (n = 19, average age = 20.68) was given music listening after watching a video; Group 6 (n = 18, average age = 21.32) was given acute exercise after watching a video. Results: In the pre-test, we found that there was no significant difference in negative affect, positive affect, and cognitive performance among the groups (p > .05). The post-test indicated that the negative affect of college students who watched the video (20.16 ± 8.34) was higher than that of college students who did not watch the video (11.12 ± 3.29). Acute exercise and music listening improved the cognitive performance of college students with video-induced negative affect. Acute exercise improved the cognitive performance of college students with non-video-induced negative affect, while music listening did not. Conclusion: The acute decline in the cognitive performance of college students caused by video-induced negative affect can be ameliorated by means of acute exercise and music listening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxin Ji
- Physical Education Department, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- Correspondence: (C.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Jun Yang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Lin Lin
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Song Chen
- Physical Education Department, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- Correspondence: (C.J.); (S.C.)
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Kuhne LA, Ksiezarczyk AM, Braumann KM, Reer R, Jacobs T, Röder B, Hötting K. Cardiovascular exercise, learning, memory, and cytokines: Results of a ten-week randomized controlled training study in young adults. Biol Psychol 2023; 176:108466. [PMID: 36455805 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise has been shown to enhance memory and to increase neuroplasticity. Rodent studies have revealed modulating effects of signaling molecules of the immune system (cytokines) on hippocampal plasticity and memory. Acute and chronic exercise have been both found to alter the number and function of immune cells. Thus, physical exercise might enhance neuroplasticity via an altered immune response. In this study we tested whether multiple repetitions of a vocabulary learning task combined with a bout of cardiovascular exercise enhances learning in humans and whether memory improvements correlated with acute exercise-induced cytokine changes. Data of 52 participants (20-40 years of age) who were randomly assigned to a cardiovascular exercise group (cycling) or a control group (stretching) were analyzed. During the 10-week treatment, participants completed 18 learning-exercise sessions. In each of these sessions, the vocabulary learning task was always performed immediately before exercising started. To assess acute exercise-induced changes in cytokine levels, blood sampling was performed at rest and immediately after exercising in two of the sessions. Learning success measured as increase in learning across all sessions and vocabulary retention four weeks after the treatment had ended did not differ between groups. The cycling group showed a relatively larger acute increase in IL-6, IL-1ra, IL-4, and IFN-γ compared to the stretching group. Exploratory analyses revealed significant positive associations between within-session learning and acute exercise-induced increases in IL-6 and IL-1ra in the cycling group only. These results suggest that the immune system may act as a mediator of exercise-induced cognitive benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Kuhne
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 11, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | | | - Rüdiger Reer
- Sports and Exercise Medicine, University of Hamburg, Turmweg 2, 20148 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Brigitte Röder
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 11, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Kirsten Hötting
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 11, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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35
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Mou H, Fang Q, Tian S, Qiu F. Effects of acute exercise with different modalities on working memory in men with high and low aerobic fitness. Physiol Behav 2023; 258:114012. [PMID: 36341835 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on working memory in individuals with high and low aerobic fitness. DESIGN The protocol adopted a between-subjects crossover design. METHODS Forty healthy male college students (mean age = 19.59 ± 1.00 years) were assigned to high fitness (n = 20) or low fitness (n = 20) groups based on their estimated maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) in the 20 m shuttle run test. All participants were instructed to engage in three acute exercise interventions (10 min HIIE, 20 min HIIE, 20 min MICE) and a reading control intervention on separate days in a randomized order. A spatial 2-back task was performed before and after each intervention to assess working memory. RESULTS Analyses of the 2-back task performance revealed that the working memory of high and low fitness participants benefited from different modalities of acute exercise. Specifically, reaction time in the 2-back task was significantly shorter after 20 min HIIE compared to pre-exercise in high fitness participants, whereas low fitness participants had significantly faster reaction time in the 2-back task after 20 min MICE and 10 min HIIE relative to pre-exercise. CONCLUSIONS The effects of acute aerobic exercise on working memory are modulated by a combination of exercise modality and aerobic fitness. This finding has important implications for providing experimental evidence that participants choose appropriate exercise to undertake based on their level of aerobic fitness to improve cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Mou
- Department of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qun Fang
- Department of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Shudong Tian
- Department of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Fanghui Qiu
- Department of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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36
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Cristini J, Parwanta Z, De las Heras B, Medina-Rincon A, Paquette C, Doyon J, Dagher A, Steib S, Roig M. Motor Memory Consolidation Deficits in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2023; 13:865-892. [PMID: 37458048 PMCID: PMC10578244 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to encode and consolidate motor memories is essential for persons with Parkinson's disease (PD), who usually experience a progressive loss of motor function. Deficits in memory encoding, usually expressed as poorer rates of skill improvement during motor practice, have been reported in these patients. Whether motor memory consolidation (i.e., motor skill retention) is also impaired is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine whether motor memory consolidation is impaired in PD compared to neurologically intact individuals. METHODS We conducted a pre-registered systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD42020222433) following PRISMA guidelines that included 46 studies. RESULTS Meta-analyses revealed that persons with PD have deficits in retaining motor skills (SMD = -0.17; 95% CI = -0.32, -0.02; p = 0.0225). However, these deficits are task-specific, affecting sensory motor (SMD = -0.31; 95% CI -0.47, -0.15; p = 0.0002) and visuomotor adaptation (SMD = -1.55; 95% CI = -2.32, -0.79; p = 0.0001) tasks, but not sequential fine motor (SMD = 0.17; 95% CI = -0.05, 0.39; p = 0.1292) and gross motor tasks (SMD = 0.04; 95% CI = -0.25, 0.33; p = 0.7771). Importantly, deficits became non-significant when augmented feedback during practice was provided, and additional motor practice sessions reduced deficits in sensory motor tasks. Meta-regression analyses confirmed that deficits were independent of performance during encoding, as well as disease duration and severity. CONCLUSION Our results align with the neurodegenerative models of PD progression and motor learning frameworks and emphasize the importance of developing targeted interventions to enhance motor memory consolidation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Cristini
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zohra Parwanta
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bernat De las Heras
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Almudena Medina-Rincon
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
- Grupo de investigación iPhysio, San Jorge University, Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
- Department of Physiotherapy, San Jorge University, Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
| | - Caroline Paquette
- Department of Kinesiology & Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC,Canada
- Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Doyon
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Dagher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Steib
- Department of Human Movement, Training and Active Aging, Institute of Sports and Sports Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Roig
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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37
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Schmid D, Qazi A, Scott NM, Tomporowski PD. The effects of physical activity timing and complexity on episodic memory: A randomized controlled trial. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 64:102332. [PMID: 37665816 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of two types of acute physical activity (PA) bouts were assessed on young adults' free-recall and recognition memory in two experiments, which differed in the temporal relation of PA and word encoding. Before or following training on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task, participants performed a simple two-step dance, a complex four-step dance, or remained seated. Hypotheses proposed that PA prior to encoding and complex PA would enhance PA's mnemonic benefits. Memory assessed post-PA, 24 h, and 7 days after training indicated that timing and complexity of PA did not impact free-recall or recognition memory. Findings differ from a previous study showing complex PA benefited motor learning more than simple PA (Tomporowski & Pendleton, 2018). The inconsistency may be due to different working memory processes underlying consolidation and retrieval of procedural or episodic information. Theory-based explanations regarding memory storage and retrieval are proposed to elucidate this selective process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Qazi
- Kinesiology Department, University of Georgia, USA
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38
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Quent JA, Henson RN. Novel immersive virtual reality experiences do not produce retroactive memory benefits for unrelated material. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2022; 75:2197-2210. [PMID: 35135390 PMCID: PMC9619268 DOI: 10.1177/17470218221082491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The experience of novelty can enhance memory for information that occurs close in time, even if not directly related to the experience-a phenomenon called "behavioural tagging." For example, an animal exposed to a novel spatial environment shows improved memory for other information presented previously. This has been linked to neurochemical modulations induced by novelty, which affect consolidation of memories for experiences that were encoded around the same time. Neurophysiological research in animals has shown that novelty benefits weakly encoded but not strongly encoded information. However, a benefit that is selective to weak memories seems difficult to reconcile with studies in humans that have reported that novelty improves recollection, but not familiarity. One possibility is that the novelty increases activity in hippocampus, which is also associated with processes that enable recollection. This is consistent with another prediction of behavioural tagging theory, namely that novelty only enhances consolidation of information that converges on the same neuronal population. However, no study has directly explored the relationship between encoding strength and retrieval quality (recollection versus familiarity). We examined the effects of exposure to a novel immersive virtual reality environment on memory for words presented immediately beforehand, under either deep or shallow encoding tasks, and by testing both recall memory immediately, and recognition memory with remember/know instructions the next day. However, Bayes factors showed no evidence to support the behavioural tagging predictions: that novelty would improve memory, particularly for shallowly encoded words, and this improvement would differentially affect familiarity versus recollection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Alexander Quent
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Jörn Alexander Quent, MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK.
| | - Richard N Henson
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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39
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Malin SK, Stewart NR, Ude AA, Alderman BL. Brain insulin resistance and cognitive function: influence of exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:1368-1380. [PMID: 36269295 PMCID: PMC9744647 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00375.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise has systemic health benefits in people, in part, through improving whole body insulin sensitivity. The brain is an insulin-sensitive organ that is often underdiscussed relative to skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. Although brain insulin action may have only subtle impacts on peripheral regulation of systemic glucose homeostasis, it is important for weight regulation as well as mental health. In fact, brain insulin signaling is also involved in processes that support healthy cognition. Furthermore, brain insulin resistance has been associated with age-related declines in memory and executive function as well as Alzheimer's disease pathology. Herein, we provide an overview of brain insulin sensitivity in relation to cognitive function from animal and human studies, with particular emphasis placed on the impact exercise may have on brain insulin sensitivity. Mechanisms discussed include mitochondrial function, brain growth factors, and neurogenesis, which collectively help combat obesity-related metabolic disease and Alzheimer's dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K Malin
- Department of Kinesiology & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Nutrition, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Nathan R Stewart
- Department of Kinesiology & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Andrew A Ude
- Department of Kinesiology & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Brandon L Alderman
- Department of Kinesiology & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Center of Alcohol and Substance Use Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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40
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Shi P, Feng X. Motor skills and cognitive benefits in children and adolescents: Relationship, mechanism and perspectives. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1017825. [PMID: 36478944 PMCID: PMC9721199 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1017825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a strong interaction between motor skills and cognitive benefits for children and young people. The aim of this paper is to explore the relationship between motor skill types and their development and the cognitive benefits of children and adolescents. In turn, on this basis, it proposes pathways and mechanisms by which motor skills improve cognition, and provide a basis for subsequent teaching of skills that follow the laws of brain cognitive development. METHODS This paper summarizes the research on the relationship between different types of motor skills and their development and cognitive benefits of children and adolescents. Based on these relationships, pathways, and mechanisms for motor skills to improve cognition are tentatively proposed. RESULTS There is an overall pattern of "open > closed, strategy > interception, sequence > continuous" between motor skill types and the cognitive benefits of children and adolescents. Long-term motor skill learning practice is accompanied by increased cognitive benefits as skill proficiency increases. The dynamic interaction between motor skills and physical activity exposes children and adolescents to environmental stimuli and interpersonal interactions of varying complexity, promoting the development of agility, coordination and cardiorespiratory fitness, enhancing their motor experience, which in turn improves brain structure and functional activity. CONCLUSION Motor skills training promote cognitive efficiency in children and adolescents. Motor skill interventions that are open-ended, strategic and sequential in nature are more effective. Environmental stimuli, interpersonal interaction, agility, coordination, and cardiorespiratory fitness can be considered as skill attribute moderators of motor skills to improve cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shi
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaosu Feng
- Physical Education College, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
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41
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Effects of acute exercise on memory: Considerations of exercise intensity, post-exercise recovery period and aerobic endurance. Mem Cognit 2022; 51:1011-1026. [PMID: 36401115 PMCID: PMC9676734 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-022-01373-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating research demonstrates that acute exercise can enhance long-term episodic memory. However, it is unclear if there is an intensity-specific effect of acute exercise on long-term episodic memory function and whether this is influenced by the post-exercise recovery period, which was the primary objective of this experiment. Another uncertainty in the literature is whether aerobic endurance influences the interaction between exercise intensity and post-exercise recovery period on long-term episodic memory function, which was a secondary objective of this study. With exercise intensity and post-exercise recovery period occurring as within-subject factors, and fitness as a between-subject factor, 59 participants (Mage = 20 years) completed 12 primary laboratory visits. These visits included a 20-min bout of exercise (Control, Moderate, and Vigorous), followed by a recovery period (1, 5, 10, and 15 min) and then a word-list episodic memory task, involving an encoding phase and two long-term recall assessments (20-min and 24-h delayed recall). The primary finding from this experiment was that moderate and vigorous-intensity exercise improved memory function when compared to a non-exercise control. A secondary finding was that individuals with higher levels of aerobic endurance, compared to their lesser fit counterparts, had greater memory performance after exercise (moderate or vigorous) when compared to after a control condition. Additionally, individuals with higher levels of aerobic endurance, compared to their lesser fit counterparts, generally performed better on the memory task with longer post-exercise recovery periods. Future research should carefully consider these parameters when evaluating the effects of acute exercise on long-term episodic memory.
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Ballester-Ferrer JA, Roldan A, Cervelló E, Pastor D. Memory Modulation by Exercise in Young Adults Is Related to Lactate and Not Affected by Sex or BDNF Polymorphism. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101541. [PMID: 36290444 PMCID: PMC9598181 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Currently, high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) is on the rise compared to moderate-intensity exercise (MIE) due to its similar benefits for health and performance with low time requirements. Recent studies show how physical exercise can also influence cognitive function, although the optimal dose and underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Therefore, in our study, we have compared the effects on visuospatial and declarative memory of different exercise intensities (HIIE vs. MIE), including possible implicated factors such as lactate released after each session and the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) genotype. Thirty-six undergraduate students participated in this study. The HIIE session consisted of a 3 min warm-up, four 2 min sets at 90−95% of the maximal aerobic speed (MAS) with 2 min of passive recovery between sets, and a 3 min cooldown, and the MIE session implies the same total duration of continuous exercise at 60% of the MAS. Better improvements were found after HIIE than MIE on the backward condition of the visuospatial memory test (p = 0.014, ηp2 = 0.17) and the 48 h retention of the declarative memory test (p = 0.04; d = 0.34). No differences were observed in the forward condition of the visuospatial memory test and the 7-day retention of the declarative memory test (p > 0.05). Moreover, non-modifiable parameters such as biological sex and BDNF polymorphism (Val/Val, Val/Met, or Met/Met) did not modulate the cognitive response to exercise. Curiously, the correlational analysis showed associations (p < 0.05) between changes in memory (visuospatial and declarative) and lactate release. In this sense, our results suggest an important role for intensity in improving cognitive function with exercise, regardless of genetic factors such as biological sex or BDNF Val66Met polymorphism.
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43
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Csajbók Z, Sieber S, Cullati S, Cermakova P, Cheval B. Physical activity partly mediates the association between cognitive function and depressive symptoms. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:414. [PMID: 36167692 PMCID: PMC9515096 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02191-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive function, physical activity, and depressive symptoms are intertwined in later life. Yet, the nature of the relationship between these three variables is unclear. Here, we aimed to determine which of physical activity or cognitive function mediated this relationship. We used large-scale longitudinal data from 51,191 adults 50 years of age or older (mean: 64.8 years, 54.7% women) from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Results of the longitudinal mediation analyses combined with autoregressive cross-lagged panel models showed that the model with physical activity as a mediator better fitted the data than the model with cognitive function as a mediator. Moreover, the mediating effect of physical activity was 8-9% of the total effect of cognitive function on depressive symptoms. Our findings suggest that higher cognitive resources favor the engagement in physical activity, which contributes to reduced depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Csajbók
- Faculty of Humanities, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Stefan Sieber
- LIVES Centre, Swiss Centre of Expertise in Life Course Research, Lausanne, Switzerland ,grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Cullati
- grid.8534.a0000 0004 0478 1713Population Health Laboratory, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland ,grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Readaptation and Geriatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pavla Cermakova
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XSecond Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic ,grid.447902.cNational Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Boris Cheval
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Laboratory for the Study of Emotion Elicitation and Expression (E3Lab), Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Zhao K, Hu Z, Wang T, Tian L, Wang M, Liu R, Zuo C, Jihua W. Acute effects of two different work-to-rest ratio of high-intensity interval training on brain-derived neurotrophic factor in untrained young men. Front Physiol 2022; 13:988773. [PMID: 36160866 PMCID: PMC9490303 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.988773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Aerobic exercise could produce a positive effect on the brain by releasing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In untrained healthy humans there seems to be a linear correlation between exercise duration and the positive effect of acute aerobic exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. Therefore, we performed two different duration of high-intensity interval training protocols (HIIT), both known to improve cardiovascular fitness, to determine whether then have a similar efficacy in affecting brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels.Methods: 12 untrained young males (aged 23.7 ± 1.8 years), participated in a randomized controlled cross-over trial. They underwent two different work-to-rest ratio high-intensity interval training protocols: high-intensity interval training 1 (30 min, 15 intervals of 1 min efforts at 85%–90% VO2max with 1 min of active recovery at 50%–60% VO2max) and HIIT2 (30 min, 10 intervals of 2 min efforts at 85%–90% VO2max with 1 min of active recovery at 50%–60% VO2max). Serum cortisol, brain-derived neurotrophic factor were collected at baseline, immediately following intervention, and 30 min into recovery for measurements using a Sandwich ELISA method, blood lactate was measured by using a portable lactate analyzer.Results: Our results showed that the similar serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor change in both high-intensity interval training protocols, with maximal serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels being reached toward the end of intervention. There was no significant change in serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor from baseline after 30 min recovery. We then showed that both high-intensity interval training protocols significantly increase blood lactate and serum cortisol compared with baseline value (high-intensity interval training p < 0.01; high-intensity interval training 2 p < 0.01), with high-intensity interval training 2 reaching higher blood lactate levels than high-intensity interval training 1 (p = 0.027), but no difference was observed in serum cortisol between both protocols. Moreover, changes in serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor did corelate with change in blood lactate (high-intensity interval training 1 r = 0.577, p < 0.05; high-intensity interval training 2 r = 0.635, p < 0.05), but did not correlate with the change in serum cortisol.Conclusions: brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in untrained young men are significantly increased in response to different work-to-rest ratio of high-intensity interval training protocols, and the magnitude of increase is exercise duration independent. Moreover, the higher blood lactate did not raise circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Therefore, given that prolonged exercise causes higher levels of cortisol. We suggest that the 1:1work-to-rest ratio of high-intensity interval training protocol might represent a preferred intervention for promoting brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kegang Zhao
- School of Physical Education of Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Kegang Zhao,
| | | | - Tao Wang
- School of Physical Education of Liaocheng University, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Tian
- School of Physical Education of Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Maoye Wang
- School of Physical Education of Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Ruijiang Liu
- School of Physical Education of Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Chongwen Zuo
- Capital Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Jihua
- Department of Information Science and Engineering of Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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Manckoundia P, Dipanda M, Mourey F. [Physical activity in the elderly with other major neurocognitive disorders]. SOINS. GERONTOLOGIE 2022; 27:37-40. [PMID: 36280370 DOI: 10.1016/j.sger.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
For decades, the literature was skeptical about the feasibility of motor rehabilitation and its impact, as well as that of physical activity (PA), in subjects with major neurocognitive disorders (MNCD), including Alzheimer's disease. Now, authors report several benefits of PA, both physical and cognitive, by promoting brain perfusion, neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity, as well as decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation. PA should be recommended in cases of TNCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Manckoundia
- Pôle personnes âgées, centre hospitalier universitaire de Dijon, 2 rue Jules Violle, 21079 Dijon, France; Unité mixte de recherche Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale/U1093 Cognition, action et plasticité sensori-motrice, université de Bourgogne, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France.
| | - Mélanie Dipanda
- Pôle personnes âgées, centre hospitalier universitaire de Dijon, 2 rue Jules Violle, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - France Mourey
- Unité mixte de recherche Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale/U1093 Cognition, action et plasticité sensori-motrice, université de Bourgogne, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
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Quilico E, Wilkinson S, Duncan L, Sweet S, Bédard E, Trudel E, Colantonio A, Swaine B. Participatory co-creation of an adapted physical activity program for adults with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2022; 3:900178. [PMID: 36188895 PMCID: PMC9397937 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2022.900178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Research about using physical activity (PA) to improve health, quality of life, and participation after moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is receiving growing attention. However, best-practices for maintaining PA participation after TBI have yet to be defined. In this context, a team of researchers and stakeholders with a moderate-to-severe TBI (including program participants and peer mentors) participated in a co-creation process to optimize a 9-month, 3-phased, community-based, adapted PA program named TBI-Health. Purpose The study aimed to provide a detailed account of the participation in and co-creation of a new TBI-Health Program to enhance sport and exercise participation for adults with moderate-to-severe TBI. Specifically, we carried out an in-depth exploration of the perceived experiences and outcomes of users over one cycle of the program to assist the co-creation process. Methods An interpretive case study approach was used to explore the experiences and outcomes of the participatory co-creation within and across phases of the TBI-Health program. A purposeful sample of fourteen adults with moderate-to-severe TBI (program participants n = 10; peer mentors n = 4) were involved in audio-recorded focus groups after each program phase. Reflexive thematic analyses within and across the phases identified three higher-order themes. Results Program Participation included barriers, facilitators, sources of motivation and suggested modifications to optimize the program; Biopsychosocial Changes highlighted perceived physical, psychological, and social outcomes, by self and others, that resulted from program participation; PA Autonomy emphasized transitions in knowledge, sex- and gender-related beliefs, and abilities related to exercise and sport participation. Conclusions Study findings suggest the TBI-Health program can increase autonomy for and reduce barriers to PA for adults with moderate-to-severe TBI, which results in increased PA participation and important physical, psychological, and social benefits. More research is needed about the TBI-Health program with larger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Quilico
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centrefor Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Applied Human Sciences, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Correspondence: Enrico Quilico
| | - Shawn Wilkinson
- Applied Human Sciences, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lindsay Duncan
- Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shane Sweet
- Centrefor Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Evelyne Bédard
- Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Angela Colantonio
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bonnie Swaine
- Centrefor Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Montreal, QC, Canada
- École de réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, ON, Canada
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Liu S, Chen ST, Cai Y. Associations Between Gross Motor Coordination and Executive Functions: Considering the Sex Difference in Chinese Middle-Aged School Children. Front Psychol 2022; 13:875256. [PMID: 35814049 PMCID: PMC9257208 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.875256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering that motor and cognitive processes are intertwined and inhibit or help each other throughout life and that primary school age is one of the most critical stages of children's cognitive and motor development, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between executive functions and gross motor skills in Chinese children aged 9–10 years, as well as gender differences. The flanker task, the 1-back task, the more-odd shifting task, and the test of gross motor coordination (Körperkoordinationtest für Kinder) were used to collect data on executive functions and gross motor coordination. The results were as follows. First, there was a weak association between gross motor coordination and the inhibition reaction time in the congruent test and the reaction time of working memory (r = −0.181 to −0.233), but no association was found between gross motor coordination and cognitive flexibility. Second, a weak-to-moderate correlation was presented between the move sideways test and the inhibition reaction time in the congruent test and the reaction time in the refreshing test of the working memory (r = −0.211 to −0.330). Finally, gender influenced on the relationship between gross motor coordination and the reaction time of both inhibition (βGender = −0.153, p < 0.05) and working memory (βGender = −0.345, p < 0.01). To conclude, our results suggest that children with better motor coordination skills require less reaction time, especially girls, and this association was more substantial than in boys. The finding supports the current assertion that there are commonalities between gross motor coordination and cognitive control by showing the relationship between gross motor coordination and complex cognitive processes (executive function) in preadolescent children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Liu
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Si-Tong Chen
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yujun Cai
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yujun Cai
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Simulating the Benefits of Nature Exposure on Cognitive Performance in Virtual Reality: A Window into Possibilities for Education and Cognitive Health. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12060725. [PMID: 35741610 PMCID: PMC9221526 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12060725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This one-group pretest−posttest, designed within a subject study, looks to compare the effects of an outdoor nature walk (ONW) to those of a virtual nature walk (VRW) on memory and cognitive function. Implications are discussed for education as well as for the world of virtual reality. Methods: Sixty-four healthy university students were asked to complete an ONW and a VRW, which was created using 3D video of the same nature trail used for the ONW. The VRW condition involved a five-minute walk on a treadmill, while wearing a virtual reality mask (Oculus, San Francisco, USA) that projected a previously recorded three-dimensional capture of the same nature walk they experienced outdoors. Both experimental conditions lasted approximately 5 min and were counterbalanced between participants. A Digit Span Test (Digit) for working memory and a Trail Test (TMT) for executive function were administered to all study participants, immediately before and after each type of walk. Results: For executive function testing (Trail Making Test), our results demonstrate that both the ONW and VRW condition improved the TMT time, when compared to a baseline (ONW 37.06 ± 1.31 s vs. 31.75 ± 1.07 s, p < 0.01 and VRW 36.19 ± 1.18 s vs. 30.69 ± 1.11 s, p < 0.01). There was no significant difference between the ONW and VRW groups. Similarly, for the Digit memory task, both conditions improved compared to the baseline (ONW 54.30 ± 3.01 vs. 68.4 ± 2.66, p < 0.01 and VRW 58.1 ± 3.10 vs. 67.4 ± 2.72, p < 0.01). There was a difference at the baseline between the ONW and VRW conditions (54.3 ± 3.01 vs. 58.1 ± 3.10, p < 0.01), but this baseline difference in memory performance was no longer significant post exercise, between groups at follow-up (68.4 ± 2.66 vs. 67.4 ± 2.72, p < 0.08). Conclusions: Our results suggest that both a virtual reality protocol and a nature walk can have positive outcomes on memory and executive function in younger adults.
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Cortes CJ, De Miguel Z. Precision Exercise Medicine: Sex Specific Differences in Immune and CNS Responses to Physical Activity. Brain Plast 2022; 8:65-77. [DOI: 10.3233/bpl-220139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity is a powerful lifestyle factor capable of improving cognitive function, modifying the risk for dementia associated with neurodegeneration and possibly slowing neurodegenerative disease progression in both men and women. However, men and women show differences in the biological responses to physical activity and in the vulnerabilities to the onset, progression and outcome of neurodegenerative diseases, prompting the question of whether sex-specific regulatory mechanisms might differentially modulate the benefits of exercise on the brain. Mechanistic studies aimed to better understand how physical activity improves brain health and function suggest that the brain responds to physical exercise by overall reducing neuroinflammation and increasing neuroplasticity. Here, we review the emerging literature considering sex-specific differences in the immune system response to exercise as a potential mechanism by which physical activity affects the brain. Although the literature addressing sex differences in this light is limited, the initial findings suggest a potential influence of biological sex in the brain benefits of exercise, and lay out a scientific foundation to support very much needed studies investigating the potential effects of sex-differences on exercise neurobiology. Considering biological sex and sex-differences in the neurobiological hallmarks of exercise will help to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms by which physical activity benefits the brain and also improve the development of treatments and interventions for diseases of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza J. Cortes
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine
- UAB Nathan Shock Center for the Excellence in the Study of Aging
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine
- UAB Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Zurine De Miguel
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Monterey Bay, CA, USA
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Shah Z, Ahmad F, Zahra M, Zulfiqar F, Aziz S, Mahmood A. Effect of Single Bout of Moderate and High Intensity Interval Exercise on Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Working Memory in Young Adult Females. Brain Plast 2022; 8:35-42. [DOI: 10.3233/bpl-210130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The objectives of the study were to determine the effect of moderate-intensity exercise (MIE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and working memory (WM) in young adult females. Methodology: This study was conducted in the Physiology Department, Khyber Girls Medical College Peshawar. Young adult females (n = 22), with a mean age of 20±2 years were recruited for two experimental sessions of MIE and HIIE, respectively. Baseline and post exercise blood samples were taken for determination of serum BDNF level and backward digit span test (BDST) for assessment of working memory in both sessions. Results: Serum BDNF levels pre and post MIE were 707±448 pg/ml and 829±476 pg/ml (p = 0.006) respectively while pre and post HIIE were 785±329 pg /ml and 1116±379 pg/ml (p < 0.001) respectively. BDST scores were significantly high at post intervention for both MIE (p = 0.05) and HIIE (p 0.001). Conclusions: Altogether our findings showed that both MIE and HIIE significantly increased serum BDNF levels and working memory in young adult females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubia Shah
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Farida Ahmad
- Department of Physiology, Khyber Girls Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Musarrat Zahra
- Department of Physiology, Gajju Khan Medical College Swabi, Pakistan
| | - Fatma Zulfiqar
- Department of Community Medicine, Khyber Girls Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Sabeena Aziz
- Professor Community Medicine & Associate Dean Research, Khyber Girls Medical College Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Afsheen Mahmood
- Department of Physiology, Khyber Girls Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan
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