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Murali-Manohar S, Gudmundson AT, Hupfeld KE, Zöllner HJ, Hui SC, Song Y, Simicic D, Davies-Jenkins CW, Gong T, Wang G, Oeltzschner G, Edden RA. Metabolite T 1 relaxation times decrease across the adult lifespan. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 37:e5152. [PMID: 38565525 PMCID: PMC11303093 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.5152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Relaxation correction is an integral step in quantifying brain metabolite concentrations measured by in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). While most quantification routines assume constant T1 relaxation across age, it is possible that aging alters T1 relaxation rates, as is seen for T2 relaxation. Here, we investigate the age dependence of metabolite T1 relaxation times at 3 T in both gray- and white-matter-rich voxels using publicly available metabolite and metabolite-nulled (single inversion recovery TI = 600 ms) spectra acquired at 3 T using Point RESolved Spectroscopy (PRESS) localization. Data were acquired from voxels in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and centrum semiovale (CSO) in 102 healthy volunteers across 5 decades of life (aged 20-69 years). All spectra were analyzed in Osprey v.2.4.0. To estimate T1 relaxation times for total N-acetyl aspartate at 2.0 ppm (tNAA2.0) and total creatine at 3.0 ppm (tCr3.0), the ratio of modeled metabolite residual amplitudes in the metabolite-nulled spectrum to the full metabolite signal was calculated using the single-inversion-recovery signal equation. Correlations between T1 and subject age were evaluated. Spearman correlations revealed that estimated T1 relaxation times of tNAA2.0 (rs = -0.27; p < 0.006) and tCr3.0 (rs = -0.40; p < 0.001) decreased significantly with age in white-matter-rich CSO, and less steeply for tNAA2.0 (rs = -0.228; p = 0.005) and (not significantly for) tCr3.0 (rs = -0.13; p = 0.196) in graymatter-rich PCC. The analysis harnessed a large publicly available cross-sectional dataset to test an important hypothesis, that metabolite T1 relaxation times change with age. This preliminary study stresses the importance of further work to measure age-normed metabolite T1 relaxation times for accurate quantification of metabolite levels in studies of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saipavitra Murali-Manohar
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, USA
| | - Aaron T. Gudmundson
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, USA
| | - Kathleen E. Hupfeld
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, USA
| | - Helge J. Zöllner
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, USA
| | - Steve C.N. Hui
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, USA
| | - Yulu Song
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, USA
| | - Dunja Simicic
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, USA
| | - Christopher W. Davies-Jenkins
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, USA
| | - Tao Gong
- Departments of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong, China
- Departments of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Guangbin Wang
- Departments of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong, China
- Departments of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, USA
| | - Richard A.E. Edden
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, USA
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Vints WAJ, Šeikinaitė J, Gökçe E, Kušleikienė S, Šarkinaite M, Valatkeviciene K, Česnaitienė VJ, Verbunt J, Levin O, Masiulis N. Resistance exercise effects on hippocampus subfield volumes and biomarkers of neuroplasticity and neuroinflammation in older adults with low and high risk of mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. GeroScience 2024; 46:3971-3991. [PMID: 38478179 PMCID: PMC11226571 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01110-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is suggested to promote hippocampal neuroplasticity by increasing circulating neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory factors. Our aim was to explore the interplay between the effect of progressive resistance exercise on blood biomarker levels, hippocampal neurometabolite levels and hippocampal volume in older adults with a low compared to a high risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Seventy apparently healthy male/female older adults (aged 60-85 years old) were randomly allocated to a 12 week lower limb progressive resistance or no intervention, stratified for low (< 26/30) or high (≥ 26/30) Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score, indicating MCI risk. Outcome measures were blood levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) or kynurenine (KYN); hippocampal total and subfield volumes of the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) and 4 (CA4), subiculum, presubiculum, and dentate gyrus measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); and hippocampus neurometabolites including total N-acetylaspartate (NAA), myo-inositol (mIns), and total creatine (Cr) measured with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). We evaluated the intervention effect, cognitive status effect, their interaction and the bivariate relationship between exercise-induced changes between the outcome measures. Higher kynurenine levels (p = 0.015) and lower subiculum volumes (p = 0.043) were found in older adults with high MCI risk compared to older adults with low MCI risk. Exercise-induced CA1 volume changes were negatively correlated with hippocampal tNAA/mIns level changes (r = -0.605, p = 0.006). This study provides valuable insight in the multifactorial processes related to resistance training in older adults with low or high MCI risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A J Vints
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Adelante Zorggroep, Hoensbroek, The Netherlands.
| | - Julija Šeikinaitė
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical and Sports Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Evrim Gökçe
- Sports Rehabilitation Laboratory, Ankara City Hospital, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Simona Kušleikienė
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Milda Šarkinaite
- Department of Radiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kristina Valatkeviciene
- Department of Radiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vida J Česnaitienė
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jeanine Verbunt
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Adelante Zorggroep, Hoensbroek, The Netherlands
| | - Oron Levin
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Motor Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Nerijus Masiulis
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical and Sports Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Nikoumanesh N, Chase CJ, Nagarajan R, Potter K, Martini DN. Frontal cortex neurometabolites and mobility in older adults: a preliminary study. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:2013-2022. [PMID: 38949687 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-024-06881-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frontal cortex, relevant to global cognition and motor function, is recruited to compensate for mobility dysfunction in older adults. However, the in vivo neurophysiological (e.g., neurometabolites) underpinnings of the frontal cortex compensation for mobility dysfunction remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among frontal cortex neurophysiology, mobility, and cognition in healthy older adults. METHODS Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) quantified N-acetylasparate (tNAA) and total choline (tCho) concentrations and ratios in the frontal cortex in 21 older adults. Four inertial sensors recorded the Timed Up & Go (TUG) test. Cognition was assessed using the Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention Test which requires conflict resolution because of response interference from flanking distractors during incongruent trials. Congruent trials require no conflict resolution. RESULTS tNAA concentration significantly related to the standing (p = 0.04) and sitting (p = 0.03) lean angles. tCho concentration (p = 0.04) and tCho ratio (p = 0.02) significantly related to TUG duration. tCho concentration significantly related to incongruent response time (p = 0.01). tCho ratio significantly related to both congruent (p = 0.009) and incongruent (p < 0.001) response times. Congruent (p = 0.02) and incongruent (p = 0.02) Flanker response times significantly related to TUG duration. CONCLUSIONS Altered levels of frontal cortex neurometabolites are associated with both mobility and cognitive abilities in healthy older adults. Identifying neurometabolites associated with frontal cortex compensation of mobility dysfunction could improve targeted therapies aimed at improving mobility in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikou Nikoumanesh
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Totman Building 30 Eastman Lane Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Colleen J Chase
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Totman Building 30 Eastman Lane Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Rajakumar Nagarajan
- Human Magnetic Resonance Center, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Katie Potter
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Totman Building 30 Eastman Lane Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Center for Personalized Health Monitoring, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Douglas N Martini
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Totman Building 30 Eastman Lane Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
- Center for Personalized Health Monitoring, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
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Ibañez S, Sengupta N, Luebke JI, Wimmer K, Weaver CM. Myelin dystrophy impairs signal transmission and working memory in a multiscale model of the aging prefrontal cortex. eLife 2024; 12:RP90964. [PMID: 39028036 PMCID: PMC11259433 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Normal aging leads to myelin alterations in the rhesus monkey dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), which are positively correlated with degree of cognitive impairment. It is hypothesized that remyelination with shorter and thinner myelin sheaths partially compensates for myelin degradation, but computational modeling has not yet explored these two phenomena together systematically. Here, we used a two-pronged modeling approach to determine how age-related myelin changes affect a core cognitive function: spatial working memory. First, we built a multicompartment pyramidal neuron model fit to monkey dlPFC empirical data, with an axon including myelinated segments having paranodes, juxtaparanodes, internodes, and tight junctions. This model was used to quantify conduction velocity (CV) changes and action potential (AP) failures after demyelination and subsequent remyelination. Next, we incorporated the single neuron results into a spiking neural network model of working memory. While complete remyelination nearly recovered axonal transmission and network function to unperturbed levels, our models predict that biologically plausible levels of myelin dystrophy, if uncompensated by other factors, can account for substantial working memory impairment with aging. The present computational study unites empirical data from ultrastructure up to behavior during normal aging, and has broader implications for many demyelinating conditions, such as multiple sclerosis or schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ibañez
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonUnited States
- Centre de Recerca Matemàtica, Edifici C, Campus BellaterraBellaterraSpain
- Departament de Matemàtiques, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici CBellaterraSpain
| | - Nilapratim Sengupta
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonUnited States
- Department of Mathematics, Franklin and Marshall CollegeLancasterUnited States
| | - Jennifer I Luebke
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonUnited States
| | - Klaus Wimmer
- Centre de Recerca Matemàtica, Edifici C, Campus BellaterraBellaterraSpain
- Departament de Matemàtiques, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici CBellaterraSpain
| | - Christina M Weaver
- Department of Mathematics, Franklin and Marshall CollegeLancasterUnited States
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Vints WAJ, Levin O, van Griensven M, Vlaeyen JWS, Masiulis N, Verbunt J, van Laake-Geelen CCM. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation to combat cognitive aging in people with spinal cord injury: protocol for a single case experimental design study. BMC Neurol 2024; 24:197. [PMID: 38862912 PMCID: PMC11165793 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-024-03699-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) can experience accelerated cognitive aging. Myokines (factors released from muscle cells during contractions), such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), are thought to have beneficial effects on cognition. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) was shown to elicit a large release of myokines. However, the effects of NMES on cognitive function have not been studied. OBJECTIVE To present the study protocol for a clinical trial evaluating the effects of NMES aimed at improving cognition and BDNF. METHODS A replicated randomized three-phases single-case experimental design (SCED) with sequential multiple baseline time series and a single-armed prospective trial will be conducted with 15 adults with chronic SCI (> 12 months after injury) above L1 neurological level undergoing 30-min quadriceps NMES, 3 days per week for 12 weeks. MAIN STUDY ENDPOINTS Primary endpoint is cognitive performance (assessed by a smartphone test) conducted three times per week during the baseline phase with random duration of 3 to 8 weeks, the intervention phase of 12 weeks, and the follow-up phase of 3 weeks after a no measurement rest period of 12 weeks. Secondary endpoints are changes in BDNF levels and cognitive performance measured before the baseline period, before and after intervention and after a 12 weeks follow-up. CONCLUSION This will be the first study investigating the effects of 12 weeks NMES on both cognition and BDNF levels in individuals with SCI. The SCED results provide information on individual treatment effect courses which may direct future research. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05822297, 12/01/2023).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A J Vints
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, Kaunas, LT-44221, Lithuania.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Adelante Zorggroep, P.O. Box 88, Hoensbroek, 6430 AB, The Netherlands.
| | - Oron Levin
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, Kaunas, LT-44221, Lithuania
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Martijn van Griensven
- Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W S Vlaeyen
- Experimental Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Health Psychology Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Louvain, 3000, Belgium
| | - Nerijus Masiulis
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto Str. 6, Kaunas, LT-44221, Lithuania
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Vilnius University, M. K. Čiurlionio Str. 21, Vilnius, 03101, Lithuania
| | - Jeanine Verbunt
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
- Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Adelante Zorggroep, P.O. Box 88, Hoensbroek, 6430 AB, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte C M van Laake-Geelen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
- Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Adelante Zorggroep, P.O. Box 88, Hoensbroek, 6430 AB, The Netherlands
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Chan KL, Panatpur A, Messahel S, Dahshi H, Johnson T, Henning A, Ren J, Minassian BA. 1H and 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals potential pathogenic and biomarker metabolite alterations in Lafora disease. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae104. [PMID: 38585668 PMCID: PMC10998360 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Lafora disease is a fatal teenage-onset progressive myoclonus epilepsy and neurodegenerative disease associated with polyglucosan bodies. Polyglucosans are long-branched and as a result precipitation- and aggregation-prone glycogen. In mouse models, downregulation of glycogen synthase, the enzyme that elongates glycogen branches, prevents polyglucosan formation and rescues Lafora disease. Mouse work, however, has not yet revealed the mechanisms of polyglucosan generation, and few in vivo human studies have been performed. Here, non-invasive in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H and 31P) was applied to test scan feasibility and assess neurotransmitter balance and energy metabolism in Lafora disease towards a better understanding of pathogenesis. Macromolecule-suppressed gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-edited 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy and 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 3 and 7 tesla, respectively, were performed in 4 Lafora disease patients and a total of 21 healthy controls (12 for the 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy and 9 for the 31PMRS). Spectra were processed using in-house software and fit to extract metabolite concentrations. From the 1H spectra, we found 33% lower GABA concentrations (P = 0.013), 34% higher glutamate + glutamine concentrations (P = 0.011) and 24% lower N-acetylaspartate concentrations (P = 0.0043) in Lafora disease patients compared with controls. From the 31P spectra, we found 34% higher phosphoethanolamine concentrations (P = 0.016), 23% lower nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide concentrations (P = 0.003), 50% higher uridine diphosphate glucose concentrations (P = 0.004) and 225% higher glucose 6-phosphate concentrations in Lafora disease patients versus controls (P = 0.004). Uridine diphosphate glucose is the substrate of glycogen synthase, and glucose 6-phosphate is its extremely potent allosteric activator. The observed elevated uridine diphosphate glucose and glucose 6-phosphate levels are expected to hyperactivate glycogen synthase and may underlie the generation of polyglucosans in Lafora disease. The increased glutamate + glutamine and reduced GABA indicate altered neurotransmission and energy metabolism, which may contribute to the disease's intractable epilepsy. These results suggest a possible basis of polyglucosan formation and potential contributions to the epilepsy of Lafora disease. If confirmed in larger human and animal model studies, measurements of the dysregulated metabolites by magnetic resonance spectroscopy could be developed into non-invasive biomarkers for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Chan
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Aparna Panatpur
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Souad Messahel
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hamza Dahshi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Talon Johnson
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Anke Henning
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jimin Ren
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Berge A Minassian
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Pereira PA, Tavares M, Laires M, Mota B, Madeira MD, Paula-Barbosa MM, Cardoso A. Effects of Aging and Nerve Growth Factor on Neuropeptide Expression and Cholinergic Innervation of the Rat Basolateral Amygdala. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:155. [PMID: 38534426 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The basolateral amygdala (BLA) contains interneurons that express neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), both of which are involved in the regulation of functions and behaviors that undergo deterioration with aging. There is considerable evidence that, in some brain areas, the expression of NPY and VIP might be modulated by acetylcholine. Importantly, the BLA is one of the brain regions that has one of the densest cholinergic innervations, which arise mainly from the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. These cholinergic neurons depend on nerve growth factor (NGF) for their survival, connectivity, and function. Thus, in this study, we sought to determine if aging alters the densities of NPY- and VIP-positive neurons and cholinergic varicosities in the BLA and, in the affirmative, if those changes might rely on insufficient trophic support provided by NGF. The number of NPY-positive neurons was significantly reduced in aged rats, whereas the number of VIP-immunoreactive neurons was unaltered. The decreased NPY expression was fully reversed by the infusion of NGF in the lateral ventricle. The density of cholinergic varicosities was similar in adult and old rats. On the other hand, the density of cholinergic varicosities is significantly higher in old rats treated with NGF than in adult and old rats. Our results indicate a dissimilar resistance of different populations of BLA interneurons to aging. Furthermore, the present data also show that the BLA cholinergic innervation is particularly resistant to aging effects. Finally, our results also show that the reduced NPY expression in the BLA of aged rats can be related to changes in the NGF neurotrophic support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Pereira
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- NeuroGen Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Tavares
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Laires
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Mota
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Dulce Madeira
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- NeuroGen Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel M Paula-Barbosa
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Armando Cardoso
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- NeuroGen Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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Silaidos CV, Reutzel M, Wachter L, Dieter F, Ludin N, Blum WF, Wudy SA, Matura S, Pilatus U, Hattingen E, Pantel J, Eckert GP. Age-related changes in energy metabolism in peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMCs) and the brains of cognitively healthy seniors. GeroScience 2024; 46:981-998. [PMID: 37308768 PMCID: PMC10828287 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00810-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of cellular senescence and many age-related neurodegenerative diseases. We therefore investigated the relationship between mitochondrial function in peripheral blood cells and cerebral energy metabolites in young and older sex-matched, physically and mentally healthy volunteers. Cross-sectional observational study involving 65 young (26.0 ± 0.49 years) and 65 older (71.7 ± 0.71 years) women and men recruited. Cognitive health was evaluated using established psychometric methods (MMSE, CERAD). Blood samples were collected and analyzed, and fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated. Mitochondrial respiratory complex activity was measured using a Clarke electrode. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and citrate synthase activity (CS) were determined by bioluminescence and photometrically. N-aspartyl-aspartate (tNAA), ATP, creatine (Cr), and phosphocreatine (PCr) were quantified in brains using 1H- and 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI). Levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) were determined using a radio-immune assay (RIA). Complex IV activity (CIV) (- 15%) and ATP levels (- 11%) were reduced in PBMCs isolated from older participants. Serum levels of IGF-1 were significantly reduced (- 34%) in older participants. Genes involved in mitochondrial activity, antioxidant mechanisms, and autophagy were unaffected by age. tNAA levels were reduced (- 5%), Cr (+ 11%), and PCr (+ 14%) levels were increased, and ATP levels were unchanged in the brains of older participants. Markers of energy metabolism in blood cells did not significantly correlate with energy metabolites in the brain. Age-related bioenergetic changes were detected in peripheral blood cells and the brains of healthy older people. However, mitochondrial function in peripheral blood cells does not reflect energy related metabolites in the brain. While ATP levels in PBMCs may be be a valid marker for age-related mitochondrial dysfunction in humans, cerebral ATP remained constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmina V Silaidos
- Laboratory for Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martina Reutzel
- Laboratory for Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Lena Wachter
- Laboratory for Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Fabian Dieter
- Laboratory for Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nasir Ludin
- Institute for Neuroradiology, University Hospital, Goethe University, Schleusenweg 2-16, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Werner F Blum
- Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics in Pediatric Endocrinology, Peptide Hormone Research Unit Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan A Wudy
- Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics in Pediatric Endocrinology, Peptide Hormone Research Unit Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Silke Matura
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pilatus
- Institute for Neuroradiology, University Hospital, Goethe University, Schleusenweg 2-16, Frankfurt, Germany
- Brain Imaging Center (BIC), University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt a. M, Germany
| | - Elke Hattingen
- Institute for Neuroradiology, University Hospital, Goethe University, Schleusenweg 2-16, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Johannes Pantel
- Geriatric Medicine, Institute of General Practice, Goethe University, Frankfurt a. M, Germany
| | - Gunter P Eckert
- Laboratory for Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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9
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Smucny J, Carter CS, Maddock RJ. Greater Choline-Containing Compounds and Myo-inositol in Treatment-Resistant Versus Responsive Schizophrenia: A 1H-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Meta-analysis. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2024; 9:137-145. [PMID: 37925074 PMCID: PMC11192527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neurobiology of treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) is poorly understood, and meta-analytic consensus regarding magnetic resonance spectroscopic profiles of glutamate, choline-containing compounds, myo-inositol, and other metabolites in the condition is lacking. METHODS In this meta-analysis, we examined published findings for N-acetylaspartate, choline-containing compounds (phosphocholine+glycerophosphocholine), myo-inositol, creatine+phosphocreatine, glutamate, and glutamate+glutamine in the anterior cingulate cortex and dorsal striatum in people with TRS versus non-TRS as well as TRS versus healthy control participants (HCs) and TRS versus ultra TRS (i.e., TRS with clozapine resistance). A MEDLINE search revealed 9 articles including 239 people with pooled TRS and ultra TRS, 59 with ultra TRS, 175 with non-TRS, and 153 (HCs) that met meta-analytic criteria. RESULTS Significant effects included higher anterior cingulate cortex phosphocholine+glycerophosphocholine and myo-inositol in the pooled TRS and ultra TRS group than in both the non-TRS group and HCs as well as higher dorsal striatal phosphocholine+glycerophosphocholine in ultra TRS versus HCs, but no differences in other regional metabolites. CONCLUSIONS The observed metabolite profile in TRS (higher phosphocholine+glycerophosphocholine and myo-inositol signal) is consistent with the hypothesis that TRS has a neuroinflammatory component, although this meta-analysis is not a critical test of that hypothesis. A similar profile is seen in healthy aging, which is known to involve increased neuroinflammation and glial activation. Because the overall number of datasets was low, however, results should be considered preliminary and highlight the need for additional studies of brain metabolites in TRS and their possible association with inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Smucny
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.
| | - Cameron S Carter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Richard J Maddock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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10
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Mahmoudi N, Dadak M, Bronzlik P, Maudsley AA, Sheriff S, Lanfermann H, Ding XQ. Microstructural and Metabolic Changes in Normal Aging Human Brain Studied with Combined Whole-Brain MR Spectroscopic Imaging and Quantitative MR Imaging. Clin Neuroradiol 2023; 33:993-1005. [PMID: 37336867 PMCID: PMC10654209 DOI: 10.1007/s00062-023-01300-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to detect age-related brain metabolic and microstructural changes in healthy human brains by the use of whole-brain proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H‑MRSI) and quantitative MR imaging (qMRI). METHODS In this study, 60 healthy participants with evenly distributed ages (between 21 and 69 years) and sex underwent MRI examinations at 3T including whole-brain 1H‑MRSI. The concentrations of the metabolites N‑acetylaspartate (NAA), choline-containing compounds (Cho), total creatine and phosphocreatine (tCr), glutamine and glutamate (Glx), and myo-inositol (mI), as well as the brain relaxation times T2, T2' and T1 were measured in 12 regions of interest (ROI) in each hemisphere. Correlations between measured parameters and age were estimated with linear regression analysis and Pearson's correlation test. RESULTS Significant age-related changes of brain regional metabolite concentrations and tissue relaxation times were found: NAA decreased in eight of twelve ROIs, Cho increased in three ROIs, tCr in four ROIs, and mI in three ROIs. Glx displayed a significant decrease in one ROI and an increase in another ROI. T1 increased in four ROIs and T2 in one ROI, while T2' decreased in two ROIs. A negative correlation of tCr concentrations with T2' relaxation time was found in one ROI as well as the positive correlations of age-related T1 relaxation time with concentrations of tCr, mI, Glx and Cho in another ROI. CONCLUSION Normal aging in human brain is associated with coexistent brain regional metabolic alterations and microstructural changes, which may be related to age-related decline in cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains of life in the older population.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mahmoudi
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - M Dadak
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, St. Vincenz Hospital Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - P Bronzlik
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - A A Maudsley
- Department of Radiology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - S Sheriff
- Department of Radiology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - H Lanfermann
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - X-Q Ding
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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11
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Lay-Yee R, Hariri AR, Knodt AR, Barrett-Young A, Matthews T, Milne BJ. Social isolation from childhood to mid-adulthood: is there an association with older brain age? Psychol Med 2023; 53:7874-7882. [PMID: 37485695 PMCID: PMC10755222 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723001964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older brain age - as estimated from structural MRI data - is known to be associated with detrimental mental and physical health outcomes in older adults. Social isolation, which has similar detrimental effects on health, may be associated with accelerated brain aging though little is known about how different trajectories of social isolation across the life course moderate this association. We examined the associations between social isolation trajectories from age 5 to age 38 and brain age assessed at age 45. METHODS We previously created a typology of social isolation based on onset during the life course and persistence into adulthood, using group-based trajectory analysis of longitudinal data from a New Zealand birth cohort. The typology comprises four groups: 'never-isolated', 'adult-only', 'child-only', and persistent 'child-adult' isolation. A brain age gap estimate (brainAGE) - the difference between predicted age from structural MRI date and chronological age - was derived at age 45. We undertook analyses of brainAGE with trajectory group as the predictor, adjusting for sex, family socio-economic status, and a range of familial and child-behavioral factors. RESULTS Older brain age in mid-adulthood was associated with trajectories of social isolation after adjustment for family and child confounders, particularly for the 'adult-only' group compared to the 'never-isolated' group. CONCLUSIONS Although our findings are associational, they indicate that preventing social isolation, particularly in mid-adulthood, may help to avert accelerated brain aging associated with negative health outcomes later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Lay-Yee
- Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the Social Sciences, and School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ahmad R. Hariri
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Annchen R. Knodt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Timothy Matthews
- Department of Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Barry J. Milne
- Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the Social Sciences, and School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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12
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Wójcik J, Kochański B, Cieśla K, Lewandowska M, Karpiesz L, Niedziałek I, Raj-Koziak D, Skarżyński PH, Wolak T. An MR spectroscopy study of temporal areas excluding primary auditory cortex and frontal regions in subjective bilateral and unilateral tinnitus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18417. [PMID: 37891242 PMCID: PMC10611771 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicate changes in neurotransmission along the auditory pathway in subjective tinnitus. Most authors, however, investigated brain regions including the primary auditory cortex, whose physiology can be affected by concurrent hearing deficits. In the present MR spectroscopy study we assumed increased levels of glutamate and glutamine (Glx), and other Central Nervous System metabolites in the temporal lobe outside the primary auditory cortex, in a region involved in conscious auditory perception and memory. We studied 52 participants with unilateral (n = 24) and bilateral (n = 28) tinnitus, and a control group without tinnitus (n = 25), all with no severe hearing losses and a similar hearing profile. None of the metabolite levels in the temporal regions of interest were found related to tinnitus status or laterality. Unexpectedly, we found a tendency of increased concentration of Glx in the control left medial frontal region in bilateral vs unilateral tinnitus. Slightly elevated depressive and anxiety symptoms were also shown in participants with tinnitus, as compared to healthy individuals, with the bilateral tinnitus group marginally more affected. We discuss no apparent effect in the temporal lobes, as well as the role of frontal brain areas, with respect to hearing loss, attention and psychological well-being in chronic tinnitus. We furthermore elaborate on the design-related and technical obstacles of MR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wójcik
- Bioimaging Research Center, World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Mokra 17 Street, Kajetany, 05-830, Nadarzyn, Poland
| | - Bartosz Kochański
- Bioimaging Research Center, World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Mokra 17 Street, Kajetany, 05-830, Nadarzyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Cieśla
- Bioimaging Research Center, World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Mokra 17 Street, Kajetany, 05-830, Nadarzyn, Poland.
| | - Monika Lewandowska
- Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Fosa Staromiejska 1a Street, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Lucyna Karpiesz
- Tinnitus Department, World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Mokra 17 Street, Kajetany, 05-830, Nadarzyn, Poland
| | - Iwona Niedziałek
- Tinnitus Department, World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Mokra 17 Street, Kajetany, 05-830, Nadarzyn, Poland
| | - Danuta Raj-Koziak
- Tinnitus Department, World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Mokra 17 Street, Kajetany, 05-830, Nadarzyn, Poland
| | - Piotr Henryk Skarżyński
- Department of Teleaudiology and Screening, World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Mokra 17 Street, Kajetany, 05-830, Nadarzyn, Poland
- Institute of Sensory Organs, Mokra 1 Street, Kajetany, 05-830, Nadarzyn, Poland
- Heart Failure and Cardiac Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Kondratowicza 8 Street, 03-242, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wolak
- Bioimaging Research Center, World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Mokra 17 Street, Kajetany, 05-830, Nadarzyn, Poland
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13
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Ibañez S, Sengupta N, Luebke JI, Wimmer K, Weaver CM. Myelin dystrophy in the aging prefrontal cortex leads to impaired signal transmission and working memory decline: a multiscale computational study. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.30.555476. [PMID: 37693412 PMCID: PMC10491254 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.30.555476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Normal aging leads to myelin alternations in the rhesus monkey dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), which are often correlated with cognitive impairment. It is hypothesized that remyelination with shorter and thinner myelin sheaths partially compensates for myelin degradation, but computational modeling has not yet explored these two phenomena together systematically. Here, we used a two-pronged modeling approach to determine how age-related myelin changes affect a core cognitive function: spatial working memory. First we built a multicompartment pyramidal neuron model fit to monkey dlPFC data, with axon including myelinated segments having paranodes, juxtaparanodes, internodes, and tight junctions, to quantify conduction velocity (CV) changes and action potential (AP) failures after demyelination and subsequent remyelination in a population of neurons. Lasso regression identified distinctive parameter sets likely to modulate an axon's susceptibility to CV changes following demyelination versus remyelination. Next we incorporated the single neuron results into a spiking neural network model of working memory. While complete remyelination nearly recovered axonal transmission and network function to unperturbed levels, our models predict that biologically plausible levels of myelin dystrophy, if uncompensated by other factors, can account for substantial working memory impairment with aging. The present computational study unites empirical data from electron microscopy up to behavior on aging, and has broader implications for many demyelinating conditions, such as multiple sclerosis or schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ibañez
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA 02118
- Centre de Recerca Matemàtica, Edifici C, Campus Bellaterra, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Nilapratim Sengupta
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA 02118
- Department of Mathematics, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, USA 17604
| | - Jennifer I Luebke
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA 02118
| | - Klaus Wimmer
- Centre de Recerca Matemàtica, Edifici C, Campus Bellaterra, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Christina M Weaver
- Department of Mathematics, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, USA 17604
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14
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de Rondão CA, Mota MP, Esteves D. Physical activity interventions in older adults with a cognitive impairment: A critical review of reviews. Aging Med (Milton) 2023; 6:290-306. [PMID: 37711255 PMCID: PMC10498829 DOI: 10.1002/agm2.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This critical review explores the review material on physical activity combined with cognitive stimulation interventions in older adults with cognitive impairment and/or dementia. A critical, systematic, review of the review method was used, considering four electronic databases: WEB OF SCIENCE, SCOPUS, MEDLINE, and the COCHRANE ELECTRONIC LIBRARY. The search terms "exercise," "physical activity," "cognitive impairment," "dementia," and "systematic review" were used. All available reviews were marked against predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. There were 32 reviews that met the inclusion criteria. A combination of various types of training and aerobic exercises were the most frequently reported interventions; meanwhile, dual task training programs (combining physical exercise with cognitive stimulation), functional training programs along with exercises combination, aerobic exercise as well as strength, stretching, or balance workouts were also reported. The evidence is compelling; exercise can improve physical health by ensuring cognitive, psychological, and behavioral benefits. Overall, exercise can improve the physical and mental health of people living with dementia: there is sufficient evidence to recommend multimodal exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Paula Mota
- University of Trás‐os Montes e Alto DouroVila RealPortugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD)Vila RealPortugal
| | - Dulce Esteves
- University Beira InteriorCovilhãPortugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD)Vila RealPortugal
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15
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Gudmundson AT, Koo A, Virovka A, Amirault AL, Soo M, Cho JH, Oeltzschner G, Edden RAE, Stark CEL. Meta-analysis and open-source database for in vivo brain Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy in health and disease. Anal Biochem 2023; 676:115227. [PMID: 37423487 PMCID: PMC10561665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Proton (1H) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive tool capable of quantifying brain metabolite concentrations in vivo. Prioritization of standardization and accessibility in the field has led to the development of universal pulse sequences, methodological consensus recommendations, and the development of open-source analysis software packages. One on-going challenge is methodological validation with ground-truth data. As ground-truths are rarely available for in vivo measurements, data simulations have become an important tool. The diverse literature of metabolite measurements has made it challenging to define ranges to be used within simulations. Especially for the development of deep learning and machine learning algorithms, simulations must be able to produce accurate spectra capturing all the nuances of in vivo data. Therefore, we sought to determine the physiological ranges and relaxation rates of brain metabolites which can be used both in data simulations and as reference estimates. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we've identified relevant MRS research articles and created an open-source database containing methods, results, and other article information as a resource. Using this database, expectation values and ranges for metabolite concentrations and T2 relaxation times are established based upon a meta-analyses of healthy and diseased brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Gudmundson
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Annie Koo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Anna Virovka
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alyssa L Amirault
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Madelene Soo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jocelyn H Cho
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Craig E L Stark
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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16
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Huang M, Yu H, Cai X, Zhang Y, Pu W, Gao B. A comparative study of posterior cingulate metabolism in patients with mild cognitive impairment due to Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14241. [PMID: 37648724 PMCID: PMC10469183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41569-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Few comparative studies have assessed metabolic brain changes in cognitive impairment among neurodegenerative disorders, and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) is a metabolically active brain region with high involvement in multiple cognitive processes. Therefore, in this study, metabolic abnormalities of the PCC were compared in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Parkinson's disease (PD) or Alzheimer's disease (AD), as examined by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). Thirty-eight patients with idiopathic PD, including 20 with mild cognitive impairment (PDMCI) and 18 with normal cognitive function (PDN), 18 patients with probable mild cognitive impairment (ADMCI), and 25 healthy elderly controls (HCs) were recruited and underwent PCC 1H-MRS scans. Compared with HCs, patients with PDMCI exhibited significantly reduced concentrations of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), total NAA (tNAA), choline (Cho), glutathione (GSH), glutamate + glutamine (Glx) and total creatine (tCr), while ADMCI cases exhibited significantly elevated levels of myo-inositol (Ins) and Ins/tCr ratio, as well as reduced NAA/Ins ratio. No significant metabolic changes were detected in PDN subjects. Compared with ADMCI, reduced NAA, Ins and tCr concentrations were detected in PDMCI. Besides, ROC curve analysis revealed that tCr concentration could differentiate PDMCI from PDN with an AUC of 0.71, and NAA/Ins ratio could differentiate patients with MCI from controls with normal cognitive function with an AUC of 0.74. Patients with PDMCI and ADMCI exhibited distinct PCC metabolic 1H-MRS profiles. The findings suggested cognitively normal PD patients with low NAA and tCr in the PCC might be at risk of preclinical PDMCI, and Ins and/or NAA/MI ratio in the PCC should be reconsidered a possible biomarker of preclinical MCI in clinical practice. So, comparing PCC's 1H-MRS profiles of cognitive impairment among neurodegenerative illnesses may provide useful information for better defining the disease process and elucidate possible treatment mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Huang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
| | - Hui Yu
- General Practice Center and Department of Radiology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Xi Cai
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Wei Pu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
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17
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Detcheverry F, Senthil S, Narayanan S, Badhwar A. Changes in levels of the antioxidant glutathione in brain and blood across the age span of healthy adults: A systematic review. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 40:103503. [PMID: 37742519 PMCID: PMC10520675 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Aging is characterized by a gradual decline of the body's biological functions, which can lead to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antioxidants neutralize ROS and maintain balance between oxidation and reduction. If ROS production exceeds the ability of antioxidant systems to neutralize, a damaging state of oxidative stress (OS) may exist. The reduced form of glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant antioxidant, and decline of GSH is considered a marker of OS. Our review summarizes the literature on GSH variations with age in healthy adults in brain (in vivo, ex vivo) and blood (plasma, serum), and reliability of in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) measurement of GSH. A systematic PubMed search identified 35 studies. All in vivo MRS studies (N = 13) reported good to excellent reproducibility of GSH measures. In brain, 3 out of 4 MRS studies reported decreased GSH with age, measured in precuneus, cingulate, and occipital regions, while 1 study reported increased GSH with age in frontal and sensorimotor regions. In post-mortem brain, out of 3 studies, 2 reported decreased GSH with age in hippocampal and frontal regions, while 1 study reported increased GSH with age in a frontal region. Oxidized glutathione disulfide (GSSG) was reported to be increased in caudate with age in 1 study, suggesting OS. Although findings in the brain lacked a clear consensus, the majority of studies suggested a decline of GSH with age. The low number of studies (particularly ex vivo) and potential regional differences may have contributed to variability in the findings in brain. In blood, in contrast, GSH levels predominately were reported to decrease with advancing age (except in the oldest-old, who may represent a select group of particularly successful agers), while GSSG findings lacked consensus. The larger number of studies assessing age-specific GSH level changes in blood (N = 16) allowed for more robust consensus across studies than in brain. Overall, the literature suggests that aging is associated with increased OS in brain and body, but the timing and regional distribution of changes in the brain require further study. The contribution of brain OS to brain aging, and the effect of interventions to raise brain GSH levels on decline of brain function, remain understudied. Given that reliable tools to measure brain GSH exist, we hope this paper will serve as a catalyst to stimulate more work in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavie Detcheverry
- Multiomics Investigation of Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND) lab, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Institut de Génie Biomédical, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sneha Senthil
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sridar Narayanan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - AmanPreet Badhwar
- Multiomics Investigation of Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND) lab, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Institut de Génie Biomédical, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montreal, QC, Canada.
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18
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Trifilio E, Shortell D, Olshan S, O’Neal A, Coyne J, Lamb D, Porges E, Williamson J. Impact of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on healthy cognitive and brain aging. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1184051. [PMID: 37575296 PMCID: PMC10416636 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1184051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence for clinically meaningful benefits of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been rapidly accumulating over the past 15 years. This relatively novel non-invasive brain stimulation technique has been applied to a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer's disease. More recently, non-invasive forms of VNS have allowed for investigations within healthy aging populations. These results offer insight into protocol considerations specific to older adults and how to translate those results into effective clinical trials and, ultimately, effective clinical care. In this review, we characterize the possible mechanisms by which non-invasive VNS may promote healthy aging (e.g., neurotransmitter effects, inflammation regulation, functional connectivity changes), special considerations for applying non-invasive VNS in an older adult population (e.g., vagus nerve changes with age), and how non-invasive VNS may be used in conjunction with existing behavioral interventions (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy, cognitive training) to promote healthy emotional and cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Trifilio
- Center for OCD and Anxiety Related Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Brain Rehabilitation and Research Center, Malcom Randall VAMC, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Destin Shortell
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sarah Olshan
- Brain Rehabilitation and Research Center, Malcom Randall VAMC, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alexandria O’Neal
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jozee Coyne
- Center for OCD and Anxiety Related Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Brain Rehabilitation and Research Center, Malcom Randall VAMC, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Damon Lamb
- Center for OCD and Anxiety Related Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Brain Rehabilitation and Research Center, Malcom Randall VAMC, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Eric Porges
- Brain Rehabilitation and Research Center, Malcom Randall VAMC, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - John Williamson
- Center for OCD and Anxiety Related Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Brain Rehabilitation and Research Center, Malcom Randall VAMC, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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19
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Rasooli A, Adab HZ, Van Ruitenbeek P, Weerasekera A, Chalavi S, Cuypers K, Levin O, Dhollander T, Peeters R, Sunaert S, Mantini D, Swinnen SP. White matter and neurochemical mechanisms underlying age-related differences in motor processing speed. iScience 2023; 26:106794. [PMID: 37255665 PMCID: PMC10225899 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with changes in the central nervous system and leads to reduced life quality. Here, we investigated the age-related differences in the CNS underlying motor performance deficits using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and diffusion MRI. MRS measured N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), and creatine (Cr) concentrations in the sensorimotor and occipital cortex, whereas dMRI quantified apparent fiber density (FD) in the same voxels to evaluate white matter microstructural organization. We found that aging was associated with increased reaction time and reduced FD and NAA concentration in the sensorimotor voxel. Both FD and NAA mediated the association between age and reaction time. The NAA concentration was found to mediate the association between age and FD in the sensorimotor voxel. We propose that the age-related decrease in NAA concentration may result in reduced axonal fiber density in the sensorimotor cortex which may ultimately account for the response slowness of older participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Rasooli
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hamed Zivari Adab
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Ruitenbeek
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Akila Weerasekera
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sima Chalavi
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Cuypers
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Oron Levin
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thijs Dhollander
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ronald Peeters
- KU Leuven, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Sunaert
- KU Leuven, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dante Mantini
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan P. Swinnen
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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20
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Wang M, Barker PB, Cascella NG, Coughlin JM, Nestadt G, Nucifora FC, Sedlak TW, Kelly A, Younes L, Geman D, Palaniyappan L, Sawa A, Yang K. Longitudinal changes in brain metabolites in healthy controls and patients with first episode psychosis: a 7-Tesla MRS study. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2018-2029. [PMID: 36732587 PMCID: PMC10394114 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-01969-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Seven Tesla magnetic resonance spectroscopy (7T MRS) offers a precise measurement of metabolic levels in the human brain via a non-invasive approach. Studying longitudinal changes in brain metabolites could help evaluate the characteristics of disease over time. This approach may also shed light on how the age of study participants and duration of illness may influence these metabolites. This study used 7T MRS to investigate longitudinal patterns of brain metabolites in young adulthood in both healthy controls and patients. A four-year longitudinal cohort with 38 patients with first episode psychosis (onset within 2 years) and 48 healthy controls was used to examine 10 brain metabolites in 5 brain regions associated with the pathophysiology of psychosis in a comprehensive manner. Both patients and controls were found to have significant longitudinal reductions in glutamate in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Only patients were found to have a significant decrease over time in γ-aminobutyric acid, N-acetyl aspartate, myo-inositol, total choline, and total creatine in the ACC. Together we highlight the ACC with dynamic changes in several metabolites in early-stage psychosis, in contrast to the other 4 brain regions that also are known to play roles in psychosis. Meanwhile, glutathione was uniquely found to have a near zero annual percentage change in both patients and controls in all 5 brain regions during a four-year follow-up in young adulthood. Given that a reduction of the glutathione in the ACC has been reported as a feature of treatment-refractory psychosis, this observation further supports the potential of glutathione as a biomarker for this subset of patients with psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peter B Barker
- Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Nicola G Cascella
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer M Coughlin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gerald Nestadt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Frederick C Nucifora
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas W Sedlak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra Kelly
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laurent Younes
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Donald Geman
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lena Palaniyappan
- Robarts Research Institution, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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21
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Hone-Blanchet A, Antal B, McMahon L, Lithen A, Smith NA, Stufflebeam S, Yen YF, Lin A, Jenkins BG, Mujica-Parodi LR, Ratai EM. Acute administration of ketone beta-hydroxybutyrate downregulates 7T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy-derived levels of anterior and posterior cingulate GABA and glutamate in healthy adults. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:797-805. [PMID: 35995971 PMCID: PMC10066400 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glucose metabolism is impaired in brain aging and several neurological conditions. Beneficial effects of ketones have been reported in the context of protecting the aging brain, however, their neurophysiological effect is still largely uncharacterized, hurdling their development as a valid therapeutic option. In this report, we investigate the neurochemical effect of the acute administration of a ketone d-beta-hydroxybutyrate (D-βHB) monoester in fasting healthy participants with ultrahigh-field proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). In two within-subject metabolic intervention experiments, 7 T MRS data were obtained in fasting healthy participants (1) in the anterior cingulate cortex pre- and post-administration of D-βHB (N = 16), and (2) in the posterior cingulate cortex pre- and post-administration of D-βHB compared to active control glucose (N = 26). Effect of age and blood levels of D-βHB and glucose were used to further explore the effect of D-βHB and glucose on MRS metabolites. Results show that levels of GABA and Glu were significantly reduced in the anterior and posterior cortices after administration of D-βHB. Importantly, the effect was specific to D-βHB and not observed after administration of glucose. The magnitude of the effect on GABA and Glu was significantly predicted by older age and by elevation of blood levels of D-βHB. Together, our results show that administration of ketones acutely impacts main inhibitory and excitatory transmitters in the whole fasting cortex, compared to normal energy substrate glucose. Critically, such effects have an increased magnitude in older age, suggesting an increased sensitivity to ketones with brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Hone-Blanchet
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Botond Antal
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Liam McMahon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Andrew Lithen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Nathan A Smith
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, 20012, USA
- Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Steven Stufflebeam
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Yi-Fen Yen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Alexander Lin
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Bruce G Jenkins
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Lilianne R Mujica-Parodi
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
- Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Eva-Maria Ratai
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.
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22
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N-acetyl-aspartate and Myo-inositol as Markers of White Matter Microstructural Organization in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Evidence from a DTI- 1H-MRS Pilot Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13040654. [PMID: 36832141 PMCID: PMC9955118 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13040654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We implemented a multimodal approach to examine associations between structural and neurochemical changes that could signify neurodegenerative processes related to mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Fifty-nine older adults (60-85 years; 22 MCI) underwent whole-brain structural 3T MRI (T1W, T2W, DTI) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). The regions of interest (ROIs) for 1H-MRS measurements were the dorsal posterior cingulate cortex, left hippocampal cortex, left medial temporal cortex, left primary sensorimotor cortex, and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The findings revealed that subjects in the MCI group showed moderate to strong positive associations between the total N-acetylaspartate to total creatine and the total N-acetylaspartate to myo-inositol ratios in the hippocampus and dorsal posterior cingulate cortex and fractional anisotropy (FA) of WM tracts crossing these regions-specifically, the left temporal tapetum, right corona radiata, and right posterior cingulate gyri. In addition, negative associations between the myo-inositol to total creatine ratio and FA of the left temporal tapetum and right posterior cingulate gyri were observed. These observations suggest that the biochemical integrity of the hippocampus and cingulate cortex is associated with a microstructural organization of ipsilateral WM tracts originating in the hippocampus. Specifically, elevated myo-inositol might be an underlying mechanism for decreased connectivity between the hippocampus and the prefrontal/cingulate cortex in MCI.
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23
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Hupfeld KE, Zöllner HJ, Oeltzschner G, Hyatt HW, Herrmann O, Gallegos J, Hui SCN, Harris AD, Edden RAE, Tsapkini K. Brain total creatine differs between primary progressive aphasia (PPA) subtypes and correlates with disease severity. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 122:65-75. [PMID: 36508896 PMCID: PMC9839619 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is comprised of three subtypes: logopenic (lvPPA), non-fluent (nfvPPA), and semantic (svPPA). We used magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to measure tissue-corrected metabolite levels in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and right sensorimotor cortex (SMC) from 61 PPA patients. We aimed to: (1) characterize subtype differences in metabolites; and (2) test for metabolite associations with symptom severity. tCr differed by subtype across the left IFG and right SMC. tCr levels were lowest in lvPPA and highest in svPPA. tCr levels predicted lvPPA versus svPPA diagnosis. Higher IFG tCr and lower Glx correlated with greater disease severity. As tCr is involved in brain energy metabolism, svPPA pathology might involve changes in specific cellular energy processes. Perturbations to cellular energy homeostasis in language areas may contribute to symptoms. Reduced cortical excitatory capacity (i.e. lower Glx) in language regions may also contribute to symptoms. Thus, tCr may be useful for differentiating between PPA subtypes, and both tCr and Glx might have utility in understanding PPA mechanisms and tracking progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Hupfeld
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Helge J Zöllner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hayden W Hyatt
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olivia Herrmann
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jessica Gallegos
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steve C N Hui
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ashley D Harris
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kyrana Tsapkini
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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24
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Rodríguez-Nieto G, Levin O, Hermans L, Weerasekera A, Sava AC, Haghebaert A, Huybrechts A, Cuypers K, Mantini D, Himmelreich U, Swinnen SP. Organization of neurochemical interactions in young and older brains as revealed with a network approach: Evidence from proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1H-MRS). Neuroimage 2023; 266:119830. [PMID: 36566925 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with alterations in the brain including structural and metabolic changes. Previous research has focused on neurometabolite level differences associated to age in a variety of brain regions, but the relationship among metabolites across the brain has been much less studied. Investigating these relationships can reveal underlying neurometabolic processes, their interdependency, and their progress throughout the lifespan. Using 1H-MRS, we investigated the relationship among metabolite concentrations of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr), choline (Cho), myo-Inositol (mIns) and glutamate-glutamine complex (Glx) in seven voxel locations, i.e., bilateral sensorimotor cortex, bilateral striatum, pre-supplementary motor area, right inferior frontal gyrus and occipital cortex. These measurements were performed on 59 human participants divided in two age groups: young adults (YA: 23.2 ± 4.3; 18-34 years) and older adults (OA: 67.5 ± 3.9; 61-74 years). Our results showed age-related differences in NAA, Cho, and mIns across brain regions, suggesting the presence of neurodegeneration and altered gliosis. Moreover, associative patterns among NAA, Cho and Cr were observed across the selected brain regions, which differed between young and older adults. Whereas most of metabolite concentrations were inhomogeneous across different brain regions, Cho levels were shown to be strongly related across brain regions in both age groups. Finally, we found metabolic associations between homologous brain regions (SM1 and striatum) in the OA group, with NAA showing a significant correlation between bilateral sensorimotor cortices (SM1) and mIns levels being correlated between the bilateral striata. We posit that a network perspective provides important insights regarding the potential interactions among neurochemicals underlying metabolic processes at a local and global level and their relationship with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Rodríguez-Nieto
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuurse Vest 101, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Oron Levin
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuurse Vest 101, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Lize Hermans
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuurse Vest 101, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Akila Weerasekera
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuurse Vest 101, Leuven 3001, Belgium; Biomedical MRI Unit, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Astrid Haghebaert
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuurse Vest 101, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Astrid Huybrechts
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuurse Vest 101, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Koen Cuypers
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuurse Vest 101, Leuven 3001, Belgium; REVAL Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven-LBI, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dante Mantini
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuurse Vest 101, Leuven 3001, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven-LBI, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical MRI Unit, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuurse Vest 101, Leuven 3001, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven-LBI, Leuven, Belgium
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25
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Sheoran S, Vints WAJ, Valatkevičienė K, Kušleikienė S, Gleiznienė R, Česnaitienė VJ, Himmelreich U, Levin O, Masiulis N. Strength gains after 12 weeks of resistance training correlate with neurochemical markers of brain health in older adults: a randomized control 1H-MRS study. GeroScience 2023:10.1007/s11357-023-00732-6. [PMID: 36701005 PMCID: PMC9877502 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00732-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is considered a potent countermeasure against various age-associated physiological deterioration processes. We therefore assessed the effect of 12 weeks of resistance training on brain metabolism in older adults (age range: 60-80 years). Participants either underwent two times weekly resistance training program which consisted of four lower body exercises performed for 3 sets of 6-10 repetitions at 70-85% of 1 repetition maximum (n = 20) or served as the passive control group (n = 21). The study used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to quantify the ratio of total N-acetyl aspartate, total choline, glutamate-glutamine complex, and myo-inositol relative to total creatine (tNAA/tCr, tCho/tCr, Glx/tCr, and mIns/tCr respectively) in the hippocampus (HPC), sensorimotor (SM1), and prefrontal (dlPFC) cortices. The peak torque (PT at 60°/s) of knee extension and flexion was assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer. We used repeated measures time × group ANOVA to assess time and group differences and correlation coefficient analyses to examine the pre-to-post change (∆) associations between PT and neurometabolite variables. The control group showed significant declines in tNAA/tCr and Glx/tCr of SM1, and tNAA/tCr of dlPFC after 12 weeks, which were not seen in the experimental group. A significant positive correlation was found between ∆PT knee extension and ∆SM1 Glx/tCr, ∆dlPFC Glx/tCr and between ∆PT knee flexion and ∆dlPFC mIns/tCr in the experimental group. Overall, findings suggest that resistance training seems to elicit alterations in various neurometabolites that correspond to exercise-induced "preservation" of brain health, while simultaneously having its beneficial effect on augmenting muscle functional characteristics in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrat Sheoran
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania ,Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, AB T6G 2R3 Edmonton, Canada
| | - Wouter A. J. Vints
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania ,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Simona Kušleikienė
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rymantė Gleiznienė
- Department of Radiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vida J. Česnaitienė
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Group Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical MRI Unit, Catholic University Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Oron Levin
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania ,Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Nerijus Masiulis
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania ,Department of Rehabilitation, Physical and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Vilnius University, 03101 Vilnius, Lithuania
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26
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Levin O, Vints WAJ, Ziv G, Katkutė G, Kušleikienė S, Valatkevičienė K, Sheoran S, Drozdova-Statkevičienė M, Gleiznienė R, Pääsuke M, Dudonienė V, Himmelreich U, Česnaitienė VJ, Masiulis N. Neurometabolic correlates of posturography in normal aging and older adults with mild cognitive impairment: Evidence from a 1H-MRS study. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 37:103304. [PMID: 36580713 PMCID: PMC9827054 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) holds promise for revealing and understanding neurodegenerative processes associated with cognitive and functional impairments in aging. In the present study, we examined the neurometabolic correlates of balance performance in 42 cognitively intact older adults (healthy controls - HC) and 26 older individuals that were diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Neurometabolite ratios of total N-acetyl aspartate (tNAA), glutamate-glutamine complex (Glx), total choline (tCho) and myo-inositol (mIns) relative to total creatine (tCr) were assessed using single voxel 1H-MRS in four different brain regions. Regions of interest were the left hippocampus (HPC), dorsal posterior cingulate cortex (dPCC), left sensorimotor cortex (SM1), and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Center-of-pressure velocity (Vcop) and dual task effect (DTE) were used as measures of balance performance. Results indicated no significant group differences in neurometabolite ratios and balance performance measures. However, our observations revealed that higher tCho/tCr and mIns/tCr in hippocampus and dPCC were generic predictors of worse balance performance, suggesting that neuroinflammatory processes in these regions might be a driving factor for impaired balance performance in aging. Further, we found that higher tNAA/tCr and mIns/tCr and lower Glx/tCr in left SM1 were predictors of better balance performance in MCI but not in HC. The latter observation hints at the possibility that individuals with MCI may upregulate balance control through recruitment of sensorimotor pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oron Levin
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee 3001, Belgium
| | - Wouter A J Vints
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Adelante Zorggroep, Hoensbroek, The Netherlands.
| | - Gal Ziv
- The Academic College at Wingate, Netanya 4290200, Israel
| | - Gintarė Katkutė
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Simona Kušleikienė
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kristina Valatkevičienė
- Department of Radiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Samrat Sheoran
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Rymantė Gleiznienė
- Department of Radiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Mati Pääsuke
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vilma Dudonienė
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical MRI Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Vida J Česnaitienė
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nerijus Masiulis
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; Department of Rehabilitation, Physical and Sports Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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27
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DeMayo MM, Lv J, Duffy SL, D'Souza A, Mowszowski L, Naismith SL, Calamante F. Hippocampal Neuronal Integrity and Functional Connectivity Within the Default Mode Network in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Multimodal Investigation. Brain Connect 2022; 13:143-153. [PMID: 36367166 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2022.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In older people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the relationship between early changes in functional connectivity and in vivo changes in key neurometabolites is not known. Two established correlates of MCI diagnosis are decreased N-acetylaspartate (NAA) in the hippocampus, indicative of decreased neuronal integrity, and changes in the default mode network (DMN) functional network. If and how these measures interrelate is yet to be established, and such understanding may provide insight into the processes underpinning observed cognitive decline. Objectives: To determine the relationship between NAA levels in the left hippocampus and functional connectivity within the DMN in an aging cohort. Methods: In a sample of 51 participants with MCI and 30 controls, hippocampal NAA was determined using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and DMN connectivity was quantified using resting-state functional MRI. The association between hippocampal NAA and the DMN functional connectivity was tested within the MCI group and separately within the control group. Results: In the DMN, we showed a significant inverse association between functional connectivity and hippocampal NAA in 20 specific brain connections for patients with MCI. This was despite no evidence of any associations in the healthy control group or group differences in either of these measures alone. Conclusions: This study suggests that decreased neuronal integrity in the hippocampus is associated with functional change within the DMN for those with MCI, in contrast to healthy older adults. These results highlight the potential of multimodal investigations to better understand the processes associated with cognitive decline. Impact statement This study measured activity within the default mode network (DMN) and quantified N-acetylaspartate (NAA), a measure of neuronal integrity, within the hippocampus in participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and healthy controls. In participants with MCI, NAA levels were inversely associated with connectivity between specific regions of the DMN, a relationship not evident in healthy controls. This association was present even in the absence of group differences in DMN connectivity or NAA levels. This research illustrates the possibility of using multiple magnetic resonance modalities for more sensitive measures of early cognitive decline to identify and intervene earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena M DeMayo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Brain and Mind Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jinglei Lv
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Brain and Mind Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shantel L Duffy
- Healthy Brain Aging Program, Brain and Mind Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Arkiev D'Souza
- Brain and Mind Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Imaging, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Loren Mowszowski
- Healthy Brain Aging Program, Brain and Mind Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sharon L Naismith
- Healthy Brain Aging Program, Brain and Mind Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Charles Perkins Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fernando Calamante
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Brain and Mind Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Imaging, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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28
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Gong T, Hui SCN, Zöllner HJ, Britton M, Song Y, Chen Y, Gudmundson AT, Hupfeld KE, Davies-Jenkins CW, Murali-Manohar S, Porges EC, Oeltzschner G, Chen W, Wang G, Edden RAE. Neurometabolic timecourse of healthy aging. Neuroimage 2022; 264:119740. [PMID: 36356822 PMCID: PMC9902072 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The neurometabolic timecourse of healthy aging is not well-established, in part due to diversity of quantification methodology. In this study, a large structured cross-sectional cohort of male and female subjects throughout adulthood was recruited to investigate neurometabolic changes as a function of age, using consensus-recommended magnetic resonance spectroscopy quantification methods. METHODS 102 healthy volunteers, with approximately equal numbers of male and female participants in each decade of age from the 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, and 60s, were recruited with IRB approval. MR spectroscopic data were acquired on a 3T MRI scanner. Metabolite spectra were acquired using PRESS localization (TE=30 ms; 96 transients) in the centrum semiovale (CSO) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). Water-suppressed spectra were modeled using the Osprey algorithm, employing a basis set of 18 simulated metabolite basis functions and a cohort-mean measured macromolecular spectrum. Pearson correlations were conducted to assess relationships between metabolite concentrations and age for each voxel; Spearman correlations were conducted where metabolite distributions were non-normal. Paired t-tests were run to determine whether metabolite concentrations differed between the PCC and CSO. Finally, robust linear regressions were conducted to assess both age and sex as predictors of metabolite concentrations in the PCC and CSO and separately, to assess age, signal-noise ratio, and full width half maximum (FWHM) linewidth as predictors of metabolite concentrations. RESULTS Data from four voxels were excluded (2 ethanol; 2 unacceptably large lipid signal). Statistically-significant age*metabolite Pearson correlations were observed for tCho (r(98)=0.33, p<0.001), tCr (r(98)=0.60, p<0.001), and mI (r(98)=0.32, p=0.001) in the CSO and for NAAG (r(98)=0.26, p=0.008), tCho(r(98)=0.33, p<0.001), tCr (r(98)=0.39, p<0.001), and Gln (r(98)=0.21, p=0.034) in the PCC. Spearman correlations for non-normal variables revealed a statistically significant correlation between sI and age in the CSO (r(86)=0.26, p=0.013). No significant correlations were seen between age and tNAA, NAA, Glx, Glu, GSH, PE, Lac, or Asp in either region (all p>0.20). Age associations for tCho, tCr, mI and sI in the CSO and for NAAG, tCho, and tCr in the PCC remained when controlling for sex in robust regressions. CSO NAAG and Asp, as well as PCC tNAA, sI, and Lac were higher in women; PCC Gln was higher in men. When including an age*sex interaction term in robust regression models, a significant age*sex interaction was seen for tCho (F(1,96)=11.53, p=0.001) and GSH (F(1,96)=7.15, p=0.009) in the CSO and tCho (F(1,96)=9.17, p=0.003), tCr (F(1,96)=9.59, p=0.003), mI (F(1,96)=6.48, p=0.012), and Lac (F(1,78)=6.50, p=0.016) in the PCC. In all significant interactions, metabolite levels increased with age in females, but not males. There was a significant positive correlation between linewidth and age. Age relationships with tCho, tCr, and mI in the CSO and tCho, tCr, mI, and sI in the PCC were significant after controlling for linewidth and FWHM in robust regressions. CONCLUSION The primary (correlation) results indicated age relationships for tCho, tCr, mI, and sI in the CSO and for NAAG, tCho, tCr, and Gln in the PCC, while no age correlations were found for tNAA, NAA, Glx, Glu, GSH, PE, Lac, or Asp in either region. Our results provide a normative foundation for future work investigating the neurometabolic time course of healthy aging using MRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gong
- Departments of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Departments of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Steve C N Hui
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Helge J Zöllner
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Mark Britton
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America; McKnight Brain Research Foundation, University of Florida, FL, United States of America; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Yulu Song
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Yufan Chen
- Departments of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Aaron T Gudmundson
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Kathleen E Hupfeld
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Christopher W Davies-Jenkins
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Saipavitra Murali-Manohar
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Eric C Porges
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America; McKnight Brain Research Foundation, University of Florida, FL, United States of America; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | | | - Guangbin Wang
- Departments of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Departments of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China.
| | - Richard A E Edden
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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29
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Ngwa C, Al Mamun A, Qi S, Sharmeen R, Xu Y, Liu F. Regulation of microglial activation in stroke in aged mice: a translational study. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:6047-6065. [PMID: 35963621 PMCID: PMC9417226 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous neurochemical changes occur with aging and stroke mainly affects the elderly. Our previous study has found interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) and 4 (IRF4) regulate neuroinflammation in young stroke mice. However, whether the IRF5-IRF4 regulatory axis has the same effect in aged brains is not known. In this study, aged (18-20-month-old), microglial IRF5 or IRF4 conditional knockout (CKO) mice were subjected to a 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Stroke outcomes were quantified at 3d after MCAO. Flow cytometry and ELISA were performed to evaluate microglial activation and immune responses. We found aged microglia express higher levels of IRF5 and lower levels of IRF4 than young microglia after stroke. IRF5 CKO aged mice had improved stroke outcomes; whereas worse outcomes were seen in IRF4 CKO vs. their flox controls. IRF5 CKO aged microglia had significantly lower levels of IL-1β and CD68 than controls; whereas significantly higher levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were seen in IRF4 CKO vs. control microglia. Plasma levels of TNF-α and MIP-1α were decreased in IRF5 CKO vs. flox aged mice, and IL-1β/IL-6 levels were increased in IRF4 CKO vs. controls. The anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4/IL-10) levels were higher in IRF5 CKO, and lower in IRF4 CKO aged mice vs. their flox controls. IRF5 and IRF4 signaling drives microglial pro- and anti-inflammatory response respectively; microglial IRF5 is detrimental and IRF4 beneficial for aged mice in stroke. IRF5-IRF4 axis is a promising target for developing new, effective therapeutic strategies for the cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conelius Ngwa
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shaohua Qi
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Romana Sharmeen
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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30
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Davidson PSR, Karpov G, Giguère L, Castro AW, Tremblay F. Older adults' episodic memory is related to a neurophysiological marker of brain cholinergic activity. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:2269-2276. [PMID: 35907032 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory is vulnerable to aging and may be influenced by age-related decline in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. We probed this relation using a novel, minimally invasive transcranial magnetic stimulation marker of brain acetylcholine: short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI). We used neuropsychological testing to construct a composite score of episodic memory in N = 19 community-dwelling older adults, and stratified older adults into Higher- (N = 9) versus Lower-memory (N = 10) groups before SAI. The Higher-memory group showed significantly stronger SAI than the Lower-memory group, indicating an association between higher brain acetylcholine levels and better episodic memory. The two memory groups were equivalent in the potential confounds of age, education, mood, subjective sleep quality, and executive function. These data converge with others to suggest that episodic memory is related to acetylcholine in older adults. This relation should be further investigated, especially with pharmacology and neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S R Davidson
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
- Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Galit Karpov
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Alex W Castro
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - François Tremblay
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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31
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Dobri S, Chen JJ, Ross B. Insights from auditory cortex for GABA+ magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of aging. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:4425-4444. [PMID: 35781900 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Changes in levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) may underlie aging-related changes in brain function. GABA and co-edited macromolecules (GABA+) can be measured with MEGA-PRESS magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). The current study investigated how changes in the aging brain impact the interpretation of GABA+ measures in bilateral auditory cortices of healthy young and older adults. Structural changes during aging appeared as decreasing proportion of grey matter in the MRS volume of interest and corresponding increase in cerebrospinal fluid. GABA+ referenced to H2 O without tissue correction declined in aging. This decline persisted after correcting for tissue differences in MR-visible H2 O and relaxation times but vanished after considering the different abundance of GABA+ in grey and white matter. However, GABA+ referenced to creatine and N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), which showed no dependence on tissue composition, decreased in aging. All GABA+ measures showed hemispheric asymmetry in young but not older adults. The study also considered aging-related effects on tissue segmentation and the impact of co-edited macromolecules. Tissue segmentation differed significantly between commonly used algorithms, but aging-related effects on tissue-corrected GABA+ were consistent across methods. Auditory cortex macromolecule concentration did not change with age, indicating that a decline in GABA caused the decrease in the compound GABA+ measure. Most likely, the macromolecule contribution to GABA+ leads to underestimating an aging-related decrease in GABA. Overall, considering multiple GABA+ measures using different reference signals strengthened the support for an aging-related decline in auditory cortex GABA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Dobri
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Jean Chen
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bernhard Ross
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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32
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Vints WAJ, Levin O, Fujiyama H, Verbunt J, Masiulis N. Exerkines and long-term synaptic potentiation: Mechanisms of exercise-induced neuroplasticity. Front Neuroendocrinol 2022; 66:100993. [PMID: 35283168 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.100993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise may improve cognitive function by modulating molecular and cellular mechanisms within the brain. We propose that the facilitation of long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP)-related pathways, by products induced by physical exercise (i.e., exerkines), is a crucial aspect of the exercise-effect on the brain. This review summarizes synaptic pathways that are activated by exerkines and may potentiate LTP. For a total of 16 exerkines, we indicated how blood and brain exerkine levels are altered depending on the type of physical exercise (i.e., cardiovascular or resistance exercise) and how they respond to a single bout (i.e., acute exercise) or multiple bouts of physical exercise (i.e., chronic exercise). This information may be used for designing individualized physical exercise programs. Finally, this review may serve to direct future research towards fundamental gaps in our current knowledge regarding the biophysical interactions between muscle activity and the brain at both cellular and system levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A J Vints
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto str. 6, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Adelante Zorggroep, P.O. Box 88, 6430 AB Hoensbroek, the Netherlands.
| | - Oron Levin
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto str. 6, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Hakuei Fujiyama
- Department of Psychology, Murdoch University, 90 South St., WA 6150 Perth, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South St., WA 6150 Perth, Australia; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, 90 South St., WA 6150 Perth, Australia.
| | - Jeanine Verbunt
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Adelante Zorggroep, P.O. Box 88, 6430 AB Hoensbroek, the Netherlands.
| | - Nerijus Masiulis
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto str. 6, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; Department of Rehabilitation, Physical and Sports Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. Čiurlionio Str. 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Oxidative Stress in Ageing and Chronic Degenerative Pathologies: Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Counteracting Oxidative Stress and Chronic Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137273. [PMID: 35806275 PMCID: PMC9266760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing and chronic degenerative pathologies demonstrate the shared characteristics of high bioavailability of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress, chronic/persistent inflammation, glycation, and mitochondrial abnormalities. Excessive ROS production results in nucleic acid and protein destruction, thereby altering the cellular structure and functional outcome. To stabilise increased ROS production and modulate oxidative stress, the human body produces antioxidants, “free radical scavengers”, that inhibit or delay cell damage. Reinforcing the antioxidant defence system and/or counteracting the deleterious repercussions of immoderate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) is critical and may curb the progression of ageing and chronic degenerative syndromes. Various therapeutic methods for ROS and oxidative stress reduction have been developed. However, scientific investigations are required to assess their efficacy. In this review, we summarise the interconnected mechanism of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation that contributes to ageing and chronic degenerative pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), cardiovascular diseases CVD, diabetes mellitus (DM), and chronic kidney disease (CKD). We also highlight potential counteractive measures to combat ageing and chronic degenerative diseases.
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Continuous Ingestion of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus JB-1 during Chronic Stress Ensures Neurometabolic and Behavioural Stability in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095173. [PMID: 35563564 PMCID: PMC9106030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiome composition and dietary supplementation with psychobiotics can result in neurochemical alterations in the brain, which are possible due to the presence of the brain–gut–microbiome axis. In the present study, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and behavioural testing were used to evaluate whether treatment with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus JB-1 (JB-1) bacteria alters brain metabolites’ levels and behaviour during continuous exposure to chronic stress. Twenty Wistar rats were subjected to eight weeks of a chronic unpredictable mild stress protocol. Simultaneously, half of them were fed with JB-1 bacteria, and the second half was given a daily placebo. Animals were examined at three-time points: before starting the stress protocol and after five and eight weeks of stress onset. In the elevated plus maze behavioural test the placebo group displayed increased anxiety expressed by almost complete avoidance of exploration, while the JB-1 dietary supplementation mitigated anxiety which resulted in a longer exploration time. Hippocampal MRS measurements demonstrated a significant decrease in glutamine + glutathione concentration in the placebo group compared to the JB-1 bacteria-supplemented group after five weeks of stress. With the progression of stress, the decrease of glutamate, glutathione, taurine, and macromolecular concentrations were observed in the placebo group as compared to baseline. The level of brain metabolites in the JB-1-supplemented rats were stable throughout the experiment, with only the taurine level decreasing between weeks five and eight of stress. These data indicated that the JB-1 bacteria diet might stabilize levels of stress-related neurometabolites in rat brain and could prevent the development of anxiety/depressive-like behaviour.
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35
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Melichercik L, Tvrdik T, Novakova K, Nemec M, Kalinak M, Baciak L, Kasparova S. Huperzine aggravated neurochemical and volumetric changes induced by D-galactose in the model of neurodegeneration in rats. Neurochem Int 2022; 158:105365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Tomiyasu M, Harada M. In vivo Human MR Spectroscopy Using a Clinical Scanner: Development, Applications, and Future Prospects. Magn Reson Med Sci 2022; 21:235-252. [PMID: 35173095 PMCID: PMC9199975 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.rev.2021-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MR spectroscopy (MRS) is a unique and useful method for noninvasively evaluating biochemical metabolism in human organs and tissues, but its clinical dissemination has been slow and often limited to specialized institutions or hospitals with experts in MRS technology. The number of 3-T clinical MR scanners is now increasing, representing a major opportunity to promote the use of clinical MRS. In this review, we summarize the theoretical background and basic knowledge required to understand the results obtained with MRS and introduce the general consensus on the clinical utility of proton MRS in routine clinical practice. In addition, we present updates to the consensus guidelines on proton MRS published by the members of a working committee of the Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine in 2013. Recent research into multinuclear MRS equipped in clinical MR scanners is explained with an eye toward future development. This article seeks to provide an overview of the current status of clinical MRS and to promote the understanding of when it can be useful. In the coming years, MRS-mediated biochemical evaluation is expected to become available for even routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moyoko Tomiyasu
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology.,Department of Radiology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center
| | - Masafumi Harada
- Department of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University
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Vints WAJ, Kušleikiene S, Sheoran S, Šarkinaite M, Valatkevičiene K, Gleizniene R, Kvedaras M, Pukenas K, Himmelreich U, Cesnaitiene VJ, Levin O, Verbunt J, Masiulis N. Inflammatory Blood Biomarker Kynurenine Is Linked With Elevated Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in Older Adults: Evidence From Two 1H-MRS Post-Processing Analysis Methods. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:859772. [PMID: 35479493 PMCID: PMC9035828 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.859772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Pro-inflammatory processes have been argued to play a role in conditions associated with cognitive decline and neurodegeneration, like aging and obesity. Only a limited number of studies have tried to measure both peripheral and central biomarkers of inflammation and examined their interrelationship. The primary aim of this study was to examine the hypothesis that chronic peripheral inflammation would be associated with neurometabolic changes that indicate neuroinflammation (the combined elevation of myoinositol and choline), brain gray matter volume decrease, and lower cognitive functioning in older adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-four older adults underwent bio-impedance body composition analysis, cognitive testing with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), blood serum analysis of inflammatory markers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and kynurenine, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) of the brain. Neurometabolic findings from both Tarquin and LCModel 1H-MRS post-processing software packages were compared. The regions of interest for MRI and 1H-MRS measurements were dorsal posterior cingulate cortex (DPCC), left hippocampal cortex (HPC), left medial temporal cortex (MTC), left primary sensorimotor cortex (SM1), and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). RESULTS Elevated serum kynurenine levels were associated with signs of neuroinflammation, specifically in the DPCC, left SM1 and right DLPFC, and signs of neurodegeneration, specifically in the left HPC, left MTC and left SM1, after adjusting for age, sex and fat percentage (fat%). Elevated serum IL-6 levels were associated with increased Glx levels in left HPC, left MTC, and right DLPFC, after processing the 1H-MRS data with Tarquin. Overall, the agreement between Tarquin and LCModel results was moderate-to-strong for tNAA, tCho, mIns, and tCr, but weak to very weak for Glx. Peripheral inflammatory markers (IL-6 and kynurenine) were not associated with older age, higher fat%, decreased brain gray matter volume loss or decreased cognitive functioning within a cohort of older adults. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that serum kynurenine may be used as a peripheral inflammatory marker that is associated with neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, although not linked to cognition. Future studies should consider longitudinal analysis to assess the causal inferences between chronic peripheral and neuroinflammation, brain structural and neurometabolic changes, and cognitive decline in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A J Vints
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Research School Caphri, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Adelante Zorggroep, Hoensbroek, Netherlands
| | - Simona Kušleikiene
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Samrat Sheoran
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Milda Šarkinaite
- Department of Radiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kristina Valatkevičiene
- Department of Radiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rymante Gleizniene
- Department of Radiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Mindaugas Kvedaras
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kazimieras Pukenas
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical MRI Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Group Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vida J Cesnaitiene
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Oron Levin
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jeanine Verbunt
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Research School Caphri, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Adelante Zorggroep, Hoensbroek, Netherlands
| | - Nerijus Masiulis
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Department of Rehabilitation, Physical and Sports Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Relationships between frontal metabolites and Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in cognitively normal older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 109:22-30. [PMID: 34638000 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Elevated expression of β-amyloid (Aβ1-42) and tau are considered risk-factors for Alzheimer's disease in healthy older adults. We investigated the effect of aging and cerebrospinal fluid levels of Aβ1-42 and tau on 1) frontal metabolites measured with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and 2) cognition in cognitively normal older adults (n = 144; age range 50-85). Levels of frontal gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA+) and myo-inositol relative to creatine (mI/tCr) were predicted by age. Levels of GABA+ predicted cognitive performance better than mI/tCr. Additionally, we found that frontal levels of n-acetylaspartate relative to creatine (tNAA/tCr) were predicted by levels of t-tau. In cognitively normal older adults, levels of frontal GABA+ and mI/tCr are predicted by aging, with levels of GABA+ decreasing with age and the opposite for mI/tCr. These results suggest that age- and biomarker-related changes in brain metabolites are not only located in the posterior cortex as suggested by previous studies and further demonstrate that MRS is a viable tool in the study of aging and biomarkers associated with pathological aging and Alzheimer's disease.
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de Godoy LL, Studart-Neto A, Wylezinska-Arridge M, Tsunemi MH, Moraes NC, Yassuda MS, Coutinho AM, Buchpiguel CA, Nitrini R, Bisdas S, da Costa Leite C. The Brain Metabolic Signature in Superagers Using In Vivo 1H-MRS: A Pilot Study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2021; 42:1790-1797. [PMID: 34446458 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a7262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Youthful memory performance in older adults may reflect an underlying resilience to the conventional pathways of aging. Subjects having this unusual characteristic have been recently termed "superagers." This study aimed to explore the significance of imaging biomarkers acquired by 1H-MRS to characterize superagers and to differentiate them from their normal-aging peers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-five patients older than 80 years of age were screened using a detailed neuropsychological protocol, and 25 participants, comprising 12 superagers and 13 age-matched controls, were statistically analyzed. We used state-of-the-art 3T 1H-MR spectroscopy to quantify 18 neurochemicals in the posterior cingulate cortex of our subjects. All 1H-MR spectroscopy data were analyzed using LCModel. Results were further processed using 2 approaches to investigate the technique accuracy: 1) comparison of the average concentration of metabolites estimated with Cramer-Rao lower bounds <20%; and 2) calculation and comparison of the weighted means of metabolites' concentrations. RESULTS The main finding observed was a higher total N-acetyl aspartate concentration in superagers than in age-matched controls using both approaches (P = .02 and P = .03 for the weighted means), reflecting a positive association of total N-acetyl aspartate with higher cognitive performance. CONCLUSIONS 1H-MR spectroscopy emerges as a promising technique to unravel neurochemical mechanisms related to cognitive aging in vivo and providing a brain metabolic signature in superagers. This may contribute to monitoring future interventional therapies to avoid or postpone the pathologic processes of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L de Godoy
- From the Department of Radiology and Oncology (L.L.d.G., C.d.C.L.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.W.-A., S.B.), University College London, London, UK
| | - A Studart-Neto
- Department of Neurology (A.S.-N., N.C.M., M.S.Y., R.N.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M Wylezinska-Arridge
- The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.W.-A., S.B.), University College London, London, UK
| | - M H Tsunemi
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Biosciences (M.H.T.), Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - N C Moraes
- Department of Neurology (A.S.-N., N.C.M., M.S.Y., R.N.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M S Yassuda
- Department of Neurology (A.S.-N., N.C.M., M.S.Y., R.N.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A M Coutinho
- Division and Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine (A.M.C., C.A.B.), Department of Radiology and Oncology, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C A Buchpiguel
- Division and Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine (A.M.C., C.A.B.), Department of Radiology and Oncology, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - R Nitrini
- Department of Neurology (A.S.-N., N.C.M., M.S.Y., R.N.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - S Bisdas
- The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.W.-A., S.B.), University College London, London, UK
| | - C da Costa Leite
- From the Department of Radiology and Oncology (L.L.d.G., C.d.C.L.), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Langer K, Cohen RA, Porges EC, Williamson JB, Woods AJ. Circulating Cytokines Predict 1H-Proton MRS Cerebral Metabolites in Healthy Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:690923. [PMID: 34489672 PMCID: PMC8416992 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.690923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Changes in both circulating cytokines and neurochemical concentrations have been observed in aging. Patterns of change across these factors are associated with age-related pathologies, including neurodegenerative disease. More evidence to define patterns of change that are characteristic of healthy aging is needed, as is an investigation into how age-related changes in blood cytokines and brain neurochemicals may relate to one another in a healthy older adult population. Methods: Single voxel 1H-proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was collected in medial frontal and medial parietal regions. Phosphocholine and glycerophosphocholine (Cho), myo-inositol (MI), N-acetylaspertate and N-acetylasperglutamate (NAA), creatine and phosphocreatine (Cr), and glutamate and glutamine (Glx) were measured in a sample of 83 healthy, cognitively normal adults aged 52–89. Blood data were collected to quantify 12 cytokines: interleukins (IL-) 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, IL-1 β, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interferon γ (IFN-γ), and IL-17 α. Correlation analyses were performed to assess age relationships between each of these factors. Backward linear regressions were performed. Cytokine data and age were used as predictors of each cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-corrected metabolite concentration in both voxels. Results: Associations were identified between a variety of cytokines and concentrations of frontal NAA, Cr, and Glx, and of parietal MI, Cho, NAA, and Cr. In the frontal voxel, NAA was predicted by more IL-1B and less TNF-α, Cr by less TNF-α and more IL-5, and Glx by less TNF-α. In the parietal voxel, MI was predicted by more IL-10 and IL-8 and less IL-2, Cho by more TNF-α and less IL-2, NAA by more IL-1B and TNF-α and less IL-13, IL-2, and IL-7, and Cr by more IL-10 and less IL-2. Conclusions: Associations were identified between circulating cytokines and neurometabolite concentrations in this sample of older adults. The present results serve as the initial evidence of relationships between circulating cytokines and neurophysiology. Findings invite further investigation to understand the physiological consequences of aging, and how peripheral inflammatory markers may relate to neurochemical concentrations in healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailey Langer
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Clinical Translational Research Program, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ronald A Cohen
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Clinical Translational Research Program, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Eric C Porges
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Clinical Translational Research Program, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - John B Williamson
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Clinical Translational Research Program, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Adam J Woods
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Clinical Translational Research Program, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Hupfeld KE, Hyatt HW, Alvarez Jerez P, Mikkelsen M, Hass CJ, Edden RAE, Seidler RD, Porges EC. In Vivo Brain Glutathione is Higher in Older Age and Correlates with Mobility. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:4576-4594. [PMID: 33959751 PMCID: PMC8408448 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain markers of oxidative damage increase with advancing age. In response, brain antioxidant levels may also increase with age, although this has not been well investigated. Here, we used edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy to quantify endogenous levels of glutathione (GSH, one of the most abundant brain antioxidants) in 37 young [mean: 21.8 (2.5) years; 19 female] and 23 older adults [mean: 72.8 (8.9) years; 19 female]. Accounting for age-related atrophy, we identified higher frontal and sensorimotor GSH levels for the older compared with the younger adults. For the older adults only, higher sensorimotor (but not frontal) GSH was correlated with poorer balance and gait. This suggests a regionally specific relationship between higher brain oxidative stress levels and motor performance declines with age. We suggest these findings reflect an upregulation of GSH in response to increasing brain oxidative stress with normal aging. Together, these results provide insight into age differences in brain antioxidant levels and implications for motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Hupfeld
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - H W Hyatt
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - P Alvarez Jerez
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - M Mikkelsen
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - C J Hass
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - R A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - R D Seidler
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - E C Porges
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
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Manser P, Thalmann M, Adcock M, Knols RH, de Bruin ED. Can Reactivity of Heart Rate Variability Be a Potential Biomarker and Monitoring Tool to Promote Healthy Aging? A Systematic Review With Meta-Analyses. Front Physiol 2021; 12:686129. [PMID: 34393813 PMCID: PMC8359814 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.686129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Monitoring phasic responses of heart rate variability (HRV) in terms of HRV reactivity [i. e., the absolute change from resting state to on-task (i.e., absolute values of HRV measured during exercise)] might provide useful insights into the individual psychophysiological responses of healthy middle-aged to older adults (HOA) to cognitive and physical exercises. Objectives: To summarize the evidence of phasic HRV responses to cognitive and physical exercises, and to evaluate key moderating factors influencing these responses. Methods: A systematic review with meta-analyses was performed. Publications up to May 2020 of the databases Medline (EBSCO), Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Psycinfo, Web of Science, Scopus, and Pedro were considered. Controlled clinical trials and observational studies measuring phasic HRV responses to cognitive and/or physical exercises in HOA (≥50 years) were included. Results: The initial search identified 6,828 articles, of which 43 were included into the systematic review. Compared to resting state, vagally-mediated HRV indices were significantly reduced during all types of exercises [Hedge's g = -0.608, 95 % CI (-0.999 to -0.218), p = 0.002] indicating a significant parasympathetic withdrawal compared to rest. The key moderating variables of these responses identified included exercise intensity for physical exercises, and participant characteristics (i.e., level of cognitive functioning, physical fitness), task demands (i.e., task complexity and modality) and the individual responses to these cognitive challenges for cognitive exercises. In particular, higher task demands (task complexity and physical exercise intensity) were related to larger HRV reactivities. Better physical fitness and cognition were associated with lower HRV reactivities. Additionally, HRV reactivity appeared to be sensitive to training-induced cognitive and neural changes. Conclusion: HRV reactivity seems to be a promising biomarker for monitoring internal training load and evaluating neurobiological effects of training interventions. Further research is warranted to evaluate the potential of HRV reactivity as a monitoring parameter to guide cognitive-motor training interventions and/or as a biomarker for cognitive impairment. This may facilitate the early detection of cognitive impairment as well as allow individualized training adaptations that, in turn, support the healthy aging process by optimizing individual exercise dose and progression of cognitive-motor training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Manser
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Movement Control and Learning-Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Thalmann
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Movement Control and Learning-Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Adcock
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Movement Control and Learning-Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruud H Knols
- Research and Education, Physiotherapy Occupational Therapy Research Center, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eling D de Bruin
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Movement Control and Learning-Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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43
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Alterations of Striato-Thalamic Metabolism in Normal Aging Human Brain-An MR Metabolic Imaging Study. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11060371. [PMID: 34207758 PMCID: PMC8228538 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging effects on striato-thalamic metabolism in healthy human brains were studied in vivo using short-TE whole brain 1H-MR spectroscopic imaging (wbMRSI) on eighty healthy subjects aged evenly between 20 to 70 years at 3T. Relative concentrations of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), choline, total creatine (tCr), myo-inositol (mI), glutamate, and glutamine in bilateral caudate nucleus, putamen, pallidum, and thalamus were determined using signal normalization relative to brain tissue water. Linear regression analysis was used to analyze the age-dependence of the metabolite concentrations. The metabolite concentrations revealed spatial inhomogeneity across brain regions and metabolites. With age, NAA decreased significantly in bilateral caudate nucleus and putamen, left pallidum, and left thalamus, tCr decreased in left putamen and bilateral pallidum, mI increased in bilateral caudate nucleus and right thalamus, and spectral linewidth increased in left putamen and right thalamus. In conclusion, normal aging of striato-thalamic metabolism in healthy human is associated with regional specific decreases of NAA and tCr and increases of mI, which may reflect the individual role of each brain structure within brain functionality.
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44
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Porges EC, Jensen G, Foster B, Edden RAE, Puts NAJ. The trajectory of cortical GABA across the lifespan, an individual participant data meta-analysis of edited MRS studies. eLife 2021; 10:e62575. [PMID: 34061022 PMCID: PMC8225386 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the human brain and can be measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Conflicting accounts report decreases and increases in cortical GABA levels across the lifespan. This incompatibility may be an artifact of the size and age range of the samples utilized in these studies. No single study to date has included the entire lifespan. In this study, eight suitable datasets were integrated to generate a model of the trajectory of frontal GABA estimates (as reported through edited MRS; both expressed as ratios and in institutional units) across the lifespan. Data were fit using both a log-normal curve and a nonparametric spline as regression models using a multi-level Bayesian model utilizing the Stan language. Integrated data show that an asymmetric lifespan trajectory of frontal GABA measures involves an early period of increase, followed by a period of stability during early adulthood, with a gradual decrease during adulthood and aging that is described well by both spline and log-normal models. The information gained will provide a general framework to inform expectations of future studies based on the age of the population being studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Porges
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
- McKnight Brain Research Foundation, University of FloridaUnited StatesUnited States
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Greg Jensen
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Brent Foster
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
- McKnight Brain Research Foundation, University of FloridaUnited StatesUnited States
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Richard AE Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Nicolaas AJ Puts
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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45
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Fowler CF, Madularu D, Dehghani M, Devenyi GA, Near J. Longitudinal quantification of metabolites and macromolecules reveals age- and sex-related changes in the healthy Fischer 344 rat brain. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 101:109-122. [PMID: 33610061 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Normal aging is associated with numerous biological changes, including altered brain metabolism and tissue chemistry. In vivo characterization of the neurochemical profile during aging is possible using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, a powerful noninvasive technique capable of quantifying brain metabolites involved in physiological processes that become impaired with age. A prominent macromolecular signal underlies those of brain metabolites and is particularly visible at high fields; parameterization of this signal into components improves quantification and expands the number of biomarkers comprising the neurochemical profile. The present study reports, for the first time, the simultaneous absolute quantification of brain metabolites and individual macromolecules in aging male and female Fischer 344 rats, measured longitudinally using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 7 T. We identified age- and sex-related changes in neurochemistry, with prominent differences in metabolites implicated in anaerobic energy metabolism, antioxidant defenses, and neuroprotection, as well as numerous macromolecule changes. These findings contribute to our understanding of the neurobiological processes associated with healthy aging, critical for the proper identification and management of pathologic aging trajectories. This article is part of the Virtual Special Issue titled COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE OF HEALTHY AND PATHOLOGICAL AGING. The full issue can be found on ScienceDirect athttps://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/neurobiology-of-aging/special-issue/105379XPWJP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin F Fowler
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Centre d'Imagerie Cérébrale, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, Canada.
| | - Dan Madularu
- Centre d'Imagerie Cérébrale, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, Canada; Department of Psychology, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Masoumeh Dehghani
- Centre d'Imagerie Cérébrale, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Gabriel A Devenyi
- Centre d'Imagerie Cérébrale, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jamie Near
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Centre d'Imagerie Cérébrale, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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46
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Bilingualism is a long-term cognitively challenging experience that modulates metabolite concentrations in the healthy brain. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7090. [PMID: 33782462 PMCID: PMC8007713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86443-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitively demanding experiences, including complex skill acquisition and processing, have been shown to induce brain adaptations, at least at the macroscopic level, e.g. on brain volume and/or functional connectivity. However, the neurobiological bases of these adaptations, including at the cellular level, are unclear and understudied. Here we use bilingualism as a case study to investigate the metabolic correlates of experience-based brain adaptations. We employ Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to measure metabolite concentrations in the basal ganglia, a region critical to language control which is reshaped by bilingualism. Our results show increased myo-Inositol and decreased N-acetyl aspartate concentrations in bilinguals compared to monolinguals. Both metabolites are linked to synaptic pruning, a process underlying experience-based brain restructuring. Interestingly, both concentrations correlate with relative amount of bilingual engagement. This suggests that degree of long-term cognitive experiences matters at the level of metabolic concentrations, which might accompany, if not drive, macroscopic brain adaptations.
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47
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Early Detection of Radiation-Induced Injury and Prediction of Cognitive Deficit by MRS Metabolites in Radiotherapy of Low-Grade Glioma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6616992. [PMID: 34258272 PMCID: PMC8260313 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6616992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To compare the sensitivity of MRS metabolites and MoCA and ACE-R cognitive tests in the detection of radiation-induced injury in low grade glioma (LGG) patients in early and early delayed postradiation stages. Methods MRS metabolite ratios of NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr, ACE-R and MoCA cognitive tests, and dosimetric parameters in corpus callosum were analyzed during RT and up to 6-month post-RT for ten LGG patients. Results Compared to pre RT baseline, a significant decline in both NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr in the corpus callosum was seen at the 4th week of RT, 1, 3, and 6-month post-RT. These declines were detected at least 3 months before the detection of declines in cognitive functions by ACE-R and MoCA tools. Moreover, NAA/Cr alterations at 4th week of RT and 1-month post-RT were significantly negatively correlated with the mean dose received by the corpus callosum, as well as the corpus callosum 40 Gy dose volume, i.e., the volume of the corpus callosum receiving a dose greater than 40 Gy. Conclusion MRS-based biomarkers may be more sensitive than the state-of-the-art cognitive tests in the prediction of postradiation cognitive impairments. They would be utilized in treatment planning and dose sparing protocols, with a specific focus on the corpus callosum in the radiation therapy of LGG patients.
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48
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Choi CH, Iordanishvili E, Shah NJ, Binkofski F. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy with transcranial direct current stimulation to explore the underlying biochemical and physiological mechanism of the human brain: A systematic review. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:2642-2671. [PMID: 33634527 PMCID: PMC8090777 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of molecular and neurophysiological evidence connects synaptic plasticity to specific functions and energy metabolism in particular areas of the brain. Furthermore, altered plasticity and energy regulation has been associated with a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. A favourable approach enabling the modulation of neuronal excitability and energy in humans is to stimulate the brain using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and then to observe the effect on neurometabolites using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). In this way, a well-defined modulation of brain energy and excitability can be achieved using a dedicated tDCS protocol to a predetermined brain region. This systematic review was guided by the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis and summarises recent literature studying the effect of tDCS on neurometabolites in the human brain as measured by proton or phosphorus MRS. Limitations and recommendations are discussed for future research. The findings of this review provide clear evidence for the potential of using tDCS and MRS to examine and understand the effect of neurometabolites in the in vivo human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hoon Choi
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine - 4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Elene Iordanishvili
- Division of Clinical Cognitive Sciences, Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - N Jon Shah
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine - 4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine - 11, JARA, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,JARA - BRAIN - Translational Medicine, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Binkofski
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine - 4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Division of Clinical Cognitive Sciences, Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.,JARA - BRAIN - Translational Medicine, Aachen, Germany
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49
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Age differences in brain structural and metabolic responses to binge ethanol exposure in fisher 344 rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:368-379. [PMID: 32580206 PMCID: PMC7852871 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0744-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An overarching goal of our research has been to develop a valid animal model of alcoholism with similar imaging phenotypes as those observed in humans with the ultimate objective of assessing the effectiveness of pharmacological agents. In contrast to our findings in humans with alcohol use disorders (AUD), our animal model experiments have not demonstrated enduring brain pathology despite chronic, high ethanol (EtOH) exposure protocols. Relative to healthy controls, older individuals with AUD demonstrate accelerating brain tissue loss with advanced age. Thus, this longitudinally controlled study was conducted in 4-month old (equivalent to ~16-year-old humans) and 17-month old (equivalent to ~45-year-old humans) male and female Fisher 344 rats to test the hypothesis that following equivalent alcohol exposure protocols, older relative to younger animals would exhibit more brain changes as evaluated using in vivo structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MR spectroscopy (MRS). At baseline, total brain volume as well as the volumes of each of the three constituent tissue types (i.e., cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), gray matter, white matter) were greater in old relative to young rats. Baseline metabolite levels (except for glutathione) were higher in older than younger animals. Effects of binge EtOH exposure on brain volumes and neurometabolites replicated our previous findings in Wistar rats and included ventricular enlargement and reduced MRS-derived creatine levels. Brain changes in response to binge EtOH treatment were more pronounced in young relative to older animals, negating our hypothesis. Higher baseline glutathione levels in female than male rats suggest that female rats are perhaps protected against the more pronounced changes in CSF and gray matter volumes observed in male rats due to superior metabolic homeostasis mechanisms. Additional metabolite changes including low inositol levels in response to high blood alcohol levels support a mechanism of reversible osmolarity disturbances due to temporarily altered brain energy metabolism.
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50
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Scholefield M, Church SJ, Xu J, Robinson AC, Gardiner NJ, Roncaroli F, Hooper NM, Unwin RD, Cooper GJS. Effects of Alterations of Post-Mortem Delay and Other Tissue-Collection Variables on Metabolite Levels in Human and Rat Brain. Metabolites 2020; 10:E438. [PMID: 33138273 PMCID: PMC7694048 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of post-mortem human tissue is indispensable in studies investigating alterations in metabolite levels in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, variability between samples may have unknown effects on metabolite concentrations. The aim of this study was to characterize the impact of such variables. Cingulate gyrus was obtained from AD cases and controls, from three brain banks. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to measure and compare the levels of 66 identifiable metabolites in these tissues to determine effects of tissue-collection variables. The effect of PMD was further investigated by analysis of rat brain cortex and cerebellum collected following post-mortem delays (PMDs) of zero to 72 h. Metabolite levels between cases and controls were not replicable across cohorts with variable age- and gender-matching, PMD, and control Braak staging. Analysis of rat tissues found significant effects of PMD on 31 of 63 identified metabolites over periods up to 72 h. PMD must be kept under 24 h for metabolomics analyses on brain tissues to yield replicable results. Tissues should also be well age- and gender-matched, and Braak stage in controls should be kept to a minimum in order to minimize the impact of these variables in influencing metabolite variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Scholefield
- Centre for Advanced Discovery & Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M19 9NT, UK; (S.J.C.); (J.X.); (R.D.U.); (G.J.S.C.)
| | - Stephanie J. Church
- Centre for Advanced Discovery & Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M19 9NT, UK; (S.J.C.); (J.X.); (R.D.U.); (G.J.S.C.)
| | - Jingshu Xu
- Centre for Advanced Discovery & Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M19 9NT, UK; (S.J.C.); (J.X.); (R.D.U.); (G.J.S.C.)
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92 019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrew C. Robinson
- Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford M6 8HD, UK;
| | - Natalie J. Gardiner
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Federico Roncaroli
- Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, and Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology & Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M19 9NT, UK;
| | - Nigel M. Hooper
- Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M19 9NT, UK;
| | - Richard D. Unwin
- Centre for Advanced Discovery & Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M19 9NT, UK; (S.J.C.); (J.X.); (R.D.U.); (G.J.S.C.)
- Stoller Biomarker Discovery Centre & Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Citylabs 1.0 (Third Floor), Nelson Street, Manchester M13 9NQ, UK
| | - Garth J. S. Cooper
- Centre for Advanced Discovery & Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M19 9NT, UK; (S.J.C.); (J.X.); (R.D.U.); (G.J.S.C.)
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92 019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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