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Finseth TT, Smith B, Van Steenis AL, Glahn DC, Johnson M, Ruttle P, Shirtcliff BA, Shirtcliff EA. When virtual reality becomes psychoneuroendocrine reality: A stress(or) review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 166:107061. [PMID: 38701607 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
This review article was awarded the Dirk Hellhammer award from ISPNE in 2023. It explores the dynamic relationship between stressors and stress from a historical view as well as a vision towards the future of stress research via virtual reality (VR). We introduce the concept of a "syncytium," a permeable boundary that blurs the distinction between stress and stressor, in order to understand why the field of stress biology continues to inadequately measure stress alone as a proxy for the force of external stressors. Using Virtual Reality (VR) as an illustrative example to explicate the black box of stressors, we examine the distinction between 'immersion' and 'presence' as analogous terms for stressor and stress, respectively. We argue that the conventional psychological approaches to stress measurement and appraisal theory unfortunately fall short in quantifying the force of the stressor, leading to reverse causality fallacies. Further, the concept of affordances is introduced as an ecological or holistic tool to measure and design a stressor's force, bridging the gap between the external environment and an individual's physiological response to stress. Affordances also serve to ameliorate shortcomings in stress appraisal by integrating ecological interdependencies. By combining VR and psychobiological measures, this paper aims to unravel the complexity of the stressor-stress syncytium, highlighting the necessity of assessing both the internal and external facets to gain a holistic understanding of stress physiology and shift away from reverse causality reasoning. We find that the utility of VR extends beyond presence to include affordance-based measures of immersion, which can effectively model stressor force. Future research should prioritize the development of tools that can measure both immersion and presence, thereby providing a more comprehensive understanding of how external stressors interact with individual psychological states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brandon Smith
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Oregon, USA
| | | | - David C Glahn
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Megan Johnson
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Oregon, USA
| | - Paula Ruttle
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Oregon, USA
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2
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Yoneda T, Pauly T, Ram N, Kolodziejczak-Krupp K, Ashe MC, Madden K, Drewelies J, Gerstorf D, Hoppmann CA. "What's yours is mine": Partners' everyday emotional experiences and cortisol in older adult couples. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 167:107118. [PMID: 38954980 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The existing literature consistently finds that emotional experiences and cortisol secretion are linked at the within-person level. Further, relationship partners tend to covary in emotional experience, and in cortisol secretion. However, we are only beginning to understand whether and how an individuals' emotions are linked to their relationship partners' cortisol secretion. In this project, we harmonized data from three intensive measurement studies originating from Canada and Germany to investigate the daily dynamics of emotions and cortisol within 321 older adult couples (age range=56-87 years). Three-level multilevel models accounted for the nested structure of the data (repeated assessments within individuals within couples). Actor-Partner Interdependence Models were used to examine the effect of own emotional experiences (actor effects) and partner emotional experiences (partner effects) on momentary and daily cortisol secretion. Adjusting for age, sex, education, comorbidities, assay version, diurnal cortisol rhythm, time spent together, medication, and time-varying behaviors that may increase cortisol secretion, results suggest that higher relationship partner's positive emotions are linked with lower momentary cortisol and total daily cortisol. Further, this association was stronger for older participants and those who reported higher relationship satisfaction. We did not find within-couple links between negative emotions and cortisol. Overall, our results suggest that one's relationship partner's positive emotional experience may be a protective factor for their physiological responding, and that these more fleeting and day-to-day fluctuations may accumulate over time, contributing to overall relationship satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomiko Yoneda
- Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, Davis, USA.
| | - Theresa Pauly
- Department of Gerontology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nilam Ram
- Departments of Psychology and Communication, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | | | - Maureen C Ashe
- Department of Family Practice, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kenneth Madden
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Johanna Drewelies
- Lise Meitner Group for Environmental Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychology, Humboldt Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Denis Gerstorf
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Lee KM, Wang C, Du H, Hunger J, Tomiyama AJ. Weight stigma as a stressor: A preliminary multi-wave, longitudinal study testing the biobehavioral pathways of the Cyclic Obesity/Weight-Based Stigma (COBWEBS) model. Appetite 2024:107573. [PMID: 38908408 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Higher weight individuals often face significant weight stigma. According to the Cyclic Obesity/Weight-Based Stigma (COBWEBS) model, weight stigma operates as a stressor that increases the stress hormone cortisol and promotes comfort eating, thus resulting in weight gain. Such weight gain is harmful as it exposes individuals to further stigmatization. Thus far, no study has yet tested the mechanistic pathways of the COBWEBS model and prospective longitudinal studies are severely lacking. To fill this gap, the current study tested the biobehavioral pathways of the COBWEBS model using a 4-wave yearlong longitudinal study comprising 348 higher weight individuals. Using a structural equation modeling framework, we tested three cross lagged panel models for the putative mediator, comfort eating. The models examined either synchronous and/or lagged effects across weight stigma, perceived stress, comfort eating, weight, and future weight stigma. The best fitting model revealed significant associations between baseline weight stigma, perceived stress, and comfort eating within the same month. However, comfort eating did not significantly predict weight four months later. Weight status and baseline weight stigma both predicted future weight stigma as expected. Additionally, a separate path model with hair cortisol found that weight stigma predicted perceived stress four months later, but stress did not predict aggregate cortisol levels from months 10 and 11. Hair cortisol also did not predict later weight. This preliminary work lays the foundation for identifying modifiable targets of weight stigma, thereby offering potential avenues to reduce weight stigma's harm on higher weight individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Lee
- University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Psychology Building Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563.
| | - Christy Wang
- University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Psychology Building Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563
| | - Han Du
- University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Psychology Building Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563
| | - Jeffrey Hunger
- Miami University, 90 North Patterson Avenue Oxford, OH 45056
| | - A Janet Tomiyama
- University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Psychology Building Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563
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4
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Moreno-Fernández RD, Bernabéu-Brotons E, Carbonell-Colomer M, Buades-Sitjar F, Sampedro-Piquero P. Sex-related differences in young binge drinkers on the neurophysiological response to stress in virtual reality. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1348960. [PMID: 38947350 PMCID: PMC11211283 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1348960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Stress is one of the main environmental factors involved in the onset of different psychopathologies. In youth, stressful life events can trigger inappropriate and health-damaging behaviors, such as binge drinking. This behavior, in turn, can lead to long-lasting changes in the neurophysiological response to stress and the development of psychological disorders late in life, e.g., alcohol use disorder. Our aim was to analyze the pattern of neurophysiological responses triggered with the exposition to a stressful virtual environment in young binge drinkers. Methods AUDIT-3 (third question from the full AUDIT) was used to detect binge drinking (BD) in our young sample (age 18-25 years). According to the score, participants were divided into control (CO) and BD group. Next, a standardized virtual reality (VR) scenario (Richie's Plank) was used for triggering the stress response while measuring the following neurophysiological variables: brain electrical activity by electroencephalogram (EEG) and cortisol levels through saliva samples both measurements registered before and after the stressful situation. Besides, heart rate (HR) with a pulsometer and electrodermal response (EDA) through electrodes placed on fingers were analyzed before, during and after the VR task. Results Regarding the behavior assessed during the VR task, BD group spent significantly less amount of time walking forward the table and a tendency toward more time walking backwards. There was no statistically significant difference between the BD and the CO group regarding time looking down, but when we controlled the variable sex, the BD women group displayed higher amount of time looking down than the rest of the groups. Neurophysiological measurements revealed that there was not any statistically significant difference between groups in any of the EEG registered measures, EDA response and cortisol levels. Sex-related differences were found in HR response to VR scenario, in which BD women displayed the highest peak of response to the stressor. Also, the change in heartbeat was higher in BD women than men. Conclusion Unveiling the neurophysiological alterations associated with BD can help us to prevent and detect early onset of alcohol use disorder. Also, from our data we conclude that participants' sex can modulate some stress responses, especially when unhealthy behaviors such as BD are present. Nevertheless, the moment of registration of the neurophysiological variables respect to the stressor seems to be a crucial variable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francisco Buades-Sitjar
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Sampedro-Piquero
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Hendry E, McCallister B, Elman DJ, Freeman R, Borsook D, Elman I. Validity of mental and physical stress models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 158:105566. [PMID: 38307304 PMCID: PMC11082879 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Different stress models are employed to enhance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and explore potential interventions. However, the utility of these models remains a critical concern, as their validities may be limited by the complexity of stress processes. Literature review revealed that both mental and physical stress models possess reasonable construct and criterion validities, respectively reflected in psychometrically assessed stress ratings and in activation of the sympathoadrenal system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The findings are less robust, though, in the pharmacological perturbations' domain, including such agents as adenosine or dobutamine. Likewise, stress models' convergent- and discriminant validity vary depending on the stressors' nature. Stress models share similarities, but also have important differences regarding their validities. Specific traits defined by the nature of the stressor stimulus should be taken into consideration when selecting stress models. Doing so can personalize prevention and treatment of stress-related antecedents, its acute processing, and chronic sequelae. Further work is warranted to refine stress models' validity and customize them so they commensurate diverse populations and circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Hendry
- Center for Autonomic and Peripheral Nerve Disorders, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brady McCallister
- Center for Autonomic and Peripheral Nerve Disorders, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dan J Elman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roy Freeman
- Center for Autonomic and Peripheral Nerve Disorders, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Borsook
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Igor Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Booth JM. Using EMA to explore the role of Black adolescents' experiences in activity spaces in momentary negative emotion and marijuana use. Health Place 2024; 85:103158. [PMID: 38070361 PMCID: PMC10922345 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2023.103158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Research examining the role of place in Black adolescents' health behaviors typically examines neighborhoods, with little attention paid to micro geographies such as activity spaces. Understanding experiences in activity spaces may be especially important for Black adolescents living in neighborhoods traditionally characterized as disadvantaged. The SPIN project recruited 75 Black adolescents living in a single neighborhood to complete ecological momentary assessments (EMA) about the activity spaces they encountered over a month. Perceptions of violence and social support in activity spaces in a day are related to marijuana use during the day, relationships partially explained by negative momentary emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime M Booth
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Social Work, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
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Morelli V, Heizelman RJ. Monitoring Social Determinants of Health Assessing Patients and Communities. Prim Care 2023; 50:527-547. [PMID: 37866829 DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Because of the devastating health effects of social determinants of health (SDoH), it is important for the primary care provider to assess and monitor these types of stressors. This can be done via surveys, geomapping, or various biomarkers. To date, however, each of these methods is fraught with obstacles. There are currently are no validated "best" SDoH screening tools for use in clinical practice. Nor is geomapping, a perfect solution. Although mapping can collect location specific factors, it does not account for the fact that patients may live in one area, work in another and travel frequently to a third.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Morelli
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Meharry Medical College, 3rd Floor, Old Hospital Building, 1005 Dr. D. B. Todd, Jr., Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37208-3599, USA.
| | - Robert Joseph Heizelman
- Department of Family Medicine, Medical Informatics, University of Michigan, 3rd Floor, Old Hospital Building, 1005 Dr. D. B. Todd, Jr., Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37208-3599, USA
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8
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Koning ASCAM, Booij SH, Meijer OC, Riese H, Giltay EJ. Temporal associations between salivary cortisol and emotions in clinically depressed individuals and matched controls: A dynamic time warp analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 158:106394. [PMID: 37774658 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Depression can be understood as a complex dynamic system where depressive symptoms interact with one another. Cortisol is suggested to play a major role in the pathophysiology of depression, but knowledge on the temporal interplay between cortisol and depressive symptoms is scarce. We aimed to analyze the temporal connectivity between salivary cortisol and momentary affective states in depressed individuals and controls. Thirty pair-matched depressed and non-depressed participants completed questionnaires on momentary positive (PA) and negative (NA) affect and collected saliva three times a day for 30 days. The association between cortisol and affect was analyzed by dynamic time warp (DTW) analyses. These analyses involved lag-1 backward to lag-1 forward undirected analyses and lag-0 and lag-1 forward directed analyses. Large inter- and intra-individual variability in the networks were found. At the group level, with undirected analysis PA and NA were connected in the networks in depressed individuals and in controls. Directed analyses indicated that increases in cortisol preceded specific NA items in controls, but tended to follow upon specific affect items increase in depressed individuals. To conclude, at group level, changes in cortisol levels in individuals diagnosed with a depression may be a result of changes in affect, rather than a cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie C A M Koning
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne H Booij
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Harriëtte Riese
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik J Giltay
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
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Hensel DJ, Young AI, Szymanski KM. The feasibility of using ecological momentary assessment to understand urinary and fecal incontinence experiences in adults with spina bifida: A 30-day study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292735. [PMID: 38032995 PMCID: PMC10688637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we evaluate the feasibility of using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to understand urinary (UI) and fecal (FI) incontinence in adults with spina bifida (SB). As part of a larger 30-day prospective study to understand the incontinence in adults with SB (N = 89), participants completed end-of-day EMA diaries assessing the frequency and context of UI and FI. We used these data to assess the method feasibility across six dimensions: (a) compliance, or data entry which is consistent with study protocol and substantially complete; (b) reactivity, or behavior change attributed to study participation; (c) participant acceptability, or convenience and ease of method beneficial to compliance; (d) data capture, or the volume of incontinence behaviors collected; (e) the accuracy of incontinence reports; and f) participant-provided feedback for future studies. Participants were highly compliant with diary entry protocol and schedule: submitting 95.7% (2576/2700) of the expected total daily entries. The average completion time was two minutes. Neither the total number of submissions nor the completion time varied by demographic characteristics or health history. A sufficient volume of incontinence and affective outcomes were captured, with small downtrends in reporting of UI and affect over time. Exit survey recall was highly correlated with diary reports. Participants found the methodology to be acceptable, reported their experiences honestly, enjoyed and felt comfortable participating in the study and would engage in similar study in the future. Accurate information about the daily context of UI and FI is a key factor in the success of intervention or education programs relying on this information. Our findings demonstrate that EMA is a feasible way to describe UI and FI in adults with SB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon J. Hensel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Sociology, Indiana University Purdue University-Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Biology, DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana
| | - Audrey I. Young
- Department of Biology, DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana
| | - Konrad M. Szymanski
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Booth JM, Shaw D, Song H, Sintim D, Pearl D, Pollard J, Weaver E. Examination of the Relationship Between Daily Perceptions of Collective Efficacy and Marijuana Use Among Black Youth: Does the Location of the Perception Matters? YOUTH & SOCIETY 2023; 55:1475-1500. [PMID: 38187889 PMCID: PMC10769106 DOI: 10.1177/0044118x221114425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Neighborhood-level collective efficacy protects Black youth from substance use; however, neighborhood research does not account for the entirety of adolescents' exposure or their perceptions of space which may be critical to understanding the role of context in substance use. To address this limitation, the SPIN Project recruited 65 Black adolescents (M(SD) = 15.32(1.06)) to complete four brief surveys each day for a month describing their perceptions of spaces and marijuana use. Multilevel negative binomial models were estimated to test the relationship between an individual's perceptions of collective efficacy and the marijuana used during a day, and if the location of the observations moderated these relationships. Findings indicated that the perceptions of collective efficacy protected adolescents from marijuana use when occurring within their home neighborhood, but not outside of it; thereby suggesting important variations in adolescents' perceptions based on the location that matter for Black youth marijuana use.
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11
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Murray AL, Xiao Z, Zhu X, Speyer LG, Yang Y, Brown RH, Katus L, Eisner M, Ribeaud D. Psychometric evaluation of an adapted version of the perceived stress scale for ecological momentary assessment research. Stress Health 2023; 39:841-853. [PMID: 36697362 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) methodologies are commonly used to illuminate the predictors and impacts of experiencing subjective stress in the course of daily life. The validity of inferences from this research is contingent on the availability of measures of perceived momentary stress that can provide valid and reliable momentary stress scores. However, studies of the development and validation of such measures have been lacking. In this study, we use an EMA data collection design to examine the within- and between- person reliability and criterion validity and between-person gender measurement invariance of a brief EMA-adapted measure of a widely used trait measure of stress: the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Scores showed high internal consistency reliability and significant correlations with a range of criterion validity measures at both the within- and between-person level. Gender measurement invariance up to the scalar level also held for scores. Findings support the use of the EMA-adapted PSS presented in the current study for use in community-ascertained samples to address research questions relating to the influences on and effects of momentary stress and their gender differences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhouni Xiao
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Xinxin Zhu
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Yi Yang
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Laura Katus
- Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - Manuel Eisner
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Denis Ribeaud
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Moreno-Fernández R, García-León D, Peñas G, Martín-Romero R, Buades-Sitjar F, Sampedro-Piquero P. Immersive virtual plus-maze to examine behavior and psychophysiological-related variables in young people with problematic alcohol and cannabis consumption. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 26:100564. [PMID: 37664875 PMCID: PMC10470011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stressful events appear to be risky situations that can precipitate the consumption of drugs. One way to recreate stressful contexts, in an ecological and controlled method, is through immersive virtual reality (VR). In our study, we designed the scenario of an elevated plus-maze (EPM) using VR, which is widely used in animal models to assess unconditioned anxiety. This task allowed us to analyze the behavioral, psychophysiological (heart rate and electrodermal activity), and hormonal response (salivary cortisol and Alpha-amylase) to this stressful situation in different moments (before VR task (anticipation), at the end of the task and 10 minutes later) in young people with problematic alcohol use (AU, n = 27), alcohol combined with cannabis consumption (AU + C, n = 10), as well as in a control group (CO, n = 33). Behavioral analysis revealed that the AU group displayed fewer entries into open arms than the CO group, whereas both experimental groups spent less time at the end of the open arms, as well as lower time by look down index compared to the CO group. Moreover, our VR EPM induced different psychophysiological responses in the different moments measured. In general, electrodermal activity seemed to be a good biomarker of recovery from a stressful situation, as once the exposure to the stressful situation ended, the AU + C group took longer to recover compared to the CO group. Regarding hormonal analyses, we observed a similar response pattern in all groups suggesting that our VR task was able to activate both stress systems. The alpha-amylase to cortisol ratio, proposed as a biomarker of stress systems dysregulation, was higher in the group of young participants with alcohol abuse. Interestingly, our VR EPM was able to induce a slight alcohol craving in both experimental groups. In conclusion, our results suggest certain subtle behavioral and physiological differences that could be used to detect young individuals at risk of future severe addictions or other stress-related comorbidities. Moreover, it could help us to develop prevention strategies focused on emotional, cognitive, and psychophysiological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D. García-León
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Comunicación, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Spain
| | - G. Peñas
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Comunicación, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Spain
| | - R. Martín-Romero
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Buades-Sitjar
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Sampedro-Piquero
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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13
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Park Y, Gordon AM, Mendes WB. Age Differences in Physiological Reactivity to Daily Emotional Experiences. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2023; 4:487-499. [PMID: 37744978 PMCID: PMC10514012 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00207-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
How does physiological reactivity to emotional experiences change with age? Previous studies addressing this question have mostly been conducted in laboratory settings during which emotions are induced via pictures, films, or relived memories, raising external validity questions. In the present research, we draw upon two datasets collected using ecological momentary assessment methods (totaling 134,723 daily reports from 14,436 individuals) to examine age differences in heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) reactivity to naturally occurring emotional experiences. We first examined how older and younger individuals differ in the prevalence of emotions varying in valence and arousal. On average, people reported experiencing positive emotions (high or low arousal) more than 70% of the time they were asked, and older (vs. younger) individuals tended to report positive emotions more frequently. In terms of physiological reactivity, we found that age was associated with reduced HR and BP reactivity. Some evidence was also found that the magnitude of such age differences may depend on the valence or arousal of the experienced emotion. The present findings have implications for understanding how emotions can contribute to physical health across the lifespan. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-023-00207-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoobin Park
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Amie M. Gordon
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Wendy Berry Mendes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
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14
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Zilioli S, Jiang Y, Byrd D, Joseph N. Lifetime discrimination, habitual and daily everyday discrimination, and diurnal cortisol among older African Americans adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 152:106089. [PMID: 36965461 PMCID: PMC10164111 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Experiences of discrimination can be major life events or daily chronic hassles that occur in various social contexts (e.g., housing, education, employment) and have been found to predict adverse health outcomes, including dysregulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. Previous work on daily cortisol dynamics has generally revealed an association between discrimination and flatter cortisol slopes, particularly among racial minorities. However, most of the existing studies have focused on youth and young adults, with little work among older adults. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between three measures of discrimination (lifetime discrimination, habitual everyday discrimination, and daily everyday discrimination) and diurnal cortisol secretion in a sample of 203 older African Americans. Study results indicated that individuals reporting higher levels of lifetime discrimination experienced morning hypocortisolism and flatter diurnal cortisol slopes. Exploratory analyses also showed that prior daily everyday discrimination was significantly associated with blunted cortisol awakening response (CAR) the next day. Our findings underline the role of discrimination in modulating daily cortisol dynamics among older African American adults and advance knowledge on how social stressors influence healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Zilioli
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, United States; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, United States.
| | - Yanping Jiang
- Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, United States; Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, United States
| | - DeAnnah Byrd
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovative, Arizona State University, United States; Center of Innovative, Healthy, and Resilient Aging, Arizona State University, United States
| | - Nataria Joseph
- Department of Psychology, Pepperdine University, United States
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15
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Knight EL, Graham-Engeland JE, Sliwinski MJ, Engeland CG. Greater Ecologically Assessed Positive Experiences Predict Heightened Sex Hormone Concentrations Across Two Weeks in Older Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2023; 78:1007-1017. [PMID: 36715104 PMCID: PMC10214649 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbad015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sex hormones are important components of healthy aging, with beneficial effects on physical and mental health. Positive experiences such as elevated mood, lowered stress, and higher well-being also contribute to health outcomes and, in younger adults, may be associated with elevated sex hormone levels. However, little is known about the association between positive experiences and sex hormones in older adults. METHODS In this study, older men and women (N = 224, 70+ years of age) provided blood samples before and after a 2-week period of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) of positive and negative experiences (assessed based on self-reporting items related to affect, stress, and well-being). Concentrations of a panel of steroid sex hormones and glucocorticoids were determined in blood. RESULTS Higher levels of positive experiences reported in daily life across 2 weeks were associated with increases in free (biologically active) levels of testosterone (B = 0.353 [0.106, 0.601], t(221.3) = 2.801, p = .006), estradiol (B = 0.373 [0.097, 0.649], t(225.1) = 2.645, p = .009), and estrone (B = 0.468 [0.208, 0.727], t(224.3) = 3.535, p < .001) between the start and the end of the 2-week EMA period. DISCUSSION These findings suggest that sex hormones may be a pathway linking positive experiences to health in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik L Knight
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer E Graham-Engeland
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Martin J Sliwinski
- Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher G Engeland
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Ross and Carol Nese College of Nursing, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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16
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Li P, Ren Z, Zhou J, Zhao A, Wang S, Xun Y, Jiang H, Wang P, Yuan Q, Zhang Y. Effect of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei N1115 on Immunomodulatory and Gut Microbial Composition in Young Children: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081970. [PMID: 37111189 PMCID: PMC10145370 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus paracasei N1115 (Lp N1115) was isolated from fermented milk products. The administration of Lp N1115 is safe and well tolerated in Chinese children, but its effectiveness among young Chinese children is still unclear. To investigate the efficacy of Lp N1115 as a probiotic to enhance gut development in Chinese infants and toddlers born by cesarean section, 109 healthy and cesarean-delivered infants aged 6-24 months were recruited for a 12-week randomized, placebo-controlled trial, with 101 finally completing the study. Saliva and stool samples were collected and detected at weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12 of the intervention. Statistical analyses were performed by using a per-protocol (PP) approach. After 12 weeks of intervention, the fecal pH in the control group increased (p = 0.003), while the fecal pH in the experimental group did not change. Salivary cortisol decreased from baseline in the experimental group (p = 0.023), while the control group showed little change. In addition, Lp N1115 increased the fecal sIgA content of infants aged 6-12 months (p = 0.044) but had no obvious effect on fecal calprotectin and saliva sIgA. At week 4, the increase in Lactobacillus relative to baseline was higher in the experimental group than in the control group (p = 0.019). Further analysis showed a trend toward a higher detection rate of Lactobacillus in the experimental group than in the control group (p = 0.039). In conclusion, Lp N1115 was able to enhance the content of Lactobacillus and maintain fecal pH levels. Its beneficial effects on gut development were more obvious in 6-12-month-old infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhongxia Ren
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Qilu Hospital, Cheloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Junxiu Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ai Zhao
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shijie Wang
- Shijiazhuang Junlebao Dairy Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050221, China
- The Joint Laboratory of Human Milk Research & Life Science by the Health Science Center of Peking University and the Junlebao Dairy Group, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yiping Xun
- Shijiazhuang Junlebao Dairy Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050221, China
- The Joint Laboratory of Human Milk Research & Life Science by the Health Science Center of Peking University and the Junlebao Dairy Group, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Peiyu Wang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qingbin Yuan
- Shijiazhuang Junlebao Dairy Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050221, China
- The Joint Laboratory of Human Milk Research & Life Science by the Health Science Center of Peking University and the Junlebao Dairy Group, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yumei Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- The Joint Laboratory of Human Milk Research & Life Science by the Health Science Center of Peking University and the Junlebao Dairy Group, Beijing 100191, China
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17
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Sobolev M, Anand A, Dziak JJ, Potter LN, Lam CY, Wetter DW, Nahum-Shani I. Time-varying model of engagement with digital self reporting: Evidence from smoking cessation longitudinal studies. Front Digit Health 2023; 5:1144081. [PMID: 37122813 PMCID: PMC10134394 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2023.1144081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Insufficient engagement is a critical barrier impacting the utility of digital interventions and mobile health assessments. As a result, engagement itself is increasingly becoming a target of studies and interventions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the dynamics of engagement in mobile health data collection by exploring whether, how, and why response to digital self-report prompts change over time in smoking cessation studies. Method Data from two ecological momentary assessment (EMA) studies of smoking cessation among diverse smokers attempting to quit (N = 573) with a total of 65,974 digital self-report prompts. We operationalize engagement with self-reporting in term of prompts delivered and prompt response to capture both broad and more granular engagement in self-reporting, respectively. The data were analyzed to describe trends in prompt delivered and prompt response over time. Time-varying effect modeling (TVEM) was employed to investigate the time-varying effects of response to previous prompt and the average response rate on the likelihood of current prompt response. Results Although prompt response rates were relatively stable over days in both studies, the proportion of participants with prompts delivered declined steadily over time in one of the studies, indicating that over time, fewer participants charged the device and kept it turned on (necessary to receive at least one prompt per day). Among those who did receive prompts, response rates were relatively stable. In both studies, there is a significant, positive and stable relationship between response to previous prompt and the likelihood of response to current prompt throughout all days of the study. The relationship between the average response rate prior to current prompt and the likelihood of responding to the current prompt was also positive, and increasing with time. Conclusion Our study highlights the importance of integrating various indicators to measure engagement in digital self-reporting. Both average response rate and response to previous prompt were highly predictive of response to the next prompt across days in the study. Dynamic patterns of engagement in digital self-reporting can inform the design of new strategies to promote and optimize engagement in digital interventions and mobile health studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aditi Anand
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - John J. Dziak
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lindsey N. Potter
- Department of Population Health Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Cho Y. Lam
- Department of Population Health Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - David W. Wetter
- Department of Population Health Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Inbal Nahum-Shani
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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18
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Kusunoki S, Fukuda T, Maeda S, Yao C, Hasegawa T, Akamatsu T, Yoshimura H. Relationships between feeding behaviors and emotions: an electroencephalogram (EEG) frequency analysis study. J Physiol Sci 2023; 73:2. [PMID: 36869303 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-022-00858-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Feeding behaviors may be easily affected by emotions, both being based on brain activity; however, the relationships between them have not been explicitly defined. In this study, we investigated how emotional environments modulate subjective feelings, brain activity, and feeding behaviors. Electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings were obtained from healthy participants in conditions of virtual comfortable space (CS) and uncomfortable space (UCS) while eating chocolate, and the times required for eating it were measured. We found that the more participants tended to feel comfortable under the CS, the more it took time to eat in the UCS. However, the EEG emergence patterns in the two virtual spaces varied across the individuals. Upon focusing on the theta and low-beta bands, the strength of the mental condition and eating times were found to be guided by these frequency bands. The results determined that the theta and low-beta bands are likely important and relevant waves for feeding behaviors under emotional circumstances, following alterations in mental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Kusunoki
- Field of Food Science & Technology, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial & Social Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 2-1, Minami-josanjima-cho, Tokushima, 770-8513, Japan.,Department of Molecular Oral Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Takako Fukuda
- Department of Molecular Oral Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Saori Maeda
- Department of Molecular Oral Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Chenjuan Yao
- Department of Molecular Oral Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hasegawa
- Department of Molecular Oral Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Akamatsu
- Field of Food Science & Technology, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial & Social Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 2-1, Minami-josanjima-cho, Tokushima, 770-8513, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoshimura
- Department of Molecular Oral Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan.
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19
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Speyer LG, Brown RH, Ribeaud D, Eisner M, Murray AL. The role of moment-to-moment dynamics of perceived stress and negative affect in co-occurring ADHD and internalising symptoms. J Autism Dev Disord 2023; 53:1213-1223. [PMID: 35674983 PMCID: PMC9986209 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05624-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A maladaptive response to stress in individuals with high ADHD traits may be a key factor explaining co-occurring ADHD symptoms and internalising problems. The current study investigates whether between-person differences in ADHD traits are associated with differences in the within-person moment-to-moment coupling of stress and negative affect; and whether these can explain between-person differences in internalising problems (N = 262, median-age 20). Results of a dynamic structural equation model indicated that between-person differences in ADHD traits significantly moderated the daily life coupling between stress and negative affect. Further, higher ADHD traits were associated with stronger stress carry-over and higher mean levels of negative affect. Stress carry-over and mean levels of negative affect mediated the association between ADHD traits and internalising problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Gabriela Speyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, Cambridge, United Kingdom. .,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Ruth Harriet Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Denis Ribeaud
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Eisner
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Violence Research Centre, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aja Louise Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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20
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Jõgi AL, Malmberg LE, Pakarinen E, Lerkkanen MK. Teachers' situational physiological stress and affect. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 149:106028. [PMID: 36657344 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Since teaching is a demanding and stressful profession, the study of teachers' physiological stress in the classroom setting is an emerging field. In cross-sectional studies self-reported stress and affect are related, but less is known about the intraindividual relations between situational physiological stress and corresponding positive and negative affect. The aim of our study was to investigate the associations between situational physiological stress (six salivary cortisol samples per day) and self-reported situational affect (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule four times a day) among 61 Finnish primary school teachers over two workdays. We present a novel multilevel structural equation model (MSEM) that includes cortisol, with time since awakening as a flexibly coded time-varying covariate and affect with time since cortisol measurement as a time-varying covariate. Higher levels of teachers' situational physiological stress were related to lower situational positive affect (e.g., enthusiasm) and higher negative affect (e.g., nervousness), demonstrating the acute/situational effects of stress on affect. In our discussion, we emphasize the importance of the sequence of sampling and observations for further theoretical modeling of relations between stress and affect. We also propose practical implications for improving teachers' awareness of their well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Liisa Jõgi
- Tallinn University, Estonia; University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | | | - Eija Pakarinen
- University of Jyväskylä, Finland; University of Stavanger, Norway
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21
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Jõgi AL, Aulén AM, Pakarinen E, Lerkkanen MK. Teachers' daily physiological stress and positive affect in relation to their general occupational well-being. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 93:368-385. [PMID: 36336902 PMCID: PMC10098726 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Teachers' stress, affect and general occupational well-being influence their teaching and their students. However, how teachers' daily physiological stress and positive affect are related in the classroom is unknown. To reduce teachers' stress and enhance their positive affect, it is crucial to understand how occupational well-being relates to stress and affect. AIM The aim of the study was to examine the relationships between teachers' daily physiological stress and positive affect in authentic classroom settings and the roles played by teachers' self-efficacy beliefs, perceptions of school climate and burnout symptoms in daily stress and affect. SAMPLE The sample consisted of 45 classroom teachers. METHOD Daily physiological stress was assessed by measuring salivary cortisol levels three times in two days. Positive affect was reported by experience sampling at the same time that cortisol was collected. Questionnaires were used to assess self-efficacy beliefs, perceptions of school climate and burnout symptoms. Three-level modelling with random intercepts and slopes was used to analyse the relationships between daily stress and affect and the effect of teachers' general occupational well-being on stress and affect. RESULTS No relationships were evident between teachers' physiological stress and positive affect or between daily changes of stress and affect. Self-efficacy beliefs were related to lower stress and higher affect in the middle of the school day. Having sufficient school resources were related to higher positive affect. Teachers' burnout symptoms were associated with lower positive affect. CONCLUSIONS We emphasize the potential for self-efficacy and perceptions of school resources as targets for intervening in teachers' stress and affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Liisa Jõgi
- Department of Teacher Education, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,School of Educational Sciences, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Anna-Mari Aulén
- Department of Teacher Education, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Eija Pakarinen
- Department of Teacher Education, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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22
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Adiasto K, van Hooff MLM, Beckers DGJ, Geurts SAE. The sound of stress recovery: an exploratory study of self-selected music listening after stress. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:40. [PMID: 36765393 PMCID: PMC9912599 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01066-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Empirical support for the notion that music listening is beneficial for stress recovery is inconclusive, potentially due to the methodological diversity with which the effects of music on stress recovery have been investigated. Little is presently known about which recovery activities are chosen by individuals for the purpose of stress recovery, and whether audio feature commonalities exist between different songs that are selected by individuals for the purpose of stress recovery. The current pre-registered study investigated whether audio feature commonalities can be extracted from self-selected songs for the purpose of stress recovery. Furthermore, the present study exploratorily examined the relationship between audio features and participants' desired recovery-related emotions while listening and after listening to self-selected music. METHODS Participants (N = 470) completed an online survey in which they described what music they would listen to unwind from a hypothetical stressful event. Data analysis was conducted using a split-sample procedure. A k-medoid cluster analysis was conducted to identify audio feature commonalities between self-selected songs. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between audio features and desired recovery emotions. RESULTS Participants valued music listening as a recovery activity to a similar extent as watching TV, sleeping, or talking to a significant other. Cluster analyses revealed that self-selected songs for the purpose of stress recovery can be grouped into two distinct categories. The two categories of songs shared similarities in key, loudness, speechiness, acousticness, instrumentalness, liveness, musical valence, tempo, duration, and time signature, and were distinguished by danceability, energy, and mode. No audio features were significantly associated with participants' desired recovery emotions. CONCLUSIONS Although a comprehensive portrait of the relationship between audio features and stress recovery still warrants further research, the present study provides a starting point for future enquiries into the nuanced effects of musical audio features on stress recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisna Adiasto
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Madelon L. M. van Hooff
- grid.5590.90000000122931605Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.36120.360000 0004 0501 5439Faculty of Psychology, Open Universiteit, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Debby G. J. Beckers
- grid.5590.90000000122931605Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine A. E. Geurts
- grid.5590.90000000122931605Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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23
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Haucke M, Golde S, Saft S, Hellweg R, Liu S, Heinzel S. The effects of momentary loneliness and COVID-19 stressors on hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis functioning: A lockdown stage changes the association between loneliness and salivary cortisol. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 145:105894. [PMID: 36007471 PMCID: PMC9385585 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic can be characterized as a chronic stressor affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, indexed by glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol). We investigated whether salivary cortisol level is increased during a lockdown and whether a lockdown condition affects the association between loneliness, specific COVID-19 related stressors and salivary cortisol level. We conducted a smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study with 280 participants in Germany who experienced at least mild loneliness and distress amid COVID-19 from August 2020 to March 2021. We measured their momentary loneliness and COVID-related stressors including worries, information seeking behaviors and feelings of restriction during "no-lockdown" or "lockdown" stages amid COVID-19. Their salivary cortisol was measured 4 times on the last day of a 7-day EMA study. We found a significant increase in salivary cortisol levels during lockdown compared to no-lockdown. Lockdown stage was found to moderate the relationship between momentary loneliness and salivary cortisol level, i.e., loneliness was positively related to cortisol level specifically during lockdown. Mechanisms explaining the effect of forced social isolation on the association between loneliness and salivary cortisol need to be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Haucke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Campus Charité Mitte), Berlin, Germany; Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Golde
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Silvia Saft
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Campus Charité Mitte), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Rainer Hellweg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Campus Charité Mitte), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Shuyan Liu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Campus Charité Mitte), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Stephan Heinzel
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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24
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Chafkin JE, O’Brien JM, Medrano FN, Lee HY, Josephs RA, Yeager DS. A dual-system, machine-learning approach reveals how daily pubertal hormones relate to psychological well-being in everyday life. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2022; 58:101158. [PMID: 36368088 PMCID: PMC9650000 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The two studies presented in this paper seek to resolve mixed findings in research linking activity of pubertal hormones to daily adolescent outcomes. In study 1 we used a series of Confirmatory Factor Analyses to compare the fit of one and two-factor models of seven steroid hormones (n = 994 participants, 8084 samples) of the HPA and HPG axes, using data from a field study (https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/38180) collected over ten consecutive weekdays in a representative sample of teens starting high school. In study 2, we fit a Bayesian model to our large dataset to explore how hormone activity was related to outcomes that have been demonstrated to be linked to mental health and wellbeing (self-reports of daily affect and stress coping). Results reveal, first that a two-factor solution of adolescent hormones showed good fit to our data, and second, that HPG activity, rather than the more often examined HPA activity, was associated with improved daily affect ratios and stress coping. These findings suggest that field research, when it is combined with powerful statistical techniques, may help to improve our understanding of the relationship between adolescent hormones and daily measures of well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E. Chafkin
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA,Correspondence to: 1202 North Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
| | - Joseph M. O’Brien
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Robert A. Josephs
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - David S. Yeager
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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25
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Hamilton KR, Granger DA, Taylor MK. Science of interdisciplinary salivary bioscience: history and future directions. Biomark Med 2022; 16:1077-1087. [PMID: 36625208 PMCID: PMC9846418 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2022-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary bioscience is noteworthy in its history, as well as in the breadth and scope of its impact. The minimally invasive nature of sampling oral fluid allows for evaluation of individual and intra-individual change in biological processes in ways and settings not possible with traditional biospecimens. The range of measurements is expansive (e.g., DNA, hormones, cytokines, antibodies) and modern technologies enable simultaneous multisystem assessment from a singlet specimen. Used in combination with modern multivariate analytical models, the capacity to repeatedly assess multisystem and level measurements collected from the same individual over time enable operationalization, testing and refinement of complex biobehavioral models. This review describes the emerging narrative of salivary bioscience, and aims to inform and reveal opportunity for innovation and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina R Hamilton
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Douglas A Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Bloomberg School of Public Health, & School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Marcus K Taylor
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Biobehavioral Sciences Lab, Dept of Warfighter Performance, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
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Weber J, Angerer P, Apolinário-Hagen J. Physiological reactions to acute stressors and subjective stress during daily life: A systematic review on ecological momentary assessment (EMA) studies. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271996. [PMID: 35895674 PMCID: PMC9328558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This review aims to provide an overview of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) studies analyzing stress reactivity during daily life in terms of direct and moderated influence of acute stress on physiological responses. Materials and methods A systematic literature search was performed on November 29, 2021 using Web of Science, MEDLINE and PsycINFO to identify prospective EMA studies targeting acute stressors or stress under naturalistic conditions, without restrictions of publication date or population. Study quality was assessed for multiple EMA-specific sources of bias. Results Out of 4285 non-duplicate records, 107 publications involving 104 unique studies were included. The majority of studies assessed acute physiological stress responses primarily through salivary cortisol (n = 59) and cardiovascular outcomes (n = 32). Most studies performed at least three measurements per day (n = 59), and had a moderate risk of recall bias (n = 68) and confounding (n = 85). Fifty-four studies reported a compliance of ≥80%. Direct, non-moderated positive associations were observed between acute stress exposure and concurrent cortisol levels (44%, n = 11/25), systolic (44%, 8/18) and diastolic blood pressure (53%, 8/15) and heart rate (53%, 9/17). Several inter- and intra-individual moderators were identified, such as age, gender, health status, chronic stress, work-related resources, physical activity and stress coping indicators. Conclusions About half of the reviewed EMA studies demonstrated direct associations between everyday acute stress exposure and physiological responses, including increased cortisol levels, blood pressure and heart rate. Results further suggested various moderator variables that could help develop tailored prevention strategies and identify groups at higher risk for dysfunctional stress responses. Registration PROSPERO—Reg.-No.: PROSPERO 2020 CRD42020163178.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Weber
- Institute of Occupational-, Social- and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter Angerer
- Institute of Occupational-, Social- and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Apolinário-Hagen
- Institute of Occupational-, Social- and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Joseph NT, Santos TDL, Amaro L. Naturalistic social cognitive and emotional reactions to technology-mediated social exposures and cortisol in daily life. Biol Psychol 2022; 173:108402. [PMID: 35902032 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The emotional and social evaluative aspects of social interactions influence cortisol. The interactions that mothers have on social networking sites and via other technology involve heightened social comparison and emotion. We examined the associations between technology-mediated social engagement, social comparisons and emotion during technology-mediated social exposures (TMSEs), and cortisol during daily life. Forty-seven mothers (mean age = 34.38) completed a 4-day monitoring period involving four saliva collections and questionnaires daily at awakening, 4 h post-awakening, 9 h post-awakening, and bedtime. Higher social comparison during TMSE was associated with lower momentary cortisol, whereas higher negative emotions during TMSE and more time spent in TMSE were associated with higher momentary cortisol. Higher average social comparison during TMSE was associated with lower average daily cortisol output (area under the curve with respect to ground; AUCg), and more time spent on TMSE was associated with higher average AUCg. This study presents the first evidence that naturalistic social-cognitive and emotional reactions to TMSE are associated with cortisol in daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lauren Amaro
- Department of Communication, Pepperdine University, United States
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28
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Battaglia B, Lee L, Jia SS, Partridge SR, Allman-Farinelli M. The Use of Mobile-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment (mEMA) Methodology to Assess Dietary Intake, Food Consumption Behaviours and Context in Young People: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10071329. [PMID: 35885855 PMCID: PMC9321045 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10071329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobile-based ecological momentary assessment (mEMA) offers a novel method for dietary assessment and may reduce recall bias and participant burden. This review evaluated mEMA methodology and the feasibility, acceptability and validity as a dietary assessment method in young people. Five databases were searched from January 2008 to September 2021 for studies including healthy young people aged 16–30 years and used mEMA for obtaining dietary intake data, food consumption behaviours and/or contextual factors. Data on the method used to administer mEMA, compliance with recording and validation were extracted. A total of 46 articles from 39 independent studies were included, demonstrating a wide variation in mEMA methods. Signal-contingent prompting (timed notification to record throughout the day) was used in 26 studies, 9 used event-contingent (food consumption triggered recordings), while 4 used both. Monitoring periods varied and most studies reported a compliance rate of 80% or more. Two studies found mEMA to be burdensome and six reported mEMA as easy to use. Most studies (31/39) reported using previously validated questions. mEMA appears to be a feasible and acceptable methodology to assess dietary intake and food consumption in near real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Battaglia
- Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney Nursing School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (B.B.); (L.L.); (M.A.-F.)
| | - Lydia Lee
- Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney Nursing School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (B.B.); (L.L.); (M.A.-F.)
| | - Si Si Jia
- Engagement and Co-Design Research Hub, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Stephanie Ruth Partridge
- Engagement and Co-Design Research Hub, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Margaret Allman-Farinelli
- Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney Nursing School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (B.B.); (L.L.); (M.A.-F.)
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Dammen LV, Finseth TT, McCurdy BH, Barnett NP, Conrady RA, Leach AG, Deick AF, Van Steenis AL, Gardner R, Smith BL, Kay A, Shirtcliff EA. Evoking stress reactivity in virtual reality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 138:104709. [PMID: 35644278 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virtual reality (VR) research probes stress environments that are infeasible to create in the real world. However, because research simulations are applied to narrow populations, it remains unclear if VR simulations can stimulate a broadly applicable stress-response. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted on studies using VR stress tasks and biomarkers. METHODS Included papers (N = 52) measured cortisol, heart rate (HR), galvanic skin response (GSR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), parasympathetic activity (RMSSD), sympathovagal balance (LF/HF), and/or salivary alpha-amylase (sAA). Effect sizes (ES) and confidence intervals (CI) were calculated based on standardized mean change of baseline-to-peak biomarker levels. RESULTS From baseline-to-peak (ES, CI), analyses showed a statistically significant change in cortisol (0.56, 0.28-0.83), HR (0.68, 0.53-0.82), GSR (0.59, 0.36-0.82), SBP (.55, 0.19-0.90), DBP (.64, 0.23-1.05), RSA (-0.59, -0.88 to -0.30), and sAA (0.27, 0.092-0.45). There was no effect for RMSSD and LF/HF. CONCLUSION VR stress tasks elicited a varied magnitude of physiological stress reactivity. VR may be an effective tool in stress research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte van Dammen
- Iowa State University, Virtual Reality Applications Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Tor T Finseth
- Iowa State University, Virtual Reality Applications Center, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Bethany H McCurdy
- Iowa State University, Virtual Reality Applications Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Neil P Barnett
- Iowa State University, Virtual Reality Applications Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Roselynn A Conrady
- Iowa State University, Virtual Reality Applications Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Alexis G Leach
- Iowa State University, Virtual Reality Applications Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Andrew F Deick
- Iowa State University, Virtual Reality Applications Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Reece Gardner
- Iowa State University, Virtual Reality Applications Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Brandon L Smith
- Iowa State University, Virtual Reality Applications Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Anita Kay
- Iowa State University, Virtual Reality Applications Center, Ames, IA, USA
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30
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Graham MC, Husman J, Pekrun R, Villanueva I, Christensen D. The dynamic experience of taking an examination: Ever changing cortisol and expectancy for success. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 93 Suppl 1:195-210. [PMID: 35676863 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the relations between students' expectancies for success and a physiological component of test anxiety, salivary cortisol, during an authentic testing setting. AIMS The aim of the study was to better understand the connection between shifts in students' control appraisals and changes in the physiological component of test anxiety. SAMPLE The study comprised 45 undergraduate engineering majors in the United States. METHODS Survey data concerning students' expectancy for success and saliva samples were taken before, during and after the practice midterm examination prior to their actual in-class examination. RESULTS Students' expectancy for success declined during the examination while cortisol levels declined from the beginning to middle of the examination and began to increase again as a function of time. Although students' initial levels of expectancy for success and cortisol were not correlated, there was a negative relation between change in cortisol and change in expectancy for success. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates a relation between salivary cortisol, a physiological component of test anxiety and students' expectancy for success in an authentic testing context. Most students saw a decrease in cortisol during the examination, suggesting anticipatory anxiety prior to the test and a return to homeostasis as the examination progressed. Some students, however, did not see a declination in cortisol, suggesting they may not have recovered from pre-examination anxiety. The negative relation between change in cortisol and expectancy for success suggests that students who had the greatest decrease in expectancy for success saw the smallest recovery in cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Graham
- Oregon Education Science Laboratory, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Jenefer Husman
- Department of Education Studies, College of Education, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Reinhard Pekrun
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Essex, UK.,Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Banyo, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Psychology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Idalis Villanueva
- Department of Engineering Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Neuroendocrine Stress Response in Female and Male Youths With Conduct Disorder and Associations With Early Adversity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 61:698-710. [PMID: 34856340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2021.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Conduct disorder (CD) involves aggressive and antisocial behavior and is associated with blunted cortisol stress response in male youths. Far less is known about cortisol stress responsivity in female youths with CD or other neuroendocrine responses in both sexes. Although CD is linked to early adversity, the possibility that neuroendocrine alterations may mediate the relationship between early adversity and CD has not been systematically investigated. METHOD Within the European FemNAT-CD multi-site study, salivary cortisol, testosterone, the testosterone/cortisol ratio, oxytocin, and psychological stress response to a standardized psychosocial stress test (the Trier Social Stress Test [TSST]), together with common pre- and postnatal environmental risk factors, were investigated in 130 pubertal youths with CD (63% female, 9-18 years of age) and 160 sex-, age-, and puberty-matched healthy controls (HCs). RESULTS The TSST induced psychological stress in both CD and HCs. In contrast, female and male youths with CD showed blunted cortisol, testosterone, oxytocin, and testosterone/cortisol stress responses compared to HCs. These blunted stress responses partly mediated the relationship between environmental risk factors and CD. CONCLUSION Findings from this unique sample, including many female youths with CD, provide evidence for a widespread attenuated stress responsivity of not only stress hormones, but also sex hormones and neuropeptides in CD and its subgroups (eg, with limited prosocial emotions). Results are the first to demonstrate blunted neuroendocrine stress responses in both female and male youths with CD. Early adversity may alter neuroendocrine stress responsivity. Biological mechanisms should be investigated further to pave the way for personalized intervention, thereby improving treatments for CD.
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32
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Ortega-Williams A, Booth JM, Fussell-Ware DJ, Lawrence YJ, Pearl D, Chapman N, Allen W, Reid-Moore A, Overby Z. Using Ecological Momentary Assessments to Understand Black Youths' Experiences of Racism, Stress, and Safety. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2022; 32:270-289. [PMID: 35118752 PMCID: PMC10069459 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Anti-Black racism, both interpersonal and systemic, is pervasive. Individual- and neighborhood-level expressions of anti-Black racism have been explored in many studies; however, Black youths' experiences of racism across routine activity locations have not been examined as extensively. To address this gap, a Youth Research Advisory Board (YRAB) recruited 75 Black youths (M (SD) = 15.53 (1.77)), living in a segregated neighborhood (93% African American) with 42% of residents living below the poverty line, to participate in research on this topic. Participants in the study completed surveys three times a day for a month (ecological momentary assessment) about their positive and negative emotions and perceptions of racism and social support in routine activity locations (n = 2041). Youths reported more racism when attending school and walking on the street. A relationship between perceptions of racism and social support in routine activity locations and positive and negative momentary emotions was found. This paper will present implications for supporting adolescent development and interrupting anti-Black racism at the level of routine activity locations, along with opportunities for engaging youth-led community-based solutions.
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33
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Imami L, Jiang Y, Murdock KW, Zilioli S. Links Between Socioeconomic Status, Daily Depressive Affect, Diurnal Cortisol Patterns, and All-Cause Mortality. Psychosom Med 2022; 84:29-39. [PMID: 34419996 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Socioeconomic status (SES) remains a robust risk factor for mortality. Various theoretical models postulate that lower SES is associated with higher negative affect, which then initiates a cascade of physiological disturbances that contribute to illness and early mortality. However, few studies have explicitly investigated the interplay between psychological and biological factors in determining SES disparities in mortality. This study examined the role of daily negative affect and cortisol secretion in explaining the SES-mortality link in a large sample of US adults. METHODS Using data from the Midlife in the United States study (n = 1735, mean [standard deviation] age = 56.40 [12.10] years, 56.4% female), we tested longitudinal associations between SES, daily negative affect, daily cortisol levels, and all-cause mortality 13 years later. Daily negative affect was classified into three clusters reflecting depressive affect, anxiety, and anger. RESULTS Higher SES was linked to a lower risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio = 0.94, 95% confidence interval = 0.90 to 0.97). Furthermore, there was a sequential link between higher SES and lower mortality through lower daily depressive affect and a steeper ("healthier") diurnal cortisol slope (indirect effect = -0.0007, 95% confidence interval = -0.0014 to -0.0002). Daily anxiety and anger were not associated with cortisol levels or mortality (p values > .05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that daily negative emotional experiences and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning may constitute important psychological and physiological pathways underlying the link between SES and all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ledina Imami
- From the Department of Psychology (Imami), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Department of Psychology (Jiang, Zilioli), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Biobehavioral Health (Murdock), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences (Zilioli), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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Goerlich KS, Votinov M. Hormonal abnormalities in alexithymia. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1070066. [PMID: 36699481 PMCID: PMC9868825 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1070066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alexithymia is a personality trait characterized by difficulties in emotion recognition and regulation that is associated with deficits in social cognition. High alexithymia levels are considered a transdiagnostic risk factor for a range of psychiatric and medical conditions, including depression, anxiety, and autism. Hormones are known to affect social-emotional cognition and behavior in humans, including the neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin, the steroid hormones testosterone and estradiol, the stress hormone cortisol as well as thyroid hormones. However, few studies have investigated hormonal effects on alexithymia and on alexithymia-related impairments in emotion regulation and reactivity, stress response, and social cognition. Here, we provide a brief overview of the evidence linking alexithymia to abnormalities in hormone levels, particularly with regard to cortisol and oxytocin, for which most evidence exists, and to thyroid hormones. We address the current lack of research on the influence of sex hormones on alexithymia and alexithymia-related deficits, and lastly provide future directions for research on associations between hormonal abnormalities and deficits in emotion regulation and social cognition associated with alexithymia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina S Goerlich
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mikhail Votinov
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 10, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Levi E, Fischer S, Fisher H, Admon R, Zilcha-Mano S. Patient and Therapist In-Session Cortisol as Predictor of Post-Session Patient Reported Affect. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1483. [PMID: 34827482 PMCID: PMC8615903 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the role of affect in psychotherapy for major depressive disorder (MDD) is well established, but the common use of self-reported measures may limit our understanding of its underlying mechanisms. A promising predictor of patient affect is the stress hormone cortisol. To date, no studies have studied in-session changes in cortisol in psychotherapy for MDD. We investigated whether an increase in patient cortisol over the course of a session correlated with higher negative and lower positive affect. Given previous findings on healthy individuals on the contagious nature of stress, an additional aim was to examine whether these relationships are moderated by therapist cortisol. To this end, 40 dyads (including 6 therapists) provided saliva samples before and after four pre-specified sessions (616 samples). After each session, the patients provided retrospective reports of in-session affect. We found no association between patient cortisol and affect. However, increases in patient cortisol predicted negative affect when the therapists exhibited decreases in cortisol, and increases in patient cortisol predicted positive affect when the therapists showed increases. Our study provides initial evidence for the importance of the social context in the cortisol-affect relationship in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Levi
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel; (E.L.); (H.F.); (R.A.)
| | - Susanne Fischer
- Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, 8050 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Hadar Fisher
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel; (E.L.); (H.F.); (R.A.)
| | - Roee Admon
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel; (E.L.); (H.F.); (R.A.)
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBRC), University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - Sigal Zilcha-Mano
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel; (E.L.); (H.F.); (R.A.)
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Pauly T, Drewelies J, Kolodziejczak K, Katzorreck M, Lücke AJ, Schilling OK, Kunzmann U, Wahl HW, Ditzen B, Ram N, Gerstorf D, Hoppmann CA. Positive and negative affect are associated with salivary cortisol in the everyday life of older adults: A quantitative synthesis of four aging studies. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 133:105403. [PMID: 34536776 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Research on time-fluctuating links between positive affect and cortisol is inconsistent and mostly based on young to middle-aged samples. The current project investigated how moment-to-moment changes in positive and negative affect are associated with moment-to-moment changes in cortisol levels in older adults' daily lives and whether those associations are moderated by differences in health status (as indicated by the number of comorbidities). Affect and cortisol data collected in four separately conducted momentary assessment studies with parallel protocols were pooled to obtain a sample of N=476 individuals aged 56-88 years (Mage=71.9, SD=6.6; 52% female). Participants provided affect reports and collected salivary cortisol 5-7 times a day for a 7-day period and reported the presence of 13 different health conditions. Data were analyzed using multilevel models, with time since waking, daily behaviors associated with cortisol secretion, age, and sex controlled. Feeling more positive affect than usual was associated with lower momentary cortisol. In contrast, feeling more negative affect than usual was associated with higher momentary cortisol. Associations of momentary positive and negative affect with cortisol were weaker among participants in worse as compared to those in better health. Trait positive affectivity was associated with more curvature of waking cortisol profiles and trait negative affectivity was associated with smaller cortisol awakening responses. Findings suggest that HPA axis responses fluctuate with everyday changes in positive and negative affect in older adults, and that higher HPA reactivity may indicate preserved health in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Pauly
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Binzmühlestr. 14/14, CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Johanna Drewelies
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 18, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karolina Kolodziejczak
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 18, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Katzorreck
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 18, 12489 Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychology, Leipzig University, Neumarkt 9-19, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna J Lücke
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Hauptstr. 47-51, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver K Schilling
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Hauptstr. 47-51, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ute Kunzmann
- Department of Psychology, Leipzig University, Neumarkt 9-19, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans-Werner Wahl
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Hauptstr. 47-51, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beate Ditzen
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Heidelberg University, Bergheimer Str. 20, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nilam Ram
- Departments of Psychology and Communication, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA 94305-2050, USA
| | - Denis Gerstorf
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 18, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane A Hoppmann
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, The University of British Columbia, 2635 Laurel St, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
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Stoffel M, Neubauer AB, Ditzen B. How to assess and interpret everyday life salivary cortisol measures: A tutorial on practical and statistical considerations. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 133:105391. [PMID: 34607270 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Salivary cortisol has been the central marker in psychoneuroendocrinological stress research for three decades. Given the technological possibilities to assess data in ecologically valid circumstances, many studies have implemented longitudinal assessments of salivary cortisol in study participants' everyday life. Such studies bear the potential to understand real-life associations of cortisol with psychological traits, states, and health variables. Furthermore, changes in the neuroendocrine regulation and in cortisol reactivity can be used to evaluate the effects of behavioral interventions in real-life circumstances. While standardized paradigms have been developed to measure cortisol in laboratory settings, there is high heterogeneity in the assessment, statistical processing, and interpretation of everyday life cortisol measures. This methodological tutorial aims at summarizing important knowledge which had been accumulated during the past two decades and which could be used to set up an ambulatory assessment study focusing on salivary cortisol in everyday life. Practical advice for possible strategies at all stages of the research process is outlined in detail. Additionally, an example on how to statistically process cortisol data in a multilevel framework (including syntax) is provided. In these analyses, we investigate within- and between-person research questions regarding the association between stress and cortisol in daily life. Thus, the present work (a) can be used as tutorial for setting up everyday life studies focusing on the assessment of salivary cortisol, and (b) can be useful to avoid inconsistencies in study planning, data assessment and data processing in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stoffel
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Bergheimer Straße 20, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany; Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Andreas B Neubauer
- Department for Education and Human Development, DIPF
- Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Rostocker Straße 6, 60323 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Center for Research on Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk (IDeA), Rostocker Straße 6, 60323 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Beate Ditzen
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Bergheimer Straße 20, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany; Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Germany.
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