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Ngwa C, Al Mamun A, Qi S, Sharmeen R, Conesa MPB, Ganesh BP, Manwani B, Liu F. Central IRF4/5 Signaling Are Critical for Microglial Activation and Impact on Stroke Outcomes. Transl Stroke Res 2024; 15:831-843. [PMID: 37432594 PMCID: PMC10782817 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-023-01172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Microglia and monocytes play a critical role in immune responses to cerebral ischemia. Previous studies have demonstrated that interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) and IRF5 direct microglial polarization after stroke and impact outcomes. However, IRF4/5 are expressed by both microglia and monocytes, and it is not clear if it is the microglial (central) or monocytic (peripheral) IRF4-IRF5 regulatory axis that functions in stroke. In this work, young (8-12 weeks) male pep boy (PB), IRF4 or IRF5 flox, and IRF4 or IRF5 conditional knockout (CKO) mice were used to generate 8 types of bone marrow chimeras, to differentiate the role of central (PB-to-IRF CKO) vs. peripheral (IRF CKO-to-PB) phagocytic IRF4-IRF5 axis in stroke. Chimeras generated from PB and flox mice were used as controls. All chimeras were subjected to 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Three days after the stroke, outcomes and inflammatory responses were analyzed. We found that PB-to-IRF4 CKO chimeras had more robust microglial pro-inflammatory responses than IRF4 CKO-to-PB chimeras, while ameliorated microglial response was seen in PB-to-IRF5 CKO vs. IRF5 CKO-to-PB chimeras. PB-to-IRF4 or IRF5 CKO chimeras had worse or better stroke outcomes respectively than their controls, whereas IRF4 or 5 CKO-to-PB chimeras had similar outcomes compared to controls. We conclude that the central IRF4/5 signaling is responsible for microglial activation and mediates stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conelius Ngwa
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shaohua Qi
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Romana Sharmeen
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Maria P Blasco Conesa
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Bhanu P Ganesh
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Bharti Manwani
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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2
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Pumo A, Legeay S. The dichotomous activities of microglia: A potential driver for phenotypic heterogeneity in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 2024; 1832:148817. [PMID: 38395249 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a leading cause of dementia, characterized by two defining neuropathological hallmarks: amyloid plaques composed of Aβ aggregates and neurofibrillary pathology. Recent research suggests that microglia have both beneficial and detrimental effects in the development of AD. A new theory proposes that microglia play a beneficial role in the early stages of the disease but become harmful in later stages. Further investigations are needed to gain a comprehensive understanding of this shift in microglia's function. This transition is likely influenced by specific conditions, including spatial, temporal, and transcriptional factors, which ultimately lead to the deterioration of microglial functionality. Additionally, recent studies have also highlighted the potential influence of microglia diversity on the various manifestations of AD. By deciphering the multiple states of microglia and the phenotypic heterogeneity in AD, significant progress can be made towards personalized medicine and better treatment outcomes for individuals affected by AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pumo
- Université d'Angers, Faculté de Santé, Département Pharmacie, 16, Boulevard Daviers, Angers 49045, France.
| | - Samuel Legeay
- Université d'Angers, Faculté de Santé, Département Pharmacie, 16, Boulevard Daviers, Angers 49045, France; Univ Angers, Inserm, CNRS, MINT, SFR ICAT, Angers F-49000, France
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3
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Pandya VA, Patani R. The role of glial cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 176:381-450. [PMID: 38802179 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has traditionally been considered a neuron-centric disease. This view is now outdated, with increasing recognition of cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous contributions of central and peripheral nervous system glia to ALS pathomechanisms. With glial research rapidly accelerating, we comprehensively interrogate the roles of astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, Schwann cells and satellite glia in nervous system physiology and ALS-associated pathology. Moreover, we highlight the inter-glial, glial-neuronal and inter-system polylogue which constitutes the healthy nervous system and destabilises in disease. We also propose classification based on function for complex glial reactive phenotypes and discuss the pre-requisite for integrative modelling to advance translation. Given the paucity of life-enhancing therapies currently available for ALS patients, we discuss the promising potential of harnessing glia in driving ALS therapeutic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virenkumar A Pandya
- University College London Medical School, London, United Kingdom; The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Rickie Patani
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom.
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4
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Nolta NF, Christensen MB, Tresco PA. Advanced age is not a barrier to chronic intracortical single-unit recording in rat cortex. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1389556. [PMID: 38817909 PMCID: PMC11138162 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1389556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Available evidence suggests that as we age, our brain and immune system undergo changes that increase our susceptibility to injury, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. Since a significant portion of the potential patients treated with a microelectrode-based implant may be older, it is important to understand the recording performance of such devices in an aged population. Methods We studied the chronic recording performance and the foreign body response (FBR) to a clinically used microelectrode array implanted in the cortex of 18-month-old Sprague Dawley rats. Results and discussion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first preclinical study of its type in the older mammalian brain. Here, we show that single-unit recording performance was initially robust then gradually declined over a 12-week period, similar to what has been previously reported using younger adult rats and in clinical trials. In addition, we show that FBR biomarker distribution was similar to what has been previously described for younger adult rats implanted with multi-shank recording arrays in the motor cortex. Using a quantitative immunohistochemcal approach, we observed that the extent of astrogliosis and tissue loss near the recording zone was inversely related to recording performance. A comparison of recording performance with a younger cohort supports the notion that aging, in and of itself, is not a limiting factor for the clinical use of penetrating microelectrode recording arrays for the treatment of certain CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas F. Nolta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Michael B. Christensen
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Patrick A. Tresco
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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5
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Fernández-Albarral JA, Ramírez AI, de Hoz R, Matamoros JA, Salobrar-García E, Elvira-Hurtado L, López-Cuenca I, Sánchez-Puebla L, Salazar JJ, Ramírez JM. Glaucoma: from pathogenic mechanisms to retinal glial cell response to damage. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1354569. [PMID: 38333055 PMCID: PMC10850296 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1354569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease of the retina characterized by the irreversible loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) leading to visual loss. Degeneration of RGCs and loss of their axons, as well as damage and remodeling of the lamina cribrosa are the main events in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Different molecular pathways are involved in RGC death, which are triggered and exacerbated as a consequence of a number of risk factors such as elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), age, ocular biomechanics, or low ocular perfusion pressure. Increased IOP is one of the most important risk factors associated with this pathology and the only one for which treatment is currently available, nevertheless, on many cases the progression of the disease continues, despite IOP control. Thus, the IOP elevation is not the only trigger of glaucomatous damage, showing the evidence that other factors can induce RGCs death in this pathology, would be involved in the advance of glaucomatous neurodegeneration. The underlying mechanisms driving the neurodegenerative process in glaucoma include ischemia/hypoxia, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. In glaucoma, like as other neurodegenerative disorders, the immune system is involved and immunoregulation is conducted mainly by glial cells, microglia, astrocytes, and Müller cells. The increase in IOP produces the activation of glial cells in the retinal tissue. Chronic activation of glial cells in glaucoma may provoke a proinflammatory state at the retinal level inducing blood retinal barrier disruption and RGCs death. The modulation of the immune response in glaucoma as well as the activation of glial cells constitute an interesting new approach in the treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Fernández-Albarral
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Matamoros
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Salobrar-García
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Elvira-Hurtado
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés López-Cuenca
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Sánchez-Puebla
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Salazar
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Rombaut A, Brautaset R, Williams PA, Tribble JR. Glial metabolic alterations during glaucoma pathogenesis. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2023; 3:1290465. [PMID: 38983068 PMCID: PMC11182098 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2023.1290465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness. Current treatment options are limited and often only slow disease progression. Metabolic dysfunction has recently been recognized as a key early and persistent mechanism in glaucoma pathophysiology. Several intrinsic metabolic dysfunctions have been identified and treated in retinal ganglion cells to provide neuroprotection. Growing pre-clinical and clinical evidence has confirmed that metabolic alterations in glaucoma are widespread, occurring across visual system tissues, in ocular fluids, in blood/serum, and at the level of genomic and mitochondrial DNA. This suggests that metabolic dysfunction is not constrained to retinal ganglion cells and that metabolic alterations extrinsic to retinal ganglion cells may contribute to their metabolic compromise. Retinal ganglion cells are reliant on glial metabolic support under normal physiological conditions, but the implications of metabolic dysfunction in glia are underexplored. We highlight emerging evidence that has demonstrated metabolic alterations occurring within glia in glaucoma, and how this may affect neuro-glial metabolic coupling and the metabolic vulnerability of retinal ganglion cells. In other neurodegenerative diseases which share features with glaucoma, several other glial metabolic alterations have been identified, suggesting that similar mechanisms and therapeutic targets may exist in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pete A. Williams
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James R. Tribble
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Yao X, Zhao J, Yuan Y, Wang C, Yu Z, Huang Z, Chen C, Yang C, Ren J, Ma Y, Rong Y, Huang Y, Ming Y, Liu L. Prolonged Early Exposure to a High-Fat Diet Augments the Adverse Effects on Neurobehavior and Hippocampal Neuroplasticity: Involvement of Microglial Insulin Signaling. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1568-1586. [PMID: 37356575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) consumption may contribute to the high prevalence of cognitive-emotional issues in modern society. Mice fed a HFD for a prolonged period develop more severe neurobehavioral disturbances when first exposed to a HFD in the juvenile period than in adulthood, suggesting an initial age-related difference in the detrimental effects of long-term HFD feeding. However, the mechanism underlying this difference remains unclear. Here, male C57BL/6J mice initially aged 4 (IA4W) or 8 (IA8W) weeks were fed a control diet (CD) or HFD for 6 months and then subjected to metabolic, neurobehavioral, and histomorphological examinations. Although the detrimental effects of long-term HFD feeding on metabolism and neurobehavior were observed in mice of both ages, IA4W-HFD mice showed significant cognitive inflexibility accompanied by significantly greater levels of anxiety-like behavior than age-matched controls. Hippocampal neuroplasticity and microglial phenotype were altered by HFD feeding, whereas significant morphological alterations were more frequently observed in IA4W-HFD mice than in IA8W-HFD mice. Additionally, significantly increased hippocampal microglial engulfment of postsynaptic proteins and elevated phospho-insulin-receptor levels were observed in IA4W-HFD, but not in IA8W-HFD, mice. These findings suggest that aberrant microglia-related histomorphological changes in the hippocampus underlie the exacerbated detrimental neurobehavioral effects of prolonged early HFD exposure and indicate that enhanced insulin signaling might drive microglial dysfunction after prolonged early HFD exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuting Yao
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingyi Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- The Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Conghui Wang
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhehao Yu
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhihui Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenxi Yang
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiayi Ren
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Ma
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Rong
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Ming
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijie Liu
- Department of Physiology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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8
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Nguyen JN, Chauhan A. Bystanders or not? Microglia and lymphocytes in aging and stroke. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:1397-1403. [PMID: 36571333 PMCID: PMC10075112 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.360345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As the average age of the world population increases, more people will face debilitating aging-associated conditions, including dementia and stroke. Not only does the incidence of these conditions increase with age, but the recovery afterward is often worse in older patients. Researchers and health professionals must unveil and understand the factors behind age-associated diseases to develop a therapy for older patients. Aging causes profound changes in the immune system including the activation of microglia in the brain. Activated microglia promote T lymphocyte transmigration leading to an increase in neuroinflammation, white matter damage, and cognitive impairment in both older humans and rodents. The presence of T and B lymphocytes is observed in the aged brain and correlates with worse stroke outcomes. Preclinical strategies in stroke target either microglia or the lymphocytes or the communications between them to promote functional recovery in aged subjects. In this review, we examine the role of the microglia and T and B lymphocytes in aging and how they contribute to cognitive impairment. Additionally, we provide an important update on the contribution of these cells and their interactions in preclinical aged stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin N Nguyen
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anjali Chauhan
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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9
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Brécier A, Li VW, Smith CS, Halievski K, Ghasemlou N. Circadian rhythms and glial cells of the central nervous system. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:520-539. [PMID: 36352529 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells are the most abundant cells in the central nervous system and play crucial roles in neural development, homeostasis, immunity, and conductivity. Over the past few decades, glial cell activity in mammals has been linked to circadian rhythms, the 24-h chronobiological clocks that regulate many physiological processes. Indeed, glial cells rhythmically express clock genes that cell-autonomously regulate glial function. In addition, recent findings in rodents have revealed that disruption of the glial molecular clock could impact the entire organism. In this review, we discuss the impact of circadian rhythms on the function of the three major glial cell types - astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes - across different locations within the central nervous system. We also review recent evidence uncovering the impact of glial cells on the body's circadian rhythm. Together, this sheds new light on the involvement of glial clock machinery in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Brécier
- Pain Chronobiology & Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Queen's University, Botterell Hall, room 754, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Vina W Li
- Pain Chronobiology & Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Queen's University, Botterell Hall, room 754, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Chloé S Smith
- Pain Chronobiology & Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Queen's University, Botterell Hall, room 754, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Katherine Halievski
- Pain Chronobiology & Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Queen's University, Botterell Hall, room 754, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Nader Ghasemlou
- Pain Chronobiology & Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Queen's University, Botterell Hall, room 754, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, 76 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 2V7, Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
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10
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Ng PY, McNeely TL, Baker DJ. Untangling senescent and damage-associated microglia in the aging and diseased brain. FEBS J 2023; 290:1326-1339. [PMID: 34873840 PMCID: PMC9167891 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Microglial homeostasis has emerged as a critical mediator of health and disease in the central nervous system. In their neuroprotective role as the predominant immune cells of the brain, microglia surveil the microenvironment for debris and pathogens, while also promoting neurogenesis and performing maintenance on synapses. Chronological ageing, disease onset, or traumatic injury promotes irreparable damage or deregulated signaling to reinforce neurotoxic phenotypes in microglia. These insults may include cellular senescence, a stable growth arrest often accompanied by the production of a distinctive pro-inflammatory secretory phenotype, which may contribute to age- or disease-driven decline in neuronal health and cognition and is a potential novel therapeutic target. Despite this increased scrutiny, unanswered questions remain about what distinguishes senescent microglia and non-senescent microglia reacting to insults occurring in ageing, disease, and injury, and how central the development of senescence is in their pivot from guardian to assailant. To intelligently design future studies to untangle senescent microglia from other primed and reactionary states, specific criteria must be developed that define this population and allow for comparisons between different model systems. Comparing microglial activity seen in homeostasis, ageing, disease, and injury allows for a more coherent understanding of when and how senescent and other harmful microglial subpopulations should be targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Y Ng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Taylor L McNeely
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Darren J Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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11
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Murray CJ, Vecchiarelli HA, Tremblay MÈ. Enhancing axonal myelination in seniors: A review exploring the potential impact cannabis has on myelination in the aged brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1119552. [PMID: 37032821 PMCID: PMC10073480 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1119552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of cannabis is on the rise as public opinion trends toward acceptance and its consequent legalization. Specifically, the senior population is one of the demographics increasing their use of cannabis the fastest, but research aimed at understanding cannabis' impact on the aged brain is still scarce. Aging is characterized by many brain changes that slowly alter cognitive ability. One process that is greatly impacted during aging is axonal myelination. The slow degradation and loss of myelin (i.e., demyelination) in the brain with age has been shown to associate with cognitive decline and, furthermore, is a common characteristic of numerous neurological diseases experienced in aging. It is currently not known what causes this age-dependent degradation, but it is likely due to numerous confounding factors (i.e., heightened inflammation, reduced blood flow, cellular senescence) that impact the many cells responsible for maintaining overall homeostasis and myelin integrity. Importantly, animal studies using non-human primates and rodents have also revealed demyelination with age, providing a reliable model for researchers to try and understand the cellular mechanisms at play. In rodents, cannabis was recently shown to modulate the myelination process. Furthermore, studies looking at the direct modulatory impact cannabis has on microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocyte lineage cells hint at potential mechanisms to prevent some of the more damaging activities performed by these cells that contribute to demyelination in aging. However, research focusing on how cannabis impacts myelination in the aged brain is lacking. Therefore, this review will explore the evidence thus far accumulated to show how cannabis impacts myelination and will extrapolate what this knowledge may mean for the aged brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J. Murray
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Colin J. Murray,
| | | | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Départment de Médicine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Center de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Institute for Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Marie-Ève Tremblay,
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12
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Yang D, Wang X, Zhang L, Fang Y, Zheng Q, Liu X, Yu W, Chen S, Ying J, Hua F. Lipid metabolism and storage in neuroglia: role in brain development and neurodegenerative diseases. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:106. [PMID: 35831869 PMCID: PMC9277953 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00828-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of neuroglia in maintaining normal brain function under physiological and pathological conditions has been supported by growing evidence in recent years. The most important issues regarding glial metabolism and function include the cooperation between glial populations and neurons, morphological and functional changes in pathological states, and the role in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Although lipid accumulation and further lipid droplet production in neurodegenerative disease brain models have been observed for a long time, the dynamic development of brain lipid droplet research in recent years suggests its role in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases was previously underestimated. First recognized as organelles of lipid storage, lipid droplets (LDs) have emerged as an important organelle in metabolic diseases, inflammation, and host defense. Dynamic changes in lipid metabolism within neurons and glial cells resulting in lipid accumulation and lipid droplet formation are present in brain models of various neurodegenerative diseases, yet their role in the brain remains largely unexplored. This paper first reviews the metabolism and accumulation of several major lipids in the brain and discusses the regulation of lipid accumulation in different types of brain cells. We explore the potential role of intracellular lipid accumulation in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration, starting from lipid metabolism and LDs biogenesis in glial cells, and discuss several pathological factors that promote lipid droplet formation, mainly focusing on oxidative stress, energy metabolism and glial cell-neuron coupling, which are closely related to the etiology and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, the directions and challenges of intracellular lipid metabolism in glial cells in neurodegeneration are discussed.
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13
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Thomas AL, Lehn MA, Janssen EM, Hildeman DA, Chougnet CA. Naturally-aged microglia exhibit phagocytic dysfunction accompanied by gene expression changes reflective of underlying neurologic disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19471. [PMID: 36376530 PMCID: PMC9663419 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21920-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-associated microglial dysfunction contributes to the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Although several studies have shown age-related declines in the phagocytic capacity of myeloid cells, relatively few have examined phagocytosis of normally aged microglia. Furthermore, much of the existing data on aging microglial function have been generated in accelerated genetic models of Alzheimer's disease. Here we found that naturally aged microglia phagocytosed less Aβ over time. To gain a better understanding of such dysfunction, we assessed differences in gene expression between young and old microglia that either did or did not phagocytose Aβ. Young microglia had both phagocytic and neuronal maintenance signatures indicative of normal microglial responses, whereas, old microglia, regardless of phagocytic status, exhibit signs of broad dysfunction reflective of underlying neurologic disease states. We also found downregulation of many phagocytic receptors on old microglia, including TREM2, an Aβ phagocytic receptor. TREM2 protein expression was diminished in old microglia and loss of TREM2+ microglia was correlated with impaired Aβ uptake, suggesting a mechanism for phagocytic dysfunction in old microglia. Combined, our work reveals that normally aged microglia have broad changes in gene expression, including defects in Aβ phagocytosis that likely underlies the progression to neurologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa L Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Immunobiology of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Maria A Lehn
- Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Edith M Janssen
- Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - David A Hildeman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Division of Immunobiology of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Claire A Chougnet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Division of Immunobiology of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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14
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Canseco-Rodriguez A, Masola V, Aliperti V, Meseguer-Beltran M, Donizetti A, Sanchez-Perez AM. Long Non-Coding RNAs, Extracellular Vesicles and Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13171. [PMID: 36361952 PMCID: PMC9654199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) has currently no effective treatment; however, preventive measures have the potential to reduce AD risk. Thus, accurate and early prediction of risk is an important strategy to alleviate the AD burden. Neuroinflammation is a major factor prompting the onset of the disease. Inflammation exerts its toxic effect via multiple mechanisms. Amongst others, it is affecting gene expression via modulation of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as miRNAs. Recent evidence supports that inflammation can also affect long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression. While the association between miRNAs and inflammation in AD has been studied, the role of lncRNAs in neurodegenerative diseases has been less explored. In this review, we focus on lncRNAs and inflammation in the context of AD. Furthermore, since plasma-isolated extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly recognized as an effective monitoring strategy for brain pathologies, we have focused on the studies reporting dysregulated lncRNAs in EVs isolated from AD patients and controls. The revised literature shows a positive association between pro-inflammatory lncRNAs and AD. However, the reports evaluating lncRNA alterations in EVs isolated from the plasma of patients and controls, although still limited, confirm the value of specific lncRNAs associated with AD as reliable biomarkers. This is an emerging field that will open new avenues to improve risk prediction and patient stratification, and may lead to the discovery of potential novel therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania Canseco-Rodriguez
- Neurobiotecnology Group, Faculty of Health Science, Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), University of Jaume I, 12006 Castellon, Spain
| | - Valeria Masola
- Neurobiotecnology Group, Faculty of Health Science, Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), University of Jaume I, 12006 Castellon, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenza Aliperti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Meseguer-Beltran
- Neurobiotecnology Group, Faculty of Health Science, Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), University of Jaume I, 12006 Castellon, Spain
| | - Aldo Donizetti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ana María Sanchez-Perez
- Neurobiotecnology Group, Faculty of Health Science, Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), University of Jaume I, 12006 Castellon, Spain
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15
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A mouse model of hepatic encephalopathy: bile duct ligation induces brain ammonia overload, glial cell activation and neuroinflammation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17558. [PMID: 36266427 PMCID: PMC9585018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22423-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a common complication of chronic liver disease, characterized by an altered mental state and hyperammonemia. Insight into the brain pathophysiology of HE is limited due to a paucity of well-characterized HE models beyond the rat bile duct ligation (BDL) model. Here, we assess the presence of HE characteristics in the mouse BDL model. We show that BDL in C57Bl/6j mice induces motor dysfunction, progressive liver fibrosis, liver function failure and hyperammonemia, all hallmarks of HE. Swiss mice however fail to replicate the same phenotype, underscoring the importance of careful strain selection. Next, in-depth characterisation of metabolic disturbances in the cerebrospinal fluid of BDL mice shows glutamine accumulation and transient decreases in taurine and choline, indicative of brain ammonia overload. Moreover, mouse BDL induces glial cell dysfunction, namely microglial morphological changes with neuroinflammation and astrocyte reactivity with blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Finally, we identify putative novel mechanisms involved in central HE pathophysiology, like bile acid accumulation and tryptophan-kynurenine pathway alterations. Our study provides the first comprehensive evaluation of a mouse model of HE in chronic liver disease. Additionally, this study further underscores the importance of neuroinflammation in the central effects of chronic liver disease.
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16
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Ngwa C, Al Mamun A, Qi S, Sharmeen R, Xu Y, Liu F. Regulation of microglial activation in stroke in aged mice: a translational study. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:6047-6065. [PMID: 35963621 PMCID: PMC9417226 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous neurochemical changes occur with aging and stroke mainly affects the elderly. Our previous study has found interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) and 4 (IRF4) regulate neuroinflammation in young stroke mice. However, whether the IRF5-IRF4 regulatory axis has the same effect in aged brains is not known. In this study, aged (18-20-month-old), microglial IRF5 or IRF4 conditional knockout (CKO) mice were subjected to a 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Stroke outcomes were quantified at 3d after MCAO. Flow cytometry and ELISA were performed to evaluate microglial activation and immune responses. We found aged microglia express higher levels of IRF5 and lower levels of IRF4 than young microglia after stroke. IRF5 CKO aged mice had improved stroke outcomes; whereas worse outcomes were seen in IRF4 CKO vs. their flox controls. IRF5 CKO aged microglia had significantly lower levels of IL-1β and CD68 than controls; whereas significantly higher levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were seen in IRF4 CKO vs. control microglia. Plasma levels of TNF-α and MIP-1α were decreased in IRF5 CKO vs. flox aged mice, and IL-1β/IL-6 levels were increased in IRF4 CKO vs. controls. The anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4/IL-10) levels were higher in IRF5 CKO, and lower in IRF4 CKO aged mice vs. their flox controls. IRF5 and IRF4 signaling drives microglial pro- and anti-inflammatory response respectively; microglial IRF5 is detrimental and IRF4 beneficial for aged mice in stroke. IRF5-IRF4 axis is a promising target for developing new, effective therapeutic strategies for the cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conelius Ngwa
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shaohua Qi
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Romana Sharmeen
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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17
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Profiling Microglia through Single-Cell RNA Sequencing over the Course of Development, Aging, and Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152383. [PMID: 35954228 PMCID: PMC9368511 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are macrophages present in the brain that function as the primary and most important source of immune response in the central nervous system (CNS). Regardless of their multitasking role, our knowledge regarding their molecular heterogeneity is limited; due to technical restrictions, it is only possible to measure gene expression in cell populations, not individual cells, with the results reflecting average mRNA levels. Therefore, recent scientific approaches have focused on single-cell techniques such as single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq), a powerful technique that enables the delineation of transcriptomic cell-to-cell differences, revealing subpopulations with distinct molecular and functional characteristics. Here, we summarize recent studies that focused on transcriptomic microglial subpopulation clustering and classify them into three distinct groups based on age, spatial distribution, and disease. Additionally, we cross-compare populations from different studies to identify expressional and functional overlaps between them.
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18
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Kolos EA, Korzhevskii DE. Age-Related Changes in Microglia of the Rat Spinal Cord. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022040172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Milner MT, Lawrence GMEP, Holley CL, Bodea LG, Götz J, Burgener SS, Schroder K. Isolation and culture of pure adult mouse microglia and astrocytes for in vitro characterization and analyses. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101295. [PMID: 35463473 PMCID: PMC9019703 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia and astrocytes are implicated in aging and age-related diseases. Here, we present a protocol to isolate and culture these glia cells from the murine brain. The protocol consists of two parts: magnetic sorting of adult microglia and mechanical/magnetic sorting of adult microglia and astrocytes. We then describe the characterization of these glial cells by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Microglia isolated from aged mice maintain age-related phenotype during culture. These purified glia cells can be applied in ex vivo studies. Simple protocol to isolate and culture adult and aged murine microglia and astrocytes Microglia maintain their age-related phenotype after culture period Aged microglia and astrocytes co-purified from the same mouse can be studied ex vivo
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T. Milner
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Grace MEP. Lawrence
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Caroline L. Holley
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Liviu-Gabriel Bodea
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing and Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jürgen Götz
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing and Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sabrina S. Burgener
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Corresponding author
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Corresponding author
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20
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Yi-Bin W, Xiang L, Bing Y, Qi Z, Fei-Tong J, Minghong W, Xiangxiang Z, Le K, Yan L, Ping S, Yufei G, Ye X, Chun-Yan W. Inhibition of the CEBPβ-NFκB interaction by nanocarrier-packaged Carnosic acid ameliorates glia-mediated neuroinflammation and improves cognitive function in an Alzheimer's disease model. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:318. [PMID: 35393391 PMCID: PMC8989877 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04765-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation occurs early in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The initial stage of AD is related to glial dysfunction, which contributes to impairment of Aβ clearance and disruption of synaptic connection. CEBPβ, a member of the CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (CEBP) family, modulates the expression of inflammation-associated genes, and its expression is elevated in brains undergoing degeneration and injured brains. However, the mechanism underlying CEBPβ-mediated chronic inflammation in AD is unclear. In this study, we observed that increases in the levels of nuclear CEBPβ facilitated the interaction of CEBPβ with the NFκB p65 subunit, increasing the transcription of proinflammatory cytokines in the APP/PS1 mouse brain. Oral administration of nanocarrier-packaged carnosic acid (CA) reduced the aberrant activation of microglia and astrocytes and diminished mature IL-1β, TNFα and IL-6 production in the APP/PS1 mouse brain. CA administration reduced β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition and ameliorated cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice. We observed that CA blocked the interaction of CEBPβ with NFκB p65, and chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that CA reduced the transcription of the NFκB target genes TNFα and IL-6. We confirmed that CA alleviated inflammatory mediator-induced neuronal degeneration and reduced Aβ secretion by inhibiting the CEBPβ-NFκB signalling pathway in vitro. Sulfobutyl ether-beta-cyclodextrin (SBEβCD) was used as the encapsulation agent for the CA-loaded nanocarrier to overcome the poor water solubility and enhance the brain bioavailability of CA. The CA nanoparticles (NPs) had no obvious toxicity. We demonstrated a feasible SBEβCD-based nanodelivery system targeting the brain. Our data provide experimental evidence that CA-loaded NPs are potential therapeutic agents for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yi-Bin
- Institute of Health Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Li Xiang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yang Bing
- Institute of Health Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Zhang Qi
- Institute of Health Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Jiao Fei-Tong
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Wang Minghong
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Zhang Xiangxiang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Kang Le
- Institute of Health Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Li Yan
- Institute of Health Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Sui Ping
- Institute of Health Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Gao Yufei
- Institute of Health Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Xu Ye
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, China.
| | - Wang Chun-Yan
- Institute of Health Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China. .,Translational Medicine Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, China.
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21
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Life and death of microglia: mechanisms governing microglial states and fates. Immunol Lett 2022; 245:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Ahmad MA, Kareem O, Khushtar M, Akbar M, Haque MR, Iqubal A, Haider MF, Pottoo FH, Abdulla FS, Al-Haidar MB, Alhajri N. Neuroinflammation: A Potential Risk for Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020616. [PMID: 35054805 PMCID: PMC8775769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a neurodegenerative condition that is considered a major factor contributing to cognitive decline that reduces independent function. Pathophysiological pathways are not well defined for neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia; however, published evidence has shown the role of numerous inflammatory processes in the brain contributing toward their pathology. Microglia of the central nervous system (CNS) are the principal components of the brain’s immune defence system and can detect harmful or external pathogens. When stimulated, the cells trigger neuroinflammatory responses by releasing proinflammatory chemokines, cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and nitrogen species in order to preserve the cell’s microenvironment. These proinflammatory markers include cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNFα chemokines such as CCR3 and CCL2 and CCR5. Microglial cells may produce a prolonged inflammatory response that, in some circumstances, is indicated in the promotion of neurodegenerative diseases. The present review is focused on the involvement of microglial cell activation throughout neurodegenerative conditions and the link between neuroinflammatory processes and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Afroz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow 226021, India; (M.A.A.); (M.K.); (M.F.H.)
| | - Ozaifa Kareem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, India;
| | - Mohammad Khushtar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow 226021, India; (M.A.A.); (M.K.); (M.F.H.)
| | - Md Akbar
- Pharmaceutical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (M.A.); (A.I.)
| | - Md Rafiul Haque
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Al-Karim University, Katihar 854106, India;
| | - Ashif Iqubal
- Pharmaceutical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (M.A.); (A.I.)
| | - Md Faheem Haider
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow 226021, India; (M.A.A.); (M.K.); (M.F.H.)
| | - Faheem Hyder Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fatima S. Abdulla
- College of Medicine and Health Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; (F.S.A.); (M.B.A.-H.)
| | - Mahia B. Al-Haidar
- College of Medicine and Health Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; (F.S.A.); (M.B.A.-H.)
| | - Noora Alhajri
- Department of Medicine, Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City (SSMC), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence:
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23
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Gireud-Goss M, Mack AF, McCullough LD, Urayama A. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction. Neuroscientist 2021; 27:668-684. [PMID: 33238806 PMCID: PMC9853919 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420954811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral hemorrhage, a devastating subtype of stroke, is often caused by hypertension and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Pathological evidence of CAA is detected in approximately half of all individuals over the age of 70 and is associated with cortical microinfarcts and cognitive impairment. The underlying pathophysiology of CAA is characterized by accumulation of pathogenic amyloid β (Aβ) fragments of amyloid precursor protein in the cerebral vasculature. Vascular deposition of Aβ damages the vessel wall, results in blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakiness, vessel occlusion or rupture, and leads to hemorrhages and decreased cerebral blood flow that negatively affects vessel integrity and cognitive function. Currently, the main hypothesis surrounding the mechanism of CAA pathogenesis is that there is an impaired clearance of Aβ peptides, which includes compromised perivascular drainage as well as dysfunction of BBB transport. Also, the immune response in CAA pathogenesis plays an important role. Therefore, the mechanism by which Aβ vascular deposition occurs is crucial for our understanding of CAA pathogenesis and for the development of potential therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Gireud-Goss
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexis F. Mack
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Louise D. McCullough
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Akihiko Urayama
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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24
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Shtaya A, Bridges LR, Williams R, Trippier S, Zhang L, Pereira AC, Nicoll JAR, Boche D, Hainsworth AH. Innate Immune Anti-Inflammatory Response in Human Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2021; 52:3613-3623. [PMID: 34281379 PMCID: PMC7611898 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.034673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) is a common form of hemorrhagic stroke, with high mortality and morbidity. Pathophysiological mechanisms in sICH are poorly understood and treatments limited. Neuroinflammation driven by microglial-macrophage activation contributes to brain damage post-sICH. We aim to test the hypothesis that an anti-inflammatory (repair) process occurs in parallel with neuroinflammation in clinical sICH. Methods We performed quantitative analysis of immunohistochemical markers for microglia and macrophages (Iba1, CD68, TMEM119, CD163, and CD206) in brain tissue biospecimens 1 to 12 days post-sICH and matched control cases. In a parallel, prospective group of patients, we assayed circulating inflammatory markers (CRP [C-reactive protein], total white cell, and monocyte count) over 1 to 12 days following sICH. Results In 27 supratentorial sICH cases (n=27, median [interquartile range] age: 59 [52–80.5], 14F/13M) all microglia-macrophage markers increased post-sICH, relative to control brains. Anti-inflammatory markers (CD163 and CD206) were elevated alongside proinflammatory markers (CD68 and TMEM119). CD163 increased progressively post-sICH (15.0-fold increase at 7–12 days, P<0.001). CD206 increased at 3 to 5 days (5.2-fold, P<0.001) then returned to control levels at 7 to 12 days. The parenchymal immune response combined brain-derived microglia (TMEM119 positive) and invading monocyte-derived macrophages (CD206 positive). In a prospective sICH patient cohort (n=26, age 74 [66–79], National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale on admission: 8 [4–17]; 14F/12M) blood CRP concentration and monocyte density (but not white blood cell) increased post-sICH. CRP increased from 0 to 2 to 3 to 5 days (8.3-fold, P=0.020) then declined at 7 to 12 days. Monocytes increased from 0 to 2 to 3 to 5 days (1.8-fold, P<0.001) then declined at 7 to 12 days. Conclusions An anti-inflammatory pathway, enlisting native microglia and blood monocytes, occurs alongside neuroinflammation post-sICH. This novel pathway offers therapeutic targets and a window of opportunity (3–5 days post-sICH) for delivery of therapeutics via invading monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anan Shtaya
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK
- Wessex Spinal Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Leslie R Bridges
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK
- Department of Cellular Pathology, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Williams
- Neurology Department, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sarah Trippier
- Neurology Department, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Neurology Department, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anthony C Pereira
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK
- Neurology Department, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - James AR Nicoll
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Delphine Boche
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Atticus H Hainsworth
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK
- Neurology Department, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Więckowska-Gacek A, Mietelska-Porowska A, Wydrych M, Wojda U. Western diet as a trigger of Alzheimer's disease: From metabolic syndrome and systemic inflammation to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101397. [PMID: 34214643 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An excess of saturated fatty acids and simple sugars in the diet is a known environmental risk factor of Alzheimer's disease (AD) but the holistic view of the interacting processes through which such diet may contribute to AD pathogenesis is missing. We addressed this need through extensive analysis of published studies investigating the effects of western diet (WD) on AD development in humans and laboratory animals. We reviewed WD-induced systemic alterations comprising metabolic changes, induction of obesity and adipose tissue inflammation, gut microbiota dysbiosis and acceleration of systemic low-grade inflammation. Next we provide an overview of the evidence demonstrating that WD-associated systemic alterations drive impairment of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and development of neuroinflammation paralleled by accumulation of toxic amyloid. Later these changes are followed by dysfunction of synaptic transmission, neurodegeneration and finally memory and cognitive impairment. We conclude that WD can trigger AD by acceleration of inflammaging, and that BBB impairment induced by metabolic and systemic inflammation play the central role in this process. Moreover, the concurrence of neuroinflammation and Aβ dyshomeostasis, which by reciprocal interactions drive the vicious cycle of neurodegeneration, contradicts Aβ as the primary trigger of AD. Given that in 2019 the World Health Organization recommended focusing on modifiable risk factors in AD prevention, this overview of the sequential, complex pathomechanisms initiated by WD, which can lead from peripheral disturbances to neurodegeneration, can support future prevention strategies.
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Sanchez-Molina P, Almolda B, Benseny-Cases N, González B, Perálvarez-Marín A, Castellano B. Specific microglial phagocytic phenotype and decrease of lipid oxidation in white matter areas during aging: Implications of different microenvironments. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 105:280-295. [PMID: 34139605 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Physiological aging is characterized by an imbalance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators leading to neuroinflammation. Microglial cells, which are highly regulated by the local microenvironment, undergo specific changes depending upon the brain area during aging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of age over microglial cells along different brain areas and microenvironments. For this purpose, transgenic mice with overproduction of either the anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokine or the pro-inflammatory IL-6 cytokine were used. Our results show that, during aging, microglial cells located in white matter (WM) areas maintain their phagocytic capacity but present a specific phagocytic phenotype with receptors involved in myelin recognition, arguing for aging-derived myelin damage. Whereas IL-10 overproduction anticipates the age-related microglial phagocytic phenotype, maintaining it over time, IL-6 overproduction exacerbates this phenotype in aging. These modifications were linked with a higher efficiency of myelin engulfment by microglia in aged transgenic animals. Moreover, we show, in a novel way, lower lipid oxidation during aging in WM areas, regardless of the genotype. The novelty of the insights presented in this study open a window to deeply investigate myelin lipid oxidation and the role of microglial cells in its regulation during physiological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sanchez-Molina
- Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Almolda
- Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Núria Benseny-Cases
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Berta González
- Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Perálvarez-Marín
- Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Bernardo Castellano
- Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Hanslik KL, Marino KM, Ulland TK. Modulation of Glial Function in Health, Aging, and Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:718324. [PMID: 34531726 PMCID: PMC8439422 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.718324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), glial cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, are normally associated with support roles including contributions to energy metabolism, synaptic plasticity, and ion homeostasis. In addition to providing support for neurons, microglia and astrocytes function as the resident immune cells in the brain. The glial function is impacted by multiple aspects including aging and local CNS changes caused by neurodegeneration. During aging, microglia and astrocytes display alterations in their homeostatic functions. For example, aged microglia and astrocytes exhibit impairments in the lysosome and mitochondrial function as well as in their regulation of synaptic plasticity. Recent evidence suggests that glia can also alter the pathology associated with many neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Shifts in the microbiome can impact glial function as well. Disruptions in the microbiome can lead to aberrant microglial and astrocytic reactivity, which can contribute to an exacerbation of disease and neuronal dysfunction. In this review, we will discuss the normal physiological functions of microglia and astrocytes, summarize novel findings highlighting the role of glia in aging and neurodegenerative diseases, and examine the contribution of microglia and astrocytes to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra L. Hanslik
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kaitlyn M. Marino
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Tyler K. Ulland
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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28
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Stojić-Vukanić Z, Pilipović I, Arsenović-Ranin N, Dimitrijević M, Leposavić G. Sex-specific remodeling of T-cell compartment with aging: Implications for rat susceptibility to central nervous system autoimmune diseases. Immunol Lett 2021; 239:42-59. [PMID: 34418487 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) and susceptibility of animals to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most commonly used experimental model of MS, decrease with aging. Generally, autoimmune diseases develop as the ultimate outcome of an imbalance between damaging immune responses against self and regulatory immune responses (keeping the former under control). Thus, in this review the age-related changes possibly underlying this balance were discussed. Specifically, considering the central role of T cells in MS/EAE, the impact of aging on overall functional capacity (reflecting both overall count and individual functional cell properties) of self-reactive conventional T cells (Tcons) and FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), as the most potent immunoregulatory/suppressive cells, was analyzed, as well. The analysis encompasses three distinct compartments: thymus (the primary lymphoid organ responsible for the elimination of self-reactive T cells - negative selection and the generation of Tregs, compensating for imperfections of the negative selection), peripheral blood/lymphoid tissues ("afferent" compartment), and brain/spinal cord tissues ("target" compartment). Given that the incidence of MS and susceptibility of animals to EAE are greater in women/females than in age-matched men/males, sex as independent variable was also considered. In conclusion, with aging, sex-specific alterations in the balance of self-reactive Tcons/Tregs are likely to occur not only in the thymus/"afferent" compartment, but also in the "target" compartment, reflecting multifaceted changes in both T-cell types. Their in depth understanding is important not only for envisaging effects of aging, but also for designing interventions to slow-down aging without any adverse effect on incidence of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Stojić-Vukanić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Pilipović
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Arsenović-Ranin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Dimitrijević
- Department of Immunology, University of Belgrade - Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Leposavić
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia.
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29
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Milinkeviciute G, Chokr SM, Castro EM, Cramer KS. CX3CR1 mutation alters synaptic and astrocytic protein expression, topographic gradients, and response latencies in the auditory brainstem. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:3076-3097. [PMID: 33797066 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The precise and specialized circuitry in the auditory brainstem develops through adaptations of cellular and molecular signaling. We previously showed that elimination of microglia during development impairs synaptic pruning that leads to maturation of the calyx of Held, a large encapsulating synapse that terminates on neurons of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB). Microglia depletion also led to a decrease in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker for mature astrocytes. Here, we investigated the role of signaling through the fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1), which is expressed by microglia and mediates communication with neurons. CX3CR1-/- and wild-type mice were studied before and after hearing onset and at 9 weeks of age. Levels of GFAP were significantly increased in the MNTB in mutants at 9 weeks. Pruning was unaffected at the calyx of Held, but we found an increase in expression of glycinergic synaptic marker in mutant mice at P14, suggesting an effect on maturation of inhibitory inputs. We observed disrupted tonotopic gradients of neuron and calyx size in MNTB in mutant mice. Auditory brainstem recording (ABR) revealed that CX3CR1-/- mice had normal thresholds and amplitudes but decreased latencies and interpeak latencies, particularly for the highest frequencies. These results demonstrate that disruption of fractalkine signaling has a significant effect on auditory brainstem development. Our findings highlight the importance of neuron-microglia-astrocyte communication in pruning of inhibitory synapses and establishment of tonotopic gradients early in postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giedre Milinkeviciute
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Sima M Chokr
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Emily M Castro
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Karina S Cramer
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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30
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Stoessel MB, Majewska AK. Little cells of the little brain: microglia in cerebellar development and function. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:564-578. [PMID: 33933255 PMCID: PMC8222145 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are long-lived resident macrophages of the brain with diverse roles that span development, adulthood, and aging. Once thought to be a relatively homogeneous population, there is a growing recognition that microglia are highly specialized to suit their specific brain region. Cerebellar microglia represent an example of such specialization, exhibiting a dynamical, transcriptional, and immunological profile that differs from that of other microglial populations. Here we review the evidence that cerebellar microglia shape the cerebellar environment and are in turn shaped by it. We examine the roles microglia play in cerebellar function, development, and aging. The emerging findings on cerebellar microglia may also provide insights into disease processes involving cerebellar dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Stoessel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Ania K Majewska
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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31
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Chen Z, Wu H, Zhang M. Long non-coding RNA: An underlying bridge linking neuroinflammation and central nervous system diseases. Neurochem Int 2021; 148:105101. [PMID: 34139298 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are responsible for a large proportion of morbidity and mortality worldwide. CNS diseases caused by intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli stimulate the resident immune cells including microglia and astrocyte, resulting in neuroinflammation that exacerbates the progression of diseases. Recent evidence reveals the aberrant expression patterns of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the damaged tissues following CNS diseases. It was also proposed that lncRNAs possessed immune-modulatory activities by directly or indirectly affecting various effector proteins including transcriptional factor, acetylase, protein kinase, phosphatase, etc. In addition, lncRNAs can form a sophisticated network by interacting with other molecules to regulate the expression or activation of downstream immune response pathways. However, the major roles of lncRNAs in CNS pathophysiologies are still elusive, especially in neuroinflammation. Herein, we tend to review some potential roles of lncRNAs in modulating neuroinflammation based on current evidence in various CNS diseases, in order to provide novel explanations for the initiation and progression of CNS diseases and help to establish therapeutic strategies targeting neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Haiyue Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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32
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Costa J, Martins S, Ferreira PA, Cardoso AMS, Guedes JR, Peça J, Cardoso AL. The old guard: Age-related changes in microglia and their consequences. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 197:111512. [PMID: 34022277 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Among all major organs, the brain is one of the most susceptible to the inexorable effects of aging. Throughout the last decades, several studies in human cohorts and animal models have revealed a plethora of age-related changes in the brain, including reduced neurogenesis, oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction and cell senescence. As the main immune effectors and first responders of the nervous tissue, microglia are at the center of these events. These cells experience irrevocable changes as a result from cumulative exposure to environmental triggers, such as stress, infection and metabolic dysregulation. The age-related immunosenescent phenotype acquired by microglia is characterized by profound modifications in their transcriptomic profile, secretome, morphology and phagocytic activity, which compromise both their housekeeping and defensive functions. As a result, aged microglia are no longer capable of establishing effective immune responses and sustaining normal synaptic activity, directly contributing to age-associated cognitive decline and neurodegeneration. This review discusses how lifestyle and environmental factors drive microglia dysfunction at the molecular and functional level, also highlighting possible interventions to reverse aging-associated damage to the nervous and immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Costa
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Solange Martins
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro A Ferreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; PhD Program in Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana M S Cardoso
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana R Guedes
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Peça
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana L Cardoso
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Edler MK, Mhatre-Winters I, Richardson JR. Microglia in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: A Comparative Species Review. Cells 2021; 10:1138. [PMID: 34066847 PMCID: PMC8150617 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary immune cells of the central nervous system that help nourish and support neurons, clear debris, and respond to foreign stimuli. Greatly impacted by their environment, microglia go through rapid changes in cell shape, gene expression, and functional behavior during states of infection, trauma, and neurodegeneration. Aging also has a profound effect on microglia, leading to chronic inflammation and an increase in the brain's susceptibility to neurodegenerative processes that occur in Alzheimer's disease. Despite the scientific community's growing knowledge in the field of neuroinflammation, the overall success rate of drug treatment for age-related and neurodegenerative diseases remains incredibly low. Potential reasons for the lack of translation from animal models to the clinic include the use of a single species model, an assumption of similarity in humans, and ignoring contradictory data or information from other species. To aid in the selection of validated and predictive animal models and to bridge the translational gap, this review evaluates similarities and differences among species in microglial activation and density, morphology and phenotype, cytokine expression, phagocytosis, and production of oxidative species in aging and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K. Edler
- Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA;
| | - Isha Mhatre-Winters
- School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA;
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Jason R. Richardson
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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Region-specific vulnerability in neurodegeneration: lessons from normal ageing. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101311. [PMID: 33639280 PMCID: PMC8024744 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Why neurodegenerative disease pathology is regionally restricted remains elusive. Regions selectively prone to neurodegeneration are also vulnerable to normal ageing. Nervous system tissue, cellular and molecular ageing may determine regional vulnerability. Differential ageing can conceptually extend from an individual to subcellular scale. An understanding of region-specific vulnerability might guide therapeutic advances.
A number of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), possess a shared characteristic of region-specific neurodegeneration. However, the mechanisms which determine why particular regions within the nervous system are selectively vulnerable to neurodegeneration, whilst others remain relatively unaffected throughout disease progression, remain elusive. Here, we review how regional susceptibility to the ubiquitous physiological phenomenon of normal ageing might underlie the vulnerability of these same regions to neurodegeneration, highlighting three regions archetypally associated with AD, PD and ALS (the hippocampus, substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral spinal cord, respectively), as especially prone to age-related alterations. Placing particular emphasis on these three regions, we comprehensively explore differential regional susceptibility to nervous system tissue, cellular and molecular level ageing to provide an integrated perspective on why age-related neurodegenerative diseases exhibit region-selective vulnerability. Combining these principles with increasingly recognised differences between chronological and biological ageing (termed differential or ‘delta’ ageing) might ultimately guide therapeutic approaches for these devastating neurodegenerative diseases, for which a paucity of disease modifying and/or life promoting treatments currently exist.
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Cayre M, Falque M, Mercier O, Magalon K, Durbec P. Myelin Repair: From Animal Models to Humans. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:604865. [PMID: 33935649 PMCID: PMC8079744 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.604865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely thought that brain repair does not occur, but myelin regeneration provides clear evidence to the contrary. Spontaneous remyelination may occur after injury or in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the efficiency of remyelination varies considerably between MS patients and between the lesions of each patient. Myelin repair is essential for optimal functional recovery, so a profound understanding of the cells and mechanisms involved in this process is required for the development of new therapeutic strategies. In this review, we describe how animal models and modern cell tracing and imaging methods have helped to identify the cell types involved in myelin regeneration. In addition to the oligodendrocyte progenitor cells identified in the 1990s as the principal source of remyelinating cells in the central nervous system (CNS), other cell populations, including subventricular zone-derived neural progenitors, Schwann cells, and even spared mature oligodendrocytes, have more recently emerged as potential contributors to CNS remyelination. We will also highlight the conditions known to limit endogenous repair, such as aging, chronic inflammation, and the production of extracellular matrix proteins, and the role of astrocytes and microglia in these processes. Finally, we will present the discrepancies between observations in humans and in rodents, discussing the relationship of findings in experimental models to myelin repair in humans. These considerations are particularly important from a therapeutic standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Cayre
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM-UMR 7288), Marseille, France
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Wickstead ES, Irving MA, Getting SJ, McArthur S. Exploiting formyl peptide receptor 2 to promote microglial resolution: a new approach to Alzheimer's disease treatment. FEBS J 2021; 289:1801-1822. [PMID: 33811735 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and dementia are among the most significant current healthcare challenges given the rapidly growing elderly population, and the almost total lack of effective therapeutic interventions. Alzheimer's disease pathology has long been considered in terms of accumulation of amyloid beta and hyperphosphorylated tau, but the importance of neuroinflammation in driving disease has taken greater precedence over the last 15-20 years. Inflammatory activation of the primary brain immune cells, the microglia, has been implicated in Alzheimer's pathogenesis through genetic, preclinical, imaging and postmortem human studies, and strategies to regulate microglial activity may hold great promise for disease modification. Neuroinflammation is necessary for defence of the brain against pathogen invasion or damage but is normally self-limiting due to the engagement of endogenous pro-resolving circuitry that terminates inflammatory activity, a process that appears to fail in Alzheimer's disease. Here, we discuss the potential for a major regulator and promoter of resolution, the receptor FPR2, to restrain pro-inflammatory microglial activity, and propose that it may serve as a valuable target for therapeutic investigation in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Murray A Irving
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, UK
| | - Stephen J Getting
- College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Simon McArthur
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, UK
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Lu RJ, Wang EK, Benayoun BA. Functional genomics of inflamm-aging and immunosenescence. Brief Funct Genomics 2021; 21:43-55. [PMID: 33690792 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aging population is at a higher risk for age-related diseases and infections. This observation could be due to immunosenescence: the decline in immune efficacy of both the innate and the adaptive immune systems. Age-related immune decline also links to the concept of 'inflamm-aging,' whereby aging is accompanied by sterile chronic inflammation. Along with a decline in immune function, aging is accompanied by a widespread of 'omics' remodeling. Transcriptional landscape changes linked to key pathways of immune function have been identified across studies, such as macrophages having decreased expression of genes associated to phagocytosis, a major function of macrophages. Therefore, a key mechanism underlying innate immune cell dysfunction during aging may stem from dysregulation of youthful genomic networks. In this review, we discuss both molecular and cellular phenotypes of innate immune cells that contribute to age-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Lu
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology at the University of Southern California
| | - Emily K Wang
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology at the University of Southern California
| | - Bérénice A Benayoun
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology at the University of Southern California
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Spiteri AG, Wishart CL, King NJC. Immovable Object Meets Unstoppable Force? Dialogue Between Resident and Peripheral Myeloid Cells in the Inflamed Brain. Front Immunol 2020; 11:600822. [PMID: 33363542 PMCID: PMC7752943 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.600822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation of the brain parenchyma is characteristic of neurodegenerative, autoimmune, and neuroinflammatory diseases. During this process, microglia, which populate the embryonic brain and become a permanent sentinel myeloid population, are inexorably joined by peripherally derived monocytes, recruited by the central nervous system. These cells can quickly adopt a morphology and immunophenotype similar to microglia. Both microglia and monocytes have been implicated in inducing, enhancing, and/or maintaining immune-mediated pathology and thus disease progression in a number of neuropathologies. For many years, experimental and analytical systems have failed to differentiate resident microglia from peripherally derived myeloid cells accurately. This has impeded our understanding of their precise functions in, and contributions to, these diseases, and hampered the development of novel treatments that could target specific cell subsets. Over the past decade, microglia have been investigated more intensively in the context of neuroimmunological research, fostering the development of more precise experimental systems. In light of our rapidly growing understanding of these cells, we discuss the differential origins of microglia and peripherally derived myeloid cells in the inflamed brain, with an analysis of the problems resolving these cell types phenotypically and morphologically, and highlight recent developments enabling more precise identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna G. Spiteri
- Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Claire L. Wishart
- Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas J. C. King
- Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry Facility, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity (MBI), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Honarpisheh P, Blixt FW, Blasco Conesa MP, Won W, d’Aigle J, Munshi Y, Hudobenko J, Furr JW, Mobley A, Lee J, Brannick KE, Zhu L, Hazen AL, Bryan RM, McCullough LD, Ganesh BP. Peripherally-sourced myeloid antigen presenting cells increase with advanced aging. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 90:235-247. [PMID: 32861719 PMCID: PMC8169202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with dysfunction of the gut microbiota-immune-brain axis, a major regulatory axis in both brain health and in central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Antigen presenting cells (APCs) play a major role in sensing changes in the gut microbiota and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. APCs have also been implicated in various chronic inflammatory conditions, including age-related neurodegenerative diseases. The increase in chronic low-level inflammation seen with aging has also been linked to behavioral decline. Despite their acknowledged importance along the gut microbiota-immune-brain axis, there is limited evidence on how APCs change with aging. In this study, we examined age-related changes in myeloid APCs in the gut, spleen, and brain as well as changes in the gut microbiota and behavioral phenotype in mice ranging in age from 2 months up to 32 months of both sexes. Our data show that the number of peripherally-sourced myeloid APCs significantly increases with advanced aging in the brain. In addition, our data showed that age-related changes in APCs are subset-specific in the gut and sexually dimorphic in the spleen. Our work highlights the importance of studying myeloid APCs in an age-, tissue-, and sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Honarpisheh
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Frank W. Blixt
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX
| | | | - William Won
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - John d’Aigle
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX
| | - Yashasvee Munshi
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Jacob Hudobenko
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States.
| | - J. Weldon Furr
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX
| | - Alexis Mobley
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Juneyoung Lee
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Katherine E. Brannick
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Center for Laboratory Animal Medicine and Care, Houston, TX
| | - Liang Zhu
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Internal Medicine, The CCTS Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Research Design (BERD), Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Amy L. Hazen
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, Houston, TX
| | - Robert M. Bryan
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Houston, TX
| | - Louise D. McCullough
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX
| | - Bhanu P. Ganesh
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Department of Neurology, Houston, TX
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Gordleeva S, Kanakov O, Ivanchenko M, Zaikin A, Franceschi C. Brain aging and garbage cleaning : Modelling the role of sleep, glymphatic system, and microglia senescence in the propagation of inflammaging. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:647-665. [PMID: 33034735 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00816-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Brain aging is a complex process involving many functions of our body and described by the interplay of a sleep pattern and changes in the metabolic waste concentration regulated by the microglial function and the glymphatic system. We review the existing modelling approaches to this topic and derive a novel mathematical model to describe the crosstalk between these components within the conceptual framework of inflammaging. Analysis of the model gives insight into the dynamics of garbage concentration and linked microglial senescence process resulting from a normal or disrupted sleep pattern, hence, explaining an underlying mechanism behind healthy or unhealthy brain aging. The model incorporates accumulation and elimination of garbage, induction of glial activation by garbage, and glial senescence by over-activation, as well as the production of pro-inflammatory molecules by their senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Assuming that insufficient sleep leads to the increase of garbage concentration and promotes senescence, the model predicts that if the accumulation of senescent glia overcomes an inflammaging threshold, further progression of senescence becomes unstoppable even if a normal sleep pattern is restored. Inverting this process by "rejuvenating the brain" is only possible via a reset of concentration of senescent glia below this threshold. Our model approach enables analysis of space-time dynamics of senescence, and in this way, we show that heterogeneous patterns of inflammation will accelerate the propagation of senescence profile through a network, confirming a negative effect of heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Gordleeva
- Laboratory of Systems Medicine of Healthy Aging, Lobachevsky Univeristy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Technology Laboratory, Center for Technologies in Robotics and Mechatronics Components, Innopolis University, Innopolis, Russia.
| | - Oleg Kanakov
- Laboratory of Systems Medicine of Healthy Aging, Lobachevsky Univeristy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Mikhail Ivanchenko
- Laboratory of Systems Medicine of Healthy Aging, Lobachevsky Univeristy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexey Zaikin
- Laboratory of Systems Medicine of Healthy Aging, Lobachevsky Univeristy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Institute for Women's Health and Department of Mathematics, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Analysis of Complex Systems, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Laboratory of Systems Medicine of Healthy Aging, Lobachevsky Univeristy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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A Unifying Hypothesis for Alzheimer's Disease: From Plaques to Neurodegeneration. Trends Neurosci 2020; 42:310-322. [PMID: 31006494 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that amyloid β is highly toxic to synapses in a phospho-Tau-dependent manner. Here, I present a hypothesis that links previous evidence from the first rise of amyloid β through to Tau tangles and neurodegeneration. In the immediate vicinity of plaques, concentrated soluble amyloid β occurs in equilibrium with deposited forms. Initially, plaques cover only a small percentage of brain volume. Microglia, by efficiently removing damaged synapses, may prevent spread of damage along the axon, restricting damage to the immediate vicinity of plaques. However, as plaque load increases, as seen in Alzheimer's disease, an individual axon may suffer multiple points of damage, leading to dissociation of Tau, formation of a tangle, and loss of the axon. As more axons suffer this fate, the network eventually degenerates. According to this hypothesis, the degree of plaque load that an individual can tolerate would depend on the efficiency of their microglia in removing amyloid-β-damaged synapses and the distribution of plaques, relative to axon trajectories, would determine the eventual cognitive symptoms.
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Mazzarino RC, Baresova V, Zikánová M, Duval N, Wilkinson TG, Patterson D, Vacano GN. The CRISPR-Cas9 crATIC HeLa transcriptome: Characterization of a novel cellular model of ATIC deficiency and ZMP accumulation. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2020; 25:100642. [PMID: 32939338 PMCID: PMC7479443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In de novo purine biosynthesis (DNPS), 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.3)/inosine monophosphate cyclohydrolase (EC 3.5.4.10) (ATIC) catalyzes the last two reactions of the pathway: conversion of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide [aka Z-nucleotide monophosphate (ZMP)] to 5-formamido-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribonucleotide (FAICAR) then to inosine monophosphate (IMP). Mutations in ATIC cause an untreatable and devastating inborn error of metabolism in humans. ZMP is an adenosine monophosphate (AMP) mimetic and a known activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Recently, a HeLa cell line null mutant for ATIC was constructed via CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis. This mutant, crATIC, accumulates ZMP during purine starvation. Given that the mutant can accumulate ZMP in the absence of treatment with exogenous compounds, crATIC is likely an important cellular model of DNPS inactivation and ZMP accumulation. In the current study, we characterize the crATIC transcriptome versus the HeLa transcriptome in purine-supplemented and purine-depleted growth conditions. We report and discuss transcriptome changes with particular relevance to Alzheimer's disease and in genes relevant to lipid and fatty acid synthesis, neurodevelopment, embryogenesis, cell cycle maintenance and progression, extracellular matrix, immune function, TGFβ and other cellular processes.
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Key Words
- 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside, (AICAr)
- 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase/inosine monophosphate cyclohydrolase, (ATIC)
- 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide, (ZMP)
- 5-formamido-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribonucleotide, (FAICAR)
- AICA-ribosiduria
- AMP-activated protein kinase, (AMPK)
- Alzheimer's disease
- Development
- Purine synthesis
- RNA-seq
- Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 and 2, (TSC1 and TSC2)
- adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, (APRT)
- adenosine monophosphate, (AMP)
- adenosine triphosphate, (ATP)
- adenylosuccinate lyase, (ADSL)
- arachidonic acid, (AA)
- cyclooxygenase, (COX)
- cytochrome, P450 (CYP)
- cytosolic phospholipase A2, (cPLA2)
- de novo purine synthesis, (DNPS)
- differentially expressed gene, (DEG)
- false discovery rate, (FDR)
- fatty acid amide hydrolase, (FAAH)
- fetal calf macroserum, (FCM)
- fetal calf serum, (FCS)
- fragments per kilobase of exon per million reads mapped, (FPKM)
- gene ontology, (GO)
- guanosine monophosphate, (GMP)
- inosine monophosphate, (IMP)
- interferon, (INF)
- lipoxygenase, (LOX)
- mammalian Target of Rapamycin, (mTOR)
- minus adenine crATIC to minus adenine WT comparison, (MM)
- phospholipase, (PLA)
- phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate, (PRPP)
- phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase/phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase, (PAICS)
- plus adenine crATIC to plus adenine WT comparison, (PP)
- xanthine monophosphate, (XMP)
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall C Mazzarino
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, 2155 E. Wesley Avenue, Denver, CO 80210, USA.,Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
| | - Veronika Baresova
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Zikánová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nathan Duval
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, 2155 E. Wesley Avenue, Denver, CO 80210, USA.,Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
| | - Terry G Wilkinson
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, 2155 E. Wesley Avenue, Denver, CO 80210, USA.,Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
| | - David Patterson
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, 2155 E. Wesley Avenue, Denver, CO 80210, USA.,Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
| | - Guido N Vacano
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, 2155 E. Wesley Avenue, Denver, CO 80210, USA.,Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
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Vanhunsel S, Beckers A, Moons L. Designing neuroreparative strategies using aged regenerating animal models. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 62:101086. [PMID: 32492480 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In our ever-aging world population, the risk of age-related neuropathies has been increasing, representing both a social and economic burden to society. Since the ability to regenerate in the adult mammalian central nervous system is very limited, brain trauma and neurodegeneration are often permanent. As a consequence, novel scientific challenges have emerged and many research efforts currently focus on triggering repair in the damaged or diseased brain. Nevertheless, stimulating neuroregeneration remains ambitious. Even though important discoveries have been made over the past decades, they did not translate into a therapy yet. Actually, this is not surprising; while these disorders mainly manifest in aged individuals, most of the research is being performed in young animal models. Aging of neurons and their environment, however, greatly affects the central nervous system and its capacity to repair. This review provides a detailed overview of the impact of aging on central nervous system functioning and regeneration potential, both in non-regenerating and spontaneously regenerating animal models. Additionally, we highlight the need for aging animal models with regenerative capacities in the search for neuroreparative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Vanhunsel
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Beckers
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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IRF5 Signaling in Phagocytes Is Detrimental to Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 12:602-614. [PMID: 32761315 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-020-00832-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses to neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) exacerbate brain injury. Phagocytes, including microglia, play a central role in the immune response, but how the activation of phagocytes is regulated remains elusive. Previously, we have reported that interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) signaling is closely correlated with a pro-inflammatory microglial phenotype in adult mice after stroke. The present study investigated IRF5's regulatory role in post-HIE inflammation. Male IRF5 conditional knockout (CKO) and IRF5fl/fl postnatal day 10 (P10) pups were subjected to the Rice-Vannucci model (RVM) to induce HIE. Outcomes including morphological and neurobehavioral changes were evaluated at day 7 after HIE. Microglia/macrophage phenotypes and inflammatory responses were evaluated by flow cytometry (FC), RT-PCR, and multiplex cytokine assays. Lenti-IRF5 virus was administered in microglia-neuron co-cultures to evaluate the effects of microglial IRF5 upregulation in ischemic neurons exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Deletion of phagocytic IRF5 resulted in significantly decreased IRF5 expression, attenuated pro-inflammatory and enhanced anti-inflammatory responses to HIE, and improved outcomes compared with IRF5fl/fl control pups. In vitro lentivirus transfection experiments revealed that overexpression of IRF5 in microglia amplified pro-inflammatory signals and exacerbated OGD-induced neuronal apoptosis and neurite fragmentation. IRF5 signaling mediates microglial pro-inflammatory activation and also affects anti-inflammatory responses. Phagocytic IRF5 signaling is detrimental in HIE and is a potential therapeutic target for post-ischemic inflammation.
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Common Protective Strategies in Neurodegenerative Disease: Focusing on Risk Factors to Target the Cellular Redox System. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8363245. [PMID: 32832006 PMCID: PMC7422410 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8363245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease is an umbrella term for different conditions which primarily affect the neurons in the human brain. In the last century, significant research has been focused on mechanisms and risk factors relevant to the multifaceted etiopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, neurodegenerative diseases are incurable, and the treatments available only control the symptoms or delay the progression of the disease. This review is aimed at characterizing the complex network of molecular mechanisms underpinning acute and chronic neurodegeneration, focusing on the disturbance in redox homeostasis, as a common mechanism behind five pivotal risk factors: aging, oxidative stress, inflammation, glycation, and vascular injury. Considering the complex multifactorial nature of neurodegenerative diseases, a preventive strategy able to simultaneously target multiple risk factors and disease mechanisms at an early stage is most likely to be effective to slow/halt the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Aging and Progression of Beta-Amyloid Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Correlates with Microglial Heme-Oxygenase-1 Overexpression. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9070644. [PMID: 32708329 PMCID: PMC7402118 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are being recognized as characteristic hallmarks in many neurodegenerative diseases, especially those that portray proteinopathy, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1) is an inducible enzyme with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, while microglia are the immune cells in the central nervous system. To elucidate the brain expression profile of microglial HO-1 in aging and AD-progression, we have used the 5xFAD (five familial AD mutations) mouse model of AD and their littermates at different ages (four, eight, 12, and 18 months). Total brain expression of HO-1 was increased with aging and such increase was even higher in 5xFAD animals. In co-localization studies, HO-1 expression was mainly found in microglia vs. other brain cells. The percentage of microglial cells expressing HO-1 and the amount of HO-1 expressed within microglia increased progressively with aging. Furthermore, this upregulation was increased by 2–3-fold in the elder 5xFAD mice. In addition, microglia overexpressing HO-1 was predominately found surrounding beta-amyloid plaques. These results were corroborated using postmortem brain samples from AD patients, where microglial HO-1 was found up-regulated in comparison to brain samples from aged matched non-demented patients. This study demonstrates that microglial HO-1 expression increases with aging and especially with AD progression, highlighting HO-1 as a potential biomarker or therapeutic target for AD.
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47
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Mayhew JA, Callister RJ, Walker FR, Smith DW, Graham BA. Aging alters signaling properties in the mouse spinal dorsal horn. Mol Pain 2020; 15:1744806919839860. [PMID: 30845881 PMCID: PMC6537084 DOI: 10.1177/1744806919839860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A well-recognized relationship exists between aging and increased susceptibility
to chronic pain conditions, underpinning the view that pain signaling pathways
differ in aged individuals. Yet despite the higher prevalence of altered pain
states among the elderly, the majority of preclinical work studying mechanisms
of aberrant sensory processing are conducted in juvenile or young adult animals.
This mismatch is especially true for electrophysiological studies where patch
clamp recordings from aged tissue are generally viewed as particularly
challenging. In this study, we have undertaken an electrophysiological
characterization of spinal dorsal horn neurons in young adult (3–4 months) and
aged (28–32 months) mice. We show that patch clamp data can be routinely
acquired in spinal cord slices prepared from aged animals and that the
excitability properties of aged dorsal horn neurons differ from recordings in
tissue prepared from young animals. Specifically, aged dorsal horn neurons more
readily exhibit repetitive action potential discharge, indicative of a more
excitable phenotype. This observation was accompanied by a decrease in the
amplitude and charge of spontaneous excitatory synaptic input to dorsal horn
neurons and an increase in the contribution of GABAergic signaling to
spontaneous inhibitory synaptic input in aged recordings. While the functional
significance of these altered circuit properties remains to be determined,
future work should seek to assess whether such features may render the aged
dorsal horn more susceptible to aberrant injury or disease-induced signaling and
contribute to increased pain in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Mayhew
- 1 Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,2 Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - R J Callister
- 1 Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,2 Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - F R Walker
- 1 Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,2 Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - D W Smith
- 1 Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,2 Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - B A Graham
- 1 Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,2 Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
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Yuan C, Aierken A, Xie Z, Li N, Zhao J, Qing H. The age-related microglial transformation in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 92:82-91. [PMID: 32408056 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory responses mediated by microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, have long been a subject of study in the field of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Microglia express a wide range of receptors that act as molecular sensors, through which they can fulfill their various functions. In this review, we first analyzed the changes in the expression levels of microglial membrane receptors SR-A, TREM2, CD36, CD33, and CR3 in aging and AD and described the different roles of these receptors in amyloid-beta clearance and inflammatory responses. Two classical hallmarks of AD are extracellular amyloid-beta deposits and intracellular aggregated phosphorylated tau. In AD, microglia reaction was initially thought to be triggered by amyloid deposits. New evidence showed it also associated with increased phosphorylation of tau. However, which first appeared and induced activated microglia is not clear. Then we summarized diverse opinions on it. Besides, as AD is tightly linked to aging, and microglia changes dramatically on aging, yet the relative impacts of both aging and microglia are less frequently considered, so at last, we discussed the roles of aging microglia in AD. We hope to provide a reference for subsequent research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxu Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Ailikemu Aierken
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Nuomin Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Processing Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
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Sutherland TC, Geoffroy CG. The Influence of Neuron-Extrinsic Factors and Aging on Injury Progression and Axonal Repair in the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:190. [PMID: 32269994 PMCID: PMC7109259 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the aging western population, the average age of incidence for spinal cord injury (SCI) has increased, as has the length of survival of SCI patients. This places great importance on understanding SCI in middle-aged and aging patients. Axon regeneration after injury is an area of study that has received substantial attention and made important experimental progress, however, our understanding of how aging affects this process, and any therapeutic effort to modulate repair, is incomplete. The growth and regeneration of axons is mediated by both neuron intrinsic and extrinsic factors. In this review we explore some of the key extrinsic influences on axon regeneration in the literature, focusing on inflammation and astrogliosis, other cellular responses, components of the extracellular matrix, and myelin proteins. We will describe how each element supports the contention that axonal growth after injury in the central nervous system shows an age-dependent decline, and how this may affect outcomes after a SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa C Sutherland
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Cédric G Geoffroy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
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50
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Lahiani-Cohen I, Touloumi O, Lagoudaki R, Grigoriadis N, Rosenmann H. Exposure to 3-Nitropropionic Acid Mitochondrial Toxin Induces Tau Pathology in Tangle-Mouse Model and in Wild Type-Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 7:321. [PMID: 32010684 PMCID: PMC6971403 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, particularly of mitochondrial origin, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other tauopathies. Controversies regarding the responses of tau phosphorylation state to various stimuli causing oxidative stress have been reported. Here we investigated the effect of 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP), a mitochondrial toxin which induces oxidative stress, on the tangle-pathology in our previously generated double mutant (E257T/P301S, DM) -Tau-tg mice and in WT-mice. We detected an increase in tangle pathology in the hippocampus and cortex of the DM-Tau-tg mice following exposure of the mice to the toxin, as well as generation of tangles in WT-mice. This increase was accompanied with alterations in the level of the glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), the kinase which phosphorylates the tau protein, and in the phosphorylation state of this kinase. A response of microglial cells was noticed. These results point to the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of the tangle-pathology and may suggest that interfering with mitochondrial dysfunction may have an anti-tangle therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Lahiani-Cohen
- The Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Olga Touloumi
- B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Roza Lagoudaki
- B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Hanna Rosenmann
- The Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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