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Mahmood A, Samad A, Bano S, Umair M, Ajmal A, Ilyas I, Shah AA, Li P, Hu J. Structural and dynamics insights into the GBA variants associated with Parkinson's disease. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:6256-6268. [PMID: 37434319 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2233617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The GBA1 gene encodes for the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase), which maintains glycosphingolipid homeostasis and regulates the autophagy process. Genomic variants of GBA1 are associated with Goucher disease; however, several heterozygous variants of GBA (E326K, T369M, N370S, L444P) are frequent high-risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD). The underlying mechanism of these variants has been revealed through functional and patient-centered research, but the structural and dynamical aspects of these variants have not yet been thoroughly investigated. In the current study, we used a thorough computational method to pinpoint the structural changes that GBA underwent because of genomic variants and drug binding mechanisms. According to our findings, PD-linked nsSNP variants of GBA showed structural variation and abnormal dynamics when compared to wild-typ. The docking analysis demonstrated that the mutants E326K, N370S, and L444P have higher binding affinities for Ambroxol. Root means square deviation (RMSD), Root mean square fluctuation analysis (RMSF), and MM-GBSA analysis confirmed that the Ambroxol are more stable in the binding site of N370S and L444P, and that their binding affinities are stronger as compared to the wild-type and T369M variants of GBA. The evaluation of hydrogen bonds and the calculation of the free binding energy provided additional evidence in favor of this conclusion. When docked with Ambroxol, GBA demonstrated an increase in binding affinity and catalytic activity. Understanding the therapeutic efficacy and potential against the aforementioned changes in the GBA will be beneficial in order to use more efficient methods for developing novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Mahmood
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Abdus Samad
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Bano
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umair
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amar Ajmal
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Ilyas
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of The Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abid Ali Shah
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ping Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Junjian Hu
- Department of Central Laboratory, SSL Central Hospital of Dongguan City, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China
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Abyadeh M, Gupta V, Paulo JA, Mahmoudabad AG, Shadfar S, Mirshahvaladi S, Gupta V, Nguyen CTO, Finkelstein DI, You Y, Haynes PA, Salekdeh GH, Graham SL, Mirzaei M. Amyloid-beta and tau protein beyond Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1262-1276. [PMID: 37905874 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.386406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The aggregation of amyloid-beta peptide and tau protein dysregulation are implicated to play key roles in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and are considered the main pathological hallmarks of this devastating disease. Physiologically, these two proteins are produced and expressed within the normal human body. However, under pathological conditions, abnormal expression, post-translational modifications, conformational changes, and truncation can make these proteins prone to aggregation, triggering specific disease-related cascades. Recent studies have indicated associations between aberrant behavior of amyloid-beta and tau proteins and various neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as retinal neurodegenerative diseases like Glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. Additionally, these proteins have been linked to cardiovascular disease, cancer, traumatic brain injury, and diabetes, which are all leading causes of morbidity and mortality. In this comprehensive review, we provide an overview of the connections between amyloid-beta and tau proteins and a spectrum of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Sina Shadfar
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shahab Mirshahvaladi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Veer Gupta
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine T O Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David I Finkelstein
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Yuyi You
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul A Haynes
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Ghasem H Salekdeh
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Brolin KA, Bäckström D, Wallenius J, Gan-Or Z, Puschmann A, Hansson O, Swanberg M. Is GBA1 T369M not a risk factor for Parkinson's disease in the Swedish population? MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.03.15.24304347. [PMID: 38559109 PMCID: PMC10980128 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.15.24304347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Variants in GBA1 are important genetic risk factors in Parkinson's disease (PD). GBA1 T369M has been linked to an ~80% increased PD risk but the reports are conflicting and the relevance of GBA1 variants in different populations varies. A lack of association between T369M and PD in the Swedish population was recently reported but needs further validation. We therefore investigated T369M in 1,808 PD patients and 2,183 controls and our results support that T369M is not a risk factor for PD in the Swedish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajsa Atterling Brolin
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Centre for Preventive Neurology, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ, London, UK
| | - David Bäckström
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Joel Wallenius
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Clinical Research Unit, The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andreas Puschmann
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- SciLifeLab National Research Infrastructure, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Oskar Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Maria Swanberg
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Rački V, Bergant G, Papić E, Kovanda A, Hero M, Rožmarić G, Starčević Čizmarević N, Ristić S, Ostojić S, Kapović M, Maver A, Peterlin B, Vuletić V. GiOPARK Project: The Genetic Study of Parkinson's Disease in the Croatian Population. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:255. [PMID: 38397244 PMCID: PMC10888376 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder that affects motor function, autonomic functions, and cognitive abilities. It is likely that both genetic and environmental factors, along with age, contribute to the cause. However, there is no comprehensive guideline for genetic testing for Parkinson's disease, and more research is needed to understand genetic variations in different populations. There has been no research on the genetic background of Parkinson's disease in Croatia so far. Therefore, with the GiOPARK project, we aimed to investigate the genetic variants responsible for Parkinson's disease in 153 Croatian patients with early onset, familial onset, and sporadic late-onset using whole-exome sequencing, along with multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and Sanger sequencing in select patients. We found causative variants in 7.84% of the patients, with GBA being the most common gene (4.58%), followed by PRKN (1.96%), ITM2B (0.65%), and MAPT (0.65%). Moreover, variants of uncertain significance were identified in 26.14% of the patients. The causative variants were found in all three subgroups, indicating that genetic factors play a role in all the analyzed Parkinson's disease subtypes. This study emphasizes the need for more inclusive research and improved guidelines to better understand the genetic basis of Parkinson's disease and facilitate more effective clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentino Rački
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (V.R.); (E.P.); (M.H.); (G.R.)
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Gaber Bergant
- Clinical Institute of Genomic Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (G.B.); (A.K.); (A.M.); (B.P.)
| | - Eliša Papić
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (V.R.); (E.P.); (M.H.); (G.R.)
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Anja Kovanda
- Clinical Institute of Genomic Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (G.B.); (A.K.); (A.M.); (B.P.)
| | - Mario Hero
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (V.R.); (E.P.); (M.H.); (G.R.)
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Gloria Rožmarić
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (V.R.); (E.P.); (M.H.); (G.R.)
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Nada Starčević Čizmarević
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (N.S.Č.); (S.R.); (S.O.); (M.K.)
| | - Smiljana Ristić
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (N.S.Č.); (S.R.); (S.O.); (M.K.)
| | - Saša Ostojić
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (N.S.Č.); (S.R.); (S.O.); (M.K.)
| | - Miljenko Kapović
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (N.S.Č.); (S.R.); (S.O.); (M.K.)
| | - Aleš Maver
- Clinical Institute of Genomic Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (G.B.); (A.K.); (A.M.); (B.P.)
| | - Borut Peterlin
- Clinical Institute of Genomic Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (G.B.); (A.K.); (A.M.); (B.P.)
| | - Vladimira Vuletić
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (V.R.); (E.P.); (M.H.); (G.R.)
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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Park KW, Ryu HS, Shin E, Park Y, Jeon SR, Kim SY, Kim JS, Koh SB, Chung SJ. Ethnicity- and sex-specific genome wide association study on Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:141. [PMID: 37805635 PMCID: PMC10560250 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00580-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Most previous genome-wide association studies (GWASs) on Parkinson's disease (PD) focus on the European population. There are several sex-specific clinical differences in PD, but little is known about its genetic background. We aimed to perform an ethnicity-specific and sex-specific GWAS on PD in the Korean population. A total of 1050 PD patients and 5000 controls were included. For primary analysis, we performed a GWAS using a logistic additive model adjusted for age and sex. The same statistical models were applied to sex-specific analyses. Genotyping was performed using a customized microarray chip optimized for the Korean population. Nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) including four in the SNCA locus and three from the PARK16 locus were associated with PD in Koreans. The rs34778348 in the LRRK2 locus showed a strong association, though failed to pass cluster quality control. There were no notable genome-wide significant markers near the MAPT or GBA1 loci. In the female-only analysis, rs34778348 in LRRK2 and the four other SNPs in the SNCA showed a strong association with PD. In the male-only analysis, no SNP surpassed the genome-wide significance threshold under Bonferroni correction; however, the most significant signal was rs708726 in the PARK16 locus. This ethnicity- and sex-specific GWAS on PD implicate the pan-ethnic effect of SNCA, the universal but East-Asian inclined effect of PARK16, the East Asian-specific role of LRRK2 G2385R variants, and the possible disproportionate effect of SNCA and PARK16 between sexes for PD susceptibility. These findings suggest the different genetic contributions to sporadic PD in terms of ethnicity and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kye Won Park
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ho-Sung Ryu
- Department of Neurology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | | | | | - Sang Ryong Jeon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Yoon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Seung Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Beom Koh
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Ju Chung
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Rahman MA, Liu J. A genome-wide association study coupled with machine learning approaches to identify influential demographic and genomic factors underlying Parkinson's disease. Front Genet 2023; 14:1230579. [PMID: 37842648 PMCID: PMC10570619 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1230579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite the recent success of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in identifying 90 independent risk loci for Parkinson's disease (PD), the genomic underpinning of PD is still largely unknown. At the same time, accurate and reliable predictive models utilizing genomic or demographic features are desired in the clinic for predicting the risk of Parkinson's disease. Methods: To identify influential demographic and genomic factors associated with PD and to further develop predictive models, we utilized demographic data, incorporating 200 variables across 33,473 participants, along with genomic data involving 447,089 SNPs across 8,840 samples, both derived from the Fox Insight online study. We first applied correlation and GWAS analyses to find the top demographic and genomic factors associated with PD, respectively. We further developed and compared a variety of machine learning (ML) models for predicting PD. From the developed ML models, we performed feature importance analysis to reveal the predictability of each demographic or the genomic input feature for PD. Finally, we performed gene set enrichment analysis on our GWAS results to identify PD-associated pathways. Results: In our study, we identified both novel and well-known demographic and genetic factors (along with the enriched pathways) related to PD. In addition, we developed predictive models that performed robustly, with AUC = 0.89 for demographic data and AUC = 0.74 for genomic data. Our GWAS analysis identified several novel and significant variants and gene loci, including three intron variants in LMNA (p-values smaller than 4.0e-21) and one missense variant in SEMA4A (p-value = 1.11e-26). Our feature importance analysis from the PD-predictive ML models highlighted some significant and novel variants from our GWAS analysis (e.g., the intron variant rs1749409 in the RIT1 gene) and helped identify potentially causative variants that were missed by GWAS, such as rs11264300, a missense variant in the gene DCST1, and rs11584630, an intron variant in the gene KCNN3. Conclusion: In summary, by combining a GWAS with advanced machine learning models, we identified both known and novel demographic and genomic factors as well as built well-performing ML models for predicting Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Asad Rahman
- Department of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, United States
| | - Jinling Liu
- Department of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, United States
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Okunoye O, Ojo OO, Abiodun O, Abubakar S, Achoru C, Adeniji O, Agabi O, Agulanna U, Akinyemi R, Ali M, Ani-Osheku I, Arigbodi O, Bello A, Erameh C, Farombi T, Fawale M, Imarhiagbe F, Iwuozo E, Komolafe M, Nwani P, Nwazor E, Nyandaiti Y, Obiabo Y, Odeniyi O, Odiase F, Ojini F, Onwuegbuzie G, Osaigbovo G, Osemwegie N, Oshinaike O, Otubogun F, Oyakhire S, Ozomma S, Samuel S, Taiwo F, Wahab K, Zubair Y, Hernandez D, Bandres-Ciga S, Blauwendraat C, Singleton A, Houlden H, Hardy J, Rizig M, Okubadejo N. MAPT allele and haplotype frequencies in Nigerian Africans: Population distribution and association with Parkinson's disease risk and age at onset. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2023; 113:105517. [PMID: 37467655 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The association between MAPT and PD risk may be subject to ethnic variability even within populations of similar geographical origin. Data on MAPT haplotype frequencies, and its association with PD risk in black Africans are lacking. We aimed to determine the frequencies of MAPT haplotypes and their role as risk factors for PD and age at onset in Nigerians. METHODS The haplotype and genotype frequencies of MAPT rs1052553 were analysed in 907 individuals with PD and 1022 age-matched healthy controls from the Nigeria Parkinson's Disease Research network cohort. Clinical data related to PD included age at study, age at onset (AAO), and disease duration. RESULTS The frequency of the H1 haplotype was 98.7% in PD, and 99.1% in controls (p = 0.19). The H2 haplotype was present in - 1.3% of PD and 0.9% of controls (p = 0.24). The most frequent MAPT genotype was H1H1 (PD - 97.5%, controls - 98.2%). The H1 haplotype was not associated with PD risk after accounting for gender and AAO (Odds ratio for H1/H1 vs H1/H2 and H2/H2: 0.68 (95% CI:0.39-1.28); p = 0.23). CONCLUSIONS Our findings support previous studies that report a low frequency of the MAPT H2 haplotype in black ancestry Africans but document its occurrence in Nigerians. The MAPT H1 haplotype was not associated with an increased risk or age at onset of PD in this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaitan Okunoye
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Oluwadamilola O Ojo
- College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi Araba, Lagos State, Nigeria; Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-araba, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | | | - Sani Abubakar
- Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Charles Achoru
- Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | | | - Osigwe Agabi
- College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi Araba, Lagos State, Nigeria; Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-araba, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Uchechi Agulanna
- Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-araba, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Rufus Akinyemi
- Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Ali
- Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe, Gombe State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Abiodun Bello
- University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Cyril Erameh
- Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Michael Fawale
- Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Paul Nwani
- Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Ernest Nwazor
- Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Yakub Nyandaiti
- University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Yahaya Obiabo
- Federal University of Health Sciences, Otukpo, Benue State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Francis Ojini
- College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi Araba, Lagos State, Nigeria; Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-araba, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Simon Ozomma
- University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
| | - Sarah Samuel
- University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Funmilola Taiwo
- Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Kolawole Wahab
- University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Yusuf Zubair
- National Hospital, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Mie Rizig
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Njideka Okubadejo
- College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi Araba, Lagos State, Nigeria; Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-araba, Lagos State, Nigeria.
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Banarase TA, Sammeta SS, Wankhede NL, Mangrulkar SV, Rahangdale SR, Aglawe MM, Taksande BG, Upaganlawar AB, Umekar MJ, Kale MB. Mitophagy regulation in aging and neurodegenerative disease. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:239-255. [PMID: 37124925 PMCID: PMC10133433 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the primary cellular energy generators, supplying the majority of adenosine triphosphate through oxidative phosphorylation, which is necessary for neuron function and survival. Mitophagy is the metabolic process of eliminating dysfunctional or redundant mitochondria. It is a type of autophagy and it is crucial for maintaining mitochondrial and neuronal health. Impaired mitophagy leads to an accumulation of damaged mitochondria and proteins leading to the dysregulation of mitochondrial quality control processes. Recent research shows the vital role of mitophagy in neurons and the pathogenesis of major neurodegenerative diseases. Mitophagy also plays a major role in the process of aging. This review describes the alterations that are being caused in the mitophagy process at the molecular level in aging and in neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also looks at how mitophagy can be exploited as a therapeutic target for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trupti A. Banarase
- Division of Neuroscience, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra India 441002
| | - Shivkumar S. Sammeta
- Division of Neuroscience, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra India 441002
| | - Nitu L. Wankhede
- Division of Neuroscience, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra India 441002
| | - Shubhada V. Mangrulkar
- Division of Neuroscience, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra India 441002
| | - Sandip R. Rahangdale
- Division of Neuroscience, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra India 441002
| | - Manish M. Aglawe
- Division of Neuroscience, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra India 441002
| | - Brijesh G. Taksande
- Division of Neuroscience, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra India 441002
| | - Aman B. Upaganlawar
- SNJB’s Shriman Sureshdada Jain College of Pharmacy, Neminagar, Chandwad, Nashik, Maharashtra India 423101
| | - Milind J. Umekar
- Division of Neuroscience, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra India 441002
| | - Mayur B. Kale
- Division of Neuroscience, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra India 441002
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Okunoye O, Ojo O, Abiodun O, Abubakar S, Achoru C, Adeniji O, Agabi O, Agulanna U, Akinyemi R, Ali M, Ani-Osheku I, Arigbodi O, Bello A, Erameh C, Farombi T, Fawale M, Imarhiagbe F, Iwuozo E, Komolafe M, Nwani P, Nwazor E, Nyandaiti Y, Obiabo Y, Odeniyi O, Odiase F, Ojini F, Onwuegbuzie G, Osaigbovo G, Osemwegie N, Oshinaike O, Otubogun F, Oyakhire S, Ozomma S, Samuel S, Taiwo F, Wahab K, Zubair Y, Hernandez D, Bandres-Ciga S, Blauwendraat C, Singleton A, Houlden H, Hardy J, Rizig M, Okubadejo N. MAPT allele and haplotype frequencies in Nigerian Africans: population distribution and association with Parkinson's disease risk and age at onset. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.03.24.23287684. [PMID: 36993627 PMCID: PMC10055592 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.24.23287684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microtubule-associated protein tau ( MAPT ) gene is critical because of its putative role in the causal pathway of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). However, there is a lack of clarity regarding the link between the main H1 haplotype and risk of PD. Inconsistencies in reported association may be driven by genetic variability in the populations studied to date. Data on MAPT haplotype frequencies in the general population and association studies exploring the role of MAPT haplotypes in conferring PD risk in black Africans are lacking. OBJECTIVES To determine the frequencies of MAPT haplotypes and explore the role of the H1 haplotype as a risk factor for PD risk and age at onset in Nigerian Africans. METHODS The haplotype and genotype frequencies of MAPT rs1052553 were analysed using PCR-based KASP™ in 907 individuals with PD and 1,022 age-matched neurologically normal controls from the Nigeria Parkinson's Disease Research (NPDR) network cohort. Clinical data related to PD included age at study, age at onset, and disease duration. RESULTS The frequency of the main MAPT H1 haplotype in this cohort was 98.7% in individuals with PD, and 99.1% in healthy controls (p=0.19). The H2 haplotype was present in 41/1929 (2.1%) of the cohort (PD - 1.3%; Controls - 0.9%; p=0.24). The most frequent MAPT genotype was H1H1 (PD - 97.5%, controls - 98.2%). The H1 haplotype was not associated with PD risk after accounting for gender and age at onset (Odds ratio for H1/H1 vs H1/H2 and H2/H2: 0.68 (95% CI:0.39-1.28); p=0.23). CONCLUSIONS Our findings support previous studies that report a low frequency of the MAPT H2 haplotype in black ancestry Africans, but document its occurrence in the Nigerian population (2.1%). In this cohort of black Africans with PD, the MAPT H1 haplotype was not associated with an increased risk or age at onset of PD.
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10
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Parlar SC, Grenn FP, Kim JJ, Baluwendraat C, Gan-Or Z. Classification of GBA1 Variants in Parkinson's Disease: The GBA1-PD Browser. Mov Disord 2023; 38:489-495. [PMID: 36598340 PMCID: PMC10033371 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GBA1 variants are among the most common genetic risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD). GBA1 variants can be classified into three categories based on their role in Gaucher's disease (GD) or PD: severe, mild, and risk variant (for PD). OBJECTIVE This review aims to generate and share a comprehensive database for GBA1 variants reported in PD to support future research and clinical trials. METHODS We performed a literature search for all GBA1 variants that have been reported in PD. The data have been standardized and complemented with variant classification, odds ratio if available, and other data. RESULTS We found 371 GBA1 variants reported in PD: 22 mild, 84 severe, 3 risk variants, and 262 of unknown status. We created a browser containing up-to-date information on these variants (https://pdgenetics.shinyapps.io/GBA1Browser/). CONCLUSIONS The classification and browser presented in this work should inform and support basic, translational, and clinical research on GBA1-PD. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitki Cem Parlar
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Francis P. Grenn
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonggeol Jeffrey Kim
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Centre for Prevention Diagnosis and Detection, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Cornelis Baluwendraat
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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11
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Ren J, Zhou G, Wang Y, Zhang R, Guo Z, Zhou H, Zheng H, Sun Y, Ma C, Lu M, Liu W. Association of GBA genotype with motor and cognitive decline in Chinese Parkinson's disease patients. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1091919. [PMID: 36845659 PMCID: PMC9950580 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1091919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Variants in the glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene are the most common and significant risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the impact of GBA variants on PD disease progression in the Chinese population remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the significance of GBA status on motor and cognitive impairment in a longitudinal cohort of Chinese patients with PD. Methods The entire GBA gene was screened by long-range polymerase chain reaction (LR-PCR) and next generation sequencing (NGS). A total of 43 GBA-related PD (GBA-PD) and 246 non-GBA-mutated PD (NM-PD) patients with complete clinical data at baseline and at least one follow-up were recruited for this study. The associations of GBA genotype with rate of motor and cognitive decline, as measured by Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), were assessed by linear mixed-effect models. Results The estimated (standard error, SE) UPDRS motor [2.25 (0.38) points/year] and MoCA [-0.53 (0.11) points/year] progression rates in the GBA-PD group were significantly faster than those in the NM-PD group [1.35 (0.19); -0.29 (0.04) points/year; respectively]. In addition, the GBA-PD group showed significantly faster estimated (SE) bradykinesia [1.04 (0.18) points/year], axial impairment [0.38 (0.07) points/year], and visuospatial/executive [-0.15 (0.03) points/year] progression rates than the NM-PD group [0.62 (0.10); 0.17 (0.04); -0.07 (0.01) points/year; respectively]. Conclusion GBA-PD is associated with faster motor and cognitive decline, specifically greater disability in terms of bradykinesia, axial impairment, and visuospatial/executive function. Better understanding of GBA-PD progression may help predict prognosis and improve clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Ren
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gaiyan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ronggui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiying Guo
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huifen Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Sun
- International Laboratory for Children’s Medical Imaging Research, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changyan Ma
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Weiguo Liu,
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Sadaei HJ, Cordova-Palomera A, Lee J, Padmanabhan J, Chen SF, Wineinger NE, Dias R, Prilutsky D, Szalma S, Torkamani A. Genetically-informed prediction of short-term Parkinson's disease progression. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:143. [PMID: 36302787 PMCID: PMC9613892 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00412-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) treatments modify disease symptoms but have not been shown to slow progression, characterized by gradual and varied motor and non-motor changes overtime. Variation in PD progression hampers clinical research, resulting in long and expensive clinical trials prone to failure. Development of models for short-term PD progression prediction could be useful for shortening the time required to detect disease-modifying drug effects in clinical studies. PD progressors were defined by an increase in MDS-UPDRS scores at 12-, 24-, and 36-months post-baseline. Using only baseline features, PD progression was separately predicted across all timepoints and MDS-UPDRS subparts in independent, optimized, XGBoost models. These predictions plus baseline features were combined into a meta-predictor for 12-month MDS UPDRS Total progression. Data from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) were used for training with independent testing on the Parkinson's Disease Biomarkers Program (PDBP) cohort. 12-month PD total progression was predicted with an F-measure 0.77, ROC AUC of 0.77, and PR AUC of 0.76 when tested on a hold-out PPMI set. When tested on PDBP we achieve a F-measure 0.75, ROC AUC of 0.74, and PR AUC of 0.73. Exclusion of genetic predictors led to the greatest loss in predictive accuracy; ROC AUC of 0.66, PR AUC of 0.66-0.68 for both PPMI and PDBP testing. Short-term PD progression can be predicted with a combination of survey-based, neuroimaging, physician examination, and genetic predictors. Dissection of the interplay between genetic risk, motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms, and longer-term expected rates of progression enable generalizable predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein J Sadaei
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | - Jonghun Lee
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jaya Padmanabhan
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Shang-Fu Chen
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nathan E Wineinger
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Raquel Dias
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Daria Prilutsky
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sandor Szalma
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Ali Torkamani
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Straniero L, Rimoldi V, Monfrini E, Bonvegna S, Melistaccio G, Lake J, Soldà G, Aureli M, Shankaracharya, Keagle P, Foroud T, Landers JE, Blauwendraat C, Zecchinelli A, Cilia R, Di Fonzo A, Pezzoli G, Duga S, Asselta R. Role of Lysosomal Gene Variants in Modulating GBA-Associated Parkinson's Disease Risk. Mov Disord 2022; 37:1202-1210. [PMID: 35262230 PMCID: PMC9310717 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, variants in the GBA gene represent the most frequent large-effect genetic factor associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the reason why individuals with the same GBA variant may or may not develop neurodegeneration and PD is still unclear. OBJECTIVES Therefore, we evaluated the contribution of rare variants in genes responsible for lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) to GBA-PD risk, comparing the burden of deleterious variants in LSD genes in PD patients versus asymptomatic subjects, all carriers of deleterious variants in GBA. METHODS We used a custom next-generation sequencing panel, including 50 LSD genes, to screen 305 patients and 207 controls (discovery cohort). Replication and meta-analysis were performed in two replication cohorts of GBA-variant carriers, of 250 patients and 287 controls, for whom exome or genome data were available. RESULTS Statistical analysis in the discovery cohort revealed a significantly increased burden of deleterious variants in LSD genes in patients (P = 0.0029). Moreover, our analyses evidenced that the two strongest modifiers of GBA penetrance are a second variation in GBA (5.6% vs. 1.4%, P = 0.023) and variants in genes causing mucopolysaccharidoses (6.9% vs. 1%, P = 0.0020). These results were confirmed in the meta-analysis, where we observed pooled odds ratios of 1.42 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.10-1.83, P = 0.0063), 4.36 (95% CI = 2.02-9.45, P = 0.00019), and 1.83 (95% CI = 1.04-3.22, P = 0.038) for variants in LSD genes, GBA, and mucopolysaccharidosis genes, respectively. CONCLUSION The identification of genetic lesions in lysosomal genes increasing PD risk may have important implications in terms of patient stratification for future therapeutic trials. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Straniero
- Department of Biomedical SciencesHumanitas UniversityMilanItaly
- Humanitas Clinical and Research CenterIRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Valeria Rimoldi
- Department of Biomedical SciencesHumanitas UniversityMilanItaly
- Humanitas Clinical and Research CenterIRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Edoardo Monfrini
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoNeurology UnitMilanItaly
- Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and TransplantationUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | | | | | - Julie Lake
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Giulia Soldà
- Department of Biomedical SciencesHumanitas UniversityMilanItaly
- Humanitas Clinical and Research CenterIRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Massimo Aureli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational MedicineUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Shankaracharya
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Pamela Keagle
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - John E. Landers
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Laboratory of NeurogeneticsNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | | | - Roberto Cilia
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo BestaParkinson and Movement Disorders UnitMilanItaly
| | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoNeurology UnitMilanItaly
- Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and TransplantationUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Gianni Pezzoli
- Parkinson InstituteASST Gaetano Pini‐CTOMilanItaly
- Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di ParkinsonMilanItaly
| | - Stefano Duga
- Department of Biomedical SciencesHumanitas UniversityMilanItaly
- Humanitas Clinical and Research CenterIRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Rosanna Asselta
- Department of Biomedical SciencesHumanitas UniversityMilanItaly
- Humanitas Clinical and Research CenterIRCCSMilanItaly
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14
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Predictive Modeling of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease Using Metabolomic and Lipidomic Profiles from Cerebrospinal Fluid. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040277. [PMID: 35448464 PMCID: PMC9029812 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, metabolomics has been used as a powerful tool to better understand the physiology of neurodegenerative diseases and identify potential biomarkers for progression. We used targeted and untargeted aqueous, and lipidomic profiles of the metabolome from human cerebrospinal fluid to build multivariate predictive models distinguishing patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and healthy age-matched controls. We emphasize several statistical challenges associated with metabolomic studies where the number of measured metabolites far exceeds sample size. We found strong separation in the metabolome between PD and controls, as well as between PD and AD, with weaker separation between AD and controls. Consistent with existing literature, we found alanine, kynurenine, tryptophan, and serine to be associated with PD classification against controls, while alanine, creatine, and long chain ceramides were associated with AD classification against controls. We conducted a univariate pathway analysis of untargeted and targeted metabolite profiles and find that vitamin E and urea cycle metabolism pathways are associated with PD, while the aspartate/asparagine and c21-steroid hormone biosynthesis pathways are associated with AD. We also found that the amount of metabolite missingness varied by phenotype, highlighting the importance of examining missing data in future metabolomic studies.
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15
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Estes RE, Lin B, Khera A, Davis MY. Lipid Metabolism Influence on Neurodegenerative Disease Progression: Is the Vehicle as Important as the Cargo? Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:788695. [PMID: 34987360 PMCID: PMC8721228 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.788695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by abnormal protein aggregates, including the two most common neurodegenerative diseases Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). In the global search to prevent and treat diseases, most research has been focused on the early stages of the diseases, including how these pathogenic protein aggregates are initially formed. We argue, however, that an equally important aspect of disease etiology is the characteristic spread of protein aggregates throughout the nervous system, a key process in disease progression. Growing evidence suggests that both alterations in lipid metabolism and dysregulation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) accelerate the spread of protein aggregation and progression of neurodegeneration, both in neurons and potentially in surrounding glia. We will review how these two pathways are intertwined and accelerate the progression of AD and PD. Understanding how lipid metabolism, EV biogenesis, and EV uptake regulate the spread of pathogenic protein aggregation could reveal novel therapeutic targets to slow or halt neurodegenerative disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernice Lin
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Arnav Khera
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Marie Ynez Davis
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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16
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Leveille E, Ross OA, Gan-Or Z. Tau and MAPT genetics in tauopathies and synucleinopathies. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021; 90:142-154. [PMID: 34593302 PMCID: PMC9310195 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
MAPT encodes the microtubule-associated protein tau, which is the main component of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and found in other protein aggregates. These aggregates are among the pathological hallmarks of primary tauopathies such as frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Abnormal tau can also be observed in secondary tauopathies such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease (PD). On top of pathological findings, genetic data also links MAPT to these disorders. MAPT variations are a cause or risk factors for many tauopathies and synucleinopathies and are associated with certain clinical and pathological features in affected individuals. In addition to clinical, pathological, and genetic overlap, evidence also suggests that tau and alpha-synuclein may interact on the molecular level, and thus might collaborate in the neurodegenerative process. Understanding the role of MAPT variations in tauopathies and synucleinopathies is therefore essential to elucidate the role of tau in the pathogenesis and phenotype of those disorders, and ultimately to develop targeted therapies. In this review, we describe the role of MAPT genetic variations in tauopathies and synucleinopathies, several genotype-phenotype and pathological features, and discuss their implications for the classification and treatment of those disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA; Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-hospital), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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17
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Cen X, Zhang M, Zhou M, Ye L, Xia H. Mitophagy Regulates Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:1876. [PMID: 34440645 PMCID: PMC8392649 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play an essential role in supplying energy for the health and survival of neurons. Mitophagy is a metabolic process that removes dysfunctional or redundant mitochondria. This process preserves mitochondrial health. However, defective mitophagy triggers the accumulation of damaged mitochondria, causing major neurodegenerative disorders. This review introduces molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways behind mitophagy regulation. Furthermore, we focus on the recent advances in understanding the potential role of mitophagy in the pathogenesis of major neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, Huntington's, etc.) and aging. The findings will help identify the potential interventions of mitophagy regulation and treatment strategies of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Cen
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center of Clinical Pharmacy of The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.C.); (M.Z.); (M.Z.); (L.Y.)
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Manke Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center of Clinical Pharmacy of The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.C.); (M.Z.); (M.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Mengxin Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center of Clinical Pharmacy of The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.C.); (M.Z.); (M.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Lingzhi Ye
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center of Clinical Pharmacy of The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.C.); (M.Z.); (M.Z.); (L.Y.)
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Hongguang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center of Clinical Pharmacy of The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.C.); (M.Z.); (M.Z.); (L.Y.)
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
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18
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Pedersen CC, Lange J, Førland MGG, Macleod AD, Alves G, Maple-Grødem J. A systematic review of associations between common SNCA variants and clinical heterogeneity in Parkinson's disease. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 7:54. [PMID: 34210990 PMCID: PMC8249472 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is great heterogeneity in both the clinical presentation and rate of disease progression among patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). This can pose prognostic difficulties in a clinical setting, and a greater understanding of the risk factors that contribute to modify disease course is of clear importance for optimizing patient care and clinical trial design. Genetic variants in SNCA are an established risk factor for PD and are candidates to modify disease presentation and progression. This systematic review aimed to summarize all available primary research reporting the association of SNCA polymorphisms with features of PD. We systematically searched PubMed and Web of Science, from inception to 1 June 2020, for studies evaluating the association of common SNCA variants with age at onset (AAO) or any clinical feature attributed to PD in patients with idiopathic PD. Fifty-eight studies were included in the review that investigated the association between SNCA polymorphisms and a broad range of outcomes, including motor and cognitive impairment, sleep disorders, mental health, hyposmia, or AAO. The most reproducible findings were with the REP1 polymorphism or rs356219 and an earlier AAO, but no clear associations were identified with an SNCA polymorphism and any individual clinical outcome. The results of this comprehensive summary suggest that, while there is evidence that genetic variance in the SNCA region may have a small impact on clinical outcomes in PD, the mechanisms underlying the association of SNCA polymorphisms with PD risk may not be a major factor driving clinical heterogeneity in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Christina Pedersen
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Johannes Lange
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | | | - Angus D Macleod
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Guido Alves
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Neurology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jodi Maple-Grødem
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway. .,Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.
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19
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Menozzi E, Schapira AHV. Exploring the Genotype-Phenotype Correlation in GBA-Parkinson Disease: Clinical Aspects, Biomarkers, and Potential Modifiers. Front Neurol 2021; 12:694764. [PMID: 34248830 PMCID: PMC8264189 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.694764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Variants in the glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene are the most common genetic risk factor for Parkinson disease (PD). These include pathogenic variants causing Gaucher disease (GD) (divided into “severe,” “mild,” or “complex”—resulting from recombinant alleles—based on the phenotypic effects in GD) and “risk” variants, which are not associated with GD but nevertheless confer increased risk of PD. As a group, GBA-PD patients have more severe motor and nonmotor symptoms, faster disease progression, and reduced survival compared with noncarriers. However, different GBA variants impact variably on clinical phenotype. In the heterozygous state, “complex” and “severe” variants are associated with a more aggressive and rapidly progressive disease. Conversely, “mild” and “risk” variants portend a more benign course. Homozygous or compound heterozygous carriers usually display severe phenotypes, akin to heterozygous “complex” or “severe” variants carriers. This article reviews genotype–phenotype correlations in GBA-PD, focusing on clinical and nonclinical aspects (neuroimaging and biochemical markers), and explores other disease modifiers that deserve consideration in the characterization of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Menozzi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Luukkainen L, Huttula S, Väyrynen H, Helisalmi S, Kytövuori L, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M, Remes AM, Krüger J. Mutation Analysis of the Genes Associated with Parkinson's Disease in a Finnish Cohort of Early-Onset Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 76:955-965. [PMID: 32568194 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, dementia with Lewy bodies, and Parkinson's disease (PD) overlap in clinical characteristics, neuropathology, and genetics. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of pathogenic mutations and rare variants in genes associated with PD among early-onset dementia (EOD) patients. METHODS Rare non-synonymous variants (MAF < 0.01) in ten genes (SNCA, PARK2, PARK7, LRRK2, PINK1, ATP13A2, UCHL1, HTRA2, GBA, and SNCAIP) and low-frequency (MAF < 0.05) GBA variants were screened using a targeted next-generation sequencing panel in a strictly defined cohort of 37 early-onset (age at onset (AAO) <65 years) dementia patients presenting with atypical features (e.g., myoclonia or spasticity), rapidly progressive course of the disease or with a family history of dementia. The identified variations were further screened in a larger cohort of EOD (n = 279, mean AAO 57, range 36-65) patients. RESULTS No pathogenic mutations were found, but we identified seven possible risk variants for neurodegeneration (LRRK2 p.Arg793Met, PARK2 p.Ala82Glu, SNCAIP p.Arg240Gln, SNCAIP p.Phe369Leu, GBA p.Asn409Ser, GBA p.Glu365Lys, GBA p.Thr408Met). DISCUSSION Altogether, the frequency of these variants was two times higher in the first selected cohort compared to the whole cohort. This suggests that specific rare variants in the genes associated with PD might play a role also especially in familial EOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Luukkainen
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Unit of Cancer and Translational Research, Pathology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,MRC, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Samuli Huttula
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,MRC, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Henri Väyrynen
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,MRC, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Seppo Helisalmi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Laura Kytövuori
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,MRC, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne M Remes
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,MRC, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johanna Krüger
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,MRC, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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21
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Alfradique-Dunham I, Al-Ouran R, von Coelln R, Blauwendraat C, Hill E, Luo L, Stillwell A, Young E, Kaw A, Tan M, Liao C, Hernandez D, Pihlstrom L, Grosset D, Shulman LM, Liu Z, Rouleau GA, Nalls M, Singleton AB, Morris H, Jankovic J, Shulman JM. Genome-Wide Association Study Meta-Analysis for Parkinson Disease Motor Subtypes. Neurol Genet 2021; 7:e557. [PMID: 33987465 PMCID: PMC8112852 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discover genetic determinants of Parkinson disease (PD) motor subtypes, including tremor dominant (TD) and postural instability/gait difficulty (PIGD) forms. METHODS In 3,212 PD cases of European ancestry, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) examining 2 complementary outcome traits derived from the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, including dichotomous motor subtype (TD vs PIGD) or a continuous tremor/PIGD score ratio. Logistic or linear regression models were adjusted for sex, age at onset, disease duration, and 5 ancestry principal components, followed by meta-analysis. RESULTS Among 71 established PD risk variants, we detected multiple suggestive associations with PD motor subtype, including GPNMB (rs199351, p subtype = 0.01, p ratio = 0.03), SH3GL2 (rs10756907, p subtype = 0.02, p ratio = 0.01), HIP1R (rs10847864, p subtype = 0.02), RIT2 (rs12456492, p subtype = 0.02), and FBRSL1 (rs11610045, p subtype = 0.02). A PD genetic risk score integrating all 71 PD risk variants was also associated with subtype ratio (p = 0.026, ß = -0.04, 95% confidence interval = -0.07-0). Based on top results of our GWAS, we identify a novel suggestive association at the STK32B locus (rs2301857, p ratio = 6.6 × 10-7), which harbors an independent risk allele for essential tremor. CONCLUSIONS Multiple PD risk alleles may also modify clinical manifestations to influence PD motor subtype. The discovery of a novel variant at STK32B suggests a possible overlap between genetic risk for essential tremor and tremor-dominant PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A.-D., E.H., L.L., A.S., E.Y., A.K., J.J., J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (R.A.-O., Z.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute (R.A.-O., Z.L., J.M.S.), Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.C., L.M.S.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Molecular Genetics Section (C.B., D.H., M.N., A.B.S.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; UCL Movement Disorders Centre (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Montreal Neurological Institute (C.L., G.A.R.), Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (C.L., G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.P.), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Data Tecnica International (M.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Parkinsons Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J., J.M.S.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Molecular & Human Genetics (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Neuroscience (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Emily Hill
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A.-D., E.H., L.L., A.S., E.Y., A.K., J.J., J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (R.A.-O., Z.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute (R.A.-O., Z.L., J.M.S.), Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.C., L.M.S.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Molecular Genetics Section (C.B., D.H., M.N., A.B.S.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; UCL Movement Disorders Centre (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Montreal Neurological Institute (C.L., G.A.R.), Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (C.L., G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.P.), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Data Tecnica International (M.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Parkinsons Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J., J.M.S.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Molecular & Human Genetics (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Neuroscience (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Lan Luo
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A.-D., E.H., L.L., A.S., E.Y., A.K., J.J., J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (R.A.-O., Z.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute (R.A.-O., Z.L., J.M.S.), Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.C., L.M.S.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Molecular Genetics Section (C.B., D.H., M.N., A.B.S.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; UCL Movement Disorders Centre (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Montreal Neurological Institute (C.L., G.A.R.), Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (C.L., G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.P.), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Data Tecnica International (M.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Parkinsons Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J., J.M.S.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Molecular & Human Genetics (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Neuroscience (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Amanda Stillwell
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A.-D., E.H., L.L., A.S., E.Y., A.K., J.J., J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (R.A.-O., Z.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute (R.A.-O., Z.L., J.M.S.), Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.C., L.M.S.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Molecular Genetics Section (C.B., D.H., M.N., A.B.S.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; UCL Movement Disorders Centre (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Montreal Neurological Institute (C.L., G.A.R.), Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (C.L., G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.P.), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Data Tecnica International (M.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Parkinsons Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J., J.M.S.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Molecular & Human Genetics (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Neuroscience (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Emily Young
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A.-D., E.H., L.L., A.S., E.Y., A.K., J.J., J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (R.A.-O., Z.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute (R.A.-O., Z.L., J.M.S.), Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.C., L.M.S.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Molecular Genetics Section (C.B., D.H., M.N., A.B.S.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; UCL Movement Disorders Centre (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Montreal Neurological Institute (C.L., G.A.R.), Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (C.L., G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.P.), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Data Tecnica International (M.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Parkinsons Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J., J.M.S.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Molecular & Human Genetics (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Neuroscience (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Anita Kaw
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A.-D., E.H., L.L., A.S., E.Y., A.K., J.J., J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (R.A.-O., Z.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute (R.A.-O., Z.L., J.M.S.), Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.C., L.M.S.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Molecular Genetics Section (C.B., D.H., M.N., A.B.S.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; UCL Movement Disorders Centre (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Montreal Neurological Institute (C.L., G.A.R.), Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (C.L., G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.P.), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Data Tecnica International (M.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Parkinsons Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J., J.M.S.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Molecular & Human Genetics (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Neuroscience (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Manuela Tan
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A.-D., E.H., L.L., A.S., E.Y., A.K., J.J., J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (R.A.-O., Z.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute (R.A.-O., Z.L., J.M.S.), Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.C., L.M.S.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Molecular Genetics Section (C.B., D.H., M.N., A.B.S.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; UCL Movement Disorders Centre (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Montreal Neurological Institute (C.L., G.A.R.), Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (C.L., G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.P.), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Data Tecnica International (M.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Parkinsons Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J., J.M.S.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Molecular & Human Genetics (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Neuroscience (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Calwing Liao
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A.-D., E.H., L.L., A.S., E.Y., A.K., J.J., J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (R.A.-O., Z.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute (R.A.-O., Z.L., J.M.S.), Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.C., L.M.S.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Molecular Genetics Section (C.B., D.H., M.N., A.B.S.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; UCL Movement Disorders Centre (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Montreal Neurological Institute (C.L., G.A.R.), Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (C.L., G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.P.), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Data Tecnica International (M.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Parkinsons Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J., J.M.S.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Molecular & Human Genetics (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Neuroscience (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Dena Hernandez
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A.-D., E.H., L.L., A.S., E.Y., A.K., J.J., J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (R.A.-O., Z.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute (R.A.-O., Z.L., J.M.S.), Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.C., L.M.S.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Molecular Genetics Section (C.B., D.H., M.N., A.B.S.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; UCL Movement Disorders Centre (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Montreal Neurological Institute (C.L., G.A.R.), Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (C.L., G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.P.), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Data Tecnica International (M.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Parkinsons Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J., J.M.S.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Molecular & Human Genetics (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Neuroscience (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Lasse Pihlstrom
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A.-D., E.H., L.L., A.S., E.Y., A.K., J.J., J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (R.A.-O., Z.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute (R.A.-O., Z.L., J.M.S.), Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.C., L.M.S.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Molecular Genetics Section (C.B., D.H., M.N., A.B.S.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; UCL Movement Disorders Centre (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Montreal Neurological Institute (C.L., G.A.R.), Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (C.L., G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.P.), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Data Tecnica International (M.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Parkinsons Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J., J.M.S.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Molecular & Human Genetics (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Neuroscience (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Donald Grosset
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A.-D., E.H., L.L., A.S., E.Y., A.K., J.J., J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (R.A.-O., Z.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute (R.A.-O., Z.L., J.M.S.), Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.C., L.M.S.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Molecular Genetics Section (C.B., D.H., M.N., A.B.S.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; UCL Movement Disorders Centre (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Montreal Neurological Institute (C.L., G.A.R.), Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (C.L., G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.P.), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Data Tecnica International (M.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Parkinsons Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J., J.M.S.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Molecular & Human Genetics (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Neuroscience (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Lisa M. Shulman
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A.-D., E.H., L.L., A.S., E.Y., A.K., J.J., J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (R.A.-O., Z.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute (R.A.-O., Z.L., J.M.S.), Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.C., L.M.S.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Molecular Genetics Section (C.B., D.H., M.N., A.B.S.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; UCL Movement Disorders Centre (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Montreal Neurological Institute (C.L., G.A.R.), Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (C.L., G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.P.), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Data Tecnica International (M.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Parkinsons Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J., J.M.S.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Molecular & Human Genetics (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Neuroscience (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Zhandong Liu
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A.-D., E.H., L.L., A.S., E.Y., A.K., J.J., J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (R.A.-O., Z.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute (R.A.-O., Z.L., J.M.S.), Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.C., L.M.S.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Molecular Genetics Section (C.B., D.H., M.N., A.B.S.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; UCL Movement Disorders Centre (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Montreal Neurological Institute (C.L., G.A.R.), Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (C.L., G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.P.), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Data Tecnica International (M.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Parkinsons Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J., J.M.S.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Molecular & Human Genetics (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Neuroscience (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Guy A. Rouleau
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A.-D., E.H., L.L., A.S., E.Y., A.K., J.J., J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (R.A.-O., Z.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute (R.A.-O., Z.L., J.M.S.), Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.C., L.M.S.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Molecular Genetics Section (C.B., D.H., M.N., A.B.S.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; UCL Movement Disorders Centre (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Montreal Neurological Institute (C.L., G.A.R.), Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (C.L., G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.P.), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Data Tecnica International (M.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Parkinsons Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J., J.M.S.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Molecular & Human Genetics (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Neuroscience (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Mike Nalls
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A.-D., E.H., L.L., A.S., E.Y., A.K., J.J., J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (R.A.-O., Z.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute (R.A.-O., Z.L., J.M.S.), Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.C., L.M.S.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Molecular Genetics Section (C.B., D.H., M.N., A.B.S.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; UCL Movement Disorders Centre (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Montreal Neurological Institute (C.L., G.A.R.), Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (C.L., G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.P.), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Data Tecnica International (M.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Parkinsons Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J., J.M.S.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Molecular & Human Genetics (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Neuroscience (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Andrew B. Singleton
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A.-D., E.H., L.L., A.S., E.Y., A.K., J.J., J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (R.A.-O., Z.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute (R.A.-O., Z.L., J.M.S.), Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.C., L.M.S.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Molecular Genetics Section (C.B., D.H., M.N., A.B.S.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; UCL Movement Disorders Centre (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Montreal Neurological Institute (C.L., G.A.R.), Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (C.L., G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.P.), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Data Tecnica International (M.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Parkinsons Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J., J.M.S.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Molecular & Human Genetics (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Neuroscience (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Huw Morris
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A.-D., E.H., L.L., A.S., E.Y., A.K., J.J., J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (R.A.-O., Z.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute (R.A.-O., Z.L., J.M.S.), Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.C., L.M.S.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Molecular Genetics Section (C.B., D.H., M.N., A.B.S.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; UCL Movement Disorders Centre (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Montreal Neurological Institute (C.L., G.A.R.), Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (C.L., G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.P.), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Data Tecnica International (M.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Parkinsons Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J., J.M.S.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Molecular & Human Genetics (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Neuroscience (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A.-D., E.H., L.L., A.S., E.Y., A.K., J.J., J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (R.A.-O., Z.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute (R.A.-O., Z.L., J.M.S.), Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.C., L.M.S.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Molecular Genetics Section (C.B., D.H., M.N., A.B.S.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; UCL Movement Disorders Centre (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Montreal Neurological Institute (C.L., G.A.R.), Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (C.L., G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.P.), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Data Tecnica International (M.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Parkinsons Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J., J.M.S.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Molecular & Human Genetics (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Neuroscience (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Joshua M. Shulman
- From the Department of Neurology (I.A.-D., E.H., L.L., A.S., E.Y., A.K., J.J., J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics (R.A.-O., Z.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute (R.A.-O., Z.L., J.M.S.), Texas Childrens Hospital, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.C., L.M.S.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Molecular Genetics Section (C.B., D.H., M.N., A.B.S.), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; UCL Movement Disorders Centre (M.T., H.M.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Montreal Neurological Institute (C.L., G.A.R.), Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics (C.L., G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (L.P.), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (G.A.R.), McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Data Tecnica International (M.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Parkinsons Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (J.J., J.M.S.), Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Molecular & Human Genetics (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Neuroscience (J.M.S.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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22
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Sah E, Krishnamurthy S, Ahmidouch MY, Gillispie GJ, Milligan C, Orr ME. The Cellular Senescence Stress Response in Post-Mitotic Brain Cells: Cell Survival at the Expense of Tissue Degeneration. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:229. [PMID: 33799628 PMCID: PMC7998276 DOI: 10.3390/life11030229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1960, Rita Levi-Montalcini and Barbara Booker made an observation that transformed neuroscience: as neurons mature, they become apoptosis resistant. The following year Leonard Hayflick and Paul Moorhead described a stable replicative arrest of cells in vitro, termed "senescence". For nearly 60 years, the cell biology fields of neuroscience and senescence ran in parallel, each separately defining phenotypes and uncovering molecular mediators to explain the 1960s observations of their founding mothers and fathers, respectively. During this time neuroscientists have consistently observed the remarkable ability of neurons to survive. Despite residing in environments of chronic inflammation and degeneration, as occurs in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, often times the neurons with highest levels of pathology resist death. Similarly, cellular senescence (hereon referred to simply as "senescence") now is recognized as a complex stress response that culminates with a change in cell fate. Instead of reacting to cellular/DNA damage by proliferation or apoptosis, senescent cells survive in a stable cell cycle arrest. Senescent cells simultaneously contribute to chronic tissue degeneration by secreting deleterious molecules that negatively impact surrounding cells. These fields have finally collided. Neuroscientists have begun applying concepts of senescence to the brain, including post-mitotic cells. This initially presented conceptual challenges to senescence cell biologists. Nonetheless, efforts to understand senescence in the context of brain aging and neurodegenerative disease and injury emerged and are advancing the field. The present review uses pre-defined criteria to evaluate evidence for post-mitotic brain cell senescence. A closer interaction between neuro and senescent cell biologists has potential to advance both disciplines and explain fundamental questions that have plagued their fields for decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.Y.A.); (G.J.G.)
| | - Sudarshan Krishnamurthy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.Y.A.); (G.J.G.)
- Bowman Gray Center for Medical Education, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Mohamed Y. Ahmidouch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.Y.A.); (G.J.G.)
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Gregory J. Gillispie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.Y.A.); (G.J.G.)
- Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer’s Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Carol Milligan
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
| | - Miranda E. Orr
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (E.S.); (S.K.); (M.Y.A.); (G.J.G.)
- Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer’s Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Salisbury VA Medical Center, Salisbury, NC 28144, USA
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23
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Szwedo AA, Pedersen CC, Ushakova A, Forsgren L, Tysnes OB, Counsell CE, Alves G, Lange J, Macleod AD, Maple-Grødem J. Association of SNCA Parkinson's Disease Risk Polymorphisms With Disease Progression in Newly Diagnosed Patients. Front Neurol 2021; 11:620585. [PMID: 33643180 PMCID: PMC7902914 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.620585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the impact of SNCA polymorphisms originally identified as risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD) on the clinical presentation and progression of the disease in a large cohort of population-based patients with incident PD. Methods: Four hundred thirty-three patients and 417 controls from three longitudinal cohorts were included in the study. Disease progression was recorded annually for up to 9 years using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) or Mini-Mental State Examination. Genotypes for five variants within the SNCA locus (rs2870004, rs356182, rs5019538, rs356219, and rs763443) were determined. We studied the association between each variant and disease progression using linear mixed-effects regression models. Results: The clinical profile of the patients with PD at the point of diagnosis was highly uniform between genotype groups. The rs356219-GG genotype was associated with a higher UPDRS II score than A-allele carriers (β = 1.52; 95% confidence interval 0.10–2.95; p = 0.036), but no differences were observed in the rate of progression of the UPDRS II scores. rs356219-GG was also associated with a faster annual change in Mini-Mental State Examination score compared with A-carriers (β = 0.03; 95% confidence interval 0.00–0.06; p = 0.043). Conclusions: We show that the known PD-risk variant rs356219 has a minor effect on modifying disease progression, whereas no differences were associated with rs2870004, rs356182, rs5019538, and rs763443. These findings suggest that SNCA variants associated with PD risk may not be major driving factors to the clinical heterogeneity observed for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra A Szwedo
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Camilla Christina Pedersen
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Anastasia Ushakova
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Research, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Lars Forsgren
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ole-Bjørn Tysnes
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Carl E Counsell
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Guido Alves
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Neurology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Johannes Lange
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Angus D Macleod
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Jodi Maple-Grødem
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
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24
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Giovagnoni C, Ali M, Eijssen LMT, Maes R, Choe K, Mulder M, Kleinjans J, Del Sol A, Glaab E, Mastroeni D, Delvaux E, Coleman P, Losen M, Pishva E, Martinez-Martinez P, van den Hove DLA. Altered sphingolipid function in Alzheimer's disease; a gene regulatory network approach. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 102:178-187. [PMID: 33773368 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SLs) are bioactive lipids involved in various important physiological functions. The SL pathway has been shown to be affected in several brain-related disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent evidence suggests that epigenetic dysregulation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD as well. Here, we use an integrative approach to better understand the relationship between epigenetic and transcriptomic processes in regulating SL function in the middle temporal gyrus of AD patients. Transcriptomic analysis of 252 SL-related genes, selected based on GO term annotations, from 46 AD patients and 32 healthy age-matched controls, revealed 103 differentially expressed SL-related genes in AD patients. Additionally, methylomic analysis of the same subjects revealed parallel hydroxymethylation changes in PTGIS, GBA, and ITGB2 in AD. Subsequent gene regulatory network-based analysis identified 3 candidate genes, that is, SELPLG, SPHK1 and CAV1 whose alteration holds the potential to revert the gene expression program from a diseased towards a healthy state. Together, this epigenomic and transcriptomic approach highlights the importance of SL-related genes in AD, and may provide novel biomarkers and therapeutic alternatives to traditionally investigated biological pathways in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Giovagnoni
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Muhammad Ali
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Computational Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for System Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg; Biomedical Data Science Group, Luxembourg Centre for System Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Lars M T Eijssen
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Bioinformatics - BiGCaT, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Maes
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Bioinformatics - BiGCaT, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kyonghwan Choe
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Monique Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jos Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Antonio Del Sol
- Computational Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for System Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Enrico Glaab
- Biomedical Data Science Group, Luxembourg Centre for System Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Diego Mastroeni
- Biodesign Institute, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Elaine Delvaux
- Biodesign Institute, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Paul Coleman
- Biodesign Institute, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Mario Losen
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ehsan Pishva
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Pilar Martinez-Martinez
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel L A van den Hove
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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25
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Jewett KA, Thomas RE, Phan CQ, Lin B, Milstein G, Yu S, Bettcher LF, Neto FC, Djukovic D, Raftery D, Pallanck LJ, Davis MY. Glucocerebrosidase reduces the spread of protein aggregation in a Drosophila melanogaster model of neurodegeneration by regulating proteins trafficked by extracellular vesicles. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1008859. [PMID: 33539341 PMCID: PMC7888665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal protein aggregation within neurons is a key pathologic feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). The spread of brain protein aggregates is associated with clinical disease progression, but how this occurs remains unclear. Mutations in glucosidase, beta acid 1 (GBA), which encodes glucocerebrosidase (GCase), are the most penetrant common genetic risk factor for PD and dementia with Lewy bodies and associate with faster disease progression. To explore how GBA mutations influence pathogenesis, we previously created a Drosophila model of GBA deficiency (Gba1b) that manifests neurodegeneration and accelerated protein aggregation. Proteomic analysis of Gba1b mutants revealed dysregulation of proteins involved in extracellular vesicle (EV) biology, and we found altered protein composition of EVs from Gba1b mutants. Accordingly, we hypothesized that GBA may influence pathogenic protein aggregate spread via EVs. We found that accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and Ref(2)P, Drosophila homologue of mammalian p62, were reduced in muscle and brain tissue of Gba1b flies by ectopic expression of wildtype GCase in muscle. Neuronal GCase expression also rescued protein aggregation both cell-autonomously in brain and non-cell-autonomously in muscle. Muscle-specific GBA expression reduced the elevated levels of EV-intrinsic proteins and Ref(2)P found in EVs from Gba1b flies. Perturbing EV biogenesis through neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase), an enzyme important for EV release and ceramide metabolism, enhanced protein aggregation when knocked down in muscle, but did not modify Gba1b mutant protein aggregation when knocked down in neurons. Lipidomic analysis of nSMase knockdown on ceramide and glucosylceramide levels suggested that Gba1b mutant protein aggregation may depend on relative depletion of specific ceramide species often enriched in EVs. Finally, we identified ectopically expressed GCase within isolated EVs. Together, our findings suggest that GCase deficiency promotes accelerated protein aggregate spread between cells and tissues via dysregulated EVs, and EV-mediated trafficking of GCase may partially account for the reduction in aggregate spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Jewett
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Juniata College, Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ruth E. Thomas
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Chi Q. Phan
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bernice Lin
- VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gillian Milstein
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Selina Yu
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lisa F. Bettcher
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Fausto Carnevale Neto
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Danijel Djukovic
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Leo J. Pallanck
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Marie Y. Davis
- VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wie J, Liu Z, Song H, Tropea TF, Yang L, Wang H, Liang Y, Cang C, Aranda K, Lohmann J, Yang J, Lu B, Chen-Plotkin AS, Luk KC, Ren D. A growth-factor-activated lysosomal K + channel regulates Parkinson's pathology. Nature 2021; 591:431-437. [PMID: 33505021 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03185-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes have fundamental physiological roles and have previously been implicated in Parkinson's disease1-5. However, how extracellular growth factors communicate with intracellular organelles to control lysosomal function is not well understood. Here we report a lysosomal K+ channel complex that is activated by growth factors and gated by protein kinase B (AKT) that we term lysoKGF. LysoKGF consists of a pore-forming protein TMEM175 and AKT: TMEM175 is opened by conformational changes in, but not the catalytic activity of, AKT. The minor allele at rs34311866, a common variant in TMEM175, is associated with an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease and reduces channel currents. Reduction in lysoKGF function predisposes neurons to stress-induced damage and accelerates the accumulation of pathological α-synuclein. By contrast, the minor allele at rs3488217-another common variant of TMEM175, which is associated with a decreased risk of developing Parkinson's disease-produces a gain-of-function in lysoKGF during cell starvation, and enables neuronal resistance to damage. Deficiency in TMEM175 leads to a loss of dopaminergic neurons and impairment in motor function in mice, and a TMEM175 loss-of-function variant is nominally associated with accelerated rates of cognitive and motor decline in humans with Parkinson's disease. Together, our studies uncover a pathway by which extracellular growth factors regulate intracellular organelle function, and establish a targetable mechanism by which common variants of TMEM175 confer risk for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Wie
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhenjiang Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Haikun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Thomas F Tropea
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lu Yang
- School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuling Liang
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chunlei Cang
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kimberly Aranda
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joey Lohmann
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Boxun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Alice S Chen-Plotkin
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Kelvin C Luk
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Dejian Ren
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Maple-Grødem J, Dalen I, Tysnes OB, Macleod AD, Forsgren L, Counsell CE, Alves G. Association of GBA Genotype With Motor and Functional Decline in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Parkinson Disease. Neurology 2020; 96:e1036-e1044. [PMID: 33443131 PMCID: PMC8055329 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To establish the significance of glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA) carrier status on motor impairment in a large cohort of patients with incident Parkinson disease (PD). Methods Three European population-based studies followed 528 patients with PD from diagnosis. A total of 440 with genomic DNA from baseline were assessed for GBA variants. We evaluated motor and functional impairment annually using the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor and activities of daily living (ADL) sections. Differential effects of classes of GBA variants on disease progression were evaluated using mixed random and fixed effects models. Results A total of 387 patients with idiopathic disease (age at baseline 70.3 ± 9.5 years; 60.2% male) and 53 GBA carriers (age at baseline 66.8 ± 10.1 years; 64.2% male) were included. The motor profile of the groups was clinically indistinguishable at diagnosis. GBA carriers showed faster annual increase in UPDRS scores measuring ADL (1.5 point per year, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–2.0) and motor symptoms (2.2 points per year, 95% CI 1.3–3.1) compared to noncarriers (ADL, 1.0 point per year, 95% CI 0.9–1.1, p = 0.003; motor, 1.3 point per year, 95% CI 1.1–1.6, p = 0.007). Simulations of clinical trial designs showed that recruiting only GBA carriers can reduce trial size by up to 65% compared to a trial recruiting all patients with PD. Conclusion GBA variants are linked to a more aggressive motor disease course over 7 years from diagnosis in patients with PD. A better understanding of PD progression in genetic subpopulations may improve disease management and has direct implications for improving the design of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi Maple-Grødem
- From The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Department of Research, Section of Biostatistics (I.D.), and Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering (J.M.-G., G.A.), University of Stavanger; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen; Department of Clinical Medicine (O.-B.T.), University of Bergen, Norway; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (A.D.M., C.E.C.), University of Aberdeen, UK; and Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences (L.F.), Umeå University, Sweden.
| | - Ingvild Dalen
- From The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Department of Research, Section of Biostatistics (I.D.), and Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering (J.M.-G., G.A.), University of Stavanger; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen; Department of Clinical Medicine (O.-B.T.), University of Bergen, Norway; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (A.D.M., C.E.C.), University of Aberdeen, UK; and Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences (L.F.), Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Ole-Bjørn Tysnes
- From The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Department of Research, Section of Biostatistics (I.D.), and Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering (J.M.-G., G.A.), University of Stavanger; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen; Department of Clinical Medicine (O.-B.T.), University of Bergen, Norway; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (A.D.M., C.E.C.), University of Aberdeen, UK; and Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences (L.F.), Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Angus D Macleod
- From The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Department of Research, Section of Biostatistics (I.D.), and Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering (J.M.-G., G.A.), University of Stavanger; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen; Department of Clinical Medicine (O.-B.T.), University of Bergen, Norway; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (A.D.M., C.E.C.), University of Aberdeen, UK; and Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences (L.F.), Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Lars Forsgren
- From The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Department of Research, Section of Biostatistics (I.D.), and Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering (J.M.-G., G.A.), University of Stavanger; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen; Department of Clinical Medicine (O.-B.T.), University of Bergen, Norway; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (A.D.M., C.E.C.), University of Aberdeen, UK; and Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences (L.F.), Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Carl E Counsell
- From The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Department of Research, Section of Biostatistics (I.D.), and Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering (J.M.-G., G.A.), University of Stavanger; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen; Department of Clinical Medicine (O.-B.T.), University of Bergen, Norway; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (A.D.M., C.E.C.), University of Aberdeen, UK; and Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences (L.F.), Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Guido Alves
- From The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Department of Research, Section of Biostatistics (I.D.), and Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering (J.M.-G., G.A.), University of Stavanger; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen; Department of Clinical Medicine (O.-B.T.), University of Bergen, Norway; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (A.D.M., C.E.C.), University of Aberdeen, UK; and Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences (L.F.), Umeå University, Sweden
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28
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Ibanez L, Bahena JA, Yang C, Dube U, Farias FHG, Budde JP, Bergmann K, Brenner-Webster C, Morris JC, Perrin RJ, Cairns NJ, O'Donnell J, Álvarez I, Diez-Fairen M, Aguilar M, Miller R, Davis AA, Pastor P, Kotzbauer P, Campbell MC, Perlmutter JS, Rhinn H, Harari O, Cruchaga C, Benitez BA. Functional genomic analyses uncover APOE-mediated regulation of brain and cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid levels in Parkinson disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:196. [PMID: 33213513 PMCID: PMC7678051 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein is the main protein component of Lewy bodies, the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease. However, genetic modifiers of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) alpha-synuclein levels remain unknown. The use of CSF levels of amyloid beta1-42, total tau, and phosphorylated tau181 as quantitative traits in genetic studies have provided novel insights into Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology. A systematic study of the genomic architecture of CSF biomarkers in Parkinson's disease has not yet been conducted. Here, genome-wide association studies of CSF biomarker levels in a cohort of individuals with Parkinson's disease and controls (N = 1960) were performed. PD cases exhibited significantly lower CSF biomarker levels compared to controls. A SNP, proxy for APOE ε4, was associated with CSF amyloid beta1-42 levels (effect = - 0.5, p = 9.2 × 10-19). No genome-wide loci associated with CSF alpha-synuclein, total tau, or phosphorylated tau181 levels were identified in PD cohorts. Polygenic risk score constructed using the latest Parkinson's disease risk meta-analysis were associated with Parkinson's disease status (p = 0.035) and the genomic architecture of CSF amyloid beta1-42 (R2 = 2.29%; p = 2.5 × 10-11). Individuals with higher polygenic risk scores for PD risk presented with lower CSF amyloid beta1-42 levels (p = 7.3 × 10-04). Two-sample Mendelian Randomization revealed that CSF amyloid beta1-42 plays a role in Parkinson's disease (p = 1.4 × 10-05) and age at onset (p = 7.6 × 10-06), an effect mainly mediated by variants in the APOE locus. In a subset of PD samples, the APOE ε4 allele was associated with significantly lower levels of CSF amyloid beta1-42 (p = 3.8 × 10-06), higher mean cortical binding potentials (p = 5.8 × 10-08), and higher Braak amyloid beta score (p = 4.4 × 10-04). Together these results from high-throughput and hypothesis-free approaches converge on a genetic link between Parkinson's disease, CSF amyloid beta1-42, and APOE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ibanez
- Department of Psychiatry, BJC Institute of Health, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8134, 425 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jorge A Bahena
- Department of Psychiatry, BJC Institute of Health, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8134, 425 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Chengran Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, BJC Institute of Health, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8134, 425 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Umber Dube
- Department of Psychiatry, BJC Institute of Health, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8134, 425 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Fabiana H G Farias
- Department of Psychiatry, BJC Institute of Health, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8134, 425 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - John P Budde
- Department of Psychiatry, BJC Institute of Health, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8134, 425 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kristy Bergmann
- Department of Psychiatry, BJC Institute of Health, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8134, 425 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Carol Brenner-Webster
- Department of Psychiatry, BJC Institute of Health, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8134, 425 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Hope Center for Neurologic Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Richard J Perrin
- Hope Center for Neurologic Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Nigel J Cairns
- Hope Center for Neurologic Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - John O'Donnell
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ignacio Álvarez
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, University of Barcelona, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
- Fundació per a la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua de Terrassa, University of Barcelona, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Diez-Fairen
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, University of Barcelona, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
- Fundació per a la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua de Terrassa, University of Barcelona, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Aguilar
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, University of Barcelona, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
- Fundació per a la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua de Terrassa, University of Barcelona, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rebecca Miller
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Albert A Davis
- Hope Center for Neurologic Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Pau Pastor
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, University of Barcelona, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
- Fundació per a la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua de Terrassa, University of Barcelona, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul Kotzbauer
- Hope Center for Neurologic Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Meghan C Campbell
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Departments of Neuroscience and Radiology, Programs in Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Hope Center for Neurologic Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Departments of Neuroscience and Radiology, Programs in Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Herve Rhinn
- Department of Bioinformatics, Alector, INC, San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Oscar Harari
- Department of Psychiatry, BJC Institute of Health, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8134, 425 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurologic Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, BJC Institute of Health, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8134, 425 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurologic Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Bruno A Benitez
- Department of Psychiatry, BJC Institute of Health, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8134, 425 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Najib NH, Nies YH, Abd Halim SA, Yahaya MF, Das S, Lim WL, Teoh SL. Modeling Parkinson’s Disease in Zebrafish. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 19:386-399. [DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200708124117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders that affects
the motor system, and includes cardinal motor symptoms such as resting tremor, cogwheel rigidity,
bradykinesia and postural instability. Its prevalence is increasing worldwide due to the increase in
life span. Although, two centuries since the first description of the disease, no proper cure with regard
to treatment strategies and control of symptoms could be reached. One of the major challenges faced
by the researchers is to have a suitable research model. Rodents are the most common PD models
used, but no single model can replicate the true nature of PD. In this review, we aim to discuss another
animal model, the zebrafish (Danio rerio), which is gaining popularity. Zebrafish brain has all the major
structures found in the mammalian brain, with neurotransmitter systems, and it also possesses a
functional blood-brain barrier similar to humans. From the perspective of PD research, the zebrafish
possesses the ventral diencephalon, which is thought to be homologous to the mammalian substantia
nigra. We summarize the various zebrafish models available to study PD, namely chemical-induced
and genetic models. The zebrafish can complement the use of other animal models for the mechanistic
study of PD and help in the screening of new potential therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor H.M. Najib
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yong H. Nies
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Syarifah A.S. Abd Halim
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad F. Yahaya
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Srijit Das
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wei L. Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Seong L. Teoh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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30
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Gaare JJ, Nido G, Dölle C, Sztromwasser P, Alves G, Tysnes OB, Haugarvoll K, Tzoulis C. Meta-analysis of whole-exome sequencing data from two independent cohorts finds no evidence for rare variant enrichment in Parkinson disease associated loci. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239824. [PMID: 33002040 PMCID: PMC7529297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. While genome wide association studies have identified several susceptibility loci, many causal variants and genes underlying these associations remain undetermined. Identifying these is essential in order to gain mechanistic insight and identify biological pathways that may be targeted therapeutically. We hypothesized that gene-based enrichment of rare mutations is likely to be found within susceptibility loci for PD and may help identify causal genes. Whole-exome sequencing data from two independent cohorts were analyzed in tandem and by meta-analysis and a third cohort genotyped using the NeuroX-array was used for replication analysis. We employed collapsing methods (burden and the sequence kernel association test) to detect gene-based enrichment of rare, protein-altering variation within established PD susceptibility loci. Our analyses showed trends for three genes (GALC, PARP9 and SEC23IP), but none of these survived multiple testing correction. Our findings provide no evidence of rare mutation enrichment in genes within PD-associated loci, in our datasets. While not excluding that rare mutations in these genes may influence the risk of idiopathic PD, our results suggest that, if such effects exist, much larger sequencing datasets will be required for their detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Jernqvist Gaare
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gonzalo Nido
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christian Dölle
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Paweł Sztromwasser
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Computational Biology Unit, Institute of Informatics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Guido Alves
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders and Department of Neurology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ole-Bjørn Tysnes
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristoffer Haugarvoll
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Charalampos Tzoulis
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail: ,
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31
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Straniero L, Rimoldi V, Melistaccio G, Di Fonzo A, Pezzoli G, Duga S, Asselta R. A rapid and low-cost test for screening the most common Parkinson's disease-related GBA variants. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 80:138-141. [PMID: 32987361 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deleterious variants in the GBA gene confer a 2- to 20-fold increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) and are associated with a more severe disease course. The presence of a highly-similar pseudogene complicates genetic screening, both by Sanger and next-generation sequencing (NGS). Among PD-associated GBA variants, four missense substitutions (p.L444P, p.N370S, p.T369M, p.E326K) account for the majority of cases. Here, we aimed at developing an allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) able to concomitantly detect the most common PD-related GBA variants. METHODS A multiplex PCR assay was designed using allele-specific oligonucleotides that distinguish the gene from the pseudogene and can exclusively amplify the variant alleles. Primer sequences and molarity, and thermal profiles were empirically optimized. The assay was validated on 4016 DNAs extracted by standard salting-out and previously analyzed by whole-exome sequencing (WES) followed by Sanger validation. RESULTS AS-PCRs performed on 4016 DNAs detected 103 variants; among them, 97 were true positives and 6 false positives. When comparing the results with the original WES data, for the "difficult" p.L444P, the number of false positives was 2/9 and 18/24 for multiplex-AS-PCR and WES, respectively. As we could have missed some p.L444P alleles by NGS, we verified the test performance on 50 DNAs from Sanger-validated p.L444P heterozygotes. All samples tested correctly. CONCLUSION We set up and validated a rapid and inexpensive test for screening large cohorts of individuals for variants conferring a significant PD risk. This screening method is particularly interesting to identify patients who could benefit most from early access to personalized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Straniero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Rimoldi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giada Melistaccio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianni Pezzoli
- Fondazione Grigioni per Il Morbo di Parkinson, Milan, Italy; Parkinson Institute, ASST 'Gaetano Pini-CTO', Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Duga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosanna Asselta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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32
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Deutschlander AB, Konno T, Soto-Beasley AI, Walton RL, van Gerpen JA, Uitti RJ, Heckman MG, Wszolek ZK, Ross OA. Association of MAPT subhaplotypes with clinical and demographic features in Parkinson's disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 7:1557-1563. [PMID: 32767721 PMCID: PMC7480915 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine whether distinct microtubule‐associated protein tau MAPT H1 subhaplotypes are associated with clinical and demographic features in Parkinson’s disease. Methods A retrospective cohort study included 855 unrelated Caucasian patients with Parkinson’s disease who were seen by Movement Disorder specialists at the Mayo Clinic Florida between 1998 and 2016. The primary outcome measures were specific demographic and clinical features of Parkinson’s disease, including age at onset, disease progression, survival, motor signs, dementia, dystonia, dyskinesia, autonomic dysfunction, impulse control disorder, psychiatric features, REM sleep behavior disorder, restless legs syndrome, and Parkinson’s disease subtype. Specific clinical features were measured at the initial visit and most recent visit. These outcomes were assessed for association with MAPT H1 subhaplotypes, which were defined by six haplotype tagging variants. Results Median onset age was 64 years (range: 22‐94 years); 548 (64%) of patients were male. Significant associations (P < 0.0029) were observed between MAPT H1b and orthostatic hypotension (OR = 1.72, P = 0.001); between H1j and rest tremor (OR = 0.15; P < 0.001) as well as REM sleep behavior disorder (OR = 3.87, P < 0.001); between H1r and bradykinesia (OR = 0.11; P < 0.001); and between H1v and restless legs syndrome (OR = 4.02, P = 0.002). Interpretation Four MAPT H1 subhaplotypes, but not the H2 haplotype, were significantly associated with specific clinical features in Parkinson’s disease. MAPT haplotypic structure may explain some of the phenotypic variability in disease. Replication of our findings will be critical to fully resolve the Parkinson’s disease risk association signal at Chr17q21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela B Deutschlander
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida.,Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Takuya Konno
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida.,Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Ronald L Walton
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | | | - Ryan J Uitti
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Michael G Heckman
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | | | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida.,Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida.,Neuroscience Track, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
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33
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Pan HX, Zhao YW, Mei JP, Fang ZH, Wang Y, Zhou X, Zhou YJ, Zhang R, Zhang KL, Jiang L, Zeng Q, He Y, Wang Z, Liu ZH, Xu Q, Sun QY, Yang Y, Hu YC, Chen YS, Du J, Lei LF, Zhang HN, Wang CY, Yan XX, Shen L, Jiang H, Tan JQ, Li JC, Tang BS, Guo JF. GCH1 variants contribute to the risk and earlier age-at-onset of Parkinson's disease: a two-cohort case-control study. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:31. [PMID: 32746945 PMCID: PMC7401216 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Common and rare variants of guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1) gene may play important roles in Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis of GCH1 genotypes, especially in non-coding regions. The aim of this study was to explore the genetic characteristics of GCH1, including rare and common variants in coding and non-coding regions, in a large population of PD patients in Chinese mainland, as well as the phenotypic characteristics of GCH1 variant carriers. Methods In the first cohort of this case-control study, we performed whole-exome sequencing in 1555 patients with early-onset or familial PD and 2234 healthy controls; then in the second cohort, whole-genome sequencing was performed in sporadic late-onset PD samples (1962 patients), as well as 1279 controls. Variants at target GCH1 regions were extracted, and then genetic and detailed phenotypic data were analyzed using regression models and the sequence kernel association test. We also performed a meta-analysis to correlate deleterious GCH1 variants with age at onset (AAO) in PD patients. Results For coding variants, we identified a significant burden of GCH1 deleterious variants in early-onset or familial PD cases compared to controls (1.2% vs 0.1%, P < 0.0001). In the analysis of possible regulatory variants in GCH1 non-coding regions, rs12323905 (P = 0.001, odds ratio = 1.19, 95%CI 1.07–1.32) was significantly associated with PD, and variant sets in untranslated regions and intron regions, GCH1 brain-specific expression quantitative trait loci, and two possible promoter/enhancer (GH14J054857 and GH14J054880) were suggestively associated with PD. Genotype-phenotype correlation analysis revealed that the carriers of GCH1 deleterious variants manifested younger AAO (P < 0.0001), and had milder motor symptoms, milder fatigue symptoms and more autonomic nervous dysfunctions. Meta-analysis of six studies demonstrated 6.4-year earlier onset in GCH1 deleterious variant carriers (P = 0.0009). Conclusions The results highlight the importance of deleterious variants and non-coding variants of GCH1 in PD in Chinese mainland and suggest that GCH1 mutation can influence the PD phenotype, which may help design experimental studies to elucidate the mechanisms of GCH1 in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xu Pan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yu-Wen Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jun-Pu Mei
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Zheng-Huan Fang
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yige Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Xun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yang-Jie Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Kai-Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Qian Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Qi-Ying Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Ya-Cen Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Ya-Se Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Li-Fang Lei
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Hai-Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Chun-Yu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Xin-Xiang Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jie-Qiong Tan
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jin-Chen Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,Centre for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Bei-Sha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China. .,Centre for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China. .,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Ji-Feng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China. .,Centre for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China. .,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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34
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Zhao A, Li Y, Niu M, Li G, Luo N, Zhou L, Kang W, Liu J. SNPs in SNCA, MCCC1, DLG2, GBF1 and MBNL2 are associated with Parkinson's disease in southern Chinese population. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:8744-8752. [PMID: 32652860 PMCID: PMC7412680 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which have been identified as susceptibility factors for Parkinson's disease (PD) as per genome-wide association studies, have not been fully characterized for PD patients in China. This study aimed to replicate the relationship between 12 novel SNPs of 12 genes and PD risk in southern Chinese population. Twelve SNPs of 12 genes were detected in 231 PD patients and 249 controls, using the SNaPshot technique. Meta-analysis was used to assess heterogeneity of effect sizes between this study and published data. The impact of SNPs on gene expression was investigated by analysing the SNP-gene association in the expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) data sets. rs8180209 of SNCA (allele model: P = .047, OR = 0.77; additive model: P = .047, OR = 0.77), rs2270968 of MCCC1 (dominant model: P = .024, OR = 1.52), rs7479949 of DLG2 (recessive model; P = .019, OR = 1.52), rs10748818 of GBF1 (additive model: P < .001, OR = 0.37), and rs4771268 of MBNL2 (recessive model: P = .003, OR = 0.48) were replicated to be significantly associated with the increased risk of PD. Noteworthy, a meta-analysis of previous studies suggested rs8180209, rs2270968, rs7479949 and rs4771268 were in line with those of our cohort. Our study replicated five novel functional SNPs in SNCA, MCCC1, DLG2, GBF1 and MBNL2 could be associated with increased risk of PD in southern Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aonan Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyue Niu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanglu Li
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningdi Luo
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liche Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyan Kang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital North Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital North Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neurology, RuiJin Hospital/Lu Wan Branch, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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35
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Dues DJ, Moore DJ. LRRK2 and Protein Aggregation in Parkinson's Disease: Insights From Animal Models. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:719. [PMID: 32733200 PMCID: PMC7360724 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) instigate an autosomal dominant form of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Despite the neuropathological heterogeneity observed in LRRK2-PD, accumulating evidence suggests that alpha-synuclein and tau pathology are observed in a vast majority of cases. Intriguingly, the presence of protein aggregates spans both LRRK2-PD and idiopathic disease, supportive of a common pathologic mechanism. Thus, it is important to consider how LRRK2 mutations give rise to such pathology, and whether targeting LRRK2 might modify the accumulation, transmission, or toxicity of protein aggregates. Likewise, it is not clear how LRRK2 mutations drive PD pathogenesis, and whether protein aggregates are implicated in LRRK2-dependent neurodegeneration. While animal models have been instrumental in furthering our understanding of a potential interaction between LRRK2 and protein aggregation, the biology is far from clear. We aim to provide a thoughtful overview of the evidence linking LRRK2 to protein aggregation in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J Dues
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Darren J Moore
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
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36
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Stoker TB, Camacho M, Winder-Rhodes S, Liu G, Scherzer CR, Foltynie T, Evans J, Breen DP, Barker RA, Williams-Gray CH. Impact of GBA1 variants on long-term clinical progression and mortality in incident Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2020; 91:695-702. [PMID: 32303560 PMCID: PMC7361014 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-322857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Variants in the GBA1 gene have been identified as a common risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). In addition to pathogenic mutations (those associated with Gaucher disease), a number of 'non-pathogenic' variants also occur at increased frequency in PD. Previous studies have reported that pathogenic variants adversely affect the clinical course of PD. The role of 'non-pathogenic' GBA1 variants on PD course is less clear. In this study, we report the effect of GBA1 variants in incident PD patients with long-term follow-up. METHODS The study population consisted of patients in the Cambridgeshire Incidence of Parkinson's disease from General Practice to Neurologist and Parkinsonism: Incidence, Cognition and Non-motor heterogeneity in Cambridgeshire cohorts. Patients were grouped into non-carriers, carriers of 'non-pathogenic' GBA1 variants and carriers of pathogenic GBA1 mutations. Survival analyses for time to development of dementia, postural instability and death were carried out. Cox regression analysis controlling for potential confounders were used to determine the impact of GBA1 variants on these outcome measures. RESULTS GBA1 variants were identified in 14.4% of patients. Pathogenic and 'non-pathogenic' GBA1 variants were associated with the accelerated development of dementia and a more aggressive motor course. Pathogenic GBA1 variants were associated with earlier mortality in comparison with non-carriers, independent of the development of dementia. DISCUSSION GBA1 variants, including those not associated with Gaucher disease, are common in PD and result in a more aggressive disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Stoker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK .,Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council - Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marta Camacho
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Sophie Winder-Rhodes
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Ganqiang Liu
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Advanced Center for Parkinson's Disease Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clemens R Scherzer
- Advanced Center for Parkinson's Disease Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Precision Neurology Program, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Evans
- Department of Neurology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - David P Breen
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Roger A Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK.,Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council - Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Caroline H Williams-Gray
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
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37
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Identifying and predicting Parkinson's disease subtypes through trajectory clustering via bipartite networks. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233296. [PMID: 32555729 PMCID: PMC7299311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic medical conditions show substantial heterogeneity in their clinical features and progression. We develop the novel data-driven, network-based Trajectory Profile Clustering (TPC) algorithm for 1) identification of disease subtypes and 2) early prediction of subtype/disease progression patterns. TPC is an easily generalizable method that identifies subtypes by clustering patients with similar disease trajectory profiles, based not only on Parkinson’s Disease (PD) variable severity, but also on their complex patterns of evolution. TPC is derived from bipartite networks that connect patients to disease variables. Applying our TPC algorithm to a PD clinical dataset, we identify 3 distinct subtypes/patient clusters, each with a characteristic progression profile. We show that TPC predicts the patient’s disease subtype 4 years in advance with 72% accuracy for a longitudinal test cohort. Furthermore, we demonstrate that other types of data such as genetic data can be integrated seamlessly in the TPC algorithm. In summary, using PD as an example, we present an effective method for subtype identification in multidimensional longitudinal datasets, and early prediction of subtypes in individual patients.
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38
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Lysosomal Ceramide Metabolism Disorders: Implications in Parkinson's Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020594. [PMID: 32098196 PMCID: PMC7073989 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceramides are a family of bioactive lipids belonging to the class of sphingolipids. Sphingolipidoses are a group of inherited genetic diseases characterized by the unmetabolized sphingolipids and the consequent reduction of ceramide pool in lysosomes. Sphingolipidoses include several disorders as Sandhoff disease, Fabry disease, Gaucher disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy, Krabbe disease, Niemann Pick disease, Farber disease, and GM2 gangliosidosis. In sphingolipidosis, lysosomal lipid storage occurs in both the central nervous system and visceral tissues, and central nervous system pathology is a common hallmark for all of them. Parkinson’s disease, the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, is characterized by the accumulation and aggregation of misfolded α-synuclein that seem associated to some lysosomal disorders, in particular Gaucher disease. This review provides evidence into the role of ceramide metabolism in the pathophysiology of lysosomes, highlighting the more recent findings on its involvement in Parkinson’s disease.
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39
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Correia Guedes L, Mestre T, Outeiro TF, Ferreira JJ. Are genetic and idiopathic forms of Parkinson's disease the same disease? J Neurochem 2019; 152:515-522. [PMID: 31643079 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Genetic forms represent a small fraction of Parkinson's disease (PD) but their discovery has revolutionized research in the field, putting α-synuclein in the spotlight, and uncovering other key neuropathological mechanisms of the disease. The question of whether genetic and idiopathic PD (iPD) correspond to a same disease entity is not simply philosophical, has implications for the discovery of the biological background of PD and for the development of novel therapeutic strategies that may also be applicable to the larger iPD group. Here, we review the current landscape of what has been labeled genetic PD and critically discuss the rational for merging or separating genetic and idiopathic forms of PD as the same or different disease entities. We conclude by addressing the potential implications for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Correia Guedes
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Neurology, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tiago Mestre
- Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders Center, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa Brain and Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Joaquim J Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,CNS-Campus Neurológico Sénior, Torres Vedras, Portugal
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40
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Association between Zika virus and future neurological diseases. J Neurol Sci 2019; 409:116617. [PMID: 31835212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.116617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Iwaki H, Blauwendraat C, Leonard HL, Kim JJ, Liu G, Maple-Grødem J, Corvol JC, Pihlstrøm L, van Nimwegen M, Hutten SJ, Nguyen KDH, Rick J, Eberly S, Faghri F, Auinger P, Scott KM, Wijeyekoon R, Van Deerlin VM, Hernandez DG, Gibbs JR, Chitrala KN, Day-Williams AG, Brice A, Alves G, Noyce AJ, Tysnes OB, Evans JR, Breen DP, Estrada K, Wegel CE, Danjou F, Simon DK, Andreassen O, Ravina B, Toft M, Heutink P, Bloem BR, Weintraub D, Barker RA, Williams-Gray CH, van de Warrenburg BP, Van Hilten JJ, Scherzer CR, Singleton AB, Nalls MA. Genomewide association study of Parkinson's disease clinical biomarkers in 12 longitudinal patients' cohorts. Mov Disord 2019; 34:1839-1850. [PMID: 31505070 PMCID: PMC7017876 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several reports have identified different patterns of Parkinson's disease progression in individuals carrying missense variants in GBA or LRRK2 genes. The overall contribution of genetic factors to the severity and progression of Parkinson's disease, however, has not been well studied. OBJECTIVES To test the association between genetic variants and the clinical features of Parkinson's disease on a genomewide scale. METHODS We accumulated individual data from 12 longitudinal cohorts in a total of 4093 patients with 22,307 observations for a median of 3.81 years. Genomewide associations were evaluated for 25 cross-sectional and longitudinal phenotypes. Specific variants of interest, including 90 recently identified disease-risk variants, were also investigated post hoc for candidate associations with these phenotypes. RESULTS Two variants were genomewide significant. Rs382940(T>A), within the intron of SLC44A1, was associated with reaching Hoehn and Yahr stage 3 or higher faster (hazard ratio 2.04 [1.58-2.62]; P value = 3.46E-8). Rs61863020(G>A), an intergenic variant and expression quantitative trait loci for α-2A adrenergic receptor, was associated with a lower prevalence of insomnia at baseline (odds ratio 0.63 [0.52-0.75]; P value = 4.74E-8). In the targeted analysis, we found 9 associations between known Parkinson's risk variants and more severe motor/cognitive symptoms. Also, we replicated previous reports of GBA coding variants (rs2230288: p.E365K; rs75548401: p.T408M) being associated with greater motor and cognitive decline over time, and an APOE E4 tagging variant (rs429358) being associated with greater cognitive deficits in patients. CONCLUSIONS We identified novel genetic factors associated with heterogeneity of Parkinson's disease. The results can be used for validation or hypothesis tests regarding Parkinson's disease. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Iwaki
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, Maryland, USA
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hampton L. Leonard
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonggeol J. Kim
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ganqiang Liu
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Advanced Center for Parkinson’s Disease Research, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Precision Neurology Program, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jodi Maple-Grødem
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University in Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marlies van Nimwegen
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour; Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Samantha J. Hutten
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Jacqueline Rick
- Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shirley Eberly
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Faraz Faghri
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Peggy Auinger
- Department of Neurology, Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kirsten M. Scott
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ruwani Wijeyekoon
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vivianna M. Van Deerlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dena G. Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - J. Raphael Gibbs
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Kumaraswamy Naidu Chitrala
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron G. Day-Williams
- Flagship Labs 60 Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Statistical Genetics, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexis Brice
- Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université SU, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR1127, Paris, France
| | - Guido Alves
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University in Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Alastair J. Noyce
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ole-Bjørn Tysnes
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jonathan R. Evans
- Department of Neurology, Nottingham University NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - David P. Breen
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Karol Estrada
- Translational Genome Sciences, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Claire E. Wegel
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Fabrice Danjou
- Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM, Paris, France
| | - David K. Simon
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ole Andreassen
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway, Norway
| | - Bernard Ravina
- Voyager Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Heutink
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- HIH Tuebingen, Tubingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Bastiaan R. Bloem
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour; Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Weintraub
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Roger A. Barker
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bart P. van de Warrenburg
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour; Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Clemens R. Scherzer
- Advanced Center for Parkinson’s Disease Research, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Precision Neurology Program, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew B. Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mike A. Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, Maryland, USA
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Paul KC, Schulz J, Bronstein JM, Lill CM, Ritz BR. Association of Polygenic Risk Score With Cognitive Decline and Motor Progression in Parkinson Disease. JAMA Neurol 2019; 75:360-366. [PMID: 29340614 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.4206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Importance Genetic factors have a well-known influence on Parkinson disease (PD) susceptibility. The largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 26 independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with PD risk. Among patients, the course and severity of symptom progression is variable, and little is known about the potential association of genetic factors with phenotypic variance. Objective To assess whether GWAS-identified PD risk SNPs also have a cumulative association with the progression of cognitive and motor symptoms in patients with PD. Design, Setting, and Participants This longitudinal population-based cohort study of 285 patients of European ancestry with incident PD genotyped 23 GWAS SNPs. One hundred ninety-nine patients were followed up for a mean (SD) of 5.3 (2.1) years for progression (baseline: June 1, 2001, through November 31, 2007; follow-up: June 1, 2007, through August 31, 2013, with mortality surveillance through December 31, 2016); 57 patients had died or were too ill for follow-up, and 29 withdrew or could not be contacted. Movement disorder specialists repeatedly assessed PD symptom progression. Main Outcomes Measures The combined association of PD risk loci, after creating a weighted polygenic risk score (PRS), with cognitive decline, motor progression, and survival, relying on Cox proportional hazards regression models and inverse probability weights to account for censoring. Results Of the 285 patients undergoing genotyping, 160 were men (56.1%) and 125 were women (43.9%); the mean (SD) age at diagnosis was 69.1 (10.4) years. The weighted PRS was associated with significantly faster cognitive decline, measured by change in the Mini-Mental State Examination (hazard ratio [HR] per 1 SD, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.00-2.07). The PRS was also associated with faster motor decline, measured by time to Hoehn & Yahr Scale stage 3 (HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.00-1.79) and change in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III score (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.00-2.01). Conclusions and Relevance Susceptibility SNPs for PD combined with a cumulative PRS were associated with faster motor and cognitive decline in patients. Thus, these genetic markers may be associated with not only PD susceptibility but also disease progression in multiple domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly C Paul
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) Fielding School of Public Health
| | - Jessica Schulz
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Christina M Lill
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Beate R Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) Fielding School of Public Health.,Department of Neurology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine
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Tan MMX, Malek N, Lawton MA, Hubbard L, Pittman AM, Joseph T, Hehir J, Swallow DMA, Grosset KA, Marrinan SL, Bajaj N, Barker RA, Burn DJ, Bresner C, Foltynie T, Hardy J, Wood N, Ben-Shlomo Y, Grosset DG, Williams NM, Morris HR. Genetic analysis of Mendelian mutations in a large UK population-based Parkinson's disease study. Brain 2019; 142:2828-2844. [PMID: 31324919 PMCID: PMC6735928 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to define the prevalence and clinical features of genetic Parkinson's disease in a large UK population-based cohort, the largest multicentre prospective clinico-genetic incident study in the world. We collected demographic data, Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale scores, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores. We analysed mutations in PRKN (parkin), PINK1, LRRK2 and SNCA in relation to age at symptom onset, family history and clinical features. Of the 2262 participants recruited to the Tracking Parkinson's study, 424 had young-onset Parkinson's disease (age at onset ≤ 50) and 1799 had late onset Parkinson's disease. A range of methods were used to genotype 2005 patients: 302 young-onset patients were fully genotyped with multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and either Sanger and/or exome sequencing; and 1701 late-onset patients were genotyped with the LRRK2 'Kompetitive' allele-specific polymerase chain reaction assay and/or exome sequencing (two patients had missing age at onset). We identified 29 (1.4%) patients carrying pathogenic mutations. Eighteen patients carried the G2019S or R1441C mutations in LRRK2, and one patient carried a heterozygous duplication in SNCA. In PRKN, we identified patients carrying deletions of exons 1, 4 and 5, and P113Xfs, R275W, G430D and R33X. In PINK1, two patients carried deletions in exon 1 and 5, and the W90Xfs point mutation. Eighteen per cent of patients with age at onset ≤30 and 7.4% of patients from large dominant families carried pathogenic Mendelian gene mutations. Of all young-onset patients, 10 (3.3%) carried biallelic mutations in PRKN or PINK1. Across the whole cohort, 18 patients (0.9%) carried pathogenic LRRK2 mutations and one (0.05%) carried an SNCA duplication. There is a significant burden of LRRK2 G2019S in patients with both apparently sporadic and familial disease. In young-onset patients, dominant and recessive mutations were equally common. There were no differences in clinical features between LRRK2 carriers and non-carriers. However, we did find that PRKN and PINK1 mutation carriers have distinctive clinical features compared to young-onset non-carriers, with more postural symptoms at diagnosis and less cognitive impairment, after adjusting for age and disease duration. This supports the idea that there is a distinct clinical profile of PRKN and PINK1-related Parkinson's disease. We estimate that there are approaching 1000 patients with a known genetic aetiology in the UK Parkinson's disease population. A small but significant number of patients carry causal variants in LRRK2, SNCA, PRKN and PINK1 that could potentially be targeted by new therapies, such as LRRK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela M X Tan
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Naveed Malek
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Leon Hubbard
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alan M Pittman
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Theresita Joseph
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jason Hehir
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Diane M A Swallow
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Katherine A Grosset
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sarah L Marrinan
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nin Bajaj
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Roger A Barker
- UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Cambridge, UK
| | - David J Burn
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Catherine Bresner
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Wood
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Donald G Grosset
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nigel M Williams
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Huw R Morris
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK
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Iwaki H, Blauwendraat C, Leonard HL, Liu G, Maple-Grødem J, Corvol JC, Pihlstrøm L, van Nimwegen M, Hutten SJ, Nguyen KDH, Rick J, Eberly S, Faghri F, Auinger P, Scott KM, Wijeyekoon R, Van Deerlin VM, Hernandez DG, Day-Williams AG, Brice A, Alves G, Noyce AJ, Tysnes OB, Evans JR, Breen DP, Estrada K, Wegel CE, Danjou F, Simon DK, Ravina B, Toft M, Heutink P, Bloem BR, Weintraub D, Barker RA, Williams-Gray CH, van de Warrenburg BP, Van Hilten JJ, Scherzer CR, Singleton AB, Nalls MA. Genetic risk of Parkinson disease and progression:: An analysis of 13 longitudinal cohorts. Neurol Genet 2019; 5:e348. [PMID: 31404238 PMCID: PMC6659137 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if any association between previously identified alleles that confer risk for Parkinson disease and variables measuring disease progression. METHODS We evaluated the association between 31 risk variants and variables measuring disease progression. A total of 23,423 visits by 4,307 patients of European ancestry from 13 longitudinal cohorts in Europe, North America, and Australia were analyzed. RESULTS We confirmed the importance of GBA on phenotypes. GBA variants were associated with the development of daytime sleepiness (p.N370S: hazard ratio [HR] 3.28 [1.69-6.34]) and possible REM sleep behavior (p.T408M: odds ratio 6.48 [2.04-20.60]). We also replicated previously reported associations of GBA variants with motor/cognitive declines. The other genotype-phenotype associations include an intergenic variant near LRRK2 and the faster development of motor symptom (Hoehn and Yahr scale 3.0 HR 1.33 [1.16-1.52] for the C allele of rs76904798) and an intronic variant in PMVK and the development of wearing-off effects (HR 1.66 [1.19-2.31] for the C allele of rs114138760). Age at onset was associated with TMEM175 variant p.M393T (-0.72 [-1.21 to -0.23] in years), the C allele of rs199347 (intronic region of GPNMB, 0.70 [0.27-1.14]), and G allele of rs1106180 (intronic region of CCDC62, 0.62 [0.21-1.03]). CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that alleles associated with Parkinson disease risk, in particular GBA variants, also contribute to the heterogeneity of multiple motor and nonmotor aspects. Accounting for genetic variability will be a useful factor in understanding disease course and in minimizing heterogeneity in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Iwaki
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Hampton L Leonard
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Ganqiang Liu
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Jodi Maple-Grødem
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies van Nimwegen
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Samantha J Hutten
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Khanh-Dung H Nguyen
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Rick
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Shirley Eberly
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Faraz Faghri
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Peggy Auinger
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten M Scott
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Ruwani Wijeyekoon
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Vivianna M Van Deerlin
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Dena G Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Aaron G Day-Williams
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Alexis Brice
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Alves
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Alastair J Noyce
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Ole-Bjørn Tysnes
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan R Evans
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - David P Breen
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Karol Estrada
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Claire E Wegel
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Fabrice Danjou
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - David K Simon
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard Ravina
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Mathias Toft
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Heutink
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan R Bloem
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Weintraub
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Roger A Barker
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline H Williams-Gray
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Bart P van de Warrenburg
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Jacobus J Van Hilten
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens R Scherzer
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics (H.I., C.B., H.L.L., F.F., D.G.H., A.B.S., M.A.N.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Data Tecnica International (H.I., M.A.N.), Glen Echo, MD; Precision Neurology Program (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Neurogenomics Laboratory (G.L., C.R.S.), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.L., C.R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders (J.M.-G., G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital; Department of Chemistry (J.M.-G., G.A.), Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Norway; Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (J.-C.C.), ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS 7225, ICM, Department of Neurology and CIC Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.T.), Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Department of Neurology (M.N., B.R.B., B.P.W.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Michael J Fox Foundation (S.J.H.), New York; Translational Genome Sciences (K.-D.H.N, K.E.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology University of Pennsylvania (J.R.), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology (S.E.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Computer Science (F.F.), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Department of Neurology (P.A.), Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.S., R.W.), University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.M.V.D.), Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Parelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (A.G.D.-W.), Merck Research Laboratory, Boston, MA; Statistical Genetics (A.G.D.-W.), Biogen, Cambridge, MA; Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière ICM (A.B., F.D.); Sorbonne Université SU (A.B.); INSERM UMR (A.B.), Paris, France; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway; Preventive Neurology Unit (A.J.N.), Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (A.J.N.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology (O.-B.T.), Haukeland University Hospital; University of Bergen (O.-B.T.), Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurology (J.R.E.), Nottingham University NHS Trust, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics (D.P.B.), University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics (C.E.W.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (D.K.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School (D.K.S.), Boston; Voyager Therapeutics (B.R.), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (B.R.), University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY; Institute of Clinical Medicine (M.T.), University of Oslo, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tubingen (P.H.); HIH Tuebingen (P.H.), Germany; Department of Psychiatry (D.W.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Department of Veterans Affairs (D.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.A.B., C.H.W.-G.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (J.J.V.H.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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Lee MJ, Pak K, Kim JH, Kim YJ, Yoon J, Lee J, Lyoo CH, Park HJ, Lee JH, Jung NY. Effect of polygenic load on striatal dopaminergic deterioration in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2019; 93:e665-e674. [PMID: 31289143 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000007939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of polygenic load on the progression of striatal dopaminergic dysfunction in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). METHODS Using data from 335 patients with PD in the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) database, we investigated the longitudinal association of PD-associated polygenic load with changes in striatal dopaminergic activity as measured by 123I-N-3-fluoropropyl-2-β-carboxymethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane (123I-FP-CIT) SPECT over 4 years. PD-associated polygenic load was estimated by calculating weighted genetic risk scores (GRS) using 1) all available 27 PD-risk single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PPMI database (GRS1) and 2) 23 SNPs with minor allele frequency >0.05 (GRS2). RESULTS GRS1 and GRS2 were correlated with younger age at onset in patients with PD (GRS1, Spearman ρ = -0.128, p = 0.019; GRS2, Spearman ρ = -0.109, p = 0.047). Although GRS1 did not show an association with changes in striatal 123I-FP-CIT availability, GRS2 was associated with a slower decline of striatal dopaminergic activity (interactions with disease duration in linear mixed model; caudate nucleus, estimate = 0.399, SE = 0.165, p = 0.028; putamen, estimate = 0.396, SE = 0.137, p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that genetic factors for PD risk may have heterogeneous effects on striatal dopaminergic degeneration, and some factors may be associated with a slower decline of dopaminergic activity. Composition of PD progression-specific GRS may be useful in predicting disease progression in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Jun Lee
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.J.L.) and Nuclear Medicine (K.P.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Busan; Department of Neurology (J.H.K.), National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang; Department of Neurology (Y.J.K.), Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang; Department of Computer Engineering (J.Y., J.L.), Hallym University, Chuncheon; Department of Neurology (C.H.L.), Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (H.J.P.), Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung; and Department of Neurology (J.-H.L., N.-Y.J.), Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoungjune Pak
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.J.L.) and Nuclear Medicine (K.P.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Busan; Department of Neurology (J.H.K.), National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang; Department of Neurology (Y.J.K.), Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang; Department of Computer Engineering (J.Y., J.L.), Hallym University, Chuncheon; Department of Neurology (C.H.L.), Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (H.J.P.), Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung; and Department of Neurology (J.-H.L., N.-Y.J.), Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hun Kim
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.J.L.) and Nuclear Medicine (K.P.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Busan; Department of Neurology (J.H.K.), National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang; Department of Neurology (Y.J.K.), Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang; Department of Computer Engineering (J.Y., J.L.), Hallym University, Chuncheon; Department of Neurology (C.H.L.), Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (H.J.P.), Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung; and Department of Neurology (J.-H.L., N.-Y.J.), Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Joong Kim
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.J.L.) and Nuclear Medicine (K.P.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Busan; Department of Neurology (J.H.K.), National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang; Department of Neurology (Y.J.K.), Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang; Department of Computer Engineering (J.Y., J.L.), Hallym University, Chuncheon; Department of Neurology (C.H.L.), Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (H.J.P.), Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung; and Department of Neurology (J.-H.L., N.-Y.J.), Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehee Yoon
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.J.L.) and Nuclear Medicine (K.P.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Busan; Department of Neurology (J.H.K.), National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang; Department of Neurology (Y.J.K.), Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang; Department of Computer Engineering (J.Y., J.L.), Hallym University, Chuncheon; Department of Neurology (C.H.L.), Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (H.J.P.), Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung; and Department of Neurology (J.-H.L., N.-Y.J.), Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.J.L.) and Nuclear Medicine (K.P.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Busan; Department of Neurology (J.H.K.), National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang; Department of Neurology (Y.J.K.), Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang; Department of Computer Engineering (J.Y., J.L.), Hallym University, Chuncheon; Department of Neurology (C.H.L.), Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (H.J.P.), Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung; and Department of Neurology (J.-H.L., N.-Y.J.), Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chul Hyoung Lyoo
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.J.L.) and Nuclear Medicine (K.P.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Busan; Department of Neurology (J.H.K.), National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang; Department of Neurology (Y.J.K.), Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang; Department of Computer Engineering (J.Y., J.L.), Hallym University, Chuncheon; Department of Neurology (C.H.L.), Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (H.J.P.), Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung; and Department of Neurology (J.-H.L., N.-Y.J.), Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Jun Park
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.J.L.) and Nuclear Medicine (K.P.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Busan; Department of Neurology (J.H.K.), National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang; Department of Neurology (Y.J.K.), Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang; Department of Computer Engineering (J.Y., J.L.), Hallym University, Chuncheon; Department of Neurology (C.H.L.), Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (H.J.P.), Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung; and Department of Neurology (J.-H.L., N.-Y.J.), Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyeok Lee
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.J.L.) and Nuclear Medicine (K.P.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Busan; Department of Neurology (J.H.K.), National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang; Department of Neurology (Y.J.K.), Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang; Department of Computer Engineering (J.Y., J.L.), Hallym University, Chuncheon; Department of Neurology (C.H.L.), Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (H.J.P.), Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung; and Department of Neurology (J.-H.L., N.-Y.J.), Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Na-Yeon Jung
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.J.L.) and Nuclear Medicine (K.P.), Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Busan; Department of Neurology (J.H.K.), National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang; Department of Neurology (Y.J.K.), Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang; Department of Computer Engineering (J.Y., J.L.), Hallym University, Chuncheon; Department of Neurology (C.H.L.), Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (H.J.P.), Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung; and Department of Neurology (J.-H.L., N.-Y.J.), Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
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Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Pham J, Alcalay RN, Frazier A, Shorr E, Carpenter C, Sidney J, Dhanwani R, Agin-Liebes J, Garretti F, Amara AW, Standaert DG, Phillips EJ, Mallal SA, Peters B, Sulzer D, Sette A. Widespread Tau-Specific CD4 T Cell Reactivity in the General Population. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:84-92. [PMID: 31085590 PMCID: PMC6581570 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tau protein is found to be aggregated and hyperphosphorylated (p-tau) in many neurologic disorders, including Parkinson disease (PD) and related parkinsonisms, Alzheimer disease, traumatic brain injury, and even in normal aging. Although not known to produce autoimmune responses, we hypothesized that the appearance of aggregated tau and p-tau with disease could activate the immune system. We thus compared T cell responses to tau and p-tau-derived peptides between PD patients, age-matched healthy controls, and young healthy controls (<35 y old; who are less likely to have high levels of tau aggregates). All groups exhibited CD4+ T cell responses to tau-derived peptides, which were associated with secretion of IFN-γ, IL-5, and/or IL-4. The PD and control participants exhibited a similar magnitude and breadth of responses. Some tau-derived epitopes, consisting of both unmodified and p-tau residues, were more highly represented in PD participants. These results were verified in an independent set of PD and control donors (either age-matched or young controls). Thus, T cells recognizing tau epitopes escape central and peripheral tolerance in relatively high numbers, and the magnitude and nature of these responses are not modulated by age or PD disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Pham
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032
| | - April Frazier
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Evan Shorr
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032
| | - Chelsea Carpenter
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - John Sidney
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Rekha Dhanwani
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Julian Agin-Liebes
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032
| | - Francesca Garretti
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032
| | - Amy W Amara
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233
| | - David G Standaert
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233
| | - Elizabeth J Phillips
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia; and
| | - Simon A Mallal
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia; and
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037;
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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47
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Blauwendraat C, Heilbron K, Vallerga CL, Bandres-Ciga S, von Coelln R, Pihlstrøm L, Simón-Sánchez J, Schulte C, Sharma M, Krohn L, Siitonen A, Iwaki H, Leonard H, Noyce AJ, Tan M, Gibbs JR, Hernandez DG, Scholz SW, Jankovic J, Shulman LM, Lesage S, Corvol JC, Brice A, van Hilten JJ, Marinus J, Tienari P, Majamaa K, Toft M, Grosset DG, Gasser T, Heutink P, Shulman JM, Wood N, Hardy J, Morris HR, Hinds DA, Gratten J, Visscher PM, Gan-Or Z, Nalls MA, Singleton AB. Parkinson's disease age at onset genome-wide association study: Defining heritability, genetic loci, and α-synuclein mechanisms. Mov Disord 2019; 34:866-875. [PMID: 30957308 PMCID: PMC6579628 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence supports an extensive and complex genetic contribution to PD. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shed light on the genetic basis of risk for this disease. However, the genetic determinants of PD age at onset are largely unknown. OBJECTIVES To identify the genetic determinants of PD age at onset. METHODS Using genetic data of 28,568 PD cases, we performed a genome-wide association study based on PD age at onset. RESULTS We estimated that the heritability of PD age at onset attributed to common genetic variation was ∼0.11, lower than the overall heritability of risk for PD (∼0.27), likely, in part, because of the subjective nature of this measure. We found two genome-wide significant association signals, one at SNCA and the other a protein-coding variant in TMEM175, both of which are known PD risk loci and a Bonferroni-corrected significant effect at other known PD risk loci, GBA, INPP5F/BAG3, FAM47E/SCARB2, and MCCC1. Notably, SNCA, TMEM175, SCARB2, BAG3, and GBA have all been shown to be implicated in α-synuclein aggregation pathways. Remarkably, other well-established PD risk loci, such as GCH1 and MAPT, did not show a significant effect on age at onset of PD. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we have performed the largest age at onset of PD genome-wide association studies to date, and our results show that not all PD risk loci influence age at onset with significant differences between risk alleles for age at onset. This provides a compelling picture, both within the context of functional characterization of disease-linked genetic variability and in defining differences between risk alleles for age at onset, or frank risk for disease. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karl Heilbron
- 23andMe, Inc., 899 W Evelyn Avenue, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Costanza L. Vallerga
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rainer von Coelln
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Javier Simón-Sánchez
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Schulte
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manu Sharma
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tubingen, Germany
| | - Lynne Krohn
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ari Siitonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Neurology and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hirotaka Iwaki
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- The Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research, NY, USA
| | - Hampton Leonard
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alastair J. Noyce
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Manuela Tan
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - J. Raphael Gibbs
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dena G. Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sonja W. Scholz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lisa M. Shulman
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- Inserm U1127, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Inserm U1127, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Inserm U1127, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | | | - Johan Marinus
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pentti Tienari
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Neurology and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kari Majamaa
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Neurology and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Donald G. Grosset
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Heutink
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joshua M Shulman
- Departments of Molecular & Human Genetics and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, USA
| | - Nicolas Wood
- Inserm U1127, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - John Hardy
- Inserm U1127, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Huw R Morris
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London UK
- UCL Movement Disorders Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - David A. Hinds
- 23andMe, Inc., 899 W Evelyn Avenue, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Jacob Gratten
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter M. Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mike A. Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA
| | - Andrew B. Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Elkouris M, Kouroupi G, Vourvoukelis A, Papagiannakis N, Kaltezioti V, Matsas R, Stefanis L, Xilouri M, Politis PK. Long Non-coding RNAs Associated With Neurodegeneration-Linked Genes Are Reduced in Parkinson's Disease Patients. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:58. [PMID: 30853899 PMCID: PMC6396023 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome analysis has identified a plethora of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) expressed in the human brain and associated with neurological diseases. However, whether lncRNAs expression levels correlate with Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis remains unknown. Herein, we show that a number of lncRNA genes encompassing transcriptional units in close proximity to PD-linked protein-coding genes, including SNCA, LRRK2, PINK1, DJ-1, UCH-L1, MAPT and GBA1, are expressed in human dopaminergic cells and post-mortem material, such as cortex, Substantia Nigra and cerebellum. Interestingly, these lncRNAs are upregulated during neuronal differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells and of dopaminergic neurons generated from human fibroblast-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Importantly, six lncRNAs are found under-expressed in the nigra and three in the cerebellum of PD patients compared to controls. Simultaneously, SNCA mRNA levels are increased in the nigra, while LRRK2 and PINK1 mRNA levels are decreased both in the nigra and the cerebellum of PD subjects compared to controls, indicating a possible correlation between the expression profile of the respective lncRNAs with their adjacent coding genes. Interestingly, all dysregulated lncRNAs are also detected in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and four of them in exosomes derived from human cerebrospinal fluid, providing initial evidence for their potential use as diagnostic tools for PD. Our data raise the intriguing possibility that these lncRNAs may be involved in disease pathogenesis by regulating their neighboring PD-associated genes and may thus represent novel targets for the diagnosis and/or treatment of PD or related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilianos Elkouris
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Kouroupi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur InstituteAthens, Greece
| | - Alexios Vourvoukelis
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papagiannakis
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Valeria Kaltezioti
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Rebecca Matsas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur InstituteAthens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Xilouri
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis K. Politis
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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49
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Taguchi YH, Wang H. Exploring MicroRNA Biomarkers for Parkinson's Disease from mRNA Expression Profiles. Cells 2018; 7:E245. [PMID: 30563060 PMCID: PMC6315543 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by both motor and nonmotor features. The diagnose of PD is based on a review of patients' signs and symptoms, and neurological and physical examinations. So far, no tests have been devised that can conclusively diagnose PD. In this study, we explore both microRNA and gene biomarkers for PD. Microarray gene expression profiles for PD patients and healthy control are analyzed using a principal component analysis (PCA)-based unsupervised feature extraction (FE). 244 genes are selected to be potential gene biomarkers for PD. In addition, we implement these genes into Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, and find that the 15 microRNAs (miRNAs), hsa-miR-92a-3p, 16-5p, 615-3p, 877-3p, 100-5p, 320a, 877-5p, 23a-3p, 484, 23b-3p, 15a-5p, 324-3p, 19b-3p, 7b-5p and 505-3p, significantly target these 244 genes. These miRNAs are shown to be significantly related to PD. This reveals that both selected genes and miRNAs are potential biomarkers for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Taguchi
- Department of Physics, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunky-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan.
| | - Hsiuying Wang
- Institute of Statistics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
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50
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Zhang Y, Shu L, Sun Q, Pan H, Guo J, Tang B. A Comprehensive Analysis of the Association Between SNCA Polymorphisms and the Risk of Parkinson's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:391. [PMID: 30410434 PMCID: PMC6209653 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Various studies have reported associations between synuclein alpha (SNCA) polymorphisms and Parkinson's disease (PD) risk. However, the results are inconsistent. We conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of the associations between SNCA single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and PD risk in overall populations and subpopulations by ethnicity. Methods: Standard meta-analysis was conducted according to our protocol with a cutoff point of p < 0.05. To find the most relevant SNCA SNPs, we used a cutoff point of p < 1 × 10−5 in an analysis based on the allele model. In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, we divided the overall populations into five ethnic groups. We conducted further analysis on the most relevant SNPs using dominant and recessive models to identify the contributions of heterozygotes and homozygotes regarding each SNP. Results: In our comprehensive meta-analysis, 24,075 cases and 22,877 controls from 36 articles were included. We included 16 variants in the meta-analysis and found 12 statistically significant variants with p < 0.05. After narrowing down the variants using the p < 1 × 10−5 cutoff, in overall populations, seven SNPs increased the risk of PD (rs2736990, rs356220, rs356165, rs181489, rs356219, rs11931074, and rs2737029, with odds ratios [ORs] of 1.22–1.38) and one SNP decreased the risk (rs356186, with an OR of 0.77). In the East Asian group, rs2736990 and rs11931074 increased the risk (with ORs of 1.22–1.34). In the European group, five SNPs increased the risk (rs356219, rs181489, rs2737029, rs356165, and rs11931074, with ORs of 1.26–1.37) while one SNP decreased the risk (rs356186, with an OR of 0.77). The heterozygotes and homozygotes contributed differently depending on the variant. Conclusions: In summary, we found eight SNCA SNPs associated with PD risk, which had obvious differences between ethnicities. Seven SNPs increased the risk of PD and one SNP decreased the risk in the overall populations. In the East Asian group, rs2736990 and rs11931074 increased the risk. In the European group, rs356219, rs181489, rs2737029, rs356165, and rs11931074 increased the risk while rs356186 decreased the risk. Variants with the highest ORs and allele frequencies in our analysis should be given priority when carrying out genetic screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Shu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiying Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongxu Pan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Parkinson's Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Parkinson's Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Shanghai, China.,Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
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