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Billaud CHA, Yu J. The hippocampus as a structural and functional network epicentre for distant cortical thinning in neurocognitive aging. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 139:82-89. [PMID: 38657394 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Alterations in grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) are associated with memory impairment across the neurocognitive aging spectrum and theorised to spread throughout brain networks. Functional and structural connectivity (FC,SC) may explain widespread atrophy. We tested the effect of SC and FC to the hippocampus on cortical thickness (CT) of connected areas. In 419 (223 F) participants (agemean=73 ± 8) from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, cortical regions associated with memory (Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test) were identified using Lasso regression. Two structural equation models (SEM), for SC and resting-state FC, were fitted including CT areas, and SC and FC to the left and right hippocampus (LHIP,RHIP). LHIP (β=-0.150,p=<.001) and RHIP (β=-0.139,p=<.001) SC predicted left temporopolar/rhinal CT; RHIP SC predicted right temporopolar/rhinal CT (β=-0.191,p=<.001). LHIP SC predicted right fusiform/parahippocampal (β=-0.104,p=.011) and intraparietal sulcus/superior parietal CT (β=0.101,p=.028). Increased RHIP FC predicted higher left inferior parietal CT (β=0.132,p=.042) while increased LHIP FC predicted lower right fusiform/parahippocampal CT (β=-0.97; p=.023). The hippocampi may be epicentres for cortical thinning through disrupted connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charly Hugo Alexandre Billaud
- Nanyang Technological University, Psychology, School of Social Sciences, 48 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore City 639798, Singapore.
| | - Junhong Yu
- Nanyang Technological University, Psychology, School of Social Sciences, 48 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore City 639798, Singapore
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Gasparini M, Scandola M, Amato S, Salati E, Facci E, Gobbetto V, Bruno G, Vanacore N, Gambina G, Moro V. Normative data beyond the total scores: a process score analysis of the Rey's 15 word test in healthy aging and Alzheimer's Disease. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:2605-2613. [PMID: 38253743 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-024-07330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Rey's 15 words test is currently the most frequently used task in Italy to detect memory deficits in AD. The current standardised version is however quite outdated and lacks some cognitive indexes which may highlight problems in recall or encoding processes. The aim of the study was to update the normative data of the test and to consider some variables which were not accounted for in the original study, that is, recognition, learning rate and forgetfulness. We also adopted the process scores approach to ascertain the effects of serial position (primacy and recency). METHODS Three hundred ninety-six healthy participants were recruited. To detect any variables useful for intercepting the early stages of dementia, a group of 208 patients in the very early stage of AD was also recruited. Linear models were used to calculate the corrections scores for age, education, and gender, and ROCs were used to calculate cut-offs based on the maximum sum of sensitivity and specificity and the positive and negative predictive values. RESULTS All main indexes showed excellent Area Under the Curve (0.90-1), strong sensitivity and PPVs for distinguishing between the HCs and AD participants. However, the Intrusions index performed poorly in all parameters. CONCLUSION The study provides updated, normative data which may be reliably used as a cognitive marker to detect early AD. The strength of the study is the large sample size and the number of indexes which make it possible to explore the utility of memory test process scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gasparini
- Cognitive and Language Rehabilitation Center "Sinapsy", Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | - Emanuela Salati
- Department Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Bruno
- Department Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Valentina Moro
- Department Human Sciences, Verona University, Verona, Italy
- Verona Memory Center - CEMS, Verona, Italy
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Blodgett JM, Ahmadi M, Stamatakis E, Rockwood K, Hamer M. Fractal complexity of daily physical activity and cognitive function in a midlife cohort. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20340. [PMID: 37990028 PMCID: PMC10663528 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47200-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
High stability of fluctuation in physiological patterns across fixed time periods suggest healthy fractal complexity, while greater randomness in fluctuation patterns may indicate underlying disease processes. The importance of fractal stability in mid-life remains unexplored. We quantified fractal regulation patterns in 24-h accelerometer data and examined associations with cognitive function in midlife. Data from 5097 individuals (aged 46) from the 1970 British Cohort Study were analyzed. Participants wore thigh-mounted accelerometers for seven days and completed cognitive tests (verbal fluency, memory, processing speed; derived composite z-score). Detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) was used to examine temporal correlations of acceleration magnitude across 25 time scales (range: 1 min-10 h). Linear regression examined associations between DFA scaling exponents (DFAe) and each standardised cognitive outcome. DFAe was normally distributed (mean ± SD: 0.90 ± 0.06; range: 0.72-1.25). In males, a 0.10 increase in DFAe was associated with a 0.30 (95% Confidence Interval: 0.14, 0.47) increase in composite cognitive z-score in unadjusted models; associations were strongest for verbal fluency (0.10 [0.04, 0.16]). Associations remained in fully-adjusted models for verbal fluency only (0.06 [0.00, 0.12]). There was no association between DFA and cognition in females. Greater fractal stability in men was associated with better cognitive function. This could indicate mechanisms through which fractal complexity may scale up to and contribute to cognitive clinical endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Blodgett
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Matthew Ahmadi
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Mackenzie Wearables Research Hub, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Stamatakis
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Mackenzie Wearables Research Hub, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kenneth Rockwood
- Geriatric Medicine Research, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Mark Hamer
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
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Wennberg AM, Maher BS, Rabinowitz JA, Holingue C, Felder WR, Wells JL, Munro CA, Lyketsos CG, Eaton WW, Walker KA, Weng NP, Ferrucci L, Yolken R, Spira AP. Association of common infections with cognitive performance in the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area study follow-up. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:4841-4851. [PMID: 37027458 PMCID: PMC10558626 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Growing evidence suggests that some common infections are causally associated with cognitive impairment; however, less is known about the burden of multiple infections. METHODS We investigated the cross-sectional association of positive antibody tests for herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), and Toxoplasma gondii (TOX) with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and delayed verbal recall performance in 575 adults aged 41-97 from the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. RESULTS In multivariable-adjusted zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) regression models, positive antibody tests for CMV (p = .011) and herpes simplex virus (p = .018) were individually associated with poorer MMSE performance (p = .011). A greater number of positive antibody tests among the five tested was associated with worse MMSE performance (p = .001). DISCUSSION CMV, herpes simplex virus, and the global burden of multiple common infections were independently associated with poorer cognitive performance. Additional research that investigates whether the global burden of infection predicts cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease biomarker changes is needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Wennberg
- Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brion S Maher
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jill A Rabinowitz
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Calliope Holingue
- Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - W Ross Felder
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan L Wells
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Division of Epidemiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Cynthia A Munro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Constantine G Lyketsos
- Johns Hopkins Bayview Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Johns Hopkins Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William W Eaton
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Keenan A Walker
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nan-Ping Weng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Study Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Yolken
- Stanley Laboratory of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam P Spira
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Gicas KM, Honer WG, Petyuk VA, Wilson RS, Boyle PA, Leurgans SE, Schneider JA, De Jager PL, Bennett DA. Primacy and recency effects in verbal memory are differentially associated with post-mortem frontal cortex p-tau 217 and 202 levels in a mixed sample of community-dwelling older adults. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2023; 45:770-785. [PMID: 37440260 PMCID: PMC10787031 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2023.2232583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Serial position effects in verbal memory are associated with in vivo fluid biomarkers and neuropathological outcomes in Alzheimer's disease (AD). To extend the biomarker literature, associations between serial position scores and postmortem levels of brain phosphorylated tau (p-tau) were examined, in the context of Braak stage of neurofibrillary tangle progression. METHOD Participants were 1091 community-dwelling adults (Mage = 80.2, 68.9% female) from the Rush University Religious Orders Study and Memory and Aging Project who were non-demented at enrollment and followed for a mean of 9.2 years until death. The CERAD Word List Memory test administered at baseline and within 1 year of death was used to calculate serial position (primacy, recency) and total recall scores. Proteomic analyses quantified p-tau 217 and 202 from dorsolateral prefrontal cortex samples. Linear regressions assessed associations between cognitive scores and p-tau with Braak stage as a moderator. RESULTS Cognitive status proximal to death indicated 34.7% were unimpaired, 26.2% met criteria for MCI, and 39.0% for dementia. Better baseline primacy recall, but not recency recall, was associated with lower p-tau 217 levels across Braak stages. Delayed recall showed a similar pattern as primacy. There was no main effect of immediate recall, but an interaction with Braak stages indicated a negative association with p-tau 217 level only in Braak V-VI. Within 1 year of death, there were no main effects for cognitive scores; however, recency, immediate and delayed recall scores interacted with Braak stage showing better recall was associated with lower p-tau 217 only in Braak V-VI. No associations were observed with p-tau 202. CONCLUSIONS Primacy recall measured in non-demented adults may be sensitive to emergent tau phosphorylation that occurs in the earliest stages of AD. Serial position scores may complement the routinely used delayed recall score and p-tau biomarkers to detect preclinical AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William G Honer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Vladislav A Petyuk
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Robert S Wilson
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Patricia A Boyle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sue E Leurgans
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Columbia University Medical Center
| | - David A Bennett
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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Mitchell JJ, Hamer M, Blodgett JM, Wannamethee GS, Jefferis BJ. Associations between sporting physical activity and cognition in mid and later-life: Evidence from two cohorts. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:1570-1575. [PMID: 37254468 PMCID: PMC10947539 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Evidence has linked sporting leisure time physical activity (sporting-LTPA) to healthy cognition throughout adulthood. This may be due to the physiological effects of physical activity (PA), or to other, psychosocial facets of sport. We examined associations between sporting-LTPA and cognition while adjusting for device-measured PA volume devoid of context, both in midlife (N = 4041) participants from the 1970 British Cohort Study and later-life (N = 957) participants from the British Regional Heart Study. Independent of device-measured PA, we identified positive associations between sporting-LTPA and cognition. Sports with team/partner elements were strongly positively associated with cognition, suggesting LTPA context may be critical to this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. J. Mitchell
- Department of Primary Care and Population HealthUpper Third Floor UCL Medical School (Royal Free Campus)LondonUK
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, Faculty Medical Sciences, Institute of Sport Exercise & HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - M. Hamer
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, Faculty Medical Sciences, Institute of Sport Exercise & HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - J. M. Blodgett
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, Faculty Medical Sciences, Institute of Sport Exercise & HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - G. S. Wannamethee
- Department of Primary Care and Population HealthUpper Third Floor UCL Medical School (Royal Free Campus)LondonUK
| | - B. J. Jefferis
- Department of Primary Care and Population HealthUpper Third Floor UCL Medical School (Royal Free Campus)LondonUK
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Wennberg AM, Anderson LR, Cagnin A, Chen-Edinboro LP, Pini L. How both positive and burdensome caregiver experiences are associated with care recipient cognitive performance: Evidence from the National Health and Aging Trends Study and National Study of Caregiving. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1130099. [PMID: 36860389 PMCID: PMC9969137 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1130099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Being an informal caregiver to a person with chronic disease, including persons living with dementia (PLWD), is a big role to take on and many caregivers experience both substantial burden and emotional reward related to caregiving. Care recipient factors (e.g., behavioral symptoms) are associated with caregiver experience. However, the relationship between caregiver and care recipient is bidirectional, so it is likely that caregiver factors impact the care recipient, though few studies have investigated this. Methods In the 2017 round of the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS) and National Study of Caregiving (NSOC), we studied 1,210 care dyads--170 PLWD dyads and 1,040 without dementia dyads. Care recipients completed immediate and delayed word list memory tasks, the Clock Drawing Test, and a self-rated memory rating, while caregivers were interviewed about their caregiving experiences using a 34-item questionnaire. Using principal component analysis, we created a caregiver experience score with three components-Practical Care Burden, Positive Care Experiences, and Emotional Care Burden. We then investigated the cross-sectional association between caregiver experience components and care recipient cognitive test performance using linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, education, race, and depressive and anxiety symptoms. Results Among PLWD dyads, a higher caregiver Positive Care Experiences score was associated with better care recipient performance on the delayed word recall (B = 0.20, 95% CI 0.05, 0.36) and Clock Draw (B = 0.12, 95% CI 0.01, 0.24) tests while higher Emotional Care Burden score was associated with worse self-rated memory score (B = -0.19, 95% CI -0.39, -0.003). Among participants without dementia, higher Practical Care Burden score was associated with poorer care recipient performance on the immediate (B = -0.07, 95% CI -0.12, -0.01) and delayed (B = -0.10, 95% CI -0.16, -0.05) word recall tests. Discussion These findings support the concept that caregiving is bidirectional within the dyad and that positive variables can positively impact both members of the dyad. This suggests that caregiving interventions should target the caregiver and recipient both individually and as a unit, with the goal of holistically improving outcomes for both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M. Wennberg
- Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,*Correspondence: Alexandra M. Wennberg ✉
| | - Loretta R. Anderson
- Program in Gerontology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Annachiara Cagnin
- Department of Neuroscience (DNS) and Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lenis P. Chen-Edinboro
- School of Health and Applied Human Sciences, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, United States
| | - Lorenzo Pini
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Alim-Marvasti A, Kuleindiren N, Harvey K, Ciocca M, Lin A, Selim H, Mahmud M. Validation of a rapid remote digital test for impaired cognition using clinical dementia rating and mini-mental state examination: An observational research study. Front Digit Health 2022; 4:1029810. [PMID: 36620187 PMCID: PMC9811948 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2022.1029810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) are useful screening tools for mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, these tests require qualified in-person supervision and the CDR can take up to 60 min to complete. We developed a digital cognitive screening test (M-CogScore) that can be completed remotely in under 5 min without supervision. We set out to validate M-CogScore in head-to-head comparisons with CDR and MMSE. Methods To ascertain the validity of the M-CogScore, we enrolled participants as healthy controls or impaired cognition, matched for age, sex, and education. Participants completed the 30-item paper MMSE Second Edition Standard Version (MMSE-2), paper CDR, and smartphone-based M-CogScore. The digital M-CogScore test is based on time-normalised scores from smartphone-adapted Stroop (M-Stroop), digit-symbols (M-Symbols), and delayed recall tests (M-Memory). We used Spearman's correlation coefficient to determine the convergent validity between M-CogScore and the 30-item MMSE-2, and non-parametric tests to determine its discriminative validity with a CDR label of normal (CDR 0) or impaired cognition (CDR 0.5 or 1). M-CogScore was further compared to MMSE-2 using area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) with corresponding optimal cut-offs. Results 72 participants completed all three tests. The M-CogScore correlated with both MMSE-2 (rho = 0.54, p < 0.0001) and impaired cognition on CDR (Mann Whitney U = 187, p < 0.001). M-CogScore achieved an AUC of 0.85 (95% bootstrapped CI [0.80, 0.91]), when differentiating between normal and impaired cognition, compared to an AUC of 0.78 [0.72, 0.84] for MMSE-2 (p = 0.21). Conclusion Digital screening tests such as M-CogScore are desirable to aid in rapid and remote clinical cognitive evaluations. M-CogScore was significantly correlated with established cognitive tests, including CDR and MMSE-2. M-CogScore can be taken remotely without supervision, is automatically scored, has less of a ceiling effect than the MMSE-2, and takes significantly less time to complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alim-Marvasti
- Research Division, Mindset Technologies Ltd., London, United Kingdom,Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom,Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom,Correspondence: Ali Alim-Marvasti
| | | | - Kirsten Harvey
- Research Division, Mindset Technologies Ltd., London, United Kingdom,Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Ciocca
- Research Division, Mindset Technologies Ltd., London, United Kingdom,Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Lin
- Research Division, Mindset Technologies Ltd., London, United Kingdom,Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hamzah Selim
- Research Division, Mindset Technologies Ltd., London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Mahmud
- Research Division, Mindset Technologies Ltd., London, United Kingdom,Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Cao J, Vivoda JM. Maintaining mobility: how productive aging affects driving among older drivers. ACTIVITIES, ADAPTATION & AGING 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01924788.2022.2151803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Cao
- Department of Health and Management in Aging, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Dadao, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jonathon M. Vivoda
- Department of Sociology and Gerontology, Miami University, 100 Bishop Circle, Oxford, Ohio, USA
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10
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Van den Stock J, Bertoux M, Diehl-Schmid J, Piguet O, Rankin KP, Pasquier F, Ducharme S, Pijnenburg Y, Kumfor F. Current Potential for Clinical Optimization of Social Cognition Assessment for Frontotemporal Dementia and Primary Psychiatric Disorders. Neuropsychol Rev 2022; 33:544-550. [PMID: 35962919 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-022-09554-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dodich and colleagues recently reviewed the evidence supporting clinical use of social cognition assessment in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (Dodich et al., 2021). Here, we comment on their methods and present an initiative to address some of the limitations that emerged from their study. In particular, we established the social cognition workgroup within the Neuropsychiatric International Consortium Frontotemporal dementia (scNIC-FTD), aiming to validate social cognition assessment for diagnostic purposes and tracking of change across clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Van den Stock
- Leuven Brain Institute, Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Geriatric Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Centre KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Maxime Bertoux
- Lille Neurosciences & Cognition Institute, Labex DISTALZ, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Janine Diehl-Schmid
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Olivier Piguet
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Katherine P Rankin
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Florence Pasquier
- Lille Neurosciences & Cognition Institute, Labex DISTALZ, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Yolande Pijnenburg
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona Kumfor
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Boccardi M, Monsch AU, Ferrari C, Altomare D, Berres M, Bos I, Buchmann A, Cerami C, Didic M, Festari C, Nicolosi V, Sacco L, Aerts L, Albanese E, Annoni JM, Ballhausen N, Chicherio C, Démonet JF, Descloux V, Diener S, Ferreira D, Georges J, Gietl A, Girtler N, Kilimann I, Klöppel S, Kustyniuk N, Mecocci P, Mella N, Pigliautile M, Seeher K, Shirk SD, Toraldo A, Brioschi-Guevara A, Chan KCG, Crane PK, Dodich A, Grazia A, Kochan NA, de Oliveira FF, Nobili F, Kukull W, Peters O, Ramakers I, Sachdev PS, Teipel S, Visser PJ, Wagner M, Weintraub S, Westman E, Froelich L, Brodaty H, Dubois B, Cappa SF, Salmon D, Winblad B, Frisoni GB, Kliegel M. Harmonizing neuropsychological assessment for mild neurocognitive disorders in Europe. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:29-42. [PMID: 33984176 PMCID: PMC9642857 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Harmonized neuropsychological assessment for neurocognitive disorders, an international priority for valid and reliable diagnostic procedures, has been achieved only in specific countries or research contexts. METHODS To harmonize the assessment of mild cognitive impairment in Europe, a workshop (Geneva, May 2018) convened stakeholders, methodologists, academic, and non-academic clinicians and experts from European, US, and Australian harmonization initiatives. RESULTS With formal presentations and thematic working-groups we defined a standard battery consistent with the U.S. Uniform DataSet, version 3, and homogeneous methodology to obtain consistent normative data across tests and languages. Adaptations consist of including two tests specific to typical Alzheimer's disease and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. The methodology for harmonized normative data includes consensus definition of cognitively normal controls, classification of confounding factors (age, sex, and education), and calculation of minimum sample sizes. DISCUSSION This expert consensus allows harmonizing the diagnosis of neurocognitive disorders across European countries and possibly beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Boccardi
- DZNE - Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Rostock-Greifswald site, Rostock, Germany
- LANVIE - Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andreas U Monsch
- Memory Clinic, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER, Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Clarissa Ferrari
- Unit of Statistics, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniele Altomare
- LANVIE - Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Memory Center, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Berres
- Department of Mathematics and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Isabelle Bos
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Buchmann
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Cerami
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IUSS-Pavia), Pavia, Italy, Pavia, Italy
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mira Didic
- APHM, Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, INS, UMR_S 1106, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Cristina Festari
- Laboratory of Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Valentina Nicolosi
- Laboratory of Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Sacco
- Clinic of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Liesbeth Aerts
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Jean-Marie Annoni
- Department of Neuroscience and Movement Sciences, University of Geneva and Fribourg Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Ballhausen
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jean-François Démonet
- Leenaards Memory Centre-CHUV, Clinical Neuroscience Department, Cité Hospitalière CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Descloux
- Department of Neuroscience and Movement Sciences, University of Geneva and Fribourg Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Suzie Diener
- Department of Neurology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ferreira
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anton Gietl
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Girtler
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
- Dept of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ingo Kilimann
- DZNE - Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Rostock-Greifswald site, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan Klöppel
- Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Kustyniuk
- Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patrizia Mecocci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Nathalie Mella
- Cognitive Aging Lab, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martina Pigliautile
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Katrin Seeher
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Steven D Shirk
- VISN 1 New England MIRECC and VISN 1 New England GRECC, Bedford VA Healthcare System, Bedford, Department of Psychiatry and Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alessio Toraldo
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Brioschi-Guevara
- Leenaards Memory Centre-CHUV, Clinical Neuroscience Department, Cité Hospitalière CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kwun C G Chan
- National Alzheimer's Coordination Center (NACC), Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Paul K Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alessandra Dodich
- Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers Laboratory, and Division of Nuclear Medicine, Diagnostic Departement, University of Geneva, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Centre for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Alice Grazia
- DZNE - Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Rostock-Greifswald site, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nicole A Kochan
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Flavio Nobili
- Neurology Clinic, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
- Dept of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Walter Kukull
- National Alzheimer's Coordination Center (NACC), Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Oliver Peters
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany, ZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inez Ramakers
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stefan Teipel
- DZNE - Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Rostock-Greifswald site, Rostock, Germany
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Wagner
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra Weintraub
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Eric Westman
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lutz Froelich
- University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Alzheimer Research Institute (IM2A), and Institut du cerveau et la moelle (ICM), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Stefano F Cappa
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IUSS-Pavia), Pavia, Italy, Pavia, Italy
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - David Salmon
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, USA
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Dept NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- LANVIE - Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Memory Center, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Kliegel
- Cognitive Aging Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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12
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Bock JR, Russell J, Hara J, Fortier D. Optimizing Cognitive Assessment Outcome Measures for Alzheimer's Disease by Matching Wordlist Memory Test Features to Scoring Methodology. Front Digit Health 2021; 3:750549. [PMID: 34806078 PMCID: PMC8595108 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2021.750549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive assessment with wordlist memory tests is a cost-effective and non-invasive method of identifying cognitive changes due to Alzheimer's disease and measuring clinical outcomes. However, with a rising need for more precise and granular measures of cognitive changes, especially in earlier or preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease, traditional scoring methods have failed to provide adequate accuracy and information. Well-validated and widely adopted wordlist memory tests vary in many ways, including list length, number of learning trials, order of word presentation across trials, and inclusion of semantic categories, and these differences meaningfully impact cognition. While many simple scoring methods fail to account for the information that these features provide, extensive effort has been made to develop scoring methodologies, including the use of latent models that enable capture of this information for preclinical differentiation and prediction of cognitive changes. In this perspective article, we discuss prominent wordlist memory tests in use, their features, how different scoring methods fail or successfully capture the information these features provide, and recommendations for emerging cognitive models that optimally account for wordlist memory test features. Matching the use of such scoring methods to wordlist memory tests with appropriate features is key to obtaining precise measurement of subtle cognitive changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Bock
- Embic Corporation, Newport Beach, CA, United States
| | | | - Junko Hara
- Embic Corporation, Newport Beach, CA, United States
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13
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Yun G, Kim HJ, Kim HG, Lee KM, Hong IK, Kim SH, Rhee HY, Jahng GH, Yoon SS, Park KC, Hwang KS, Lee JS. Association Between Plasma Amyloid-β and Neuropsychological Performance in Patients With Cognitive Decline. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:736937. [PMID: 34759814 PMCID: PMC8573146 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.736937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the association between plasma amyloid-β (Aβ) levels and neuropsychological performance in patients with cognitive decline using a highly sensitive nano-biosensing platform. Methods: We prospectively recruited 44 patients with cognitive decline who underwent plasma Aβ analysis, amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) scanning, and detailed neuropsychological tests. Patients were classified into a normal control (NC, n = 25) or Alzheimer’s disease (AD, n = 19) group based on amyloid PET positivity. Multiple linear regression was performed to determine whether plasma Aβ (Aβ40, Aβ42, and Aβ42/40) levels were associated with neuropsychological test results. Results: The plasma levels of Aβ42/40 were significantly different between the NC and AD groups and were the best predictor of amyloid PET positivity by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis [area under the curve of 0.952 (95% confidence interval, 0.892–1.000)]. Although there were significant differences in the neuropsychological performance of cognitive domains (language, visuospatial, verbal/visual memory, and frontal/executive functions) between the NC and AD groups, higher levels of plasma Aβ42/40 were negatively correlated only with verbal and visual memory performance. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that plasma Aβ analysis using a nano-biosensing platform could be a useful tool for diagnosing AD and assessing memory performance in patients with cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyihyaon Yun
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyug-Gi Kim
- Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung Mi Lee
- Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Il Ki Hong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hak Young Rhee
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Geon-Ho Jahng
- Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Sang Yoon
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Key-Chung Park
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyo Seon Hwang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin San Lee
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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14
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Monllor P, Cervera-Ferri A, Lloret MA, Esteve D, Lopez B, Leon JL, Lloret A. Electroencephalography as a Non-Invasive Biomarker of Alzheimer's Disease: A Forgotten Candidate to Substitute CSF Molecules? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10889. [PMID: 34639229 PMCID: PMC8509134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis are crucial in clinical practice. They should be objective and quantifiable and respond to specific therapeutic interventions. Optimal biomarkers should reflect the underlying process (pathological or not), be reproducible, widely available, and allow measurements repeatedly over time. Ideally, biomarkers should also be non-invasive and cost-effective. This review aims to focus on the usefulness and limitations of electroencephalography (EEG) in the search for Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers. The main aim of this article is to review the evolution of the most used biomarkers in AD and the need for new peripheral and, ideally, non-invasive biomarkers. The characteristics of the EEG as a possible source for biomarkers will be revised, highlighting its advantages compared to the molecular markers available so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Monllor
- CIBERFES, Department of Physiology, Institute INCLIVA, Faculty of Medicine, Health Research University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibanez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (P.M.); (D.E.)
| | - Ana Cervera-Ferri
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Maria-Angeles Lloret
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibanez, 19, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Daniel Esteve
- CIBERFES, Department of Physiology, Institute INCLIVA, Faculty of Medicine, Health Research University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibanez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (P.M.); (D.E.)
| | - Begoña Lopez
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibanez, 19, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Jose-Luis Leon
- Ascires Biomedical Group, Department of Neuroradiology, Hospital Clinico Universitario, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Ana Lloret
- CIBERFES, Department of Physiology, Institute INCLIVA, Faculty of Medicine, Health Research University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibanez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (P.M.); (D.E.)
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15
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Cremona S, Zago L, Mellet E, Petit L, Laurent A, Pepe A, Tsuchida A, Beguedou N, Joliot M, Tzourio C, Mazoyer B, Crivello F. Novel characterization of the relationship between verbal list-learning outcomes and hippocampal subfields in healthy adults. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:5264-5277. [PMID: 34453474 PMCID: PMC8519870 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between hippocampal subfield volumetry and verbal list‐learning test outcomes have mostly been studied in clinical and elderly populations, and remain controversial. For the first time, we characterized a relationship between verbal list‐learning test outcomes and hippocampal subfield volumetry on two large separate datasets of 447 and 1,442 healthy young and middle‐aged adults, and explored the processes that could explain this relationship. We observed a replicable positive linear correlation between verbal list‐learning test free recall scores and CA1 volume, specific to verbal list learning as demonstrated by the hippocampal subfield volumetry independence from verbal intelligence. Learning meaningless items was also positively correlated with CA1 volume, pointing to the role of the test design rather than word meaning. Accordingly, we found that association‐based mnemonics mediated the relationship between verbal list‐learning test outcomes and CA1 volume. This mediation suggests that integrating items into associative representations during verbal list‐learning tests explains CA1 volume variations: this new explanation is consistent with the associative functions of the human CA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Cremona
- Université de Bordeaux - Neurocampus, CEA, CNRS, IMN UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laure Zago
- Université de Bordeaux - Neurocampus, CEA, CNRS, IMN UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Emmanuel Mellet
- Université de Bordeaux - Neurocampus, CEA, CNRS, IMN UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laurent Petit
- Université de Bordeaux - Neurocampus, CEA, CNRS, IMN UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alexandre Laurent
- Université de Bordeaux - Neurocampus, CEA, CNRS, IMN UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Antonietta Pepe
- Université de Bordeaux - Neurocampus, CEA, CNRS, IMN UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ami Tsuchida
- Université de Bordeaux - Neurocampus, CEA, CNRS, IMN UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Naka Beguedou
- Université de Bordeaux - Neurocampus, CEA, CNRS, IMN UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marc Joliot
- Université de Bordeaux - Neurocampus, CEA, CNRS, IMN UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe Tzourio
- Université de Bordeaux - Département Santé publique, INSERM, BPH U 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Bernard Mazoyer
- Université de Bordeaux - Neurocampus, CEA, CNRS, IMN UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,Institut des maladies neurodégénératives clinique, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fabrice Crivello
- Université de Bordeaux - Neurocampus, CEA, CNRS, IMN UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
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16
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Lagarde J, Olivieri P, Bottlaender M, Sarazin M. Diagnosi clinicolaboratoristica della malattia di Alzheimer. Neurologia 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(21)45320-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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17
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Neri F, Cappa SF, Mencarelli L, Momi D, Santarnecchi E, Rossi S. Brain Functional Correlates of Episodic Memory Using an Ecological Free Recall Task. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11070911. [PMID: 34356144 PMCID: PMC8303916 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11070911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Episodic Memory (EM) allows us to revive a past event through mental time-travel. The neural correlates of memories recollection have been identified in hippocampal regions and multiple neocortical areas, but few neuroimaging studies have used an ecological task such as a free recall of a structured story. Using an ecological fMRI-free recall (FR) task, we aimed to investigate the relevant recruitment of the brain networks associated with the story recollection process and its performance. Fourteen healthy participants listened to a brief story and were tested for Immediate-Recall (IR), a task that is widely used in a neuropsychological evaluation. Then, the subjects underwent an fMRI session, where they had to perform a free recall (FR) of the story subvocally. Finally, the participants were tested for Delayed-Recall (DR). IR and DR scores were significantly (r = 0.942; p < 0.001) correlated. FR enhanced the activity of the Language, the Left Executive Control, the Default Mode and the Precuneus brain networks, with the strongest BOLD signal localized in the left Angular Gyrus (AG) (p < 0.05; FWE-corrected). Furthermore, the story recall performance covaried with specific network activation patterns and the recruitment of the left anterior/posterior AG correlated, respectively, with higher/lower performance scores (p > 0.05). FR seems to be a promising task to investigate ecologically the neural correlates of EM. Moreover, the recruitment of the anterior AG might be a marker for an optimal functioning of the recall process. Preliminary outcomes lay the foundation for the investigation of the brain networks in the healthy and pathological elderly population during FR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Neri
- Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Lab (Si-BIN Lab), Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, SI, Italy; (L.M.); (D.M.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-339-341-257
| | - Stefano F. Cappa
- Institute for Advanced Study, IUSS, 27100 Pavia, PV, Italy;
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Lucia Mencarelli
- Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Lab (Si-BIN Lab), Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, SI, Italy; (L.M.); (D.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Davide Momi
- Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Lab (Si-BIN Lab), Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, SI, Italy; (L.M.); (D.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Emiliano Santarnecchi
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Simone Rossi
- Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Lab (Si-BIN Lab), Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, SI, Italy; (L.M.); (D.M.); (S.R.)
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18
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Ashton NJ, Leuzy A, Karikari TK, Mattsson-Carlgren N, Dodich A, Boccardi M, Corre J, Drzezga A, Nordberg A, Ossenkoppele R, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Frisoni GB, Garibotto V, Hansson O. The validation status of blood biomarkers of amyloid and phospho-tau assessed with the 5-phase development framework for AD biomarkers. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:2140-2156. [PMID: 33677733 PMCID: PMC8175325 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05253-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The development of blood biomarkers that reflect Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology (phosphorylated tau and amyloid-β) has offered potential as scalable tests for dementia differential diagnosis and early detection. In 2019, the Geneva AD Biomarker Roadmap Initiative included blood biomarkers in the systematic validation of AD biomarkers. METHODS A panel of experts convened in November 2019 at a two-day workshop in Geneva. The level of maturity (fully achieved, partly achieved, preliminary evidence, not achieved, unsuccessful) of blood biomarkers was assessed based on the Biomarker Roadmap methodology and discussed fully during the workshop which also evaluated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and positron emission tomography (PET) biomarkers. RESULTS Plasma p-tau has shown analytical validity (phase 2 primary aim 1) and first evidence of clinical validity (phase 3 primary aim 1), whereas the maturity level for Aβ remains to be partially achieved. Full and partial achievement has been assigned to p-tau and Aβ, respectively, in their associations to ante-mortem measures (phase 2 secondary aim 2). However, only preliminary evidence exists for the influence of covariates, assay comparison and cut-off criteria. CONCLUSIONS Despite the relative infancy of blood biomarkers, in comparison to CSF biomarkers, much has already been achieved for phases 1 through 3 - with p-tau having greater success in detecting AD and predicting disease progression. However, sufficient data about the effect of covariates on the biomarker measurement is lacking. No phase 4 (real-world performance) or phase 5 (assessment of impact/cost) aim has been tested, thus not achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Ashton
- Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, House V3/SU, SE-431 80, Mölndal, Sweden.
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - A Leuzy
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - T K Karikari
- Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, House V3/SU, SE-431 80, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - N Mattsson-Carlgren
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - A Dodich
- NIMTlab - Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers Laboratory, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Neurocognitive Rehabilitation (CeRiN), CIMeC, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - M Boccardi
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock-Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
- LANVIE - Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J Corre
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - A Drzezga
- Medical Faculty and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - A Nordberg
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Ossenkoppele
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, House V3/SU, SE-431 80, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - K Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, Department of Psychiatry & Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, House V3/SU, SE-431 80, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - G B Frisoni
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock-Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
- Memory Clinic, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - V Garibotto
- NIMTlab - Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers Laboratory, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - O Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK.
- Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
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Bischof GN, Dodich A, Boccardi M, van Eimeren T, Festari C, Barthel H, Hansson O, Nordberg A, Ossenkoppele R, Sabri O, Giovanni BFG, Garibotto V, Drzezga A. Clinical validity of second-generation tau PET tracers as biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease in the context of a structured 5-phase development framework. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:2110-2120. [PMID: 33590274 PMCID: PMC8175320 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-05156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In 2017, the Geneva Alzheimer's disease (AD) strategic biomarker roadmap initiative proposed a framework of the systematic validation AD biomarkers to harmonize and accelerate their development and implementation in clinical practice. Here, we use this framework to examine the translatability of the second-generation tau PET tracers into the clinical context. METHODS All available literature was systematically searched based on a set of search terms that related independently to analytic validity (phases 1-2), clinical validity (phase 3-4), and clinical utility (phase 5). The progress on each of the phases was determined based on scientific criteria applied for each phase and coded as fully, partially, preliminary achieved or not achieved at all. RESULTS The validation of the second-generation tau PET tracers has successfully passed the analytical phase 1 of the strategic biomarker roadmap. Assay definition studies showed evidence on the superiority over first-generation tau PET tracers in terms of off-target binding. Studies have partially achieved the primary aim of the analytical validity stage (phase 2), and preliminary evidence has been provided for the assessment of covariates on PET signal retention. Studies investigating of the clinical validity in phases 3, 4, and 5 are still underway. CONCLUSION The current literature provides overall preliminary evidence on the establishment of the second-generation tau PET tracers into the clinical context, thereby successfully addressing some methodological issues from the tau PET tracer of the first generation. Nevertheless, bigger cohort studies, longitudinal follow-up, and examination of diverse disease population are still needed to gauge their clinical validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard N Bischof
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Alessandra Dodich
- NIMTlab, Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers Laboratory, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Neurocognitive Rehabilitation (CeRiN), CIMeC, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Marina Boccardi
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders (DZNE), Bonn/Cologne, Germany
| | - Thilo van Eimeren
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders (DZNE), Bonn/Cologne, Germany
| | - Cristina Festari
- LANE - Laboratory of Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Henryk Barthel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oskar Hansson
- Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hopsital, Malmö, Sweden
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Agneta Nordberg
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rik Ossenkoppele
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Osama Sabri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - B Frisoni G Giovanni
- NIMTlab, Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers Laboratory, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Memory Center - Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Garibotto
- NIMTlab, Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers Laboratory, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Division, Diagnostic Department, Geneva University Hospitals, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders (DZNE), Bonn/Cologne, Germany
- Molecular Organization of the Brain, Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Jülich, Germany
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20
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Clinical validity of increased cortical binding of tau ligands of the THK family and PBB3 on PET as biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease in the context of a structured 5-phase development framework. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:2086-2096. [PMID: 33723628 PMCID: PMC8175292 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The research community has focused on defining reliable biomarkers for the early detection of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In 2017, the Geneva AD Biomarker Roadmap initiative adapted the framework for the systematic validation of oncological biomarkers to AD, with the aim to accelerate their development and implementation in clinical practice. The aim of this work was to assess the validation status of tau PET ligands of the THK family and PBB3 as imaging biomarkers for AD, based on the Biomarker Roadmap methodology. METHODS A panel of experts in AD biomarkers convened in November 2019 at a 2-day workshop in Geneva. The level of clinical validity of tau PET ligands of the THK family and PBB3 was assessed based on the 5-phase development framework before the meeting and discussed during the workshop. RESULTS PET radioligands of the THK family discriminate well between healthy controls and patients with AD dementia (phase 2; partly achieved) and recent evidence suggests an accurate diagnostic accuracy at the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) stage of the disease (phase 3; partly achieved). The phases 2 and 3 were considered not achieved for PBB3 since no evidence exists about the ligand's diagnostic accuracy. Preliminary evidence exists about the secondary aims of each phase for all ligands. CONCLUSION Much work remains for completing the aims of phases 2 and 3 and replicating the available evidence. However, it is unlikely that the validation process for these tracers will be completed, given the presence of off-target binding and the development of second-generation tracers with improved binding and pharmacokinetic properties.
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Boccardi M, Dodich A, Albanese E, Gayet-Ageron A, Festari C, Ashton NJ, Bischof GN, Chiotis K, Leuzy A, Wolters EE, Walter MA, Rabinovici GD, Carrillo M, Drzezga A, Hansson O, Nordberg A, Ossenkoppele R, Villemagne VL, Winblad B, Frisoni GB, Garibotto V. The strategic biomarker roadmap for the validation of Alzheimer's diagnostic biomarkers: methodological update. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:2070-2085. [PMID: 33688996 PMCID: PMC8175304 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-05120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background The 2017 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) Strategic Biomarker Roadmap (SBR) structured the validation of AD diagnostic biomarkers into 5 phases, systematically assessing analytical validity (Phases 1–2), clinical validity (Phases 3–4), and clinical utility (Phase 5) through primary and secondary Aims. This framework allows to map knowledge gaps and research priorities, accelerating the route towards clinical implementation. Within an initiative aimed to assess the development of biomarkers of tau pathology, we revised this methodology consistently with progress in AD research. Methods We critically appraised the adequacy of the 2017 Biomarker Roadmap within current diagnostic frameworks, discussed updates at a workshop convening the Alzheimer’s Association and 8 leading AD biomarker research groups, and detailed the methods to allow consistent assessment of aims achievement for tau and other AD diagnostic biomarkers. Results The 2020 update applies to all AD diagnostic biomarkers. In Phases 2–3, we admitted a greater variety of study designs (e.g., cross-sectional in addition to longitudinal) and reference standards (e.g., biomarker confirmation in addition to clinical progression) based on construct (in addition to criterion) validity. We structured a systematic data extraction to enable transparent and formal evidence assessment procedures. Finally, we have clarified issues that need to be addressed to generate data eligible to evidence-to-decision procedures. Discussion This revision allows for more versatile and precise assessment of existing evidence, keeps up with theoretical developments, and helps clinical researchers in producing evidence suitable for evidence-to-decision procedures. Compliance with this methodology is essential to implement AD biomarkers efficiently in clinical research and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Boccardi
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases DZNE-Standort Rostock/Greifswald, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany.
- LANVIE - Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Alessandra Dodich
- Center for Neurocognitive Rehabilitation (CeRiN), CIMeC, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- NIMTlab - Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers Laboratory, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emiliano Albanese
- USI - Università della Svizzera Italiana, Institute of Public Health (IPH), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Angèle Gayet-Ageron
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Health and Community Medicine, University of Geneva & University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Festari
- LANE - Laboratory of Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicholas J Ashton
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at The University of Gothenburg, Molndal, Sweden
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gérard N Bischof
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Chiotis
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Theme Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antoine Leuzy
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma E Wolters
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martin A Walter
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Division, Geneva Medical Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gil D Rabinovici
- Departments of Neurology, Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Alexander Drzezga
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn/Cologne, Germany
- Molecular Organization of the Brain, Research Center Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Julich, Germany
| | - Oskar Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Agneta Nordberg
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital, Theme Aging, Geriatric Clinic, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Rik Ossenkoppele
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Memory Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Victor L Villemagne
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsilvania, USA
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Karolinska University Hospital, Theme Aging, Geriatric Clinic, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- LANVIE - Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Memory Clinic, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Garibotto
- NIMTlab - Neuroimaging and Innovative Molecular Tracers Laboratory, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Division, Geneva Medical Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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2020 update on the clinical validity of cerebrospinal fluid amyloid, tau, and phospho-tau as biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease in the context of a structured 5-phase development framework. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:2121-2139. [PMID: 33674895 PMCID: PMC8175301 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose In the last decade, the research community has focused on defining reliable biomarkers for the early detection of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology. In 2017, the Geneva AD Biomarker Roadmap Initiative adapted a framework for the systematic validation of oncological biomarkers to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers—encompassing the 42 amino-acid isoform of amyloid-β (Aβ42), phosphorylated-tau (P-tau), and Total-tau (T-tau)—with the aim to accelerate their development and clinical implementation. The aim of this work is to update the current validation status of CSF AD biomarkers based on the Biomarker Roadmap methodology. Methods A panel of experts in AD biomarkers convened in November 2019 at a 2-day workshop in Geneva. The level of maturity (fully achieved, partly achieved, preliminary evidence, not achieved, unsuccessful) of CSF AD biomarkers was assessed based on the Biomarker Roadmap methodology before the meeting and presented and discussed during the workshop. Results By comparison to the previous 2017 Geneva Roadmap meeting, the primary advances in CSF AD biomarkers have been in the area of a unified protocol for CSF sampling, handling and storage, the introduction of certified reference methods and materials for Aβ42, and the introduction of fully automated assays. Additional advances have occurred in the form of defining thresholds for biomarker positivity and assessing the impact of covariates on their discriminatory ability. Conclusions Though much has been achieved for phases one through three, much work remains in phases four (real world performance) and five (assessment of impact/cost). To a large degree, this will depend on the availability of disease-modifying treatments for AD, given these will make accurate and generally available diagnostic tools key to initiate therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00259-021-05258-7.
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Clinical validity of increased cortical uptake of [ 18F]flortaucipir on PET as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease in the context of a structured 5-phase biomarker development framework. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:2097-2109. [PMID: 33547556 PMCID: PMC8175307 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-05118-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In 2017, the Geneva Alzheimer's disease (AD) Biomarker Roadmap initiative adapted the framework of the systematic validation of oncological diagnostic biomarkers to AD biomarkers, with the aim to accelerate their development and implementation in clinical practice. With this work, we assess the maturity of [18F]flortaucipir PET and define its research priorities. METHODS The level of maturity of [18F]flortaucipir was assessed based on the AD Biomarker Roadmap. The framework assesses analytical validity (phases 1-2), clinical validity (phases 3-4), and clinical utility (phase 5). RESULTS The main aims of phases 1 (rationale for use) and 2 (discriminative ability) have been achieved. [18F]Flortaucipir binds with high affinity to paired helical filaments of tau and has favorable kinetic properties and excellent discriminative accuracy for AD. The majority of secondary aims of phase 2 were fully achieved. Multiple studies showed high correlations between ante-mortem [18F]flortaucipir PET and post-mortem tau (as assessed by histopathology), and also the effects of covariates on tracer binding are well studied. The aims of phase 3 (early detection ability) were only partially or preliminarily achieved, and the aims of phases 4 and 5 were not achieved. CONCLUSION Current literature provides partial evidence for clinical utility of [18F]flortaucipir PET. The aims for phases 1 and 2 were mostly achieved. Phase 3 studies are currently ongoing. Future studies including representative MCI populations and a focus on healthcare outcomes are required to establish full maturity of phases 4 and 5.
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Rossini PM, Cappa SF, Lattanzio F, Perani D, Spadin P, Tagliavini F, Vanacore N. The Italian INTERCEPTOR Project: From the Early Identification of Patients Eligible for Prescription of Antidementia Drugs to a Nationwide Organizational Model for Early Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:373-388. [PMID: 31594234 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder and its burden on patients, families, and society grows significantly with lifespan. Early modifications of risk-enhancing lifestyles and treatment initiation expand personal autonomy and reduce management costs. Many clinical trials with potentially disease-modifying drugs are devoted to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) prodromal-to-Alzheimer's disease. The identification of biomarkers for early diagnosis may thus be crucial for early intervention and identification of high-risk subjects, the most appropriate target of new drugs as soon as they will be discovered. INTERCEPTOR is a strategic project by the Italian Ministry of Health and the Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA), aiming to validate the best combination (highly accurate, non-invasive, available on the whole national territory and financially sustainable) of biomarkers and organizational model for early diagnosis. 500 MCI subjects will be enrolled at baseline and followed-up for 3 years for at least 400 of them in order to define a "hub & spoke" nationwide model with recruiting (spokes) centers for MCI identification and expert (hubs) centers for risk diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Maria Rossini
- Area of Neuroscience, University Policlinic A. Gemelli Foundation-IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Neurology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano F Cappa
- University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS St. John of God, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Perani
- Nuclear Medicine Unit and Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Spadin
- President "Associazione Italiana Malattia di Alzheimer" - AIMA, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Vanacore
- National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
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Prosser A, Tossici-Bolt L, Kipps C. The impact of regional 99mTc-HMPAO single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging on clinician diagnostic confidence in a mixed cognitive impairment sample. Clin Radiol 2020; 75:714.e7-714.e14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2020.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: the role of biomarkers including advanced EEG signal analysis. Report from the IFCN-sponsored panel of experts. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 131:1287-1310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Rossini PM, Miraglia F, Alù F, Cotelli M, Ferreri F, Di Iorio R, Iodice F, Vecchio F. Neurophysiological Hallmarks of Neurodegenerative Cognitive Decline: The Study of Brain Connectivity as A Biomarker of Early Dementia. J Pers Med 2020; 10:E34. [PMID: 32365890 PMCID: PMC7354555 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative processes of various types of dementia start years before symptoms, but the presence of a "neural reserve", which continuously feeds and supports neuroplastic mechanisms, helps the aging brain to preserve most of its functions within the "normality" frame. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an intermediate stage between dementia and normal brain aging. About 50% of MCI subjects are already in a stage that is prodromal-to-dementia and during the following 3 to 5 years will develop clinically evident symptoms, while the other 50% remains at MCI or returns to normal. If the risk factors favoring degenerative mechanisms are modified during early stages (i.e., in the prodromal), the degenerative process and the loss of abilities in daily living activities will be delayed. It is therefore extremely important to have biomarkers able to identify-in association with neuropsychological tests-prodromal-to-dementia MCI subjects as early as possible. MCI is a large (i.e., several million in EU) and substantially healthy population; therefore, biomarkers should be financially affordable, largely available and non-invasive, but still accurate in their diagnostic prediction. Neurodegeneration initially affects synaptic transmission and brain connectivity; methods exploring them would represent a 1st line screening. Neurophysiological techniques able to evaluate mechanisms of synaptic function and brain connectivity are attracting general interest and are described here. Results are quite encouraging and suggest that by the application of artificial intelligence (i.e., learning-machine), neurophysiological techniques represent valid biomarkers for screening campaigns of the MCI population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Maria Rossini
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience & Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00167 Rome, Italy; (F.M.); (F.A.); (F.I.); (F.V.)
| | - Francesca Miraglia
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience & Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00167 Rome, Italy; (F.M.); (F.A.); (F.I.); (F.V.)
| | - Francesca Alù
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience & Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00167 Rome, Italy; (F.M.); (F.A.); (F.I.); (F.V.)
| | - Maria Cotelli
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di DioFatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Florinda Ferreri
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neurology and Neurophysiology, University of Padua, 35100 Padua, Italy;
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, 70100 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riccardo Di Iorio
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS Polyclinic A. Gemelli Foundation, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesco Iodice
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience & Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00167 Rome, Italy; (F.M.); (F.A.); (F.I.); (F.V.)
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS Polyclinic A. Gemelli Foundation, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Vecchio
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience & Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00167 Rome, Italy; (F.M.); (F.A.); (F.I.); (F.V.)
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Kvavilashvili L, Niedźwieńska A, Gilbert SJ, Markostamou I. Deficits in Spontaneous Cognition as an Early Marker of Alzheimer's Disease. Trends Cogn Sci 2020; 24:285-301. [PMID: 32160566 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of a pharmacological cure, finding the most sensitive early cognitive markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is becoming increasingly important. In this article we review evidence showing that brain mechanisms of spontaneous, but stimulus-dependent, cognition overlap with key hubs of the default mode network (DMN) that become compromised by amyloid pathology years before the clinical symptoms of AD. This leads to the formulation of a novel hypothesis which predicts that spontaneous, but stimulus-dependent, conscious retrieval processes, that are generally intact in healthy aging, will be particularly compromised in people at the earliest stages of AD. Initial evidence for this hypothesis is presented across diverse experimental paradigms (e.g., prospective memory, mind-wandering), and new avenues for research in this area are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Kvavilashvili
- Department of Psychology and Sports Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK.
| | | | - Sam J Gilbert
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London (UCL), London WC1N 3AZ, UK
| | - Ioanna Markostamou
- Department of Psychology and Sports Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
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Validation of neuropsychological tests for the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol. Int Psychogeriatr 2019; 31:1709-1719. [PMID: 31309907 PMCID: PMC8082093 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610219000693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare and validate neurocognitive tests in the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP) for the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), and to identify appropriate tests to be administered in future waves of CHARLS. METHODS We recruited 825 individuals from the CHARLS sample and 766 subjects from hospitals in six provinces and cities in China. All participants were administered the HCAP-neurocognitive tests, and their informants were interviewed regarding the respondents' functional status. Trained clinicians administered the Clinical Dementia Rating scale (CDR) to assess the respondents' cognitive status independently. RESULTS The testing protocol took an average of 58 minutes to complete. Refusal rates for tests of general cognition, episodic memory, and language were less than 10%. All neurocognitive test scores significantly correlated with the CDR global score (correlation coefficients ranged from 0.139 to 0.641). The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) - telephone interview for cognitive status (TICS), community screening instrument for dementia (CSI-D) for respondent, episodic memory and language tests each accounted for more than 20% of the variance in global CDR score (p < 0.001) in bivariate tests. In the CHARLS subsample, age and education were associated with neuropsychological performance across most cognitive domains, and with functional status. CONCLUSION A brief set of the CHARLS-HCAP neurocognitive tests are feasible and valid to be used in the CHARLS sample and hospital samples. It could be applied in the future waves of the CHARLS study, and it allows estimating the prevalence of dementia in China through the population-based CHARLS.
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Meng X, Li T, Wang X, Lv X, Sun Z, Zhang J, Su F, Kang S, Kim S, An SSA, Yu X, Zhang C, Wang H. Association between increased levels of amyloid-β oligomers in plasma and episodic memory loss in Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2019; 11:89. [PMID: 31651358 PMCID: PMC6814096 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-019-0535-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective The objectives of this study were to investigate whether the plasma levels of oligomeric amyloid-β (OAβ) were affected in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and to examine the associations (or possible correlations) between plasma OAβ levels and memory performance. Method Thirty subjects with AD and 28 cognitively normal controls were recruited in the study. The multimer detection system (MDS) was used to measure the levels of OAβ in the plasma. In addition to assessing the general cognitive function with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI), and Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale–cognitive portion (ADAS-Cog), the common objects memory test (COMT) was used to examine the episodic memory performance. Pearson’s and partial correlation analyses were conducted to explore the associations between cognitive performance and OAβ levels in the plasma. A receiving operating curve (ROC) analysis was used to discriminate between the AD and control groups. Results The plasma OAβ levels in the AD group were significantly higher than those in the control group [1.88 (0.38) ng/ml vs 1.20 (0.40) ng/ml, p < 0.001]. The elevated levels of plasma OAβ showed a strong correlation with cognitive performance in patients with AD, including an inverse correlation with scores on the MMSE (r = − 0.43, p = 0.02), CASI (r = − 0.56, p < 0.01), and the immediate recall (r = − 0.45, p = 0.01), 5-min delayed recall (r = − 0.56, p < 0.01), and 30-min delayed recall (r = − 0.71, p < 0.001) tests of the COMT, and a positive correlation with the ADAS-Cog scores (r = 0.59, p < 0.001). The EDTA plasma Aβ oligomer optical density (OD) value measured using the MDS could discriminate between the AD and control groups with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.89. The optimal sensitivity and specificity were 82.1% and 90.0%, respectively. Conclusion The elevated levels of OAβ in the plasma distinguished the AD and control groups and were associated with the severity of symptoms, especially memory performance, in patients with AD. Our results suggested that plasma OAβ could potentially be a simple and non-invasive blood-based biomarker for AD diagnosis. Furthermore, longitudinal studies are warranted to explore the application of plasma OAβ levels as a valid diagnostic biomarker in patients with AD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13195-019-0535-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Meng
- Dementia Care and Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Translational Research on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia, Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory for Mental Health, National Health Commission, Beijing, 100191, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Tao Li
- Dementia Care and Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Translational Research on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia, Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory for Mental Health, National Health Commission, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Dementia Care and Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Translational Research on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia, Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory for Mental Health, National Health Commission, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaozhen Lv
- Dementia Care and Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Translational Research on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia, Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory for Mental Health, National Health Commission, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhiyu Sun
- Dementia Care and Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Translational Research on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia, Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jichun Zhang
- Dementia Care and Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Translational Research on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia, Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Feng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Sungmin Kang
- Department of Research and Development, PeopleBio, Inc., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, 82, Gumi-ro 173, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 463-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 461-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Xin Yu
- Dementia Care and Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Translational Research on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia, Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory for Mental Health, National Health Commission, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Huali Wang
- Dementia Care and Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Translational Research on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia, Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory for Mental Health, National Health Commission, Beijing, 100191, China.
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31
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Boelaarts L, Meyer SRA, Scheltens P, de Jonghe JFM. Testing Episodic Memory in Elderly Subjects: Not as Simple as It Looks. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2019; 9:207-216. [PMID: 31275346 PMCID: PMC6600035 DOI: 10.1159/000499836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims The available episodic memory tests are not specifically constructed to examine older subjects. Their use in outpatient memory clinics may result in aborted test administration. We used a strict adherence to the test protocol in cognitively healthy, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and Alzheimer's disease dementia subjects to assess the possibility of preventing this. Methods This is a cross-sectional study in memory outpatient subjects with a mean age of 74.5 years. Primary study outcomes were: number of missing values and test results in the Visual Association Test (VAT) and the 15 Word Test (15WT). Results A strict adherence to the test protocol resulted in a 10-fold decrease in the number of missing values in the VAT. For the 15WT this could not be realized mostly because the test was deemed too demanding for 1 in 6 patients. Conclusions This study is one of the few examining the applicability of well-known episodic memory tests in older subjects. A strict adherence to the test protocol reduced the number of missing values. Floor effects were stronger for the 15WT than for the VAT. Results favor the use of the VAT in senior subjects and show the unsuitability of the 15WT in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Boelaarts
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, NoordWest Hospital, Alkmaar, The Netherlands
| | - Sascha R A Meyer
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, NoordWest Hospital, Alkmaar, The Netherlands.,School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos F M de Jonghe
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, NoordWest Hospital, Alkmaar, The Netherlands
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32
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Pires L, Moura O, Guerrini C, Buekenhout I, Simões MR, Leitão J. Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Neurocognitive Measures in Healthy Young Adults: The Relation of Executive Functions with Other Neurocognitive Functions. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2019; 34:350-365. [PMID: 29688248 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acy040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate the factor structure of a set of neurocognitive tests theoretically assessing executive functions (EF), verbal abilities (VA), and processing speed (PS). This study extended previous research by analyzing if each test is better explained by the specific factor to which it theoretically belongs or by a more general neurocognitive factor; and also by analyzing the relations between the neurocognitive factors. METHODS Using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) we examined the factor structure of nine neurocognitive tests (EF: Working Memory, Tower, Divided Attention, Stroop, and Verbal Fluency tests; VA: Word List and Confrontation Naming tests; PS: Coding and Telephone Search tests) in a nonclinical sample (N = 90; 18-33 years old, 76 women). We tested five factor models of neurocognitive functioning: a one-factor model; two models with two-correlated factors; and two models with three-correlated factors. RESULTS A three-correlated-factor model, with EF, VA, and PS factors, was the most suitable for our neuropsychological data. The Verbal Fluency test was better explained by the VA factor rather than by the EF factor. The EF factor was correlated with the PS factor, but not with the VA factor. CONCLUSIONS Most of the neurocognitive measures used in the present study loaded in the expected factors (with the exception of the Verbal Fluency that was apparently more related to VA). EF and PS represent related but separable functions. Our results highlight the need for a careful interpretation of test scores since performance on one test usually requires multiple functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Pires
- CINEICC - Neuropsychology Research and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention Center, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Memory, Language and Executive Functions Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Health and Clinical Neuroscience, Psychology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hull, UK
| | - Octávio Moura
- CINEICC - Neuropsychology Research and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention Center, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Psychological Assessment Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Chiara Guerrini
- Centre for Health and Clinical Neuroscience, Psychology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hull, UK
| | - Imke Buekenhout
- CINEICC - Neuropsychology Research and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention Center, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Memory, Language and Executive Functions Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mário R Simões
- CINEICC - Neuropsychology Research and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention Center, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Psychological Assessment Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Leitão
- CINEICC - Neuropsychology Research and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention Center, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Memory, Language and Executive Functions Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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33
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Schmand B. Why are neuropsychologists so reluctant to embrace modern assessment techniques? Clin Neuropsychol 2019; 33:209-219. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2018.1523468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Schmand
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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34
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Goudsmit M, van Campen J, Schilt T, Hinnen C, Franzen S, Schmand B. One Size Does Not Fit All: Comparative Diagnostic Accuracy of the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale and the Mini Mental State Examination in a Memory Clinic Population with Very Low Education. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2018; 8:290-305. [PMID: 30323830 PMCID: PMC6180264 DOI: 10.1159/000490174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diagnosing dementia in elderly immigrants is often difficult due to language and cultural barriers, low education, and illiteracy. We compared the diagnostic accuracy of the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS) to that of the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Methods A total of 144 patients (42 with intact cognition, 44 with mild cognitive impairment [MCI], and 58 with dementia) were administered both instruments and were diagnosed by specialists blinded for MMSE and RUDAS results. Results Areas under the curve for discriminating intact cognition from MCI and dementia were comparable for RUDAS (0.81; 95% confidence interval 0.74–0.88) and MMSE (0.75; 95% confidence interval 0.69–0.85). Education and literacy were not correlated with the RUDAS but had a medium-large correlation with the MMSE (rho = 0.39). Conclusions The study provides additional evidence for the usefulness of the RUDAS in a highly illiterate, culturally diverse geriatric outpatient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Goudsmit
- Department of Medical Psychology/Hospital Psychiatry, Medical Centre Slotervaart, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jos van Campen
- Department of Geriatrics, Medical Centre Slotervaart, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thelma Schilt
- Department of Medical Psychology/Hospital Psychiatry, Medical Centre Slotervaart, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chris Hinnen
- Department of Medical Psychology/Hospital Psychiatry, Medical Centre Slotervaart, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne Franzen
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ben Schmand
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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35
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Oviedo DC, Lezcano H, Perez AR, Villarreal AE, Carreira MB, Isaza B, Wesley L, Grajales SA, Fernandez S, Frank A, Britton GB. Vascular biomarkers and ApoE4 expression in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. AIMS Neurosci 2018; 5:148-161. [PMID: 32341958 PMCID: PMC7181887 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2018.2.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular pathology and genetic markers such as apolipoprotein E allele ε4 (ApoE ε4) are risk factors for the progression from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's disease (AD). In Panama, a high prevalence of vascular risk factors and an increase in the aging population, generate the need to investigate biomarkers using specific, sensitive, non-invasive and cost-efficient methods that could be used in primary care. The main objective of this study was to explore the association between vascular biomarkers such as intima-media thickness (IMT) and stenosis, ApoΕ ε4 and cognitive function in a sample of older adults, including healthy controls (n = 41), MCI (n = 33), and AD (n = 12). A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted. Participants were part of the Panama Aging Research Initiative (PARI), the first prospective study in aging in Panama. Assessments included a neuropsychological battery, ApoΕ ε4 genotyping and a Doppler ultrasound of the left carotid artery to examine the presence of vascular risk factors. Neuropsychological tests were combined to form six cognitive domains: Global cognition, language, visuospatial abilities, learning and memory, attention and executive functions. Multivariable analyses (using age, education, and ApoE ε4 expression as covariates) were conducted. Participants with increased IMT showed poorer performance in memory and those with carotid stenosis showed poorer performance in language, visuospatial abilities and attention, independent of age, education or ApoΕ ε4 expression. The results support the use of vascular markers in cognitive assessments of aged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C Oviedo
- Universidad Católica Santa María La Antigua (USMA), Panamá
| | | | - Ambar R Perez
- Universidad Católica Santa María La Antigua (USMA), Panamá.,Centro de Neurociencias y Unidad de Investigación Clínica, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panamá
| | - Alcibiades E Villarreal
- Centro de Neurociencias y Unidad de Investigación Clínica, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panamá
| | - Maria B Carreira
- Centro de Neurociencias y Unidad de Investigación Clínica, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panamá
| | - Baltasar Isaza
- Servicio de Radiología, Complejo Hospitalario Arnulfo Arias Madrid, Caja del Seguro Social, Panamá
| | - Lavinia Wesley
- Servicio de Radiología, Complejo Hospitalario Arnulfo Arias Madrid, Caja del Seguro Social, Panamá
| | - Shantal A Grajales
- Centro de Neurociencias y Unidad de Investigación Clínica, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panamá
| | - Sara Fernandez
- Departmento de Psicología Básica II (Procesos Cognitivos), Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - Ana Frank
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, España
| | - Gabrielle B Britton
- Centro de Neurociencias y Unidad de Investigación Clínica, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panamá
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36
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Alves L, Cardoso S, Maroco J, de Mendonça A, Guerreiro M, Silva D. Neuropsychological Predictors of Long-Term (10 Years) Mild Cognitive Impairment Stability. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 62:1703-1711. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-171034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luísa Alves
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sandra Cardoso
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Maroco
- Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - Dina Silva
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences and Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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37
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Abstract
This mini-review considers three different approaches to the therapy and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease (AD): replacement therapy, disease modification, and multi-level interventions. Each of these research frameworks has direct implications at the clinical level, leading to an emphasis on different time points of the AD continuum. While all perspectives continue to play an important role in current efforts to reach the ambitious target of an effective therapy or prevention of AD by 2025, it is clear that novel paradigms are needed, including new models of clinical trial design. This goal can only be accomplished by a concerted effort of academia, governmental agencies, and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano F Cappa
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IUSS), Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS S. Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
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38
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Boccardi M, Gallo V, Yasui Y, Vineis P, Padovani A, Mosimann U, Giannakopoulos P, Gold G, Dubois B, Jack CR, Winblad B, Frisoni GB, Albanese E. The biomarker-based diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. 2-lessons from oncology. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 52:141-152. [PMID: 28317645 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are not yet validated for use in clinical settings. We aim to provide a methodological framework for their systematic validation, by reference to that developed for oncology biomarkers. As for this discipline, the steps for the systematic validation of AD biomarkers need to target analytical validity, clinical validity, and clinical utility. However, the premises are different from oncology: the nature of disease (neurodegeneration vs. cancer), the purpose (improve diagnosis in clinically affected vs. screening preclinical individuals), and the target population (mild cognitive impairment patients referring to memory clinics vs. general population) lead to important differences, influencing both the design of validation studies and the use of selected biomarkers. This framework is applied within a wider initiative to assess the current available evidence on the clinical validity of biomarkers for AD, for the final aim to identify gaps and research priorities, and to inform coordinated research efforts boosting AD biomarkers research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Boccardi
- Department of Psychiatry, LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratory of Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and Epidemiology (LANE), IRCCS S.Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Valentina Gallo
- Centre of Primary Care and Public Health, Queen Mary, University of London, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Blizard Institute, London, UK
| | - Yutaka Yasui
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Department of Epidemiology & Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Paolo Vineis
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University Health and Wealth of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Urs Mosimann
- Gerontechnology & Rehabilitation Group, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; University Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Gabriel Gold
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Thônex, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Dementia Research Center and Department of Neurology, Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris University, Paris, France
| | | | - Bengt Winblad
- Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of NVS, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- Department of Psychiatry, LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratory of Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and Epidemiology (LANE), IRCCS S.Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Memory Clinic, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emiliano Albanese
- Department of Psychiatry, WHO Collaborating Centre, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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39
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Frisoni GB, Boccardi M, Barkhof F, Blennow K, Cappa S, Chiotis K, Démonet JF, Garibotto V, Giannakopoulos P, Gietl A, Hansson O, Herholz K, Jack CR, Nobili F, Nordberg A, Snyder HM, Ten Kate M, Varrone A, Albanese E, Becker S, Bossuyt P, Carrillo MC, Cerami C, Dubois B, Gallo V, Giacobini E, Gold G, Hurst S, Lönneborg A, Lovblad KO, Mattsson N, Molinuevo JL, Monsch AU, Mosimann U, Padovani A, Picco A, Porteri C, Ratib O, Saint-Aubert L, Scerri C, Scheltens P, Schott JM, Sonni I, Teipel S, Vineis P, Visser PJ, Yasui Y, Winblad B. Strategic roadmap for an early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease based on biomarkers. Lancet Neurol 2017; 16:661-676. [PMID: 28721928 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(17)30159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease can be improved by the use of biological measures. Biomarkers of functional impairment, neuronal loss, and protein deposition that can be assessed by neuroimaging (ie, MRI and PET) or CSF analysis are increasingly being used to diagnose Alzheimer's disease in research studies and specialist clinical settings. However, the validation of the clinical usefulness of these biomarkers is incomplete, and that is hampering reimbursement for these tests by health insurance providers, their widespread clinical implementation, and improvements in quality of health care. We have developed a strategic five-phase roadmap to foster the clinical validation of biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease, adapted from the approach for cancer biomarkers. Sufficient evidence of analytical validity (phase 1 of a structured framework adapted from oncology) is available for all biomarkers, but their clinical validity (phases 2 and 3) and clinical utility (phases 4 and 5) are incomplete. To complete these phases, research priorities include the standardisation of the readout of these assays and thresholds for normality, the evaluation of their performance in detecting early disease, the development of diagnostic algorithms comprising combinations of biomarkers, and the development of clinical guidelines for the use of biomarkers in qualified memory clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni B Frisoni
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE), University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Marina Boccardi
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE), University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratory of Alzheimer Neuroimaging and Epidemiology (LANE), IRCCS S Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Institute of Healthcare Engineering, University College London, London, UK; European Society of Neuroradiology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine Working Group for CSF proteins (IFCC WG-CSF), Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefano Cappa
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori di Pavia, Pavia, Italy, on behalf of Federation of European Neuropsychological Societies
| | - Konstantinos Chiotis
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jean-Francois Démonet
- Leenards Memory Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Garibotto
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Division, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Anton Gietl
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine-IREM, University of Zurich Campus Schlieren, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oskar Hansson
- Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karl Herholz
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Flavio Nobili
- Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy, on behalf of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine
| | - Agneta Nordberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mara Ten Kate
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Centre, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andrea Varrone
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emiliano Albanese
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Patrick Bossuyt
- Clinical Epidemiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands, on behalf of the European Federation of Laboratory Medicine
| | | | - Chiara Cerami
- Clinical Neuroscience Department, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, UPMC University Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Valentina Gallo
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ezio Giacobini
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Gold
- Service of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Samia Hurst
- Institute for Ethics, History, and the Humanities, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anders Lönneborg
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karl-Olof Lovblad
- Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Niklas Mattsson
- Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - José-Luis Molinuevo
- Barcelona Beta Brain Research Centre, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreas U Monsch
- Memory Clinic, University Centre for Medicine of Ageing, Felix Platter Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Urs Mosimann
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Agnese Picco
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE), University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Corinna Porteri
- Bioethics Unit, IRCCS S Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Osman Ratib
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laure Saint-Aubert
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charles Scerri
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta; Alzheimer Europe, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Centre, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Ida Sonni
- PET Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Stanford University, Standford, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Teipel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Centre, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Yutaka Yasui
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurobiology, Care Siences and Society, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; European Alzheimer's Disease Consortium
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