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Heesbeen EJ, van Kampen T, Verdouw PM, van Lissa C, Bijlsma EY, Groenink L. The effect of SSRIs on unconditioned anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024:10.1007/s00213-024-06645-2. [PMID: 38980348 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06645-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the first choice of treatment for anxiety-like disorders. However, which aspects of anxiety are affected by SSRIs is not yet fully understood. OBJECTIVE We aimed to systematically review the effect of six clinically effective SSRIs on four aspects of unconditioned anxiety: approach-avoidance behaviour (elevated plus maze), repetitive behaviour (marble burying), distress behaviour (ultrasonic vocalization), and activation of the autonomous nervous system (stress-induced hyperthermia). METHODS We identified publications by searching Medline and Embase databases and assessed the risk of bias. A random effects meta-analysis was performed and moderator effects were analysed with Bayesian penalized meta-regression. RESULTS Our search yielded 105 elevated plus maze, 63 marble burying, 11 ultrasonic vocalization, and 7 stress-induced hyperthermia articles. Meta-analysis suggested that SSRIs reduce anxiety-like behaviour in the elevated plus maze, marble burying and ultrasonic vocalization test and that effects are moderated by pre-existing stress conditions (elevated plus maze) and dose dependency (marble burying) but not by duration of treatment or type of SSRI. The reporting quality was low, publication bias was likely, and heterogeneity was high. CONCLUSION SSRIs seem to reduce a broad range of unconditioned anxiety-associated behaviours. These results should be interpreted with caution due to a high risk of bias, likely occurrence of publication bias, substantial heterogeneity and limited moderator data availability. Our review demonstrates the importance of including bias assessments when interpreting meta-analysis results. We further recommend improving the reporting quality, the conduct of animal research, and the publication of all results regardless of significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise J Heesbeen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tatum van Kampen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P Monika Verdouw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caspar van Lissa
- Department of Methodology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Y Bijlsma
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lucianne Groenink
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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2
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Tyagi R, Saraf TS, Canal CE. The Psychedelic N, N-Dipropyltryptamine Prevents Seizures in a Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome via a Mechanism that Appears Independent of Serotonin and Sigma1 Receptors. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:1480-1491. [PMID: 37854624 PMCID: PMC10580393 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The serotonergic psychedelic psilocybin shows efficacy in treating neuropsychiatric disorders, though the mechanism(s) underlying its therapeutic effects remain unclear. We show that a similar psychedelic tryptamine, N,N-dipropyltryptamine (DPT), completely prevents audiogenic seizures (AGS) in an Fmr1 knockout mouse model of fragile X syndrome at a 10 mg/kg dose but not at lower doses (3 or 5.6 mg/kg). Despite showing in vitro that DPT is a serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT1B, and 5-HT1A receptor agonist (with that rank order of functional potency, determined with TRUPATH Gα/βγ biosensors), pretreatment with selective inhibitors of 5-HT2A/2C, 5-HT1B, or 5-HT1A receptors did not block DPT's antiepileptic effects; a pan-serotonin receptor antagonist was also ineffective. Because 5-HT1A receptor activation blocks AGS in Fmr1 knockout mice, we performed a dose-response experiment to evaluate DPT's engagement of 5-HT1A receptors in vivo. DPT elicited 5-HT1A-dependent effects only at doses greater than 10 mg/kg, further supporting that DPT's antiepileptic effects were not 5-HT1A-mediated. We also observed that the selective sigma1 receptor antagonist, NE-100, did not impact DPT's antiepileptic effects, suggesting DPT engagement of sigma1 receptors was not a crucial mechanism. Separately, we observed that DPT and NE-100 at high doses caused convulsions on their own that were qualitatively distinct from AGS. In conclusion, DPT dose-dependently blocked AGS in Fmr1 knockout mice, but neither serotonin nor sigma1 receptor antagonists prevented this action. Thus, DPT might have neurotherapeutic effects independent of its serotonergic psychedelic properties. However, DPT also caused seizures at high doses, showing that DPT has complex dose-dependent in vivo polypharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Tyagi
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Tanishka S. Saraf
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Clinton E. Canal
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
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Astroglial Serotonin Receptors as the Central Target of Classic Antidepressants. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 26:317-347. [PMID: 34888840 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77375-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) presents multiple clinical phenotypes and has complex underlying pathological mechanisms. Existing theories cannot completely explain the pathophysiological mechanism(s) of MDD, while the pharmacology of current antidepressants is far from being fully understood. Astrocytes, the homeostatic and defensive cells of the central nervous system, contribute to shaping behaviors, and regulating mood and emotions. A detailed introduction on the role of astrocytes in depressive disorders is thus required, to which this chapter is dedicated. We also focus on the interactions between classic antidepressants and serotonin receptors, overview the role of astrocytes in the pharmacological mechanisms of various antidepressants, and present astrocytes as targets for the treatment of bipolar disorder. We provide a foundation of knowledge on the role of astrocytes in depressive disorders and astroglial 5-HT2B receptors as targets for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in vivo and in vitro.
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4
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5-HT Receptors and the Development of New Antidepressants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169015. [PMID: 34445721 PMCID: PMC8396477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin modulates several physiological and cognitive pathways throughout the human body that affect emotions, memory, sleep, and thermal regulation. The complex nature of the serotonergic system and interactions with other neurochemical systems indicate that the development of depression may be mediated by various pathomechanisms, the common denominator of which is undoubtedly the disturbed transmission in central 5-HT synapses. Therefore, the deliberate pharmacological modulation of serotonergic transmission in the brain seems to be one of the most appropriate strategies for the search for new antidepressants. As discussed in this review, the serotonergic system offers great potential for the development of new antidepressant therapies based on the combination of SERT inhibition with different pharmacological activity towards the 5-HT system. The aim of this article is to summarize the search for new antidepressants in recent years, focusing primarily on the possibility of benefiting from interactions with various 5-HT receptors in the pharmacotherapy of depression.
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5
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Rehman NU, Esmaeilpour K, Joushi S, Abbas M, Al-Rashida M, Rauf K, Masoumi-Ardakani Y. Effect of 4-Fluoro-N-(4-sulfamoylbenzyl) Benzene Sulfonamide on cognitive deficits and hippocampal plasticity during nicotine withdrawal in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110783. [PMID: 33152941 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Withdrawal from chronic nicotine has damaging effects on a variety of learning and memory tasks. Various Sulfonamides that act as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors have documented role in modulation of various cognitive, learning, and memory processing. We investigated the effects of 4-Fluoro-N-(4-sulfamoylbenzyl) Benzene Sulfonamide (4-FBS) on nicotine withdrawal impairments in rats using Morris water maze (MWM), Novel object recognition, Passive avoidance, and open field tasks. Also, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) profiling and in vivo field potential recording were assessed. Rats were exposed to saline or chronic nicotine 3.8 mg/kg subcutaneously for 14 days in four divided doses, spontaneous nicotine withdrawal was induced by quitting nicotine for 72 h (hrs). Animals received 4-FBS at 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg after 72 h of withdrawal in various behavioral and electrophysiological paradigms. Nicotine withdrawal causes a deficit in learning and long-term memory in the MWM task. No significant difference was found in novel object recognition tasks among all groups while in passive avoidance task nicotine withdrawal resulted in a deficit of hippocampus-dependent fear learning. Anxiety like behavior was observed during nicotine withdrawal. Plasma BDNF level was reduced during nicotine withdrawal as compared to the saline group reflecting mild cognitive impairment, stress, and depression. Withdrawal from chronic nicotine altered hippocampal plasticity, caused suppression of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 area of the hippocampus. Our results showed that 4-FBS at 40 and 60 mg/kg significantly prevented nicotine withdrawal-induced cognitive deficits in behavioral as well as electrophysiological studies. 4-FBS at 60 mg/kg upsurge nicotine withdrawal-induced decrease in plasma BDNF. We conclude that 4-FBS at 40 and 60 mg /kg effectively prevented chronic nicotine withdrawal-induced impairment in long term potentiation and cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeem Ur Rehman
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan
| | - Khadijeh Esmaeilpour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Sara Joushi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Muzaffar Abbas
- Department of Pharmacy, Capital University of Science and Technology (CUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mariya Al-Rashida
- Department of Chemistry, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Ferozepur Road, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Rauf
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan.
| | - Yaser Masoumi-Ardakani
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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6
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Baldassarri SR, Park E, Finnema SJ, Planeta B, Nabulsi N, Najafzadeh S, Ropchan J, Huang Y, Hannestad J, Maloney K, Bhagwagar Z, Carson RE. Inverse changes in raphe and cortical 5-HT 1B receptor availability after acute tryptophan depletion in healthy human subjects. Synapse 2020; 74:e22159. [PMID: 32324935 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Serotonergic neurotransmission plays a key role in the pathophysiology and treatment of various neuropsychiatric diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in serotonergic neurotransmission after acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) using positron emission tomography (PET) with [11 C]P943, a 5-HT1B receptor radioligand previously shown to be sensitive to changes in 5-HT. Five healthy subjects were scanned on a high resolution PET scanner twice on the same day, before and approximately 5 hours after ingesting capsules containing an amino acid mixture that lacks tryptophan. For each scan, emission data were acquired for 120 min after intravenous bolus injection of [11 C]P943. Binding potential (BPND ) values were estimated from parametric images using the second version of the multilinear reference tissue model (MRTM2, t* = 20 min) with cerebellar grey matter used as a reference region. The change in [11 C]P943 binding (ΔBPND , %) was calculated as (BPND,post - BPND,pre )/(BPND,pre ) × 100, and correlation analysis was performed to measure linear associations of ΔBPND between raphe and other regions of interest (ROIs). ΔBPND ranged from -6% to 45% in the raphe, with positive values indicating reduced competition from 5-HT. In cortical regions, ΔBPND ranged from -28% to 7%. While these changes did not reach significance, there were significant negative correlations of ΔBPND of the raphe with those of cerebral cortical regions and the thalamus (e.g., r = -.96, p = .011 for average cortex). These findings support the hypothesis that raphe serotonin is a critical modulator of cortical serotonin release via projecting neurons in healthy human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Baldassarri
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eunkyung Park
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sjoerd J Finnema
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Beata Planeta
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Soheila Najafzadeh
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jim Ropchan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jonas Hannestad
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kathleen Maloney
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zubin Bhagwagar
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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7
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Yang KC, Stepanov V, Amini N, Martinsson S, Takano A, Bundgaard C, Bang-Andersen B, Sanchez C, Halldin C, Farde L, Finnema SJ. Effect of clinically relevant doses of vortioxetine and citalopram on serotonergic PET markers in the nonhuman primate brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1706-1713. [PMID: 31216565 PMCID: PMC6784989 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vortioxetine is a multimodal antidepressant approved for treatment of major depressive disorder. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that the mechanism of action of vortioxetine might be different from selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), including larger serotonin (5-HT) release and direct modulation of several 5-HT receptors. In the current positron emission tomography (PET) study, we evaluated the mechanism of action of vortioxetine by comparing its effect to the SSRI citalopram on the binding of [11C]AZ10419369 to the 5-HT1B receptor in the nonhuman primate brain. Initially, the 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) binding of vortioxetine was determined by [11C]MADAM PET measurements before and after administration of vortioxetine (0.1-3.0 mg/kg) and data were used to confirm clinically relevant dosing in subsequent PET measurements with [11C]AZ10419369. The 5-HT1B receptor binding was significantly decreased after 0.3 mg/kg of citalopram in the dorsal raphe nucleus (5%), as well as after 0.3 mg/kg of vortioxetine in six brain regions (~25%) or 1.0 mg/kg of vortioxetine in all 12 examined regions (~48%). Moreover, there was no effect of 1.0 mg/kg of vortioxetine on the binding of [11C]Cimbi-36 to the 5-HT2A receptor, which has comparable sensitivity to 5-HT release as [11C]AZ10419369 binding. In conclusion, at clinically relevant doses, vortioxetine induced larger reductions in [11C]AZ10419369 binding than citalopram. These observations suggest that vortioxetine binds to the 5-HT1B receptor at clinically relevant doses. Future studies are warranted to evaluate the role of the 5-HT1B receptor in the therapeutic effects of vortioxetine and as a potential target for the development of novel antidepressant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chun Yang
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Vladimir Stepanov
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nahid Amini
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Martinsson
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Akihiro Takano
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Christer Halldin
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Farde
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden ,0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Personalized Health Care and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca PET Science Center at Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sjoerd J. Finnema
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden ,0000000419368710grid.47100.32Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
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8
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Żmudzka E, Sałaciak K, Sapa J, Pytka K. Serotonin receptors in depression and anxiety: Insights from animal studies. Life Sci 2018; 210:106-124. [PMID: 30144453 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin regulates many physiological processes including sleep, appetite, and mood. Thus, serotonergic system is an important target in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, such as major depression and anxiety. This natural neurotransmitter interacts with 7 families of its receptors (5-HT1-7), which cause a variety of pharmacological effects. Using genetically modified animals and selective or preferential agonists and antagonist, numerous studies demonstrated the involvement of almost all serotonin receptor subtypes in antidepressant- or anxiolytic-like effects. In this review, based on animal studies, we discuss the possible involvement of serotonin receptor subtypes in depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Żmudzka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kinga Sałaciak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Sapa
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Pytka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
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9
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The 5-HT 1B receptor - a potential target for antidepressant treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1317-1334. [PMID: 29546551 PMCID: PMC5919989 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4872-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the leading cause of disability worldwide. The serotonin hypothesis may be the model of MDD pathophysiology with the most support. The majority of antidepressants enhance synaptic serotonin levels quickly, while it usually takes weeks to discern MDD treatment effect. It has been hypothesized that the time lag between serotonin increase and reduction of MDD symptoms is due to downregulation of inhibitory receptors such as the serotonin 1B receptor (5-HT1BR). The research on 5-HT1BR has previously been hampered by a lack of selective ligands for the receptor. The last extensive review of 5-HT1BR in the pathophysiology of depression was published 2009, and based mainly on findings from animal studies. Since then, selective radioligands for in vivo quantification of brain 5-HT1BR binding with positron emission tomography has been developed, providing new knowledge on the role of 5-HT1BR in MDD and its treatment. The main focus of this review is the role of 5-HT1BR in relation to MDD and its treatment, although studies of 5-HT1BR in obsessive-compulsive disorder, alcohol dependence, and cocaine dependence are also reviewed. The evidence outlined range from animal models of disease, effects of 5-HT1B receptor agonists and antagonists, case-control studies of 5-HT1B receptor binding postmortem and in vivo, with positron emission tomography, to clinical studies of 5-HT1B receptor effects of established treatments for MDD. Low 5-HT1BR binding in limbic regions has been found in MDD patients. When 5-HT1BR ligands are administered to animals, 5-HT1BR agonists most consistently display antidepressant-like properties, though it is not yet clear how 5-HT1BR is best approached for optimal MDD treatment.
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Abstract
Depression is a polygenic and highly complex psychiatric disorder that remains a major burden on society. Antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are some of the most commonly prescribed drugs worldwide. In this review, we will discuss the evidence that links serotonin and serotonin receptors to the etiology of depression and the mechanisms underlying response to antidepressant treatment. We will then revisit the role of serotonin in three distinct hypotheses that have been proposed over the last several decades to explain the pathophysiology of depression: the monoamine, neurotrophic, and neurogenic hypotheses. Finally, we will discuss how recent studies into serotonin receptors have implicated specific neural circuitry in mediating the antidepressant response, with a focus being placed on the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine N Yohn
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral & Systems Neuroscience Area, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 152 Frelinghuysen Rd., Room 215, Piscataway, NJ, 08816, USA
| | - Mark M Gergues
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral & Systems Neuroscience Area, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 152 Frelinghuysen Rd., Room 215, Piscataway, NJ, 08816, USA
| | - Benjamin Adam Samuels
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral & Systems Neuroscience Area, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 152 Frelinghuysen Rd., Room 215, Piscataway, NJ, 08816, USA.
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11
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Epigenetic and genetic variants in the HTR1B gene and clinical improvement in children and adolescents treated with fluoxetine. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 75:28-34. [PMID: 28025020 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin 1B receptor (5-HT1B) is important to both the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder and the antidepressant effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Although fluoxetine has been shown to be effective and safe in children and adolescents, not all patients experience a proper clinical response, which has led to further study into the main factors involved in this inter-individual variability. Our aim was to study the effect of epigenetic and genetic factors that could affect 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (HTR1B) gene expression, and thereby response to fluoxetine. A total of 83 children and adolescents were clinically assessed 12weeks after of initiating an antidepressant treatment with fluoxetine for the first time. We evaluated the influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) specifically located in transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) on their clinical improvement. A combined genetic analysis considering the significant SNPs together with the functional variant rs130058 previously associated in our population was also performed. Moreover, we assessed, for the first time in the literature, whether methylation levels of the HTR1B promoter region could be associated with the pharmacological response. Two, rs9361233 and rs9361235, were significantly associated with clinical improvement after treatment with fluoxetine. The heterozygous genotype combination analysis showed a negative correlation with clinical improvement. The lowest improvement was experienced by patients who were heterozygous for all three SNPs. Moreover, a negative correlation was found between clinical improvement and the average methylation level of the HTR1B promoter. These results give new evidence for the role of epigenetic and genetic factors which could modulate HTR1B expression in the pharmacological response to antidepressants.
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12
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Orsolini L, Tomasetti C, Valchera A, Iasevoli F, Buonaguro EF, Vellante F, Fornaro M, Fiengo A, Mazza M, Vecchiotti R, Perna G, de Bartolomeis A, Martinotti G, Di Giannantonio M, De Berardis D. New advances in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: the multimodal antidepressant vortioxetine. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:483-95. [PMID: 27050932 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2016.1173545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a persistent condition characterized by chronic anxiety, exaggerated worry and tension, mainly comorbid with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Currently, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are recommended as first-line treatment of GAD. However, some patients may not respond to the treatment or discontinue due to adverse effects. Vortioxetine (VRX) is a multimodal antidepressant with a unique mechanism of action, by acting as 5-HT3A, 5-HT1D and 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, partial agonist at the 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors and inhibitor at the 5-HT transporter. Preliminary clinical trials showed contrasting findings in terms of improvement of the anxiety symptomatology and/or cognitive impairment. Here, we aim to systematically review the evidence currently available on the efficacy, safety and tolerability of VRX in the treatment of GAD. The generalizability of results on the efficacy of VRX in patients with anxiety symptomatology and GAD is limited due to few and contrasting RCTs so far available. Only two studies, of which one prevention relapse trial, reported a significant improvement in anxiety symptomatology compared to three with negative findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Orsolini
- a School of Life and Medical Sciences , University of Hertfordshire , Hatfield , UK.,b Villa San Giuseppe Hospital , Hermanas Hospitalarias , Ascoli Piceno , Italy.,c Polyedra Research Group , Teramo , Italy.,d Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology , University of Maastricht , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Carmine Tomasetti
- c Polyedra Research Group , Teramo , Italy.,e NHS, Department of Mental Health ASL Teramo, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment , Hospital 'Maria SS dello Splendore' , Giulianova , Italy.,f Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatogical Sciences , University of Naples 'Federico II' , Napoli , Italy
| | - Alessandro Valchera
- b Villa San Giuseppe Hospital , Hermanas Hospitalarias , Ascoli Piceno , Italy.,c Polyedra Research Group , Teramo , Italy
| | - Felice Iasevoli
- c Polyedra Research Group , Teramo , Italy.,f Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatogical Sciences , University of Naples 'Federico II' , Napoli , Italy
| | - Elisabetta Filomena Buonaguro
- c Polyedra Research Group , Teramo , Italy.,f Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatogical Sciences , University of Naples 'Federico II' , Napoli , Italy
| | - Federica Vellante
- c Polyedra Research Group , Teramo , Italy.,g NHS, Department of Mental Health ASL Teramo, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment , Hospital 'G. Mazzini' , Teramo , Italy.,h Department of Neuroscience and Imaging , University 'G. d'Annunzio' , Chieti , Italy
| | - Michele Fornaro
- c Polyedra Research Group , Teramo , Italy.,i New York Psychiatric Institute , Columbia University , New York , NY , USA
| | | | - Monica Mazza
- c Polyedra Research Group , Teramo , Italy.,j Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences , University of L'Aquila , L'Aquila , Italy
| | - Roberta Vecchiotti
- b Villa San Giuseppe Hospital , Hermanas Hospitalarias , Ascoli Piceno , Italy.,c Polyedra Research Group , Teramo , Italy.,d Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology , University of Maastricht , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Giampaolo Perna
- d Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology , University of Maastricht , Maastricht , The Netherlands.,k Hermanas Hospitalarias, FoRiPsi, Department of Clinical Neurosciences , Villa San Benedetto Menni , Albese con Cassano , Como , Italy.,l Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Coral Gables , Florida , USA
| | - Andrea de Bartolomeis
- f Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatogical Sciences , University of Naples 'Federico II' , Napoli , Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinotti
- i New York Psychiatric Institute , Columbia University , New York , NY , USA
| | | | - Domenico De Berardis
- c Polyedra Research Group , Teramo , Italy.,g NHS, Department of Mental Health ASL Teramo, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment , Hospital 'G. Mazzini' , Teramo , Italy.,i New York Psychiatric Institute , Columbia University , New York , NY , USA
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MDMA self-administration fails to alter the behavioral response to 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(1B) agonists. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1323-30. [PMID: 26856854 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Regular use of the street drug, ecstasy, produces a number of cognitive and behavioral deficits. One possible mechanism for these deficits is functional changes in serotonin (5-HT) receptors as a consequence of prolonged 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-produced 5-HT release. Of particular interest are the 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(1B) receptor subtypes since they have been implicated in several of the behaviors that have been shown to be impacted in ecstasy users and in animals exposed to MDMA. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the effect of extensive MDMA self-administration on behavioral responses to the 5-HT(1A) agonist, 8-hydroxy-2-(n-dipropylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), and the 5-HT(1B/1A) agonist, RU 24969. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats self-administered a total of 350 mg/kg MDMA, or vehicle, over 20-58 daily self-administration sessions. Two days after the last self-administration session, the hyperactive response to 8-OH-DPAT (0.03-1.0 mg/kg) or the adipsic response to RU 24969 (0.3-3.0 mg/kg) were assessed. RESULTS 8-OH-DPAT dose dependently increased horizontal activity, but this response was not altered by MDMA self-administration. The dose-response curve for RU 24969-produced adipsia was also not altered by MDMA self-administration. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive and behavioral deficits produced by repeated exposure to MDMA self-administration are not likely due to alterations in 5-HT(1A) or 5-HT(1B) receptor mechanisms.
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Pytka K, Podkowa K, Rapacz A, Podkowa A, Żmudzka E, Olczyk A, Sapa J, Filipek B. The role of serotonergic, adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors in antidepressant-like effect. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 68:263-74. [PMID: 26922526 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a serious global illness, becoming more and more common in developed countries. Because of specific symptoms it is considered as a leading cause of disability all over the world with a high death factor due to suicides. There are many antidepressants used in the therapy, but still more than 30% of patients do not respond to the treatment. The heterogeneous nature of the illness and its complex, unclear aetiology may be responsible for these difficulties. Next to the main monoaminergic hypothesis of depression there are also many other approaches connected with the pathophysiology of the disease, including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation, dopaminergic, cholinergic, glutamatergic or GABA-ergic neurotransmission. Nevertheless, it can be unambiguously stated that serotonergic, noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems are precisely connected with pathogenesis of depression, and should be therefore considered as valuable targets in patients' treatment. Bearing that in mind, this review presents the role of serotonergic, adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors in antidepressant-like effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pytka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Karolina Podkowa
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Rapacz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adrian Podkowa
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Żmudzka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adrian Olczyk
- Institute of Automatic Control, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Jacek Sapa
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Filipek
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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15
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The effects of AP521, a novel anxiolytic drug, in three anxiety models and on serotonergic neural transmission in rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2015; 127:109-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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16
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Pharmacological and methodological aspects of the separation-induced vocalization test in guinea pig pups; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 753:191-208. [PMID: 25460027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The separation-induced vocalization test in guinea pig pups is one of many that has been used to screen for anxiolytic-like properties of drugs. The test is based on the cross-species phenomenon that infants emit distress calls when placed in social isolation. Here we report a systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacological intervention in the separation-induced vocalization test in guinea pig pups. Electronic databases were searched for original research articles, yielding 32 studies that met inclusion criteria. We extracted data on pharmacological intervention, animal and methodological characteristics, and study quality indicators. Meta-analysis showed that the different drug classes in clinical use for the treatment of anxiety disorders, have comparable effects on vocalization behaviour, irrespective of their mechanism of action. Of the experimental drugs, nociception (NOP) receptor agonists proved very effective in this test. Analysis further indicated that the commonly used read-outs total number and total duration of vocalizations are equally valid. With regard to methodological characteristics, repeated testing of pups as well as selecting pups with moderate or high levels of vocalization were associated with larger treatment effects. Finally, reporting of study methodology, randomization and blinding was poor and Egger's test for small study effects showed that publication bias likely occurred. This review illustrates the value of systematic reviews and meta-analyses in improving translational value and methodological aspects of animal models. It further shows the urgent need to implement existing publication guidelines to maximize the output and impact of experimental animal studies.
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Polter AM, Li X. Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 is an Intermediate Modulator of Serotonin Neurotransmission. Front Mol Neurosci 2011; 4:31. [PMID: 22028682 PMCID: PMC3199786 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter with broad functions in brain development, neuronal activity, and behaviors; and serotonin is the prominent drug target in several major neuropsychiatric diseases. The multiple actions of serotonin are mediated by diverse serotonin receptor subtypes and associated signaling pathways. However, the key signaling components that mediate specific function of serotonin neurotransmission have not been fully identified. This review will provide evidence from biochemical, pharmacological, and animal behavioral studies showing that serotonin regulates the activation states of brain glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) via type 1 and type 2 serotonin receptors. In return, GSK3 directly interacts with serotonin receptors in a highly selective manner, with a prominent effect on modulating serotonin 1B receptor activity. Therefore, GSK3 acts as an intermediate modulator in the serotonin neurotransmission system, and balanced GSK3 activity is essential for serotonin-regulated brain function and behaviors. Particularly important, several classes of serotonin-modulating drugs, such as antidepressants and atypical antipsychotics, regulate GSK3 by inhibiting its activity in brain, which reinforces the importance of GSK3 as a potential therapeutic target in neuropsychiatric diseases associated with abnormal serotonin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail M Polter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
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18
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Characterization of 5-HT1A/1B−/− mice: An animal model sensitive to anxiolytic treatments. Neuropharmacology 2011; 61:478-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Zhang M, Zhou D, Wang Y, Maier DL, Widzowski DV, Sobotka-Briner CD, Brockel BJ, Potts WM, Shenvi AB, Bernstein PR, Pierson ME. Preclinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of AZD3783, a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B receptor antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 339:567-78. [PMID: 21825000 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.174433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The preclinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetic properties of (2R)-6-methoxy-8-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-N-(4-morpholin-4-ylphenyl)chromane-2-carboxamide (AZD3783), a potent 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B (5-HT(1B)) receptor antagonist, were characterized as part of translational pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic hypothesis testing in human clinical trials. The affinity of AZD3783 to the 5-HT(1B) receptor was measured in vitro by using membrane preparations containing recombinant human or guinea pig 5-HT(1B) receptors and in native guinea pig brain tissue. In vivo antagonist potency of AZD3783 for the 5HT(1B) receptor was investigated by measuring the blockade of 5-HT(1B) agonist-induced guinea pig hypothermia. The anxiolytic-like potency was assessed using the suppression of separation-induced vocalization in guinea pig pups. The affinity of AZD3783 for human and guinea pig 5-HT(1B) receptor (K(i), 12.5 and 11.1 nM, respectively) was similar to unbound plasma EC(50) values for guinea pig receptor occupancy (11 nM) and reduction of agonist-induced hypothermia (18 nM) in guinea pig. Active doses of AZD3783 in the hypothermia assay were similar to doses that reduced separation-induced vocalization in guinea pig pups. AZD3783 demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetic properties. The predicted pharmacokinetic parameters (total plasma clearance, 6.5 ml/min/kg; steady-state volume of distribution, 6.4 l/kg) were within 2-fold of the values observed in healthy male volunteers after a single 20-mg oral dose. This investigation presents a direct link between AZD3783 in vitro affinity and in vivo receptor occupancy to preclinical disease model efficacy. Together with predicted human pharmacokinetic properties, we have provided a model for the quantitative translational pharmacology of AZD3783 that increases confidence in the optimal human receptor occupancy required for antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minli Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA.
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20
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Carr GV, Lucki I. The role of serotonin receptor subtypes in treating depression: a review of animal studies. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 213:265-87. [PMID: 21107537 PMCID: PMC3374933 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-2097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are effective in treating depression. Given the existence of different families and subtypes of 5-HT receptors, multiple 5-HT receptors may be involved in the antidepressant-like behavioral effects of SSRIs. OBJECTIVE Behavioral pharmacology studies investigating the role of 5-HT receptor subtypes in producing or blocking the effects of SSRIs were reviewed. RESULTS Few animal behavior tests were available to support the original development of SSRIs. Since their development, a number of behavioral tests and models of depression have been developed that are sensitive to the effects of SSRIs, as well as to other types of antidepressant treatments. The rationale for the development and use of these tests is reviewed. Behavioral effects similar to those of SSRIs (antidepressant-like) have been produced by agonists at 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(1B), 5-HT(2C), 5-HT(4), and 5-HT(6) receptors. Also, antagonists at 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2C), 5-HT(3), 5-HT(6), and 5-HT(7) receptors have been reported to produce antidepressant-like responses. Although it seems paradoxical that both agonists and antagonists at particular 5-HT receptors can produce antidepressant-like effects, they probably involve diverse neurochemical mechanisms. The behavioral effects of SSRIs and other antidepressants may also be augmented when 5-HT receptor agonists or antagonists are given in combination. CONCLUSIONS The involvement of 5-HT receptors in the antidepressant-like effects of SSRIs is complex and involves the orchestration of stimulation and blockade at different 5-HT receptor subtypes. Individual 5-HT receptors provide opportunities for the development of a newer generation of antidepressants that may be more beneficial and effective than SSRIs.
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21
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Varnäs K, Nyberg S, Karlsson P, Pierson ME, Kågedal M, Cselényi Z, McCarthy D, Xiao A, Zhang M, Halldin C, Farde L. Dose-dependent binding of AZD3783 to brain 5-HT1B receptors in non-human primates and human subjects: a positron emission tomography study with [11C]AZ10419369. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 213:533-45. [PMID: 21234549 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2165-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The serotonin 5-HT(1B) receptor is a potential target for the pharmacologic treatment of depression. Positron emission tomography (PET) determination of 5-HT(1B) receptor occupancy with drug candidates targeting this receptor in non-human primate and human subjects may facilitate translation of research from animal models and guide dose selection for clinical studies. AZD3783 is a recently developed, orally bioavailable 5-HT(1B) receptor antagonist with potential antidepressant properties. OBJECTIVES To determine the relationship between plasma concentration of AZD3783 and occupancy at primate brain 5-HT(1B) receptors using PET and the radioligand [(11)C]AZ10419369. METHODS PET studies with [(11)C]AZ10419369 were performed in three non-human primates at baseline and after intravenous injection of AZD3783. Subsequently, PET measurements were undertaken in six human subjects at baseline and after administration of different single oral doses of AZD3783 (1-40 mg). RESULTS After administration in non-human primates and human subjects, AZD3783 reduced regional [(11)C]AZ10419369 binding in a dose-dependent and saturable manner. The AZD3783 plasma concentration required for 50% receptor occupancy (K (i,plasma)) for monkeys was 25 and 27 nmol/L in occipital cortex and striatum, respectively. Corresponding estimates for human occipital cortex and ventral striatum were 24 and 18 nmol/L, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The potential antidepressant AZD3783 binds in a saturable manner to brain 5-HT(1B) receptors with a similar in vivo affinity for human and monkey receptors. [(11)C]AZ10419369 can be successfully used to determine occupancy at brain 5-HT(1B) receptors in vivo and constitutes a useful tool for dose selection in clinical studies with 5-HT(1B) receptor compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Varnäs
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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23
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Abstract
[(11)C]P943 is a new radioligand recently developed to image and quantify serotonin 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT(1B)) receptors with positron emission tomography (PET). The purpose of this study was to evaluate [(11)C]P943 for this application in humans, and to determine the most suitable quantification method. Positron emission tomography data and arterial input function measurements were acquired in a cohort of 32 human subjects. Using arterial input functions, compartmental modeling, the Logan graphical analysis, and the multilinear method MA1 were tested. Both the two tissue-compartment model and MA1 provided good fits of the PET data and reliable distribution volume estimates. Using the cerebellum as a reference region, BP(ND) binding potential estimates were computed. [(11)C]P943 BP(ND) estimates were significantly correlated with in vitro measurements of the density of 5-HT(1B) receptors, with highest values in the occipital cortex and pallidum. To evaluate noninvasive methods, two- and three-parameter graphical analyses, Simplified Reference Tissue Models (SRTM and SRTM2), and Multilinear Reference Tissue Models (MRTM and MRTM2) were tested. The MRTM2 model provided the best correlation with MA1 binding-potential estimates. Parametric images of the volume of distribution or binding potential of [(11)C]P943 could be computed using both MA1 and MRTM2. The results show that [(11)C]P943 provides quantitative measurements of 5-HT(1B) binding potential.
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Nabulsi N, Huang Y, Weinzimmer D, Ropchan J, Frost JJ, McCarthy T, Carson RE, Ding YS. High-resolution imaging of brain 5-HT 1B receptors in the rhesus monkey using [11C]P943. Nucl Med Biol 2009; 37:205-14. [PMID: 20152720 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin 5-HT(1B) receptors regulate the release of serotonin and are involved in various disease states, including depression and schizophrenia. The goal of the study was to evaluate a high affinity and high selectivity antagonist, [(11)C]P943, as a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for imaging the 5-HT(1B) receptor. [(11)C]P943 was synthesized via N-methylation of the precursor with [(11)C]methyl iodide or [(11)C]methyl triflate using automated modules. The average radiochemical yield was approx. 10% with radiochemical purity of >99% and specific activity of 8.8+/-3.6 mCi/nmol at the end-of-synthesis (n=37). PET imaging was performed in non-human primates with a high-resolution research tomograph scanner with a bolus/infusion paradigm. Binding potential (BP(ND)) was calculated using the equilibrium ratios of regions to cerebellum. The tracer uptake was highest in the globus pallidus and occipital cortex, moderate in basal ganglia and thalamus, and lowest in the cerebellum, which is consistent with the known brain distribution of 5-HT(1B) receptors. Infusion of tracer at different specific activities (by adding various amount of unlabeled P943) reduced BP(ND) values in a dose-dependent manner, demonstrating the saturability of the tracer binding. Blocking studies with GR127935 (2 mg/kg iv), a selective 5-HT(1B)/5-HT(1D) antagonist, resulted in reduction of BP(ND) values by 42-95% across regions; for an example, in occipital region from 0.71 to 0.03, indicating a complete blockade. These results demonstrate the saturability and specificity of [(11)C]P943 for 5-HT(1B) receptors, suggesting its suitability as a PET radiotracer for in vivo evaluations of the 5-HT(1B) receptor system in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeel Nabulsi
- Yale PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208048, New Haven, CT 06520-8048, USA
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25
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Li YC, Wang FM, Pan Y, Qiang LQ, Cheng G, Zhang WY, Kong LD. Antidepressant-like effects of curcumin on serotonergic receptor-coupled AC-cAMP pathway in chronic unpredictable mild stress of rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:435-49. [PMID: 19302828 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 01/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Serotonergic receptors take their physiologic effects by affecting adenylyl cyclase (AC) catalytic activity and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentration. AC-cAMP second messenger pathway has been recently suggested to play an important role in depression. Therefore, the compound that regulates the signal pathway may have potential as antidepressant. Curcumin is the main component of Curcuma longa L, a well-known indigenous herb with comprehensive bioactivities. In the present study, we investigated the effects of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and curcumin on behaviours and serotonergic receptor-coupled AC-cAMP signal pathway in rats. Curcumin produced beneficial effects on the stressed rats by effectively improving CUMS-induced low sucrose consumption and reducing serum corticosterone levels in rats. Moreover, curcumin enhanced AC activity and cAMP levels in platelet and various brain regions, and up-regulated mRNA expressions of AC subtypes AC 2, AC 8 and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in the hippocampus, cortex and hypothalamus of the CUMS rats. Curcumin also attenuated CUMS-induced reductions of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels and high expressions of central 5-HT(1A/1B/7) receptors in rats. These results suggested that the potent antidepressant property of curcumin might be attributed to its improvement of AC-cAMP pathway as well as CREB via suppressing central 5-HT(1A/1B/7) receptors in the CUMS rats. Our findings provided a basis for examining the interaction of serotonergic receptors and AC-cAMP pathway in depression and curcumin treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Adenylyl Cyclases/classification
- Adenylyl Cyclases/genetics
- Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Body Weight/drug effects
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Corticosterone/blood
- Curcumin/therapeutic use
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drinking/drug effects
- Eating/drug effects
- Fluoxetine/therapeutic use
- Food Deprivation/physiology
- Food Preferences/drug effects
- Food Preferences/physiology
- Male
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Serotonin/classification
- Receptors, Serotonin/genetics
- Receptors, Serotonin/metabolism
- Serotonin/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Stress, Psychological/drug therapy
- Stress, Psychological/etiology
- Stress, Psychological/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Water Deprivation/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
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Maier DL, Sobotka-Briner C, Ding M, Powell ME, Jiang Q, Hill G, Heys JR, Elmore CS, Pierson ME, Mrzljak L. [N-methyl-3H3]AZ10419369 Binding to the 5-HT1BReceptor: In Vitro Characterization and in Vivo Receptor Occupancy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 330:342-51. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.150722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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27
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Miczek KA, Yap JJ, Covington HE. Social stress, therapeutics and drug abuse: preclinical models of escalated and depressed intake. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 120:102-28. [PMID: 18789966 PMCID: PMC2713609 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The impact of ostensibly aversive social stresses on triggering, amplifying and prolonging intensely rewarding drug taking is an apparent contradiction in need of resolution. Social stress encompasses various types of significant life events ranging from maternal separation stress, brief episodes of social confrontations in adolescence and adulthood, to continuous subordination stress, each with its own behavioral and physiological profile. The neural circuit comprising the VTA-accumbens-PFC-amygdala is activated by brief episodes of social stress, which is critical for the DA-mediated behavioral sensitization and increased stimulant consumption. A second neural circuit comprising the raphe-PFC-hippocampus is activated by continuous subordination stress and other types of uncontrollable stress. In terms of the development of therapeutics, brief maternal separation stress has proven useful in characterizing compounds acting on subtypes of GABA, glutamate, serotonin and opioid receptors with anxiolytic potential. While large increases in alcohol and cocaine intake during adulthood have been seen after prolonged maternal separation experiences during the first two weeks of rodent life, these effects may be modulated by additional yet to be identified factors. Brief episodes of defeat stress can engender behavioral sensitization that is relevant to escalated and prolonged self-administration of stimulants and possibly opioids, whereas continuous subordination stress leads to anhedonia-like effects. Understanding the intracellular cascade of events for the transition from episodic to continuous social stress in infancy and adulthood may provide insight into the modulation of basic reward processes that are critical for addictive and affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus A Miczek
- Departments of Psychology, Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Tufts University, Medford and Boston, MA 02155, United States.
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Holmes A. Genetic variation in cortico-amygdala serotonin function and risk for stress-related disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008; 32:1293-314. [PMID: 18439676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The serotonin system is strongly implicated in the pathophysiology and therapeutic alleviation of stress-related disorders such as anxiety and depression. Serotonergic modulation of the acute response to stress and the adaptation to chronic stress is mediated by a myriad of molecules controlling serotonin neuron development (Pet-1), synthesis (tryptophan hydroxylase 1 and 2 isozymes), packaging (vesicular monoamine transporter 2), actions at presynaptic and postsynaptic receptors (5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3A, 5-HT4, 5-HT5A, 5-HT6, 5-HT7), reuptake (serotonin transporter), and degradation (monoamine oxidase A). A growing body of evidence from preclinical rodents models, and especially genetically modified mice and inbred mouse strains, has provided significant insight into how genetic variation in these molecules can affect the development and function of a key neural circuit between the dorsal raphe nucleus, medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala. By extension, such variation is hypothesized to have a major influence on individual differences in the stress response and risk for stress-related disease in humans. The current article provides an update on this rapidly evolving field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Holmes
- Section on Behavioral Science and Genetics, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, NIH, 5625 Fishers Lane Room 2N09, Rockville, MD 20852-9411, USA.
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Huang Y, Williams WA. Enhanced selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors as antidepressants: 2004 – 2006. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2007; 17:889-907. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.17.8.889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Horchler CL, McCauley JP, Hall JE, Snyder DH, Craig Moore W, Hudzik TJ, Chapdelaine MJ. Synthesis of novel quinolone and quinoline-2-carboxylic acid (4-morpholin-4-yl-phenyl)amides: A late-stage diversification approach to potent 5HT1B antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:939-50. [PMID: 17126021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Revised: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiparallel amenable syntheses of 6-methoxy-8-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-2-carboxylic acid-(4-morpholin-4-yl-phenyl)amides (I) and 4-amino-6-methoxy-8-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-quinoline-2-carboxylic acid (4-morpholin-4-yl-phenyl)amides (II) which facilitate late-stage diversification at the 8-position of (I) and at the 4- and 8-positions of (II) are described. The resulting novel series were determined to contain potent 5HT(1B) antagonists. Preliminary SAR data are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey L Horchler
- CNS Chemistry and Neuroscience, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, DE 19850, USA.
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Rosenzweig-Lipson S, Beyer CE, Hughes ZA, Khawaja X, Rajarao SJ, Malberg JE, Rahman Z, Ring RH, Schechter LE. Differentiating antidepressants of the future: Efficacy and safety. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 113:134-53. [PMID: 17010443 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There have been significant advances in the treatment of depression since the serendipitous discovery that modulating monoaminergic neurotransmission may be a pathological underpinning of the disease. Despite these advances, particularly over the last 15years with the introduction of selective serotonin and/or norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI), there still remain multiple unmet clinical needs that would represent substantial improvements to current treatment regimens. In terms of efficacy there have been improvements in the percentage of patients achieving remission but this can still be dramatically improved and, in fact, issues still remain with relapse. Furthermore, advances are still required in terms of improving the onset of efficacy as well as addressing the large proportion of patients who remain treatment resistant. While this is not well understood, collective research in the area suggests the disease is heterogeneous in terms of the multiple parameters related to etiology, pathology and response to pharmacological agents. In addition to efficacy further therapeutic advances will also need to address such issues as cognitive impairment, pain, sexual dysfunction, nausea and emesis, weight gain and potential cardiovascular effects. With these unmet needs in mind, the next generation of antidepressants will need to differentiate themselves from the current array of therapeutics for depression. There are multiple strategies for addressing unmet needs that are currently being investigated. These range from combination monoaminergic approaches to subtype selective agents to novel targets that include mechanisms to modulate neuropeptides and excitatory amino acids (EAA). This review will discuss the many facets of differentiation and potential strategies for the development of novel antidepressants.
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Watson JM, Dawson LA. Characterization of the potent 5-HT(1A/B) receptor antagonist and serotonin reuptake inhibitor SB-649915: preclinical evidence for hastened onset of antidepressant/anxiolytic efficacy. CNS DRUG REVIEWS 2007; 13:206-23. [PMID: 17627673 PMCID: PMC6726354 DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3458.2007.00012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
An increase in brain serotonin (5-HT) levels is thought to be a key mechanism of action responsible for generating antidepressant efficacy. It has been proven that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are effective antidepressants, but the delay to therapeutic onset of these agents is thought to be due to the time required for 5-HT1A, and possibly 5-HT1B, autoreceptors to desensitize. Therefore, an agent incorporating 5-HT reuptake inhibition coupled with 5-HT1A and/or 5-HT1B autoreceptor antagonism may provide a fast-acting clinical agent. The current studies review the profile of SB-649915 (6-[(1-{2-[(2-methylquinolin-5-yl)oxy]ethyl}piperidin-4-yl)methyl]-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one), a novel compound with high affinity for human (h) 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors (pKi values of 8.6 and 8.0, respectively) as well as the (h) 5-HT transporter (SERT) (pKi value of 9.3). SB-649915 behaved as an antagonist at both 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors in vitro and in vivo, reversing 5-HT, (+)8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) and SKF99101-induced functional/behavioral responses. Furthermore, it inhibited [3H]5-HT reuptake in rat cortical synaptosomes, in vitro and ex vivo. In electrophysiological studies SB-649915 had no effect on rat dorsal raphe neuronal cell firing per se, but reversed 8-OH-DPAT-induced inhibition of firing both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, in a microdialysis study, it produced an acute increase in extracellular 5-HT in forebrain structures of the rat. Finally, SB-649915 demonstrated acute anxiolytic activity in both rodent and non-human primate and reduced the latency to onset of anxiolytic behavior, compared to paroxetine, in the rat social interaction paradigm. In summary, SB-649915 is a novel, potent 5-HT1A/1B autoreceptor antagonist, and 5-HT reuptake inhibitor. This particular pharmacological profile provides a novel mechanism that could offer fast-acting antidepressant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette M Watson
- Psychiatry Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow, Essex, UK.
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