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Bonifacie A, Aubry L, Sayd T, Bourillon S, Duval A, Kombolo M, Nassy G, Promeyrat A, Santé-Lhoutellier V, Théron L. Chemical effects of nitrite reduction during digestion of cured cooked and recooked meat on nitrosation, nitrosylation and oxidation. Food Res Int 2024; 195:114969. [PMID: 39277238 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Nitrites are food additives used in meatfor their bacteriological, technological and sensory properties.However, they are suspected to be involved in the formation of various mutagenic nitroso compounds (NOCs).With a view to reducing the use of nitrite in meat products to improve the healthiness thereof, the formation of NOCs was studied during dynamic in vitro digestion ofcooked and recooked meats preparedwith various levels of nitrite. Residual nitrite and nitrate and NOCs were evaluated in the gastric and ileal compartments.In the absence of added nitrite, basalnitrosation and nitrosylation were detected, probably due to the oxidation of ammonium salts present in the gastric fluid. Nitrosamines, nitrosyl heme and nitrosothiols displayed different kinetics of formation and degradation,reflecting a possible transfer of nitric oxide from one substrate to another. A protective effect of nitrite on lipid oxidation was also observed during digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Bonifacie
- Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), UR370 Qualité des Produits Animaux, F-63122 Saint Genès-Champanelle, France; IFIP - Institut du Porc, 7 Avenue du Général De Gaulle, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Laurent Aubry
- Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), UR370 Qualité des Produits Animaux, F-63122 Saint Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Thierry Sayd
- Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), UR370 Qualité des Produits Animaux, F-63122 Saint Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Sylvie Bourillon
- Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), UR370 Qualité des Produits Animaux, F-63122 Saint Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Angéline Duval
- Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), UR370 Qualité des Produits Animaux, F-63122 Saint Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Moïse Kombolo
- Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), UR370 Qualité des Produits Animaux, F-63122 Saint Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Gilles Nassy
- IFIP - Institut du Porc, La motte au Vicomte, BP 35104, 35561 Le Rheu Cedex, France
| | - Aurélie Promeyrat
- IFIP - Institut du Porc, La motte au Vicomte, BP 35104, 35561 Le Rheu Cedex, France
| | - Véronique Santé-Lhoutellier
- Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), UR370 Qualité des Produits Animaux, F-63122 Saint Genès-Champanelle, France.
| | - Laetitia Théron
- Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), UR370 Qualité des Produits Animaux, F-63122 Saint Genès-Champanelle, France
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2
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Carlström M, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JO. Nitric Oxide Signaling and Regulation in the Cardiovascular System: Recent Advances. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:1038-1062. [PMID: 38866562 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.124.001060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) from endothelial NO synthase importantly contributes to vascular homeostasis. Reduced NO production or increased scavenging during disease conditions with oxidative stress contribute to endothelial dysfunction and NO deficiency. In addition to the classical enzymatic NO synthases (NOS) system, NO can also be generated via the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway. Dietary and pharmacological approaches aimed at increasing NO bioactivity, especially in the cardiovascular system, have been the focus of much research since the discovery of this small gaseous signaling molecule. Despite wide appreciation of the biological role of NOS/NO signaling, questions still remain about the chemical nature of NOS-derived bioactivity. Recent studies show that NO-like bioactivity can be efficiently transduced by mobile NO-ferroheme species, which can transfer between proteins, partition into a hydrophobic phase, and directly activate the soluble guanylyl cyclase-cGMP-protein kinase G pathway without intermediacy of free NO. Moreover, interaction between red blood cells and the endothelium in the regulation of vascular NO homeostasis have gained much attention, especially in conditions with cardiometabolic disease. In this review we discuss both classical and nonclassical pathways for NO generation in the cardiovascular system and how these can be modulated for therapeutic purposes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: After four decades of intensive research, questions persist about the transduction and control of nitric oxide (NO) synthase bioactivity. Here we discuss NO signaling in cardiovascular health and disease, highlighting new findings, such as the important role of red blood cells in cardiovascular NO homeostasis. Nonclassical signaling modes, like the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway, and therapeutic opportunities related to the NO system are discussed. Existing and potential pharmacological treatments/strategies, as well as dietary components influencing NO generation and signaling are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Carlström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (M.C., E.W., J.O.L.); and Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (E.W.)
| | - Eddie Weitzberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (M.C., E.W., J.O.L.); and Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (E.W.)
| | - Jon O Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (M.C., E.W., J.O.L.); and Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (E.W.)
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3
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Piknova B, Park JW, Tunau-Spencer KJ, Jenkins A, Hellinga DG, Walter PJ, Cai H, Schechter AN. Skeletal Muscle, Skin, and Bone as Three Major Nitrate Reservoirs in Mammals: Chemiluminescence and 15N-Tracer Studies in Yorkshire Pigs. Nutrients 2024; 16:2674. [PMID: 39203815 PMCID: PMC11357542 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In mammals, nitric oxide (NO) is generated either by the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes from arginine or by the reduction of nitrate to nitrite by tissue xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) and the microbiome and further reducing nitrite to NO by XOR or several heme proteins. Previously, we reported that skeletal muscle acts as a large nitrate reservoir in mammals, and this nitrate reservoir is systemically, as well as locally, used to generate nitrite and NO. Here, we report identifying two additional nitrate storage organs-bone and skin. We used bolus of ingested 15N-labeled nitrate to trace its short-term fluxes and distribution among organs. At baseline conditions, the nitrate concentration in femur bone samples was 96 ± 63 nmol/g, scalp skin 56 ± 22 nmol/g, with gluteus muscle at 57 ± 39 nmol/g. In comparison, plasma and liver contained 34 ± 19 nmol/g and 15 ± 5 nmol/g of nitrate, respectively. Three hours after 15N-nitrate ingestion, its concentration significantly increased in all organs, exceeding the baseline levels in plasma, skin, bone, skeletal muscle, and in liver 5-, 2.4-, 2.4-, 2.1-, and 2-fold, respectively. As expected, nitrate reduction into nitrite was highest in liver but also substantial in skin and skeletal muscle, followed by the distribution of 15N-labeled nitrite. We believe that these results underline the major roles played by skeletal muscle, skin, and bone, the three largest organs in mammals, in maintaining NO homeostasis, especially via the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Piknova
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ji Won Park
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Khalid J. Tunau-Spencer
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Audrey Jenkins
- MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | | | - Peter J. Walter
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hongyi Cai
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alan N. Schechter
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Pavan AR, Terroni B, Dos Santos JL. Endothelial dysfunction in Sickle Cell Disease: Strategies for the treatment. Nitric Oxide 2024; 149:7-17. [PMID: 38806107 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2024.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA), is an inherited hemoglobinopathy characterized by the presence of an abnormal hemoglobin (HbS), being the most prevalent sickle cell disease (SCD). SCA is characterized by vascular endothelial dysfunction, which contributes significantly to various clinical conditions, including but not limited to pulmonary hypertension, priapism, cutaneous leg ulceration, and stroke. The pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction (ED) in SCA is a multifaceted process involving a chronic inflammatory and hypercoagulable state. Key factors include hemolysis-associated elements like reduced arginine and nitric oxide (NO) availability, elevated levels of vascular adhesion molecules, the uncoupling effect of NO synthase, heightened arginase activity, an environment characterized by oxidative stress with the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and occurrences of ischemia-reperfusion injury, along with apolipoprotein A-1 depletion. The urgency for novel interventions addressing ED is evident. Presently, there is a focus on investigating small molecules that disrupt the arginine-nitric oxide pathway, exhibiting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties while diminishing levels of cellular and vascular adhesion molecules. In this mini-review article, we delve into the progress made in strategies for treating ED in SCD with the aim of cultivating insights for drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Renata Pavan
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, Brazil.
| | - Barbara Terroni
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, Brazil
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Wei C, Vanhatalo A, Black MI, Blackwell JR, Rajaram R, Kadach S, Jones AM. Relationships between nitric oxide biomarkers and physiological outcomes following dietary nitrate supplementation. Nitric Oxide 2024; 148:23-33. [PMID: 38697467 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2024.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Dietary nitrate (NO3-) supplementation can increase nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, reduce blood pressure (BP) and improve muscle contractile function in humans. Plasma nitrite concentration (plasma [NO2-]) is the most oft-used biomarker of NO bioavailability. However, it is unclear which of several NO biomarkers (NO3-, NO2-, S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs)) in plasma, whole blood (WB), red blood cells (RBC) and skeletal muscle correlate with the physiological effects of acute and chronic dietary NO3- supplementation. Using a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 12 participants (9 males) consumed NO3--rich beetroot juice (BR) (∼12.8 mmol NO3-) and NO3--depleted placebo beetroot juice (PL) acutely and then chronically (for two weeks). Biological samples were collected, resting BP was assessed, and 10 maximal voluntary isometric contractions of the knee extensors were performed at 2.5-3.5 h following supplement ingestion on day 1 and day 14. Diastolic BP was significantly lower in BR (-2 ± 3 mmHg, P = 0.03) compared to PL following acute supplementation, while the absolute rate of torque development (RTD) was significantly greater in BR at 0-30 ms (39 ± 57 N m s-1, P = 0.03) and 0-50 ms (79 ± 99 N m s-1, P = 0.02) compared to PL following two weeks supplementation. Greater WB [RSNOs] rather than plasma [NO2-] was correlated with lower diastolic BP (r = -0.68, P = 0.02) in BR compared to PL following acute supplementation, while greater skeletal muscle [NO3-] was correlated with greater RTD at 0-30 ms (r = 0.64, P=0.03) in BR compared to PL following chronic supplementation. We conclude that [RSNOs] in blood, and [NO3-] in skeletal muscle, are relevant biomarkers of NO bioavailability which are related to the reduction of BP and the enhanced muscle contractile function following dietary NO3- ingestion in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Wei
- University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, St Luke's campus, Exeter, EX81JS, UK
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, St Luke's campus, Exeter, EX81JS, UK
| | - Matthew I Black
- University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, St Luke's campus, Exeter, EX81JS, UK
| | - Jamie R Blackwell
- University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, St Luke's campus, Exeter, EX81JS, UK
| | - Raghini Rajaram
- University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, St Luke's campus, Exeter, EX81JS, UK
| | - Stefan Kadach
- University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, St Luke's campus, Exeter, EX81JS, UK
| | - Andrew M Jones
- University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, St Luke's campus, Exeter, EX81JS, UK.
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Majerczak J, Drzymala‐Celichowska H, Grandys M, Kij A, Kus K, Celichowski J, Krysciak K, Molik WA, Szkutnik Z, Zoladz JA. Exercise Training Decreases Nitrite Concentration in the Heart and Locomotory Muscles of Rats Without Changing the Muscle Nitrate Content. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e031085. [PMID: 38214271 PMCID: PMC10926815 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.031085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscles are postulated to be a potent regulator of systemic nitric oxide homeostasis. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of physical training on the heart and skeletal muscle nitric oxide bioavailability (judged on the basis of intramuscular nitrite and nitrate) in rats. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats were trained on a treadmill for 8 weeks, performing mainly endurance running sessions with some sprinting runs. Muscle nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-) concentrations were measured using a high-performance liquid chromatography-based method, while amino acids, pyruvate, lactate, and reduced and oxidized glutathione were determined using a liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry technique. The content of muscle nitrite reductases (electron transport chain proteins, myoglobin, and xanthine oxidase) was assessed by western immunoblotting. We found that 8 weeks of endurance training decreased basal NO2- in the locomotory muscles and in the heart, without changes in the basal NO3-. In the slow-twitch oxidative soleus muscle, the decrease in NO2- was already present after the first week of training, and the content of nitrite reductases remained unchanged throughout the entire period of training, except for the electron transport chain protein content, which increased no sooner than after 8 weeks of training. CONCLUSIONS Muscle NO2- level, opposed to NO3-, decreases in the time course of training. This effect is rapid and already visible in the slow-oxidative soleus after the first week of training. The underlying mechanisms of training-induced muscle NO2- decrease may involve an increase in the oxidative stress, as well as metabolite changes related to an increased muscle anaerobic glycolytic activity contributing to (1) direct chemical reduction of NO2- or (2) activation of muscle nitrite reductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Majerczak
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health SciencesJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
| | - Hanna Drzymala‐Celichowska
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Health SciencesPoznan University of Physical EducationPoznanPoland
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Health SciencesPoznan University of Physical EducationPoznanPoland
| | - Marcin Grandys
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health SciencesJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
| | - Agnieszka Kij
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)Jagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | - Kamil Kus
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)Jagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | - Jan Celichowski
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Health SciencesPoznan University of Physical EducationPoznanPoland
| | - Katarzyna Krysciak
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Health SciencesPoznan University of Physical EducationPoznanPoland
| | - Weronika A. Molik
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health SciencesJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
- University of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | | | - Jerzy A. Zoladz
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health SciencesJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
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Potolitsyna N, Parshukova O, Vakhnina N, Alisultanova N, Kalikova L, Tretyakova A, Chernykh A, Shadrina V, Duryagina A, Bojko E. Lactate thresholds and role of nitric oxide in male rats performing a test with forced swimming to exhaustion. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15801. [PMID: 37667373 PMCID: PMC10477198 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study assessed a complex of biochemical parameters at the anaerobic threshold (AT) in untrained male Wistar rats with different times to exhaustion (Tex ) from swimming. The first group of rats was randomly divided into six subgroups and subjected to a swimming test to exhaustion without a load or with a load of 2%-10% of body weight (BW). In the first group, we established that for untrained rats, the load of 4% BW in the swimming to exhaustion test was optimal for endurance assessment in comparison with other loads. The second group of rats went through a preliminary test with swimming to exhaustion at 4% BW and was then divided into two subgroups: long swimming time (LST, Tex > 240 min) and short swimming time (SST, Tex < 90 min). All rats of the second group performed, for 6 days, an experimental training protocol: swimming for 20 min each day with weight increasing each day. We established that the AT was 3% BW in SST rats and 5% BW in LST rats. The AT shifted to the right on the lactate curve in LST rats. Also, at the AT in the LST rats, we found significantly lower levels of blood lactate, cortisol, and NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Potolitsyna
- Institute of Physiology of Kоmi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC Komi SC UB RASSyktyvkarRussia
| | - Olga Parshukova
- Institute of Physiology of Kоmi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC Komi SC UB RASSyktyvkarRussia
| | - Nadezhda Vakhnina
- Institute of Physiology of Kоmi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC Komi SC UB RASSyktyvkarRussia
| | - Nadezhda Alisultanova
- Institute of Physiology of Kоmi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC Komi SC UB RASSyktyvkarRussia
| | - Lubov Kalikova
- Institute of Physiology of Kоmi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC Komi SC UB RASSyktyvkarRussia
| | - Anastasia Tretyakova
- Institute of Physiology of Kоmi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC Komi SC UB RASSyktyvkarRussia
| | - Alexey Chernykh
- Institute of Physiology of Kоmi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC Komi SC UB RASSyktyvkarRussia
| | - Vera Shadrina
- Institute of Physiology of Kоmi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC Komi SC UB RASSyktyvkarRussia
| | - Arina Duryagina
- Institute of Physiology of Kоmi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC Komi SC UB RASSyktyvkarRussia
| | - Evgeny Bojko
- Institute of Physiology of Kоmi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC Komi SC UB RASSyktyvkarRussia
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8
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Tan R, Baranauskas MN, Karl ST, Ortiz de Zevallos J, Shei RJ, Paris HL, Wiggins CC, Bailey SJ. Effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on peak power output: Influence of supplementation strategy and population. Nitric Oxide 2023; 138-139:105-119. [PMID: 37438201 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that dietary nitrate supplementation has the potential to increase muscular power output during skeletal muscle contractions. However, there is still a paucity of data characterizing the impact of different nitrate dosing regimens on nitric oxide bioavailability and its potential ergogenic effects across various population groups. This review discusses the potential influence of different dietary nitrate supplementation strategies on nitric oxide bioavailability and muscular peak power output in healthy adults, athletes, older adults and some clinical populations. Effect sizes were calculated for peak power output and absolute and/or relative nitrate doses were considered where applicable. There was no relationship between the effect sizes of peak power output change following nitrate supplementation and when nitrate dosage when considered in absolute or relative terms. Areas for further research are also recommended including a focus on nitrate dosing regimens that optimize nitric oxide bioavailability for enhancing peak power at times of increased muscular work in a variety of healthy and disease populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA.
| | - Marissa N Baranauskas
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA
| | - Sean T Karl
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | | | - Ren-Jay Shei
- Indiana University Alumni Association, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47408, USA
| | - Hunter L Paris
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Chad C Wiggins
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
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9
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Piknova B, Park JW, Thomas SM, Tunau-Spencer KJ, Schechter AN. Nitrate and Nitrite Metabolism in Aging Rats: A Comparative Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112490. [PMID: 37299453 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) (co)regulates many physiological processes in the body. Its short-lived free radicals force synthesis in situ and on-demand, without storage possibility. Local oxygen availability determines the origin of NO-either by synthesis by nitric oxide synthases (NOS) or by the reduction of nitrate to nitrite to NO by nitrate/nitrite reductases. The existence of nitrate reservoirs, mainly in skeletal muscle, assures the local and systemic availability of NO. Aging is accompanied by changes in metabolic pathways, leading to a decrease in NO availability. We explored age-related changes in various rat organs and tissues. We found differences in nitrate and nitrite contents in tissues of old and young rats at baseline levels, with nitrate levels being generally higher and nitrite levels being generally lower in old rats. However, there were no differences in the levels of nitrate-transporting proteins and nitrate reductase between old and young rats, with the exception of in the eye. Increased dietary nitrate led to significantly higher nitrate enrichment in the majority of old rat organs compared to young rats, suggesting that the nitrate reduction pathway is not affected by aging. We hypothesize that age-related NO accessibility changes originate either from the NOS pathway or from changes in NO downstream signaling (sGC/PDE5). Both possibilities need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Piknova
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ji Won Park
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Samantha M Thomas
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Khalid J Tunau-Spencer
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alan N Schechter
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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10
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Tan R, Baranauskas MN, Karl ST, Ortiz de Zevallos J, Shei RJ, Paris HL, Wiggins CC, Bailey SJ. Effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on muscular power output: Influence of supplementation strategy and population. Nitric Oxide 2023:S1089-8603(23)00047-2. [PMID: 37244391 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that dietary nitrate supplementation has the potential to increase muscular power output during skeletal muscle contractions. However, there is still a paucity of data characterizing the impact of different nitrate dosing regimens on nitric oxide bioavailability its potential ergogenic effects across various population groups. This narrative review discusses the potential influence of different dietary nitrate supplementation strategies on nitric oxide bioavailability and muscular power output in healthy adults, athletes, older adults and some clinical populations. Areas for further research are also recommended including a focus individualized nitrate dosing regimens to optimize nitric oxide bioavailability and to promote muscular power enhancements in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA.
| | - Marissa N Baranauskas
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA
| | - Sean T Karl
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | | | - Ren-Jay Shei
- Indiana University Alumni Association, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47408, USA
| | - Hunter L Paris
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Chad C Wiggins
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
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11
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Kadach S, Park JW, Stoyanov Z, Black MI, Vanhatalo A, Burnley M, Walter PJ, Cai H, Schechter AN, Piknova B, Jones AM. 15 N-labeled dietary nitrate supplementation increases human skeletal muscle nitrate concentration and improves muscle torque production. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 237:e13924. [PMID: 36606507 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Dietary nitrate (NO3 - ) supplementation increases nitric oxide bioavailability and can enhance exercise performance. We investigated the distribution and metabolic fate of ingested NO3 - at rest and during exercise with a focus on skeletal muscle. METHODS In a randomized, crossover study, 10 healthy volunteers consumed 12.8 mmol 15 N-labeled potassium nitrate (K15 NO3 ; NIT) or potassium chloride placebo (PLA). Muscle biopsies were taken at baseline, at 1- and 3-h post-supplement ingestion, and immediately following the completion of 60 maximal intermittent contractions of the knee extensors. Muscle, plasma, saliva, and urine samples were analyzed using chemiluminescence to determine absolute [NO3 - ] and [NO2 - ], and by mass spectrometry to determine the proportion of NO3 - and NO2 - that was 15 N-labeled. RESULTS Neither muscle [NO3 - ] nor [NO2 - ] were altered by PLA. Following NIT, muscle [NO3 - ] (but not [NO2 - ]) was elevated at 1-h (from ~35 to 147 nmol/g, p < 0.001) and 3-h, with almost all of the increase being 15 N-labeled. There was a significant reduction in 15 N-labeled muscle [NO3 - ] from pre- to post-exercise. Relative to PLA, mean muscle torque production was ~7% greater during the first 18 contractions following NIT. This improvement in torque was correlated with the pre-exercise 15 N-labeled muscle [NO3 - ] and the magnitude of decline in 15 N-labeled muscle [NO3 - ] during exercise (r = 0.66 and r = 0.62, respectively; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION This study shows, for the first time, that skeletal muscle rapidly takes up dietary NO3 - , the elevated muscle [NO3 - ] following NO3 - ingestion declines during exercise, and muscle NO3 - dynamics are associated with enhanced torque production during maximal intermittent muscle contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kadach
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Ji Won Park
- Molecular Medicine Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zdravko Stoyanov
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Matthew I Black
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Mark Burnley
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Peter J Walter
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongyi Cai
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan N Schechter
- Molecular Medicine Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbora Piknova
- Molecular Medicine Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew M Jones
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
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12
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Distribution of dietary nitrate and its metabolites in rat tissues after 15N-labeled nitrate administration. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3499. [PMID: 36859526 PMCID: PMC9977953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The reduction pathway of nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) to nitric oxide (NO) contributes to regulating many physiological processes. To examine the rate and extent of dietary nitrate absorption and its reduction to nitrite, we supplemented rat diets with Na15NO3-containing water (1 g/L) and collected plasma, urine and several tissue samples. We found that plasma and urine showed 8.8- and 11.7-fold increases respectively in total nitrate concentrations in 1-day supplementation group compared to control. In tissue samples-gluteus, liver and eyes-we found 1.7-, 2.4- and 4.2-fold increases respectively in 1-day supplementation group. These increases remained similar in 3-day supplementation group. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that the augmented nitrate concentrations were primarily from the exogenously provided 15N-nitrate. Overall nitrite concentrations and percent of 15N-nitrite were also greatly increased in all samples after nitrate supplementation; eye homogenates showed larger increases compared to gluteus and liver. Moreover, genes related to nitrate transport and reduction (Sialin, CLC and XOR) were upregulated after nitrate supplementation for 3 days in muscle (Sialin 2.3-, CLC1 1.3-, CLC3 2.1-, XOR 2.4-fold) and eye (XOR 1.7-fold) homogenates. These results demonstrate that dietary nitrate is quickly absorbed into circulation and tissues, and it can be reduced to nitrite in tissues (and likely to NO) suggesting that nitrate-enriched diets can be an efficient intervention to enhance nitrite and NO bioavailability.
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13
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Cocksedge SP, Causer AJ, Winyard PG, Jones AM, Bailey SJ. Oral Temperature and pH Influence Dietary Nitrate Metabolism in Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030784. [PMID: 36771490 PMCID: PMC9919366 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that the increases in salivary and plasma [NO2-] after dietary NO3- supplementation would be greater when oral temperature and pH were independently elevated, and increased further when oral temperature and pH were elevated concurrently. Seven healthy males (mean ± SD, age 23 ± 4 years) ingested 70 mL of beetroot juice concentrate (BR, which provided ~6.2 mmol NO3-) during six separate laboratory visits. In a randomised crossover experimental design, salivary and plasma [NO3-] and [NO2-] were assessed at a neutral oral pH with a low (TLo-pHNorm), intermediate (TMid-pHNorm), and high (THi-pHNorm) oral temperature, and when the oral pH was increased at a low (TLo-pHHi), intermediate (TMid-pHHi), and high (THi-pHHi) oral temperature. Compared with the TMid-pHNorm condition (976 ± 388 µM), the mean salivary [NO2-] 1-3 h post BR ingestion was higher in the TMid-pHHi (1855 ± 423 µM), THi-pHNorm (1371 ± 653 µM), THi-pHHi (1792 ± 741 µM), TLo-pHNorm (1495 ± 502 µM), and TLo-pHHi (2013 ± 662 µM) conditions, with salivary [NO2-] also higher at a given oral temperature when the oral pH was increased (p < 0.05). Plasma [NO2-] was higher 3 h post BR ingestion in the TMid-pHHi, THi-pHHi, and TLo-pHHi conditions, but not the TLo-pHNorm and THi-pHNorm conditions, compared with TMid-pHNorm (p < 0.05). Therefore, despite ingesting the same NO3- dose, the increases in salivary [NO2-] varied depending on the temperature and pH of the oral cavity, while the plasma [NO2-] increased independently of oral temperature, but to a greater extent at a higher oral pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart P. Cocksedge
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Adam J. Causer
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Paul G. Winyard
- Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Andrew M. Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Stephen J. Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
- Correspondence:
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14
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Piknova B, Woessner MN, de Zevallos JO, Kraus WE, VanBruggen MD, Schechter AN, Allen JD. Human skeletal muscle nitrate and nitrite in individuals with peripheral arterial disease: Effect of inorganic nitrate supplementation and exercise. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15531. [PMID: 36461652 PMCID: PMC9718944 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle may act as a reservoir for N-oxides following inorganic nitrate supplementation. This idea is most intriguing in individuals with peripheral artery disease (PAD) who are unable to endogenously upregulate nitric oxide. This study analyzed plasma and skeletal muscle nitrate and nitrite concentrations along with exercise performance, prior to and following 12-weeks of exercise training combined with oral inorganic nitrate supplementation (EX+BR) or placebo (EX+PL) in participants with PAD. Non-supplemented, at baseline, there were no differences in plasma and muscle nitrate. For nitrite, muscle concentration was higher than plasma (+0.10 nmol.g-1 ). After 12 -weeks, acute oral nitrate increased both plasma and muscle nitrate (455.04 and 121.14 nmol.g-1 , p < 0.01), which were correlated (r = 0.63, p < 0.01), plasma nitrate increase was greater than in muscle (p < 0.01). Nitrite increased in the plasma (1.01 nmol.g-1 , p < 0.05) but not in the muscle (0.22 nmol.g-1 ) (p < 0.05 between compartments). Peak walk time (PWT) increased in both groups (PL + 257.6 s;BR + 315.0 s). Six-minute walk (6 MW) distance increased only in the (EX+BR) group (BR + 75.4 m). We report no substantial gradient of nitrate (or nitrite) from skeletal muscle to plasma, suggesting a lack of reservoir-like function in participants with PAD. Oral nitrate supplementation produced increases in skeletal muscle nitrate, but not skeletal muscle nitrite. The related changes in nitrate concentration between plasma and muscle suggests a potential for inter-compartmental nitrate "communication". Skeletal muscle did not appear to play a role in within compartment nitrate reduction. Muscle nitrate and nitrite concentrations did not appear to contribute to exercise performance in patients with PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Piknova
- Molecular Medicine Branch, NIDDKNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Mary N. Woessner
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES)Victoria UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Joaquin Ortiz de Zevallos
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human DevelopmentUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - William E. Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Mitch D. VanBruggen
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Alan N. Schechter
- Molecular Medicine Branch, NIDDKNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Jason D. Allen
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human DevelopmentUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
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15
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Tan R, Black M, Home J, Blackwell J, Clark I, Wylie L, Vanhatalo A, Jones AM. Physiological and performance effects of dietary nitrate and N-acetylcysteine supplementation during prolonged heavy-intensity cycling. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:2585-2594. [PMID: 36759944 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2176052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of concurrent and independent administration of dietary nitrate (NO3-), administered as NO3--rich beetroot juice (BR; ~12.4 mmol of NO3-), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC; 70 mg·kg-1) on physiological responses during prolonged exercise and subsequent high-intensity exercise tolerance. Sixteen recreationally active males supplemented with NO3--depleted beetroot juice (PL) or BR for 6 days and ingested an acute dose of NAC or maltodextrin (MAL) 1 h prior to performing 1 h of heavy-intensity cycling exercise immediately followed by a severe-intensity time-to-exhaustion (TTE) test in four conditions: 1) PL+MAL, 2) PL+NAC, 3) BR+MAL and 4) BR+NAC. Pre-exercise plasma [NO3-] and nitrite ([NO2-]) were elevated following BR+NAC and BR+MAL (both P < 0.01) compared with PL+NAC and PL+MAL; plasma [cysteine] was increased in PL+NAC and BR+NAC (both P < 0.01) compared to PL+MAL. Muscle excitability declined over time during the prolonged cycling bout in all conditions but was better preserved in PL+NAC compared to BR+NAC (P < 0.01) and PL+MAL (P < 0.05). There was no effect of supplementation on subsequent TTE . These findings indicate that co-ingestion of BR and NAC does not appreciably alter physiological responses during prolonged heavy-intensity cycling or enhance subsequent exercise tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tan
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Matthew Black
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Joseph Home
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jamie Blackwell
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Ida Clark
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Lee Wylie
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew M Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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16
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Skeletal muscle as a reservoir for nitrate and nitrite: The role of xanthine oxidase reductase (XOR). Nitric Oxide 2022; 129:102-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Park LK, Coggan AR, Peterson LR. Skeletal Muscle Contractile Function in Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction-A Focus on Nitric Oxide. Front Physiol 2022; 13:872719. [PMID: 35721565 PMCID: PMC9198547 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.872719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances over the past few decades, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) remains not only a mortal but a disabling disease. Indeed, the New York Heart Association classification of HFrEF severity is based on how much exercise a patient can perform. Moreover, exercise capacity-both aerobic exercise performance and muscle power-are intimately linked with survival in patients with HFrEF. This review will highlight the pathologic changes in skeletal muscle in HFrEF that are related to impaired exercise performance. Next, it will discuss the key role that impaired nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability plays in HFrEF skeletal muscle pathology. Lastly, it will discuss intriguing new data suggesting that the inorganic nitrate 'enterosalivary pathway' may be leveraged to increase NO bioavailability via ingestion of inorganic nitrate. This ingestion of inorganic nitrate has several advantages over organic nitrate (e.g., nitroglycerin) and the endogenous nitric oxide synthase pathway. Moreover, inorganic nitrate has been shown to improve exercise performance: both muscle power and aerobic capacity, in some recent small but well-controlled, cross-over studies in patients with HFrEF. Given the critical importance of better exercise performance for the amelioration of disability as well as its links with improved outcomes in patients with HFrEF, further studies of inorganic nitrate as a potential novel treatment is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K. Park
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Andrew R. Coggan
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Linda R. Peterson
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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18
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Hennis PJ, Cumpstey AF, O'Doherty AF, Fernandez BO, Gilbert-Kawai ET, Mitchell K, Moyses H, Cobb A, Meale P, Pöhnl H, Mythen MG, Grocott MPW, Levett DZH, Martin DS, Feelisch M. Dietary Nitrate Supplementation Does Not Alter Exercise Efficiency at High Altitude - Further Results From the Xtreme Alps Study. Front Physiol 2022; 13:827235. [PMID: 35295581 PMCID: PMC8918982 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.827235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Nitrate supplementation in the form of beetroot juice (BRJ) ingestion has been shown to improve exercise tolerance during acute hypoxia, but its effect on exercise physiology remains unstudied during sustained terrestrial high altitude exposure. We hypothesized that performing exercise at high altitude would lower circulating nitrate and nitrite levels and that BRJ ingestion would reverse this phenomenon while concomitantly improving key determinants of aerobic exercise performance. Methods Twenty seven healthy volunteers (21 male) underwent a series of exercise tests at sea level (SL, London, 75 m) and again after 5-8 days at high altitude (HA, Capanna Regina Margherita or "Margherita Hut," 4,559 m). Using a double-blind protocol, participants were randomized to consume a beetroot/fruit juice beverage (three doses per day) with high levels of nitrate (∼0.18 mmol/kg/day) or a nitrate-depleted placebo (∼11.5 μmoles/kg/day) control drink, from 3 days prior to the exercise trials until completion. Submaximal constant work rate cycle tests were performed to determine exercise efficiency and a maximal incremental ramp exercise test was undertaken to measure aerobic capacity, using breath-by-breath pulmonary gas exchange measurements throughout. Concentrations of nitrate, nitrite and nitrosation products were quantified in plasma samples collected at 5 timepoints during the constant work rate tests. Linear mixed modeling was used to analyze data. Results At both SL and HA, plasma nitrate concentrations were elevated in the nitrate supplementation group compared to placebo (P < 0.001) but did not change throughout increasing exercise work rate. Delta exercise efficiency was not altered by altitude exposure (P = 0.072) or nitrate supplementation (P = 0.836). V̇O2peak decreased by 24% at high altitude (P < 0.001) and was lower in the nitrate-supplemented group at both sea level and high altitude compared to placebo (P = 0.041). Dietary nitrate supplementation did not alter other peak exercise variables or oxygen consumption at anaerobic threshold. Circulating nitrite and S-nitrosothiol levels unexpectedly rose in a few individuals right after cessation of exercise at high altitude. Conclusion Whilst regularly consumed during an 8 days expedition to terrestrial high altitude, nitrate supplementation did not alter exercise efficiency and other exercise physiological variables, except decreasing V̇O2peak. These results and those of others question the practical utility of BRJ consumption during prolonged altitude exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Hennis
- Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, University College London Hospital NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, London, United Kingdom.,SHAPE Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew F Cumpstey
- Perioperative and Critical Care Theme, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Integrative Physiology and Critical Illness Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair F O'Doherty
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Bernadette O Fernandez
- Integrative Physiology and Critical Illness Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Edward T Gilbert-Kawai
- Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, University College London Hospital NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kay Mitchell
- Perioperative and Critical Care Theme, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Integrative Physiology and Critical Illness Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Moyses
- Perioperative and Critical Care Theme, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Cobb
- Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, University College London Hospital NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Meale
- Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, University College London Hospital NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helmut Pöhnl
- AURAPA Würzungen GmbH, Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany
| | - Monty G Mythen
- Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, University College London Hospital NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P W Grocott
- Perioperative and Critical Care Theme, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Integrative Physiology and Critical Illness Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Denny Z H Levett
- Perioperative and Critical Care Theme, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Integrative Physiology and Critical Illness Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel S Martin
- Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, University College London Hospital NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, London, United Kingdom.,Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Perioperative and Critical Care Theme, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Integrative Physiology and Critical Illness Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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19
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Nitrite Concentration in the Striated Muscles Is Reversely Related to Myoglobin and Mitochondrial Proteins Content in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052686. [PMID: 35269826 PMCID: PMC8910716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscles are an important reservoir of nitric oxide (NO•) stored in the form of nitrite [NO2−] and nitrate [NO3−] (NOx). Nitrite, which can be reduced to NO• under hypoxic and acidotic conditions, is considered a physiologically relevant, direct source of bioactive NO•. The aim of the present study was to determine the basal levels of NOx in striated muscles (including rat heart and locomotory muscles) with varied contents of tissue nitrite reductases, such as myoglobin and mitochondrial electron transport chain proteins (ETC-proteins). Muscle NOx was determined using a high-performance liquid chromatography-based method. Muscle proteins were evaluated using western-immunoblotting. We found that oxidative muscles with a higher content of ETC-proteins and myoglobin (such as the heart and slow-twitch locomotory muscles) have lower [NO2−] compared to fast-twitch muscles with a lower content of those proteins. The muscle type had no observed effect on the [NO3−]. Our results demonstrated that fast-twitch muscles possess greater potential to generate NO• via nitrite reduction than slow-twitch muscles and the heart. This property might be of special importance for fast skeletal muscles during strenuous exercise and/or hypoxia since it might support muscle blood flow via additional NO• provision (acidic/hypoxic vasodilation) and delay muscle fatigue.
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20
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Kadach S, Piknova B, Black MI, Park JW, Wylie LJ, Stoyanov Z, Thomas SM, McMahon NF, Vanhatalo A, Schechter AN, Jones AM. Time course of human skeletal muscle nitrate and nitrite concentration changes following dietary nitrate ingestion. Nitric Oxide 2022; 121:1-10. [PMID: 35032643 PMCID: PMC8860874 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dietary nitrate (NO3−) ingestion can be beneficial for health and exercise performance. Recently, based on animal and limited human studies, a skeletal muscle NO3− reservoir has been suggested to be important in whole body nitric oxide (NO) homeostasis. The purpose of this study was to determine the time course of changes in human skeletal muscle NO3− concentration ([NO3− ) following the ingestion of dietary NO3−. Sixteen participants were allocated to either an experimental group (NIT: n = 11) which consumed a bolus of ~1300 mg (12.8 mmol) potassium nitrate (KNO3), or a placebo group (PLA: n = 5) which consumed a bolus of potassium chloride (KCl). Biological samples (muscle (vastus lateralis), blood, saliva and urine) were collected shortly before NIT or PLA ingestion and at intervals over the course of the subsequent 24 h. At baseline, no differences were observed for muscle [NO3−] and [NO2−] between NIT and PLA (P > 0.05). In PLA, there were no changes in muscle [NO3−] or [NO2−] over time. In NIT, muscle [NO3−] was significantly elevated above baseline (54 ± 29 nmol/g) at 0.5 h, reached a peak at 3 h (181 ± 128 nmol/g), and was not different to baseline from 9 h onwards (P > 0.05). Muscle [NO2−] did not change significantly over time. Following ingestion of a bolus of dietary NO3− skeletal muscle [NO3−] increases rapidly, reaches a peak at ~3 h and subsequently declines towards baseline values. Following dietary NO3− ingestion, human m. vastus lateralis [NO3−] expressed a slightly delayed pharmacokinetic profile compared to plasma [NO3−].
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kadach
- University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Barbora Piknova
- Molecular Medicine Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Matthew I Black
- University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Ji Won Park
- Molecular Medicine Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lee J Wylie
- University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Zdravko Stoyanov
- University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Samantha M Thomas
- Molecular Medicine Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nicholas F McMahon
- University of Queensland, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Alan N Schechter
- Molecular Medicine Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Andrew M Jones
- University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.
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Tan R, Cano L, Lago-Rodríguez Á, Domínguez R. The Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Explosive Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19020762. [PMID: 35055584 PMCID: PMC8775572 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary nitrate supplementation is evidenced to induce physiological effects on skeletal muscle function in fast-twitch muscle fibers and may enhance high-intensity exercise performance. An important component of sport-specific skills is the ability to perform explosive movements; however, it is unclear if nitrate supplementation can impact explosive efforts. We examined the existing evidence to determine whether nitrate supplementation improves explosive efforts lasting ≤ 6 s. PubMed, Scopus and Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) were searched for articles using the following search strategy: (nitrate OR nitrite OR beetroot) AND (supplement OR supplementation) AND (explosive OR power OR high intensity OR high-intensity OR sprint* OR “athletic performance”). Out of 810 studies, 18 were eligible according to inclusion criteria. Results showed that 4 of the 10 sprint-type studies observed improved sprint time, power output, and total work in cycling or running, whereas 4 of the 10 resistance-based exercise studies observed improvements to power and velocity of free-weight bench press as well as isokinetic knee extension and flexion at certain angular velocities. These results suggest that nitrate potentially improves explosive exercise performance, but further work is required to clarify the factors influencing the efficacy of nitrate in different exercise modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tan
- Faculty of Sports Medicine, Natural Sciences Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA;
| | - Leire Cano
- Independent Researcher, 48991 Getxo, Spain;
| | - Ángel Lago-Rodríguez
- Movement, Brain and Health Group, Center of Higher Education Alberta Giménez, 07013 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-680-330-105
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
- Studies Research Group in Neuromuscular Responses (GEPREN), University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil
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22
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Solanki K, Rajpoot S, Bezsonov EE, Orekhov AN, Saluja R, Wary A, Axen C, Wary K, Baig MS. The expanding roles of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1). PeerJ 2022; 10:e13651. [PMID: 35821897 PMCID: PMC9271274 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The nitric oxide synthases (NOS; EC 1.14.13.39) use L-arginine as a substrate to produce nitric oxide (NO) as a by-product in the tissue microenvironment. NOS1 represents the predominant NO-producing enzyme highly enriched in the brain and known to mediate multiple functions, ranging from learning and memory development to maintaining synaptic plasticity and neuronal development, Alzheimer's disease (AD), psychiatric disorders and behavioral deficits. However, accumulating evidence indicate both canonical and non-canonical roles of NOS1-derived NO in several other tissues and chronic diseases. A better understanding of NOS1-derived NO signaling, and identification and characterization of NO-metabolites in non-neuronal tissues could become useful in diagnosis and prognosis of diseases associated with NOS1 expression. Continued investigation on the roles of NOS1, therefore, will synthesize new knowledge and aid in the discovery of small molecules which could be used to titrate the activities of NOS1-derived NO signaling and NO-metabolites. Here, we address the significance of NOS1 and its byproduct NO in modifying pathophysiological events, which could be beneficial in understanding both the disease mechanisms and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundan Solanki
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Simrol, Indore, India
| | - Sajjan Rajpoot
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Simrol, Indore, India
| | - Evgeny E Bezsonov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Biology and General Genetics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rohit Saluja
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anita Wary
- Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Cassondra Axen
- Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kishore Wary
- Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mirza S Baig
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Simrol, Indore, India
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23
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Oxygen flux from capillary to mitochondria: integration of contemporary discoveries. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:7-28. [PMID: 34940908 PMCID: PMC8890444 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04854-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Resting humans transport ~ 100 quintillion (1018) oxygen (O2) molecules every second to tissues for consumption. The final, short distance (< 50 µm) from capillary to the most distant mitochondria, in skeletal muscle where exercising O2 demands may increase 100-fold, challenges our understanding of O2 transport. To power cellular energetics O2 reaches its muscle mitochondrial target by dissociating from hemoglobin, crossing the red cell membrane, plasma, endothelial surface layer, endothelial cell, interstitial space, myocyte sarcolemma and a variable expanse of cytoplasm before traversing the mitochondrial outer/inner membranes and reacting with reduced cytochrome c and protons. This past century our understanding of O2's passage across the body's final O2 frontier has been completely revised. This review considers the latest structural and functional data, challenging the following entrenched notions: (1) That O2 moves freely across blood cell membranes. (2) The Krogh-Erlang model whereby O2 pressure decreases systematically from capillary to mitochondria. (3) Whether intramyocyte diffusion distances matter. (4) That mitochondria are separate organelles rather than coordinated and highly plastic syncytia. (5) The roles of free versus myoglobin-facilitated O2 diffusion. (6) That myocytes develop anoxic loci. These questions, and the intriguing notions that (1) cellular membranes, including interconnected mitochondrial membranes, act as low resistance conduits for O2, lipids and H+-electrochemical transport and (2) that myoglobin oxy/deoxygenation state controls mitochondrial oxidative function via nitric oxide, challenge established tenets of muscle metabolic control. These elements redefine muscle O2 transport models essential for the development of effective therapeutic countermeasures to pathological decrements in O2 supply and physical performance.
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24
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Baranauskas MN, Freemas JA, Tan R, Carter SJ. Moving beyond inclusion: Methodological considerations for the menstrual cycle and menopause in research evaluating effects of dietary nitrate on vascular function. Nitric Oxide 2021; 118:39-48. [PMID: 34774755 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports have acknowledged the underrepresentation of women in the field of dietary nitrate (NO3-) research. Undoubtedly, greater participation from women is warranted to clarify potential sex differences in the responses to dietary NO3- interventions. However, careful consideration for the effects of sex hormones - principally 17β-estradiol - on endogenous nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and dietary NO3- reductase capacity is necessary for improved interpretation and reproducibility of such investigations. From available literature, we present a narrative review describing how hormonal variations across the menstrual cycle, as well as with menopause, may impact NO biosynthesis catalyzed by NO synthase enzymes and NO3- reduction via the enterosalivary pathway. In doing so, we address methodological considerations related to the menstrual cycle and hormonal contraceptive use relevant for the inclusion of premenopausal women along with factors to consider when testing postmenopausal women. Adherence to such methodological practices may explicate the utility of dietary NO3- supplementation as a means to improve vascular function among women across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa N Baranauskas
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health - Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana University, 47405, USA.
| | - Jessica A Freemas
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health - Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana University, 47405, USA
| | - Rachel Tan
- Department of Natural Science, Seaver College, Pepperdine University, 90263, USA
| | - Stephen J Carter
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health - Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana University, 47405, USA; Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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25
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Piknova B, Schechter AN, Park JW, Vanhatalo A, Jones AM. Skeletal Muscle Nitrate as a Regulator of Systemic Nitric Oxide Homeostasis. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2021; 50:2-13. [PMID: 34669624 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Non-enzymatic nitric oxide (NO) generation via the reduction of nitrate and nitrite ions, along with remarkably high levels of nitrate ions in skeletal muscle, have been recently described. Skeletal muscle nitrate storage may be critical for maintenance of NO homeostasis in healthy ageing and nitrate supplementation may be useful for treatment of specific pathophysiologies as well as enhancing normal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Piknova
- Molecular Medicine Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health,Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S. Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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26
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Villar M, Godwin I, Hegarty R, Erler D, Farid H, Nolan J. Nitrate and nitrite absorption, recycling and retention in tissues of sheep. Small Rumin Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Milton-Laskibar I, Martínez JA, Portillo MP. Current Knowledge on Beetroot Bioactive Compounds: Role of Nitrate and Betalains in Health and Disease. Foods 2021; 10:foods10061314. [PMID: 34200431 PMCID: PMC8229785 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in the prevalence of noncommunicable chronic diseases has been occurring in recent decades. Among the deaths resulting from these conditions, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) stand out as the main contributors. In this regard, dietary patterns featuring a high content of vegetables and fruits, such as the Mediterranean and the DASH diets, are considered beneficial, and thus have been extensively studied. This has resulted in growing interest in vegetable-derived ingredients and food-supplements that may have potential therapeutic properties. Among these supplements, beetroot juice, which is obtained from the root vegetable Beta vulgaris, has gained much attention. Although a significant part of the interest in beetroot juice is due to its nitrate (NO3-) content, which has demonstrated bioactivity in the cardiovascular system, other ingredients with potential beneficial properties such as polyphenols, pigments and organic acids are also present. In this context, the aim of this review article is to analyze the current knowledge regarding the benefits related to the consumption of beetroot and derived food-supplements. Therefore, this article focuses on nitrate and betalains, which are considered to be the major bioactive compounds present in beetroot, and thus in the derived dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Milton-Laskibar
- Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health Program, IMDEA—Food Institute (Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies), Campus of International Excellence (CEI) UAM + CSIC, Spanish National Research Council, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-917278100
| | - J. Alfredo Martínez
- Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health Program, IMDEA—Food Institute (Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies), Campus of International Excellence (CEI) UAM + CSIC, Spanish National Research Council, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María P. Portillo
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy and Lucio Lascaray Research Centre, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- BIOARABA Health Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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28
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Park JW, Thomas SM, Schechter AN, Piknova B. Control of rat muscle nitrate levels after perturbation of steady state dietary nitrate intake. Nitric Oxide 2021; 109-110:42-49. [PMID: 33713800 PMCID: PMC8020733 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The roles of nitrate and nitrite ions as nitric oxide (NO) sources in mammals, complementing NOS enzymes, have recently been the focus of much research. We previously reported that rat skeletal muscle serves as a nitrate reservoir, with the amount of stored nitrate being highly dependent on dietary nitrate availability, as well as its synthesis by NOS1 enzymes and its subsequent utilization. We showed that at conditions of increased NO need, this nitrate reservoir is used in situ to generate nitrite and NO, at least in part via the nitrate reductase activity of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR). We now further investigate the dynamics of nitrate/nitrite fluxes in rat skeletal muscle after first increasing nitrate levels in drinking water and then returning to the original intake level. Nitrate/nitrite levels were analyzed in liver, blood and several skeletal muscle samples, and expression of proteins involved in nitrate metabolism and transport were also measured. Increased nitrate supply elevated nitrate and nitrite levels in all measured tissues. Surprisingly, after high nitrate diet termination, levels of both ions in liver and all muscle samples first declined to lower levels than the original baseline. During the course of the overall experiment there was a gradual increase of XOR expression in muscle tissue, which likely led to enhanced nitrate to nitrite reduction. We also noted differences in basal levels of nitrate in the different types of muscles. These findings suggest complex control of muscle nitrate levels, perhaps with multiple processes to preserve its intracellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Park
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Samantha M Thomas
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alan N Schechter
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Barbora Piknova
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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29
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Sundqvist ML, Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E, Carlström M. Renal handling of nitrate in women and men with elevated blood pressure. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 232:e13637. [PMID: 33630408 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM The inorganic anions nitrate and nitrite are oxidation products of nitric oxide (NO) that have often been used as an index of NO generation. More than just being surrogate markers of NO, nitrate/nitrite can recycle to bioactive NO again. Nitrate is predominantly eliminated via the kidneys; however, there is less knowledge regarding tubular handling. The aim of this study, as part of a large randomized controlled trial, was to explore potential sex differences in renal nitrate handling during low and high dietary nitrate intake. We hypothesized that renal clearance and excretion of nitrate are higher in men compared to women. METHODS In prehypertensive and hypertensive individuals (n = 231), nitrate and nitrite were measured in plasma and urine at low dietary nitrate intake (baseline) and after 5 weeks supplementation with nitrate (300 mg potassium nitrate/day) or placebo (300 mg potassium chloride/day). Twenty-four hours ambulatory blood pressure recordings and urine collections were conducted. RESULTS At baseline, plasma nitrate and nitrite, as well as the downstream marker of NO signalling cyclic guanosine monophosphate, were similar in women and men. Approximately 80% of filtered nitrate was spared by the kidneys. Urinary nitrate concentration, amount of nitrate excreted, renal nitrate clearance (Cnitrate ) and fractional excretion of nitrate (FEnitrate ) were lower in women compared to men. No association was observed between plasma nitrate concentrations and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), nor between FEnitrate and GFR in either sex. After 5 weeks of nitrate supplementation plasma nitrate and nitrite increased significantly, but blood pressure remained unchanged. FEnitrate increased significantly and the sex difference observed at baseline disappeared. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate substantial nitrate sparing capacity of the kidneys, which is higher in women compared to men. This suggests higher tubular nitrate reabsorption in women but the underlying mechanism(s) warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela L. Sundqvist
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jon O. Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Eddie Weitzberg
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
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30
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Prospects for the Personalized Multimodal Therapy Approach to Pain Management via Action on NO and NOS. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092431. [PMID: 33921984 PMCID: PMC8122598 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain syndromes are an important medical problem generated by various molecular, genetic, and pathophysiologic mechanisms. Back pain, neuropathic pain, and posttraumatic pain are the most important pathological processes associated with chronic pain in adults. Standard approaches to the treatment of them do not solve the problem of pain chronicity. This is the reason for the search for new personalized strategies for the prevention and treatment of chronic pain. The nitric oxide (NO) system can play one of the key roles in the development of peripheral pain and its chronicity. The purpose of the study is to review publications devoted to changes in the NO system in patients with peripheral chronical pain syndromes. We have carried out a search for the articles published in e-Library, PubMed, Oxford Press, Clinical Case, Springer, Elsevier, and Google Scholar databases. The search was carried out using keywords and their combinations. The role of NO and NO synthases (NOS) isoforms in peripheral pain development and chronicity was demonstrated primarily from animal models to humans. The most studied is the neuronal NOS (nNOS). The role of inducible NOS (iNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) is still under investigation. Associative genetic studies have shown that single nucleotide variants (SNVs) of NOS1, NOS2, and NOS3 genes encoding nNOS, iNOS, and eNOS may be associated with acute and chronic peripheral pain. Prospects for the use of NOS inhibitors to modulate the effect of drugs used to treat peripheral pain syndrome are discussed. Associative genetic studies of SNVs NOS1, NOS2, and NOS3 genes are important for understanding genetic predictors of peripheral pain chronicity and development of new personalized pharmacotherapy strategies.
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Alvares TS, Oliveira GVD, Volino-Souza M, Conte-Junior CA, Murias JM. Effect of dietary nitrate ingestion on muscular performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5284-5306. [PMID: 33554654 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1884040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Dietary nitrate consumption from foods such as beetroot has been associated with many physiological benefits including improvements in vascular health and exercise performance. More recently, attention has been given to the use of dietary nitrate as a nutritional strategy to optimize muscular performance during resistance exercise. Our purpose was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the research literature assessing the effect of dietary nitrate ingestion on muscular strength and muscular endurance. A structured search was carried out in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and from the total included studies (n = 34 studies), 12 studies had data for both measurement of strength and muscular endurance outcomes, 14 studies had data only for muscular strength outcome, and 8 studies had data only for muscular endurance outcome. Standardized mean difference (SMD) was calculated and meta-analyses were performed by using a random-effects model. Dietary nitrate ingestion was found to result in a trivial but significant effect on muscular strength (overall SMD = 0.08, P = 0.0240). Regarding muscular endurance dietary nitrate was found to promote a small but significant effect (overall SMD = 0.31, P < 0.0001). Dosage, frequency of ingestion, training level, muscle group, or type of contraction did not affect the findings, except for a greater improvement in muscle endurance during isometric and isotonic when compared to isokinetic contractions. Dietary nitrate seems to have a positive effect on muscular strength and muscular endurance, which is mostly unaffected by dosage, frequency of ingestion, training level, muscle group, or type of contraction. However, given the trivial to small effect, further experimental research on this topic is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Silveira Alvares
- Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Macaé Campus, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Vieira de Oliveira
- Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Macaé Campus, Brazil
| | - Mônica Volino-Souza
- Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Macaé Campus, Brazil
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Jones AM, Vanhatalo A, Seals DR, Rossman MJ, Piknova B, Jonvik KL. Dietary Nitrate and Nitric Oxide Metabolism: Mouth, Circulation, Skeletal Muscle, and Exercise Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:280-294. [PMID: 32735111 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous signaling molecule that plays an important role in myriad physiological processes, including the regulation of vascular tone, neurotransmission, mitochondrial respiration, and skeletal muscle contractile function. NO may be produced via the canonical NO synthase-catalyzed oxidation of l-arginine and also by the sequential reduction of nitrate to nitrite and then NO. The body's nitrate stores can be augmented by the ingestion of nitrate-rich foods (primarily green leafy vegetables). NO bioavailability is greatly enhanced by the activity of bacteria residing in the mouth, which reduce nitrate to nitrite, thereby increasing the concentration of circulating nitrite, which can be reduced further to NO in regions of low oxygen availability. Recent investigations have focused on promoting this nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway to positively affect indices of cardiovascular health and exercise tolerance. It has been reported that dietary nitrate supplementation with beetroot juice lowers blood pressure in hypertensive patients, and sodium nitrite supplementation improves vascular endothelial function and reduces the stiffening of large elastic arteries in older humans. Nitrate supplementation has also been shown to enhance skeletal muscle function and to improve exercise performance in some circumstances. Recently, it has been established that nitrate concentration in skeletal muscle is much higher than that in blood and that muscle nitrate stores are exquisitely sensitive to dietary nitrate supplementation and deprivation. In this review, we consider the possibility that nitrate represents an essential storage form of NO and discuss the integrated function of the oral microbiome, circulation, and skeletal muscle in nitrate-nitrite-NO metabolism, as well as the practical relevance for health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Jones
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Douglas R Seals
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Matthew J Rossman
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Barbora Piknova
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Beetroot Juice - Legal Doping for Athletes? CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.18276/cej.2021.3-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Simultaneous Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Nitrate and its Reduced Metabolite, Nitrite, Following Ingestion of Inorganic Nitrate in a Mixed Patient Population. Pharm Res 2020; 37:235. [PMID: 33140122 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02959-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The pharmacokinetic properties of plasma NO3- and its reduced metabolite, NO2-, have been separately described, but there has been no reported attempt to simultaneously model their pharmacokinetics following NO3- ingestion. This report describes development of such a model from retrospective analyses of concentrations largely obtained from primary endpoint efficacy trials. METHODS Linear and non-linear mixed effects analyses were used to statistically define concentration dependency on time, dose, as well as patient and study variables, and to integrate NO3- and NO2- concentrations from studies conducted at different times, locations, patient groups, and several studies in which sample range was limited to a few hours. Published pharmacokinetic studies for both substances were used to supplement model development. RESULTS A population pharmacokinetic model relating NO3- and NO2- concentrations was developed. The model incorporated endogenous levels of the two entities, and determined these were not influenced by exogenous NO3- delivery. Covariate analysis revealed intersubject variability in NO3- exposure was partially described by body weight differences influencing volume of distribution. The model was applied to visualize exposure versus response (muscle contraction performance) in individual patients. CONCLUSIONS Extension of the present first-generation model, to ultimately optimize NO3- dose versus pharmacological effects, is warranted.
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Kumar RA, Kelley RC, Hahn D, Ferreira LF. Dietary nitrate supplementation increases diaphragm peak power in old mice. J Physiol 2020; 598:4357-4369. [PMID: 33460123 PMCID: PMC10195135 DOI: 10.1113/jp280027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Respiratory muscle function declines with ageing, contributing to breathing complications in the elderly. Here we report greater in vitro respiratory muscle contractile function in old mice receiving supplemental NaNO3 for 14 days compared with age-matched controls. Myofibrillar protein phosphorylation, which enhances contractile function, did not change in our study - a finding inconsistent with the hypothesis that this post-translational modification is a mechanism for dietary nitrate to improve muscle contractile function. Nitrate supplementation did not change the abundance of calcium-handling proteins in the diaphragm of old mice, in contrast with findings from the limb muscles of young mice in previous studies. Our findings suggest that nitrate supplementation enhances myofibrillar protein function without affecting the phosphorylation status of key myofibrillar proteins. ABSTRACT Inspiratory muscle (diaphragm) function declines with age, contributing to ventilatory dysfunction, impaired airway clearance, and overall decreased quality of life. Diaphragm isotonic and isometric contractile properties are reduced with ageing, including maximal specific force, shortening velocity and peak power. Contractile properties of limb muscle in both humans and rodents can be improved by dietary nitrate supplementation, but effects on the diaphragm and mechanisms behind these improvements remain poorly understood. One potential explanation underlying the nitrate effects on contractile properties is increased phosphorylation of myofibrillar proteins, a downstream outcome of nitrate reduction to nitrite and nitric oxide. We hypothesized that dietary nitrate supplementation would improve diaphragm contractile properties in aged mice. To test our hypothesis, we measured the diaphragm function of old (24 months) mice allocated to 1 mm NaNO3 in drinking water for 14 days (n = 8) or untreated water (n = 6). The maximal rate of isometric force development (∼30%) and peak power (40%) increased with nitrate supplementation (P < 0.05). There were no differences in the phosphorylation status of key myofibrillar proteins and abundance of Ca2+-release proteins in nitrate vs. control animals. In general, our study demonstrates improved diaphragm contractile function with dietary nitrate supplementation and supports the use of this strategy to improve inspiratory function in ageing populations. Additionally, our findings suggest that dietary nitrate improves diaphragm contractile properties independent of changes in abundance of Ca2+-release proteins or phosphorylation of myofibrillar proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi A Kumar
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Rachel C Kelley
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Dongwoo Hahn
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Leonardo F Ferreira
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Effects of Dietary Nitrates on Time Trial Performance in Athletes with Different Training Status: Systematic Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092734. [PMID: 32911636 PMCID: PMC7551808 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Much research has been done in sports nutrition in recent years as the demand for performance-enhancing substances increases. Higher intake of nitrates from the diet can increase the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) via the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway. Nevertheless, the increased availability of NO does not always lead to improved performance in some individuals. This review aims to evaluate the relationship between the athlete's training status and the change in time trial performance after increased dietary nitrate intake. Articles indexed by Scopus and PubMed published from 2015 to 2019 were reviewed. Thirteen articles met the eligibility criteria: clinical trial studies on healthy participants with different training status (according to VO2max), conducting time trial tests after dietary nitrate supplementation. The PRISMA guidelines were followed to process the review. We found a statistically significant relationship between VO2max and ergogenicity in time trial performance using one-way ANOVA (p = 0.001) in less-trained athletes (VO2 < 55 mL/kg/min). A strong positive correlation was observed in experimental situations using a chronic supplementation protocol but not in acute protocol situations. In the context of our results and recent histological observations of muscle fibres, there might be a fibre-type specific role in nitric oxide production and, therefore, supplement of ergogenicity.
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37
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Rothschild JA, Bishop DJ. Effects of Dietary Supplements on Adaptations to Endurance Training. Sports Med 2020; 50:25-53. [PMID: 31531769 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Endurance training leads to a variety of adaptations at the cellular and systemic levels that serve to minimise disruptions in whole-body homeostasis caused by exercise. These adaptations are differentially affected by training volume, training intensity, and training status, as well as by nutritional choices that can enhance or impair the response to training. A variety of supplements have been studied in the context of acute performance enhancement, but the effects of continued supplementation concurrent to endurance training programs are less well characterised. For example, supplements such as sodium bicarbonate and beta-alanine can improve endurance performance and possibly training adaptations during endurance training by affecting buffering capacity and/or allowing an increased training intensity, while antioxidants such as vitamin C and vitamin E may impair training adaptations by blunting cellular signalling but appear to have little effect on performance outcomes. Additionally, limited data suggest the potential for dietary nitrate (in the form of beetroot juice), creatine, and possibly caffeine, to further enhance endurance training adaptation. Therefore, the objective of this review is to examine the impact of dietary supplements on metabolic and physiological adaptations to endurance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Rothschild
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand. .,TriFit Performance Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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38
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Park JW, Piknova B, Jenkins A, Hellinga D, Parver LM, Schechter AN. Potential roles of nitrate and nitrite in nitric oxide metabolism in the eye. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13166. [PMID: 32759980 PMCID: PMC7406513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) signaling has been studied in the eye, including in the pathophysiology of some eye diseases. While NO production by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes in the eye has been characterized, the more recently described pathways of NO generation by nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) ions reduction has received much less attention. To elucidate the potential roles of these pathways, we analyzed nitrate and nitrite levels in components of the eye and lacrimal glands, primarily in porcine samples. Nitrate and nitrite levels were higher in cornea than in other eye parts, while lens contained the least amounts. Lacrimal glands exhibited much higher levels of both ions compared to other organs, such as liver and skeletal muscle, and even to salivary glands which are known to concentrate these ions. Western blotting showed expression of sialin, a known nitrate transporter, in the lacrimal glands and other eye components, and also xanthine oxidoreductase, a nitrate and nitrite reductase, in cornea and sclera. Cornea and sclera homogenates possessed a measurable amount of nitrate reduction activity. These results suggest that nitrate ions are concentrated in the lacrimal glands by sialin and can be secreted into eye components via tears and then reduced to nitrite and NO, thereby being an important source of NO in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Park
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, 9N314, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Barbora Piknova
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, 9N314, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | | | - Leonard M Parver
- Department of Ophthalmology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alan N Schechter
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, 9N314, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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39
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San Juan AF, Dominguez R, Lago-Rodríguez Á, Montoya JJ, Tan R, Bailey SJ. Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Weightlifting Exercise Performance in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2227. [PMID: 32722588 PMCID: PMC7469052 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary nitrate (NO3-) supplementation has been evidenced to induce an ergogenic effect in endurance and sprint-type exercise, which may be underpinned by enhanced muscle contractility and perfusion, particularly in type II muscle fibers. However, limited data are available to evaluate the ergogenic potential of NO3- supplementation during other exercise modalities that mandate type II fiber recruitment, such as weightlifting exercise (i.e., resistance exercise). In this systematic review, we examine the existing evidence basis for NO3- supplementation to improve muscular power, velocity of contraction, and muscular endurance during weightlifting exercise in healthy adults. We also discuss the potential mechanistic bases for any positive effects of NO3- supplementation on resistance exercise performance. Dialnet, Directory of Open Access Journals, Medline, Pubmed, Scielo, Scopus and SPORT Discus databases were searched for articles using the keywords: nitrate or beetroot and supplement or nut*r or diet and strength or "resistance exercise" or "resistance training" or "muscular power". Four articles fulfilling the inclusion criteria were identified. Two of the four studies indicated that NO3- supplementation could increase aspects of upper body weightlifting exercise (i.e., bench press) performance (increases in mean power/velocity of contraction/number of repetitions to failure), whereas another study observed an increase in the number of repetitions to failure during lower limb weightlifting exercise (i.e., back squat). Although these preliminary observations are encouraging, further research is required for the ergogenic potential of NO3- supplementation on weightlifting exercise performance to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro F. San Juan
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Sport Biomechanics Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte—INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Raul Dominguez
- Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Isabel I, 09003 Burgos, Spain;
| | | | - Juan José Montoya
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine of Physical Education and Sport, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rachel Tan
- Faculty of Sports Medicine, Natural Sciences Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA;
| | - Stephen J. Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK;
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Nyakayiru J, van Loon LJC, Verdijk LB. Could intramuscular storage of dietary nitrate contribute to its ergogenic effect? A mini-review. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:295-300. [PMID: 32224084 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research performed over the past 10 years has resulted in dietary nitrate being considered a nutritional supplement that can improve exercise performance. However, there is still limited insight in the metabolic fate of dietary nitrate following the appearance of nitrate and nitrite in the circulation. Recent observations in humans suggest the storage of nitrate in skeletal muscle tissue. This short review discusses the possibility of nitrate being stored and utilized in human skeletal muscle tissue, and why confirming this may increase our understanding of how the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway improves exercise performance. Further insight in skeletal muscle nitrate storage and metabolism may provide answers to current gaps in knowledge, such as the ergogenic benefit of acute vs multiday dietary nitrate supplementation, as well as the suggested muscle fiber-type specific effects on exercise performance. In this mini-review, specific questions that need further exploration are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Nyakayiru
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Institute of Sports and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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41
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Pinheiro LC, Ferreira GC, Damacena de Angelis C, Toledo JC, Tanus-Santos JE. A comprehensive time course study of tissue nitric oxide metabolites concentrations after oral nitrite administration. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:43-51. [PMID: 32151744 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nitrite and nitrate are considered nitric oxide (NO) storage pools. The assessment of their tissue concentrations may improve our understanding of how they attenuate pathophysiological mechanisms promoting disease. We hypothesized that significant differences exist when the tissue concentrations of nitrite, nitrate, and nitrosylated species (RXNO) are compared among different tissues, particularly when nitrite is administered orally because nitrite generates various NO-related species in the stomach. We studied the different time-dependent changes in plasma and tissue concentrations of nitrite, nitrate, and RXNO after oral nitrite 15 mg/kg was administered rats, which were euthanized 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480 or 1440 min after nitrite administration. A control group received water. Arterial blood samples were collected and the rats were perfused with a PBS solution containing NEM/DTPA to prevent the destruction of RXNO. After perfusion, heart, aorta, mesenteric artery, brain, stomach, liver and femoral muscle were harvested and immediately stored at -70°C until analyzed for their nitrite, nitrate and RXNO contents using an ozone-based reductive chemiluminescence assay. While nitrite administration did not increase aortic nitrite or nitrate concentrations for at least 60 min, both aorta and mesenteric vessels stored nitrite from 8 to 24 h after its administration and their tissue concentrations increased from 10 to 40-fold those found in plasma. In contrast, the other studied tissues showed only transient increases in the concentrations of these NO metabolites, including RXNO. The differences among tissues may reflect differences in mechanisms regulating cellular influx of nitrite. These findings have important pharmacological and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C Pinheiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Graziele C Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Célio Damacena de Angelis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, 13083-887, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Carlos Toledo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose E Tanus-Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
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42
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Bahadoran Z, Carlström M, Mirmiran P, Ghasemi A. Nitric oxide: To be or not to be an endocrine hormone? Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 229:e13443. [PMID: 31944587 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a highly reactive gasotransmitter, is critical for a number of cellular processes and has multiple biological functions. Due to its limited lifetime and diffusion distance, NO has been mainly believed to act in autocrine/paracrine fashion. The increasingly recognized effects of pharmacologically delivered and endogenous NO at a distant site have changed the conventional wisdom and introduced NO as an endocrine signalling molecule. The notion is greatly supported by the detection of a number of NO adducts and their circulatory cycles, which in turn contribute to the transport and delivery of NO bioactivity, remote from the sites of its synthesis. The existence of endocrine sites of synthesis, negative feedback regulation of biosynthesis, integrated storage and transport systems, having an exclusive receptor, that is, soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), and organized circadian rhythmicity make NO something beyond a simple autocrine/paracrine signalling molecule that could qualify for being an endocrine signalling molecule. Here, we discuss hormonal features of NO from the classical endocrine point of view and review available knowledge supporting NO as a true endocrine hormone. This new insight can provide a new framework within which to reinterpret NO biology and its clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bahadoran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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43
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Heredia Martinez A, Rosa Diez G, Ferraris V, Coccia PA, Ferraris JR, Checa A, Wheelock CE, Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E, Carlström M, Krmar RT. "Removal of nitrate and nitrite by hemodialysis in end-stage renal disease and by sustained low-efficiency dialysis in acute kidney injury". Nitric Oxide 2020; 98:33-40. [PMID: 32119993 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & PURPOSE It is well established that end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality both in the adult and pediatric population. Although the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood, compromised nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity has been suggested as a contributing factor. With this in mind, we investigated the effects of hemodialysis on NO homeostasis and bioactivity in blood. METHODS & RESULTS Plasma and dialysate samples were obtained before and after hemodialysis sessions from adults (n = 33) and pediatric patients (n = 10) with ESRD on chronic renal replacement therapy, and from critically ill adults with acute kidney injury (n = 12) at their first sustained low-efficiency dialysis session. Levels of nitrate, nitrite, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and amino acids relevant for NO homeostasis were analyzed. We consistently found that nitrate and cGMP levels in plasma were significantly reduced after hemodialysis, whereas post-dialysis nitrite and amino acids coupled to NO synthase activity (i.e., arginine and citrulline) were only significantly reduced in adults with ESRD. The amount of excreted nitrate and nitrite during dialysis were similar to daily endogenous levels that would be expected from endothelial NO synthase activity. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that hemodialysis significantly reduces circulating levels of nitrate and cGMP, indicating that this medical procedure may impair NO synthesis and potentially NO signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Veronica Ferraris
- Servicio de Nefrología del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula A Coccia
- Servicio de Nefrología del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge R Ferraris
- Servicio de Nefrología del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonio Checa
- Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon O Lundberg
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eddie Weitzberg
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Rafael T Krmar
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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44
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Srihirun S, Park JW, Teng R, Sawaengdee W, Piknova B, Schechter AN. Nitrate uptake and metabolism in human skeletal muscle cell cultures. Nitric Oxide 2020; 94:1-8. [PMID: 31604144 PMCID: PMC7341890 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several studies show that dietary nitrate enhances exercise performance, presumably by increasing muscle blood flow and improving oxygen utilization. These effects are likely mediated by nitrate metabolites, including nitrite and nitric oxide (NO). However, the mechanisms of nitrate production, storage, and metabolism to nitrite and NO in skeletal muscle cells are still unclear. We hypothesized that exogenous nitrate can be taken up and metabolized to nitrite/NO inside the skeletal muscle. We found rapid uptake of exogeneous nitrate in both myoblasts and myotubes, increasing nitrite levels in myotubes, but not myoblasts. During differentiation we found increased expression of molybdenum containing proteins, such as xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) and the mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component (MARC); nitrate and nitrite reductases. Sialin, a known nitrate transporter, was detected in myoblasts; nitrate uptake decreased after sialin knockdown. Inhibition of chloride channel 1 (CLC1) also led to significantly decreased uptake of nitrate. Addition of exogenous nitrite, which resulted in higher intracellular nitrite levels, increased intracellular cGMP levels in myotubes. In summary, our results demonstrate for the first time the presence of the nitrate/nitrite/NO pathway in skeletal muscle cells, namely the existence of strong uptake of exogenous nitrate into cells and conversion of intracellular nitrate to nitrite and NO. Our results further support our previously formulated hypothesis about the importance of the nitrate to nitrite to NO intrinsic reduction pathways in skeletal muscles, which likely contributes to improved exercise tolerance after nitrate ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirada Srihirun
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ji Won Park
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rujia Teng
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Waritta Sawaengdee
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Barbora Piknova
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alan N Schechter
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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45
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Axton ER, Beaver LM, St. Mary L, Truong L, Logan CR, Spagnoli S, Prater MC, Keller RM, Garcia-Jaramillo M, Ehrlicher SE, Stierwalt HD, Newsom SA, Robinson MM, Tanguay RL, Stevens JF, Hord NG. Treatment with Nitrate, but Not Nitrite, Lowers the Oxygen Cost of Exercise and Decreases Glycolytic Intermediates While Increasing Fatty Acid Metabolites in Exercised Zebrafish. J Nutr 2019; 149:2120-2132. [PMID: 31495890 PMCID: PMC6887948 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary nitrate improves exercise performance by reducing the oxygen cost of exercise, although the mechanisms responsible are not fully understood. OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that nitrate and nitrite treatment would lower the oxygen cost of exercise by improving mitochondrial function and stimulating changes in the availability of metabolic fuels for energy production. METHODS We treated 9-mo-old zebrafish with nitrate (sodium nitrate, 606.9 mg/L), nitrite (sodium nitrite, 19.5 mg/L), or control (no treatment) water for 21 d. We measured oxygen consumption during a 2-h, strenuous exercise test; assessed the respiration of skeletal muscle mitochondria; and performed untargeted metabolomics on treated fish, with and without exercise. RESULTS Nitrate and nitrite treatment increased blood nitrate and nitrite levels. Nitrate treatment significantly lowered the oxygen cost of exercise, as compared with pretreatment values. In contrast, nitrite treatment significantly increased oxygen consumption with exercise. Nitrate and nitrite treatments did not change mitochondrial function measured ex vivo, but significantly increased the abundances of ATP, ADP, lactate, glycolytic intermediates (e.g., fructose 1,6-bisphosphate), tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates (e.g., succinate), and ketone bodies (e.g., β-hydroxybutyrate) by 1.8- to 3.8-fold, relative to controls. Exercise significantly depleted glycolytic and TCA intermediates in nitrate- and nitrite-treated fish, as compared with their rested counterparts, while exercise did not change, or increased, these metabolites in control fish. There was a significant net depletion of fatty acids, acyl carnitines, and ketone bodies in exercised, nitrite-treated fish (2- to 4-fold), while exercise increased net fatty acids and acyl carnitines in nitrate-treated fish (1.5- to 12-fold), relative to their treated and rested counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Nitrate and nitrite treatment increased the availability of metabolic fuels (ATP, glycolytic and TCA intermediates, lactate, and ketone bodies) in rested zebrafish. Nitrate treatment may improve exercise performance, in part, by stimulating the preferential use of fuels that require less oxygen for energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Axton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory and the Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Laura M Beaver
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lindsey St. Mary
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory and the Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lisa Truong
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory and the Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Christiana R Logan
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sean Spagnoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Mary C Prater
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Rosa M Keller
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Manuel Garcia-Jaramillo
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sarah E Ehrlicher
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Harrison D Stierwalt
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sean A Newsom
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Matthew M Robinson
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Robert L Tanguay
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory and the Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jan F Stevens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Norman G Hord
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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46
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Fischer A, Lüersen K, Schultheiß G, de Pascual-Teresa S, Mereu A, Ipharraguerre IR, Rimbach G. Supplementation with nitrate only modestly affects lipid and glucose metabolism in genetic and dietary-induced murine models of obesity. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2019; 66:24-35. [PMID: 32001953 PMCID: PMC6983433 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.19-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To gain a better understanding of how nitrate may affect carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, female wild-type mice were fed a high-fat, high-fructose diet supplemented with either 0, 400, or 800 mg nitrate/kg diet for 28 days. Additionally, obese female db/db mice were fed a 5% fat diet supplemented with the same levels and source of nitrate. Nitrate decreased the sodium-dependent uptake of glucose by ileal mucosa in wild-type mice. Moreover, nitrate significantly decreased triglyceride content and mRNA expression levels of Pparγ in liver and Glut4 in skeletal muscle. Oral glucose tolerance as well as plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, insulin, leptin, glucose and the activity of ALT did not significantly differ between experimental groups but was higher in db/db mice than in wild-type mice. Nitrate changed liver fatty acid composition and mRNA levels of Fads only slightly. Further hepatic genes encoding proteins involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism were not significantly different between the three groups. Biomarkers of inflammation and autophagy in the liver were not affected by the different dietary treatments. Overall, the present data suggest that short-term dietary supplementation with inorganic nitrate has only modest effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in genetic and dietary-induced mouse models of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Fischer
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Kai Lüersen
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schultheiß
- Animal Welfare Officer, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 12, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sonia de Pascual-Teresa
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), José Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alessandro Mereu
- Yara Iberian, C/ Infanta Mercedes 31 - 2nd floor, 28020 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio R Ipharraguerre
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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47
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Chang EI, Wesolowski SR, Gilje EA, Baker PR, Reisz JA, D’Alessandro A, Hay, WW, Rozance PJ, Brown LD. Skeletal muscle amino acid uptake is lower and alanine production is greater in late gestation intrauterine growth-restricted fetal sheep hindlimb. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 317:R615-R629. [PMID: 31483682 PMCID: PMC6879841 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00115.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In a sheep model of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) produced from placental insufficiency, late gestation fetuses had smaller skeletal muscle mass, myofiber area, and slower muscle protein accretion rates compared with normally growing fetuses. We hypothesized that IUGR fetal muscle develops adaptations that divert amino acids (AAs) from protein accretion and activate pathways that conserve substrates for other organs. We placed hindlimb arterial and venous catheters into late gestation IUGR (n = 10) and control (CON, n = 8) fetal sheep and included an external iliac artery flow probe to measure hindlimb AA uptake rates. Arterial and venous plasma samples and biceps femoris muscle were analyzed by mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. IUGR fetuses had greater abundance of metabolites enriched within the alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism pathway compared with CON. Net uptake rates of branched-chain AA (BCAA) were lower by 42%-73%, and muscle ammoniagenic AAs (alanine, glycine, and glutamine) were lower by 107%-158% in IUGR hindlimbs versus CON. AA uptake rates correlated with hindlimb weight; the smallest hindlimbs showed net release of ammoniagenic AAs. Gene expression levels indicated a decrease in BCAA catabolism in IUGR muscle. Plasma purines were lower and plasma uric acid was higher in IUGR versus CON, possibly a reflection of ATP conservation. We conclude that IUGR skeletal muscle has lower BCAA uptake and develops adaptations that divert AAs away from protein accretion into alternative pathways that sustain global energy production and nitrogen disposal in the form of ammoniagenic AAs for metabolism in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen I. Chang
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Perinatal Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Stephanie R. Wesolowski
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Perinatal Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Elizabeth A. Gilje
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Perinatal Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Peter R. Baker
- 2Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Julie A. Reisz
- 3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Angelo D’Alessandro
- 3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - William W. Hay,
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Perinatal Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Paul J. Rozance
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Perinatal Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laura D. Brown
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Perinatal Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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48
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Ortiz de Zevallos J, Allen JD. Inorganic nitrate supplementation and exercise. Is skeletal muscle involved in the heavy lifting? J Physiol 2019; 597:5521-5522. [PMID: 31608446 DOI: 10.1113/jp278683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Ortiz de Zevallos
- Department of Kinesiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Jason D Allen
- Department of Kinesiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
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49
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Wylie LJ, Park JW, Vanhatalo A, Kadach S, Black MI, Stoyanov Z, Schechter AN, Jones AM, Piknova B. Human skeletal muscle nitrate store: influence of dietary nitrate supplementation and exercise. J Physiol 2019; 597:5565-5576. [PMID: 31350908 PMCID: PMC9358602 DOI: 10.1113/jp278076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodent skeletal muscle contains a large store of nitrate that can be augmented by the consumption of dietary nitrate. This muscle nitrate reservoir has been found to be an important source of nitrite and nitric oxide (NO) via its reduction by tissue xanthine oxidoreductase. To explore if this pathway is also active in human skeletal muscle during exercise, and if it is sensitive to local nitrate availability, we assessed exercise-induced changes in muscle nitrate and nitrite concentrations in young healthy humans, under baseline conditions and following dietary nitrate consumption. We found that baseline nitrate and nitrite concentrations were far higher in muscle than in plasma (~4-fold and ~29-fold, respectively), and that the consumption of a single bolus of dietary nitrate (12.8 mmol) significantly elevated nitrate concentration in both plasma (~19-fold) and muscle (~5-fold). Consistent with these observations, and with previous suggestions of active muscle nitrate transport, we present western blot data to show significant expression of the active nitrate/nitrite transporter sialin in human skeletal muscle. Furthermore, we report an exercise-induced reduction in human muscle nitrate concentration (by ~39%), but only in the presence of an increased muscle nitrate store. Our results indicate that human skeletal muscle nitrate stores are sensitive to dietary nitrate intake and may contribute to NO generation during exercise. Together, these findings suggest that skeletal muscle plays an important role in the transport, storage and metabolism of nitrate in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee J. Wylie
- Sport and Health SciencesCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesSt Luke's CampusUniversity of Exeter Exeter EX1 2LU UK
| | - Ji Won Park
- Molecular Medicine BranchNIDDKNational Institutes of Health Bethesda MD 20892–1822 USA
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- Sport and Health SciencesCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesSt Luke's CampusUniversity of Exeter Exeter EX1 2LU UK
| | - Stefan Kadach
- Sport and Health SciencesCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesSt Luke's CampusUniversity of Exeter Exeter EX1 2LU UK
| | - Matthew I. Black
- Sport and Health SciencesCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesSt Luke's CampusUniversity of Exeter Exeter EX1 2LU UK
| | - Zdravko Stoyanov
- Sport and Health SciencesCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesSt Luke's CampusUniversity of Exeter Exeter EX1 2LU UK
| | - Alan N. Schechter
- Molecular Medicine BranchNIDDKNational Institutes of Health Bethesda MD 20892–1822 USA
| | - Andrew M. Jones
- Sport and Health SciencesCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesSt Luke's CampusUniversity of Exeter Exeter EX1 2LU UK
| | - Barbora Piknova
- Molecular Medicine BranchNIDDKNational Institutes of Health Bethesda MD 20892–1822 USA
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50
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Cortés-Puch I, Sun J, Schechter AN, Solomon SB, Park JW, Feng J, Gilliard C, Natanson C, Piknova B. Inhaled nebulized nitrite and nitrate therapy in a canine model of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Nitric Oxide 2019; 91:1-14. [PMID: 31299340 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction in the nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway can lead to the development of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in mammals. Discovery of an alternative pathway to NO generation involving reduction from nitrate to nitrite and to NO has motivated the evaluation of nitrite as an alternative to inhaled NO for PH. In contrast, inhaled nitrate has not been evaluated to date, and potential benefits include a prolonged half-life and decreased risk of methemoglobinemia. In a canine model of acute hypoxia-induced PH we evaluated the effects of inhaled nitrate to reduce pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP). In a randomized controlled trial, inhaled nitrate was compared to inhaled nitrite and inhaled saline. Exhaled NO, PAP and systemic blood pressures were continuously monitored. Inhaled nitrite significantly decreased PAP and increased exhaled NO. In contrast, inhaled nitrate and inhaled saline did not decrease PAP or increase exhaled NO. Unexpectedly, we found that inhaled nitrite resulted in prolonged (>5 h) exhaled NO release, increase in nitrate venous/arterial levels and a late surge in venous nitrite levels. These findings do not support a therapeutic role for inhaled nitrate in PH but may have therapeutic implications for inhaled nitrite in various disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cortés-Puch
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Junfeng Sun
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alan N Schechter
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven B Solomon
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ji Won Park
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jing Feng
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cameron Gilliard
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Charles Natanson
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barbora Piknova
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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