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Ghanimatdan M, Sadjjadi SM, Mikaeili F, Teimouri A, Jafari SH, Derakhshanfar A, Hashemi-Hafshejani S. Therapeutic effect of curcumin nanoemulsion on cystic echinococcosis in BALB/c mice: a computerized tomography (CT) scan and histopathologic study evaluation. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:143. [PMID: 38575891 PMCID: PMC10993536 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04451-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine the therapeutic efficacy of curcumin nanoemulsion (CUR-NE) in mice infected with Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto protoscoleces. METHODS Forty-two inbred BALB/c mice were divided into seven groups of six animals each. Six groups were inoculated intra-peritoneally with 1500 viable E. granulosus protoscoleces, followed for six months and used as infected groups. The infected groups were named as: CEI1 to CEI6 accordingly. The 7th group was not inoculated and was named cystic echinococcosis noninfected group (CENI7). CEI1 and CEI2 groups received 40 mg/kg/day and 20 mg/kg/day curcumin nanoemulsion (CUR-NE), respectively. CEI3 received nanoemulsion without curcumin (NE-no CUR), CEI4 received curcumin suspension (CUR-S) 40 mg/kg/day, CEI5 received albendazole 150 mg/kg/day and CEI6 received sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). CENI7 group received CUR-NE 40 mg/kg/day. Drugs administration was started after six months post-inoculations of protoscoleces and continued for 60 days in all groups. The secondary CE cyst area was evaluated by computed tomography (CT) scan for each mouse before treatment and on the days 30 and 60 post-treatment. The CT scan measurement results were compared before and after treatment. After the euthanasia of the mice on the 60th day, the cyst area was also measured after autopsy and, the histopathological changes of the secondary cysts for each group were observed. The therapeutic efficacy of CUR-NE in infected groups was evaluated by two methods: CT scan and autopsied cyst measurements. RESULTS Septal calcification in three groups of infected mice (CEI1, CEI2, and CEI4) was revealed by CT scan. The therapeutic efficacy of CUR-NE 40 mg/kg/day (CEI1 group) was 24.6 ± 26.89% by CT scan measurement and 55.16 ± 32.37% by autopsied cysts measurements. The extensive destructive effects of CUR-NE 40 mg/kg/day (CEI1 group) on the wall layers of secondary CE cysts were confirmed by histopathology. CONCLUSION The current study demonstrated a significant therapeutic effect of CUR-NE (40 mg/kg/day) on secondary CE cysts in BALB/c mice. An apparent septal calcification of several cysts revealed by CT scan and the destructive effect on CE cysts observed in histopathology are two critical key factors that suggest curcumin nanoemulsion could be a potential treatment for cystic echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Ghanimatdan
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Sadjjadi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Fattaneh Mikaeili
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aref Teimouri
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Hamed Jafari
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amin Derakhshanfar
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeideh Hashemi-Hafshejani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bonelli P, Serra E, Dei Giudici S, Peruzzu A, Crotti S, Danesi P, Carvelli A, Piseddu T, Masala G. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato infecting sheep in Italy. Acta Trop 2024; 252:107151. [PMID: 38367944 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Cystic Echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval form of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, is a neglected zoonosis still threatening public health worldwide. In Italy different epidemiological scenarios were reported depending on the geographical area and associated socio-economic activities. Although in northern Italy the occurrence of E. granulosus is considered sporadic, in the southern regions and, particularly in Sardinia, CE prevalence reaches high levels. We analysed CE cysts collected from infected sheep from various areas of mainland Italy and the Sardinia island, with the main objective to investigate intergenotypic and intragenotypic variations at national level. CE cysts were collected from slaughtered sheep following post mortem inspection at local abattoirs. Total genomic DNA was extracted and amplification and sequencing of the partial mitochondrial genes nad5 and cox1 were performed. A Bayesian phylogenetic tree was estimated on a nad5 dataset (n = 260) composed of E. granulosus samples from this study (n = 126) and all the nad5 haplotypes available in GenBank (n = 134). In addition, haplotype network, diversity and neutrality analysis were performed on nad5 and cox1 sequences of Italian origin obtained in this study. E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) was found to be the only Echinococcus species infecting sheep in Italy, mainly represented by G1 genotype (76 %) and, to a lower extent, by G3 genotype (24 %). Phylogenetic analyses revealed 40 nad5 and 33 cox 1 haplotypes, and the presence of two founder haplotypes, belonging to G1 and G3 genotype, showing 100 % similarity with DNA sequences from different geographic regions. The lack of geographical segregation, high haplotype and low nucleotide diversity coupled with significant negative values of Tajima's D and Fu's Fs observed in this study indicated high genetic variation and demographic expansion of E. granulosus s.s. in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Bonelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Laboratory of Echinococcosis (CeNRE), Via Vienna 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy.
| | - Elisa Serra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Laboratory of Echinococcosis (CeNRE), Via Vienna 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Silvia Dei Giudici
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Diagnostica virologica, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Angela Peruzzu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Laboratory of Echinococcosis (CeNRE), Via Vienna 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Silvia Crotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, 06126, Italy
| | - Patrizia Danesi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Venezie, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
| | - Andrea Carvelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio della Toscana, Roma, 00178, Italy
| | - Toni Piseddu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Laboratory of Echinococcosis (CeNRE), Via Vienna 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Laboratory of Echinococcosis (CeNRE), Via Vienna 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
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Romig T, Wassermann M. Echinococcus species in wildlife. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2024; 23:100913. [PMID: 38405672 PMCID: PMC10884515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Transmission of Echinococcus spp. in life cycles that involve mainly wildlife is well recognized for those species with small mammals as intermediate hosts (e. g. E. multilocularis), as well as for E. felidis and the 'northern' genotypes of E. canadensis (G8 and G10). In contrast, the remaining taxa of E. granulosus sensu lato are best known for their domestic life cycles, and the numerous wild mammal species (mainly ungulates) that have been recorded with cystic echinococcosis in the past were mainly considered a result of spill-over from the dog-livestock transmission system. This view was challenged with the advent of molecular characterization, allowing discrimination of the metacestodes, although the contribution of wild mammals to various Echinococcus life cycles has remained uncertain for scarcity of wildlife studies. Numerous records of cysts in wild ungulates date back to the 20th century, but cannot with certainty be allocated to the Echinococcus species and genotypes that are recognized today. This means that our current knowledge is largely restricted to studies of the past two decades that kept adding gradually to our concepts of transmission in various geographic regions. In particular, new insights were gathered in the past years on E. granulosus s.l. in wildlife of sub-Saharan Africa, but also on transmission patterns of E. multilocularis in previously neglected regions, e. g. North America. Here, an update is provided on the current state of knowledge on wild mammals as hosts for all Echinococcus species, listing >150 species of wild hosts with references, as well as estimates on their epidemiological impact and our current gaps of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Hohenheim, Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marion Wassermann
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Hohenheim, Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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Celik F, Selcuk MA, Kilinc SG, Kesik HK, Ahmed H, Wang Y, Simsek S, Cao J. Molecular discrimination of G1 and G3 genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto obtained from human, cattle, and sheep using the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 marker. Acta Trop 2024; 252:107124. [PMID: 38262573 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a common zoonotic disease caused by the larval form of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. This study determined the genotype and haplotype differences using the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 gene in hydatid cyst samples. Human (n = 12), cattle (n = 28), and sheep (n = 31) hydatid cyst isolates were included. Seventy-one genomic DNA samples were successfully extracted, and a 759 bp mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 gene fragment was amplified by PCR. Following the sequence analysis, E. granulosus sensu stricto isolates were identified as G1 (n = 61) and G3 (n = 10). A total of 23 haplotypes were obtained from the 71 E. granulosus s.s. G1 and G3 samples. The main haplotype was Hap01 (60.56 %), which consisted of the G1 genotype. The second largest haplotype was Hap04, which consisted entirely of the G3 genotype. Hap14 acted as a bridge between the G1 and G3 genotypes. This study identifies G1 as the dominant genotype in humans and farm animals in Turkey. High haplotype and nucleotide diversity in genotypes were observed. Additionally, this is the first report on the phylogeography and gene flow models of the E. granulosus s.s. population in Turkey using the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 gene, the best marker distinguishing between G1 and G3 genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Figen Celik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Ahmed Selcuk
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Seyma Gunyakti Kilinc
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Harun Kaya Kesik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ying Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai 200025, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai 200025, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China; The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Guo B, Cairen, Wu J, Wang W, Wang B, Ren Y, Aizezi M, Mi R, Zhao L, Wen H. The A2 haplotype of Echinococcus multilocularis is the predominant variant infecting humans and dogs in Yili Prefecture, Xinjiang. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 119:105581. [PMID: 38432594 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by Echinococcus multilocularis, is an important zoonotic disease. Yili Prefecture in Xinjiang is endemic for AE, however the molecular variability of E. multilocularis in this region is poorly understood. In this study, 127 samples were used for haplotypes analysis, including 79 tissues from humans, 43 liver tissues from small rodents, and 5 fecal samples from dogs. Genetic variability in E. multilocularis was studied using complete sequences of the mitochondrial (mt) genes of cytochrome b (cob), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (nad2), and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1), using a total of 3558 bp per sample. The Asia haplotype 2 (A2) was the dominant haplotype, with 72.15% (57/79) prevalence in humans, 2.33% (1/43) in small rodents, and 80.00% (4/5) in dogs, followed by A5, the second most common haplotype, which infected 27.91% (12/43) small rodents. Haplotype network analysis showed that all haplotypes clustered together with the Asian group. Pairwise fixation index (FST) values showed lower level of genetic differentiation between different regions within the country. Compared with the sequences of E. multilocularis from North America and Europe, all concatenated sequences isolated from Yili Prefecture were highly differentiated and formed a single population. The A2 haplotype, analyzed using the cob, nad2, and cox1 genes of E. multilocularis, is the predominant variant in humans and dogs in Yili Prefecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, Liyushan Road, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Cairen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, Liyushan Road, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Jianyong Wu
- School of public health, Xinjiang Medical University, No. 567 Shangde Road North, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Wenli Wang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Gansu Province, No.41 Hongliutan Road, Chengguan Zone, Lanzhou, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Bingjie Wang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, No. 726, Dongrong Street, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Yuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, Liyushan Road, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Mayire Aizezi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Rongsheng Mi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Li Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, Liyushan Road, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, PR China
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Pereira I, Paludo GP, Hidalgo C, Stoore C, Baquedano MS, Cabezas C, Cancela M, Ferreira HB, Bastías M, Riveros A, Meneses C, Sáenz L, Paredes R. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis reveals immune evasion related genes in Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2024; 249:10126. [PMID: 38510493 PMCID: PMC10954194 DOI: 10.3389/ebm.2024.10126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l). In the intermediate host, this disease is characterized by the growth of cysts in viscera such as liver and lungs, inside of which the parasite develops to the next infective stage known as protoscoleces. There are records that the infected viscera affect the development and morphology of E. granulosus s.l. protoscolex in hosts such as buffalo or humans. However, the molecular mechanisms that drive these differences remains unknown. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) using a set of RNAseq data obtained from E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) protoscoleces found in liver and lung cysts reveals 34 modules in protoscoleces of liver origin, of which 12 have differential co-expression from protoscoleces of lung origin. Three of these twelve modules contain hub genes related to immune evasion: tegument antigen, tegumental protein, ubiquitin hydrolase isozyme L3, COP9 signalosome complex subunit 3, tetraspanin CD9 antigen, and the methyl-CpG-binding protein Mbd2. Also, two of the twelve modules contain only hypothetical proteins with unknown orthology, which means that there are a group of unknown function proteins co-expressed inside the protoscolex of liver CE cyst origin. This is the first evidence of gene expression differences in protoscoleces from CE cysts found in different viscera, with co-expression networks that are exclusive to protoscoleces from liver CE cyst samples. This should be considered in the control strategies of CE, as intermediate hosts can harbor CE cysts in liver, lungs, or both organs simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Pereira
- Laboratorio de Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela Prado Paludo
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazi
| | - Christian Hidalgo
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Sede Santiago Centro, Santiago, Chile
| | - Caroll Stoore
- Laboratorio de Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Soledad Baquedano
- Laboratorio de Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Cabezas
- Laboratorio de Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Martín Cancela
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazi
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazi
| | - Macarena Bastías
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aníbal Riveros
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo Sáenz
- Laboratorio de Vacunas Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodolfo Paredes
- Laboratorio de Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Wassermann M, Addy F, Kokolova L, Okhlopkov I, Leibrock S, Oberle J, Oksanen A, Romig T. High genetic diversity of Echinococcus canadensis G10 in northeastern Asia: is it the region of origin? Parasitology 2024; 151:93-101. [PMID: 38018122 PMCID: PMC10941046 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023001191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcus canadensis consists of 4 genotypes: G6, G7, G8 and G10. While the first 2 predominantly infect domestic animals, the latter are sylvatic in nature involving mainly wolves and cervids as hosts and can be found in the northern temperate to Arctic latitudes. This circumstance makes the acquisition of sample material difficult, and little information is known about their genetic structure. The majority of specimens analysed to date have been from the European region, comparatively few from northeast Asia and Alaska. In the current study, Echinococcus spp. from wolves and intermediate hosts from the Republic of Sakha in eastern Russia were examined. Echinococcus canadensis G10 was identified in 15 wolves and 4 cervid intermediate hosts. Complete mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) sequences were obtained from 42 worm and cyst specimens from Sakha and, for comparison, from an additional 13 G10 cysts from Finland. For comparative analyses of the genetic diversity of G10 of European and Asian origin, all available cox1 sequences from GenBank were included, increasing the number of sequences to 99. The diversity found in northeast Asia was by far higher than in Europe, suggesting that the geographic origin of E. canadensis (at least of G10) might be northeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Wassermann
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Francis Addy
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Ludmila Kokolova
- Yakut Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Innokentiy Okhlopkov
- Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Sarah Leibrock
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jenny Oberle
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Antti Oksanen
- Finnish Food Authority, Animal Health Diagnostic Unit (FINPAR), Oulu, Finland
| | - Thomas Romig
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Santucciu C, Bonelli P, Peruzzu A, Fancellu A, Farà A, Mastrandrea S, Drocchi G, Cossu A, Profili S, Porcu A, Masala G. Genetic Characterization of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto Isolated from Human Cysts from Sardinia, Italy. Diseases 2023; 11:91. [PMID: 37489443 PMCID: PMC10366878 DOI: 10.3390/diseases11030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study involved 20 patients affected by cystic echinococcosis (CE) who were referred to different hospitals of Sardinia (Italy) from 2017 to 2022. By means of a multidisciplinary approach, diagnosis was confirmed for CE in 18 patients and for different aetiologies in two subjects. Moreover, serology was positive for 15 subjects. Since multiple CE cysts were found in five patients, a total of 27 lesions were collected; however, only one for each patient was investigated for genetic characterization of E. granulosus s.s. DNA isolates. Our results included 15 fertile cysts that underwent DNA extraction and amplification by three different PCRs targeting nuclear (calreticulin) and mitochondrial genes (cox1 and nad5). DNA was sequenced, and by neighbour-joining phylogenetic trees we determined 10 G1 and five G3 genotypes previously reported in Sardinia. These sequences were used to construct a network, along with those circulating in Mediterranean areas. The haplotype network calculated on cox1 evidenced seven different haplotypes of the 15 isolates, with SAR2 the most represented, carried by seven cysts, and SAR17 never described in the Mediterranean area. Meanwhile, the nad5 sequences showed the most common haplotype as nd5SAR7, as well as two new haplotypes not previously described, nd5SAR13, isolated from a Sardinian patient, and nd5SAR14, isolated from a Romanian patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Santucciu
- WOAH and NRL for Echinococcosis, Animal Health, IZS della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Piero Bonelli
- WOAH and NRL for Echinococcosis, Animal Health, IZS della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Angela Peruzzu
- WOAH and NRL for Echinococcosis, Animal Health, IZS della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fancellu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonella Farà
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pathology, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Scilla Mastrandrea
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Malattie Infettive, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Drocchi
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Integrated Sciences (DISC), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio Cossu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pathology, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefano Profili
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Radiologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alberto Porcu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- WOAH and NRL for Echinococcosis, Animal Health, IZS della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Alvi MA, Alshammari A, Ali RMA, Ul Haq S, Bashir R, Li L, Saqib M, Sajid MS, Ghafoor M, Imran M, Ijaz MU, Fu BQ, Saeed M, Ahmad I, Liu YY, Yan HB, Jia WZ. Revealing novel cytb and nad5 genes-based population diversity and benzimidazole resistance in Echinococcus granulosus of bovine origin. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1191271. [PMID: 37396990 PMCID: PMC10312306 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1191271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus (sensu stricto). The parasite affects a wide range of livestock and wild animals. In this study, the population diversity of the Echinococcus species was investigated based on mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (nad5) genes. In addition to this, β-tubulin gene isoforms of Echinococcus granulosus were amplified to determine the resistance against benzimidazoles. For this purpose, 40 cyst samples from cattle (n = 20) and buffaloes (n = 20) were collected from the main abattoir of Sialkot. DNA extraction was performed using Qiagen Blood and Tissue Kits. Amplification was performed through PCR. Each amplicon was confirmed by GelRed™ stained agarose gel (2%). Samples were sequenced in a DNA analyzer and viewed for any misread nucleotide by using MEGA (v.11). Corrections in nucleotide sequence and multiple sequence alignment were made through the same software. NCBI-BLAST was used for sample specific sequences to identify them as belonging to a particular species. Diversity indices were estimated using DnaSP (v.6) while phylogenetic analysis was inferred using the Bayesian method using MrBayes (v.1.1). β-tubulin gene isoforms sequence analysis was performed to find out the candidate gene causing benzimidazole resistance. All 40 isolates were found positive for E. granulosus. BLAST-based searches of sequences of each isolate for each gene (nad5 and cytb) confirmed their maximum similarity with the G1 genotype. Overall, high haplotype diversity (Hd nad5 = 1.00; Hd cytb = 0.833) and low nucleotide diversity (π nad5 = 0.00560; π = cytb = 0.00763) was identified based on diversity indices. For both the genes, non-significant values of Tajima's D (nad5 = -0.81734; cytb = -0.80861) and Fu's Fs (nad5 = -1.012; cytb = 0.731) indicate recent population expansion. Bayesian phylogeny-based results of nad5 and cytb sequences confirmed their genotypic status as distinct from other Echinococcus species. This study shed light on the status of benzimidazole resistance in Echinococcus granulosus for the very first time from Pakistan. The findings of this study will significantly add in the information available on genetic diversity of Echinoccous granulosus based on cytb and nad5 genes sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mughees Aizaz Alvi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayed Alshammari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana Muhammad Athar Ali
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahbaz Ul Haq
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rizwan Bashir
- Veterinary Disease Diagnostic Laboratory Sialkot, Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Government of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Muzafar Ghafoor
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umar Ijaz
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - You-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease, Yangzhou, China
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Alvi MA, Ali RMA, Li L, Saqib M, Qamar W, Hassan A, Ghafoor M, Rahman SU, Khan MUZ, Fu BQ, Liu Y, Yin H, Yan HB, Jia WZ. Phylogeny and population structure of Echinococcus granulosus (sensu stricto) based on full-length cytb-nad2-atp6 mitochondrial genes - First report from Sialkot District of Pakistan. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2023; 253:111542. [PMID: 36584819 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2022.111542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease of livestock having serious economic setbacks. The etiological agents of the disease belong to Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. Despite of worldwide distribution of the disease, the molecular studies mainly employ amplification of cox1, nad1 and nad5 genes. To further strengthen the knowledge about significance of other molecular markers and to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of Echinococcus species in Pakistan, the current study was designed in which full length mitochondrial cytb, atp6 and nad2 genes were amplified. Based on BLAST searches of the generated cytb, atp6 and nad2 gene sequences from a total of 18 hydatid cysts collected from cattle, 12 isolates were identified as E. granulousus G3 and 6 as E. granulosus (G1). The phylogeny inferred by the Bayesian method using nucleotide sequences of cytb-atp6-nad2 further confirmed their identity. The diversity indices indicated a high haplotype and a low nucleotide diversity. The negative values of Tajima's D and Fu's Fs test demonstrated deviation from neutrality suggesting a recent population expansion. To the best of our knowledge, the present study described the genetic variation of E. granulosus population for the first time in Pakistan using full-length cytb, atp6 and nad2 mitochondrial genes. The findings on the genetic variation of E. granulosus in Pakistan will constitute useful baseline information for future studies on the prevalence and population structure of E. granulosus based on full-length cytb, atp6 and nad2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mughees Aizaz Alvi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Athar Ali
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Warda Qamar
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Hassan
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muzafar Ghafoor
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Siddiq Ur Rahman
- Department of Computer Science and Bioinformatics, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | | | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Youyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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11
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Guo B, Zhao L, Zhao L, Mi R, Zhang X, Wang B, Guo G, Ren Y, Qi W, Zhang Z. Survey and Molecular Characterization of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto from Livestock and Humans in the Altai Region of Xinjiang, China. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010134. [PMID: 36678482 PMCID: PMC9866323 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the metacestode Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.), is an important zoonotic parasite, endemic in the Altai region of China. It is a serious human health risk and causes livestock losses. To evaluate the prevalence, genetic variation, and population structure of CE, 2898 sheep and 703 cattle were examined from October 2019 to mid-February 2020 in the Altai region (Altai, Habahe, Fuhai, and Buerjin). Sheep had an infection rate of 4.52% (131/2898) and cattle had an infection rate of 4.84% (34/703). In total, 180 cyst isolates were obtained, including 131 sheep, 34 cattle, and 15 from CE human patients. The cysts were investigated using mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (cox1). Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) results showed that, among the two genotypes of E. granulosus s.s., there were 22 different haplotypes (Haps). Phylogenetic analysis and parsimony network indicated that seventeen (77.27%) Haps belonged to the sheep strain (G1 genotype) and five Haps (22.73%) belonged to the buffalo strain (G3 genotype). Hap3 was the most common haplotype (65.00%, 112/180), which belongs to the G1 genotype. Hap18−Hap22 were found in human samples, indicating that sheep and cattle reservoirs of human CE. Molecular diversity indices revealed the high levels of haplotype diversity and relatively low levels of nucleotide diversity. Tajima’s D and Fu’s Fs tests displayed that the Altai population had a significant deviation from neutrality. Based on pairwise fixation index (Fst) values, a low level of genetic differentiation was found between the populations of E. granulosus s.s. isolated from different regions. The present survey findings represent an epidemiological survey of CE in the Altai region where there were two genotypes simultaneously and will provide more information on the genetic structure of E. granulosus s.s. within this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, Liyushan Road, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, No. 726, Dongrong Street, Urumqi 830013, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 Xi Chang‘an Avenue, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Rongsheng Mi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, No. 726, Dongrong Street, Urumqi 830013, China
| | - Bingjie Wang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, No. 726, Dongrong Street, Urumqi 830013, China
| | - Gang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, Liyushan Road, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Yuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, Liyushan Road, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Wenjing Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, Liyushan Road, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, No. 726, Dongrong Street, Urumqi 830013, China
- Correspondence:
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12
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Prevalence of Cystic Echinococcosis Genotypes in Iranian Animals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Parasitol Res 2022; 2022:8197741. [PMID: 36312205 PMCID: PMC9605837 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8197741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis is considered a public health problem that if left untreated can have dangerous consequences for the person. The disease is caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato larvae. The main risk factors for this parasitic infection are habitat, direct contact with dogs, use of raw vegetables, and use of unwashed vegetables. The most important factors affecting the prevalence of HCD are economic, occupational, agricultural, educational, and factors related to public health and cultural habits of the general public in that geographical area. Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the types of cystic echinococcosis genotypes (E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1-G3) and E. Canadensis (G6 and G7)) in livestock in Iran. Method This systematic review was conducted, using Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, and Google Scholar databases, to identify studies of cystic echinococcosis in animals published from 2010 to April 14, 2021. Finally, 28 studies were selected for meta-analysis, which was analyzed using Stata software version 14. The cystic echinococcosis prevalence with 95% confidence intervals of animals was synthesized using the random effect model. Heterogeneity was evaluated and in cases where the I2 index was higher than 75%, subgroup analysis was performed according to the types of animals. Result The highest prevalence of cystic echinococcosis infection was related to G1 genotype (P = 0.91 (95% CI = 0.84, 0.97)) and the prevalence was related to G2 genotype (P = 0.07(95% CI = 0.00, 0.18)). The results of the subgroup analysis showed that in the G1 genotype the highest prevalence was observed in Goats and Buffaloes with P = 1 (95% CI = 0.96, 1) and P = 1 (95% CI = 0.97, 1), in the G3 and G6 genotypes the highest prevalence was observed in camels with P = 0.50 (95% CI = 0.31, 0.69), and P = 0.45 (95% CI = 0.22, 0.69), respectively. Conclusion The cystic echinococcosis genotypes vary from region to region or from country to country and also from host to host, and according to the results, it should always be stopped in areas where the prevalence of such genomes suitable for livestock as well as human food sources to prevent infection of livestock and thus human exposure to cystic echinococcosis.
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Hua RQ, Du XD, He X, Gu XB, Xie Y, He R, Xu J, Peng XR, Yang GY. Genetic diversity of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in China: Epidemiological studies and systematic review. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1382-e1392. [PMID: 35139582 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected tropical zoonosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) and remains a major public health concern globally. Here, CE isolates (n = 3310) with clearly defined genotypes and geographical origins in China were retrieved through our epidemiological survey (2016-2020) and systematic review (1992-2020). Existing known genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (E. granulosus s.l.) except for G4 have been found in China, particularly on the Tibetan Plateau, where their genetic diversity is unique to that part of the world. According to the systematic review, genetic compositions of E. granulosus s.l. in China were as follows: E. granulosus (G1, G3), 98.3%; Echinococcus ortleppi (G5), 0.1%; Echinococcus intermedius (G6, G7), 1.4%; and Echinococcus canadensis (G8, G10), 0.2%. Specifically, G1 was responsible for 97.7% of infections and characterized by the broadest host ranges and geographic distributions. Our epidemiological results showed a relatively stable genetic composition of E. granulosus s.l. in sheep and yaks from three CE hyperendemic provinces (Xinjiang, Sichuan, Qinghai). A higher proportion of fertile cysts were found in sheep (287/406, 70.7%) than in yaks (28/184, 15.2%). During the past 29 years, 51 cox1 haplotypes of E. granulosus s.l. were endemic in China. The ancestral haplotype (Hap_2) remained the most common haplotype, 12 relatively common haplotypes were endemic and nine newly reported haplotypes were found during the survey. Overall, our results demonstrate that the compulsory immunization of sheep and the pilot EG95 vaccination campaign in yaks are well matched with the current genotypic situation. In addition to yaks, we advocate for more surveillance of CE isolates from pigs, cattle, goats and camels, since their roles in the transmission and reservation of E. granulosus s.l. have been largely ignored in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Qi Hua
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Di Du
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xue He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Bin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Ran He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Rong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, P. R. China
| | - Guang-You Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
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Shams M, Khazaei S, Naserifar R, Shariatzadeh SA, Anvari D, Montazeri F, Pirestani M, Majidiani H. Global distribution of Echinococcus granulosus genotypes in domestic and wild canids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasitology 2022; 149:1147-1159. [PMID: 35591776 PMCID: PMC11010506 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The current systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrate the genotypic distribution of canine echinococcosis worldwide. Studies published from the inception until 21 May 2021 were screened, relevant articles were selected and the random-effect model was used to draw forest plots with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Totally, 44 articles were included, mostly examined dogs (37 records), followed by wolf (8 records), jackal (7 records), fox (3 records), pump fox (3 records) and coyote (1 record). Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1–G3) and G6/7 cluster of Echinococcus canadensis were the most common genotypes among canids. Most studies were conducted in Asia and Europe with 17 and 15 datasets, respectively. Exclusively, Iran possessed the highest number of studies (10 records). Meta-analysis showed that the pooled molecular prevalence of echinococcosis was 33.82% (95% CI 24.50–43.83%). Also, the highest and lowest prevalence of canine echinococcosis was calculated for South America (66.03%; 95% CI 25.67–95.85%) and Europe (19.01%; 95% CI 9.95–30.16%). Additionally, there were statistically significant differences between the global prevalence of echinococcosis in canines and publication year, continent, country, sample type, host and molecular test. These findings will elevate our knowledge on the poorly known canine echinococcosis worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Shams
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Sasan Khazaei
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razi Naserifar
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Seyyed Ali Shariatzadeh
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Davood Anvari
- School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Fattaneh Montazeri
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Pirestani
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Majidiani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
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Samari H, Laurimäe T, Reghaissia N, Dahmane A, Mamoune A, Baroudi D, Deplazes P, Laatamna A. Molecular characterisation of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotypes in dromedary camels from extreme Sahara of Algeria based on analysis of nad2 and nad5 genetic markers. Acta Trop 2022; 234:106616. [PMID: 35901920 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is parasitic disease caused by the metacestodes belonging to the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) species complex. Cystic echinococcosis is of considerable economic and public health importance. It is endemic in both livestock and humans in North African countries, including Algeria. The present study aimed to characterize E. granulosus s.l. genotypes in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) from the extreme Sahara of Algeria, using recently developed mitochondrial genetic markers (NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5) for reliable identification of different genotypes. A total of 75 Echinococcus cysts were collected from 49 dromedary camels, including 65 and 10 cysts from 45 and four camels originating from two slaughterhouses of Tindouf and Illizi provinces, respectively. E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) G1 and G3 were identified in camels from both areas based on nad5 (649 bp) gene sequences, whereas E. granulosus s.l. G6 was identified in camels from Tindouf region based on concatenated nad5 and nad2 gene sequences (total 1336 bp). Identified samples clustered into 11 different haplotypes (ALG1-ALG11) including four haplotypes (ALG8-ALG11) for E. granulosus s.s. G1, one haplotype (ALG7) for E. granulosus s.s. G3, and six haplotypes (ALG1-ALG6) for E. granulosus s.l. G6. The present study provides valuable molecular data including genotyping and haplotypic variability on E. granulosus s.l. in dromedary camels from two regions in the extreme Sahara of Algeria. Future characterization of the G1, G3 and G6 samples based on sequencing of complete mitochondrial genomes would be of considerable significance for a more comprehensive understanding of molecular epidemiology of CE in Algeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houssem Samari
- Higher National Veterinary School, Rue Issad Abbes, El Alia, Algiers 1600, Algeria; Laboratory of Exploration and Valorization of Steppic Ecosystems, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Djelfa, Moudjbara Road, BP 3117, Djelfa, Algeria; Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohamed Boudiaf, BP 166, M'sila 2800, Algeria
| | - Teivi Laurimäe
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nassiba Reghaissia
- Institute of Agronomic and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Souk Ahras, Annaba Road, Souk Ahras 41000, Algeria
| | - AbdEldjalil Dahmane
- Higher National Veterinary School, Rue Issad Abbes, El Alia, Algiers 1600, Algeria
| | - Ali Mamoune
- Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University Mustapha Stambouli of Mascara, BP 305, Mascara 29000, Algeria
| | - Djamel Baroudi
- Higher National Veterinary School, Rue Issad Abbes, El Alia, Algiers 1600, Algeria
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - AbdElkarim Laatamna
- Laboratory of Exploration and Valorization of Steppic Ecosystems, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Djelfa, Moudjbara Road, BP 3117, Djelfa, Algeria.
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16
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Massolo A, Simoncini A, Romig T. The ‘bridge effect’ by intermediate hosts may explain differential distributions of Echinococcus species. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:501-512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Genetic Diversity and Haplotype Analysis of Cattle Hydatid Cyst Isolates Using Mitochondrial Markers in Turkey. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050519. [PMID: 35631040 PMCID: PMC9145776 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) causes cystic echinococcosis in ungulates and humans. The current study was designed to find the genetic diversity and haplotypic profiles of hydatid cysts from the lungs of cattle in three provinces in eastern Turkey. Individual cyst isolates (n = 60) were collected from infected cattle lungs after slaughter and then samples were stored in ethanol (70%) until further use. From each isolate, total gDNA was extracted from the cysts’ germinal layers. A partial (875 bp) mt-CO1 gene was amplified by PCR and sequenced unidirectionally. The final size of the trimmed sequences was 530 bp for 60 sequences. Sequence and haplotype analyses were performed, followed by phylogenetic analyses. According to BLAST searches, all sequences were detected as E. granulosus s.s. (G1 and G3 strains). Forty-nine point mutations were identified. In addition, five conserved fragments were detected in all sequences. The haplotype analysis diagram showed E. granulosus s.s. haplotypes organized in a star-like configuration. The haplotypes were characterized by 1–17 mutations compared with the fundamental focal haplotype. Thirty-three haplotypes were determined in 60 samples of which 17 (28.3%) belonged to the main haplotype (Hap_06). The mt-CO1 sequences revealed 49 polymorphic sites, 34.5% (20/49) of which were informative according to parsimony analysis.
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Molecular Study of Echinococcus granulosus Cestodes in Ukraine and the First Genetic Identification of Echinococcus granulosus Sensu Stricto (G1 Genotype) in the Country. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:244-254. [PMID: 34279774 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00450-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cystic echinococcosis is a globally distributed zoonotic disease of great medical and veterinary importance, which is caused by the cestode Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. In Ukraine, two areas of the prominent circulation of the parasite are established, the southern steppe zone with sheep as the main transmitter, and the northern forest-steppe zone and Polissia, where pigs are mainly responsible for maintaining the E. granulosus transmission. METHODS Given that only a few studies have so far addressed the genetic diversity of the parasite in Ukraine, we have sequenced partial mitochondrial genes of cytochrome c oxidase 1 (789 bp), NADH dehydrogenase 1 (602 bp) and 12S rRNA (333-334 bp) in pig metacestodes from the Sumy region (farms close to Sumy, northeastern Ukraine) and the Kyiv region (a farm in Bila Tserkva, central Ukraine). RESULTS Four isolates from four pigs in the Sumy region were identified as E. canadensis (G7 genotype), the major E. granulosus s.l. species circulating in Eastern Europe, including the three microvariants (G7A, G7B, G7C). Three isolates from the two pigs in the Kyiv region were classified as E. granulosus s.s. (G1 genotype), including one microvariant (G1A). CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first genetic record of E. granulosus s.s. with the presumed highest infectivity and virulence among the E. granulosus s.l. species in Ukraine. The finding has implications for public health as local control programmes should take into consideration different development rate of this parasite in dogs and the greater risk of the species for human infection.
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Human Cystic Echinococcosis in Lebanon: A Retrospective Study and Molecular Epidemiology. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:186-195. [PMID: 34264443 PMCID: PMC8938340 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00453-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic parasitic disease that constitutes a public health challenge and a socio-economic burden in endemic areas worldwide. No specific surveillance system of CE infections in humans exists in Lebanon. The incidence and trends over time have not been documented. The current study aimed to assess the demographic and epidemiologic features of human CE surgical cases over a 14-year period in the five main regions of Lebanon. Methods From 2005 to 2018, a total of 894 surgically confirmed cases of hydatidosis were recorded from five anatomy and pathology laboratories. Results The mean annual surgical incidence was 1.23/100,000 inhabitants. Over the span of these years, the incidence increased from 0.53 to 1.94 cases/100,000 inhabitants in 2005 and 2018, respectively. CE is present in Lebanon with an uneven distribution from one region to the other with higher prevalence in Bekaa (29.0%), a rural area where sheep raising is widespread. Human CE cases were more common in females (60.1%) than in males (39.9%) and a high burden of infection was reported for the age group of 30–39 years. Besides, 66.7% of the cases expressed only liver complications whereas, 20.5% showed predilection towards lungs. The 7.8% of cases presented cysts in other organs, and 1.3% showed multiple localizations. Additionally, predominant involvement of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto was recorded in human infections. Comparison of Echinococcus granulosus s.s. populations from different Mediterranean countries also revealed high gene flow among this region and sharing of alleles. Conclusion The current study is a step forward to fill the gap of knowledge for the hydatidosis in Lebanon where the lack of epidemiological data and control measures have resulted in higher incidence of human CE. Graphic Abstract ![]()
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Pereira I, Hidalgo C, Stoore C, Baquedano MS, Cabezas C, Bastías M, Riveros A, Meneses C, Cancela M, Ferreira HB, Sáenz L, Paredes R. Transcriptome analysis of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto protoscoleces reveals differences in immune modulation gene expression between cysts found in cattle and sheep. Vet Res 2022; 53:8. [PMID: 35090558 PMCID: PMC8796354 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic Echinococcosis (CE), a zoonotic parasitic disease, is caused by the cestode Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. CE inflicts severe damage in cattle, sheep, and human hosts worldwide. Fertile CE cysts are characterized by the presence of viable protoscoleces. These parasite forms are studied with minimal contamination with host molecules. Hosts, cattle and sheep, show differences in their CE cyst fertility. The effect of the host in protoscolex transcriptome is not known. We genotyped and performed transcriptomic analysis on sheep protoscoleces obtained from liver and lung CE cysts. The transcriptomic data of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto protoscoleces from 6 lung CE cysts and 6 liver CE cysts were Collected. For host comparison analysis, 4 raw data files belonging to Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto protoscoleces from cattle liver CE cysts were obtained from the NCBI SRA database. Principal component and differential expression analysis did not reveal any statistical differences between protoscoleces obtained from liver or lung cysts, either within the same sheep or different sheep hosts. Conversely, there are significant differences between cattle and sheep protoscolex samples. We found differential expression of immune-related genes. In cattle, 7 genes were upregulated in protoscoleces from liver cysts. In sheep, 3 genes were upregulated in protoscoleces from liver and lung CE cysts. Noteworthy, are the differential expression of antigen B, tegument antigen, and arginase-2 in samples obtained from sheep CE cysts, and basigin in samples from cattle CE cysts. These findings suggest that the host species is an important factor involved in the differential expression of immune related genes, which in turn is possibly related to the fertility of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Pereira
- Laboratorio de Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Campus Sur Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, 8820808, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Hidalgo
- Instituto de Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales (ICA3), Universidad de O'Higgins, San Fernando, Chile
| | - Caroll Stoore
- Laboratorio de Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Soledad Baquedano
- Laboratorio de Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Cabezas
- Laboratorio de Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Bastías
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aníbal Riveros
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Martín Cancela
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Sáenz
- Laboratorio de Vacunas Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodolfo Paredes
- Laboratorio de Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
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21
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Kesik HK, Celik F, Simsek S, Kilinc SG, Ahmed H, Gul A. Molecular Characterization and Haplotype Analyses of Lung Hydatid Cyst Isolates of Cattle and First Report of Echinococcus canadensis (G6/G7) in Cattle Isolates in Turkey. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:1538-1547. [PMID: 34121135 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease, caused by parasite known as Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato complex, leading to substantial economic losses in rural areas with public health problems. This study was carried out to understand the haplotypic profiles of the partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (mt-CO1) gene of cattle lung hydatid cyst samples which were obtained from two provinces in Turkey. METHODS In this study, forty (n = 40) hydatid cyst samples from the lungs of slaughtered cattle were obtained. The germinal layers were taken separately for each individual cyst then stored in 70% ethanol. From each individual cyst sample, total genomic DNA was extracted. Amplification of the partial mt-CO1 gene (875 bp) was performed using a specific primer set by PCR, and then, the amplicons were sequenced. All sequences were analyzed individually, followed by alignment, and haplotype and phylogenetic analyses were then performed. RESULTS By the sequence alignment process, 39 out of the 40 sequences were characterized as E. granulosus sensu stricto. However, one of them was matched with E. canadensis (G6/G7). The haplotype analyses of the E. granulosus s.s. isolates were arranged in a star-like orientation with a main haplotype, which was separated from other haplotypes by 1-10 mutation steps, and 26 haplotypes were identified. In the mt-CO1 sequences, 29 polymorphic sites were determined, and 34.5% (10/29) of them were parsimony informative. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study provide the first report of E. canadensis (G6/G7 genotype) among cattle in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun Kaya Kesik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Figen Celik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey.
| | - Seyma Gunyakti Kilinc
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdurrahman Gul
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
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Bia MM, Choe S, Ndosi BA, Park H, Kang Y, Eamudomkarn C, Nath TC, Kim S, Jeon HK, Lee D, Eom KS. Genotypes of Echinococcus Species from Cattle in Tanzania. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 59:457-464. [PMID: 34724764 PMCID: PMC8561054 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2021.59.5.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus species. Tanzania is one of the endemic countries with cystic echinococcosis. This study focussed on identifying genotypes of Echinococcus spp. in Tanzania. We collected 7 cysts from cattle in Mwanza municipal (n=4) and Loliondo district (n=3). The cysts from Mwanza were all E. ortleppi and fertile. In contrast, the cysts from Loliondo were all E. granulosus sensu stricto and sterile. Two from the 4 cysts were a new haplotype of E. ortleppi (G5). These results can improve the preventive and control programs for humans and livestock in Tanzania. To our knowledge, this study is considered the first to identify the genotype and haplotype of Echinococcus spp. in Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Mebarek Bia
- Department of Parasitology, Parasitology Research Center and International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Seongjun Choe
- Department of Parasitology, Parasitology Research Center and International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Barakaeli Abdieli Ndosi
- Department of Parasitology, Parasitology Research Center and International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea.,Tanzania Wildlife Management Authority, P.O. Box 2658 Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Hansol Park
- Department of Parasitology, Parasitology Research Center and International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Yeseul Kang
- Department of Parasitology, Parasitology Research Center and International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Chatanun Eamudomkarn
- Department of Parasitology, Parasitology Research Center and International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Tilak Chandra Nath
- Department of Parasitology, Parasitology Research Center and International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea.,Department of Parasitology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh
| | - Sunmin Kim
- Department of Parasitology, Parasitology Research Center and International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyeong-Kyu Jeon
- Department of Parasitology, Parasitology Research Center and International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Dongmin Lee
- Department of Parasitology, Parasitology Research Center and International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Keeseon S Eom
- Department of Parasitology, Parasitology Research Center and International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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Khan A, Ahmed H, Simsek S, Shahzad K, Celik F, Afzal MS, Khan MR, Liu H, Shen Y, Cao J. Haplotype comparisons of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato via mitochondrial gene sequences ( co1, cytb, nadh1) among Pakistan and its neighbouring countries. Parasitology 2021; 148:1019-1029. [PMID: 33896429 PMCID: PMC11010185 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) is a zoonotic parasite that causes cystic echinococcosis (CE) in humans. However, E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) is considered the predominant species in CE infections worldwide. According to the population genetic diversity and structure of E. granulosus s.l., gene flow can explain the parasite drift among the neighbouring countries of Pakistan. The mitochondrial (mt) co1 (n = 47), nadh1 (n = 37) and cytb (n = 35) nucleotide sequences of E. granulosus s.l. isolates from Pakistan, Iran, China and India were retrieved from the National Centre for Biotechnology Information database to determine the genealogical relationships. The sequences were grouped as the mt-co1 (genotypes G1 and G3, G6-G7), mt-cytb (genotypes G1 and G3), and mt-nadh1(genotypes G1 and G3). The data were analysed using bioinformatic tools. A total of 19 polymorphic sites for the mt-co1 sequence (374 bp) were observed of which 31.6% (6/19) were parsimony-informative sites. Unique singleton haplotypes within the E. granulosus s.s. haplotype network based on the mt-co1 gene were highly prevalent (68.4%; 13/19) in Pakistani isolates followed by Chinese, Indian and Iranian isolates; four polymorphic sites were detected in the E. canadensis (G6/G7). In E. canadensis mt-co1 haplotype network, 75% (3/4) unique singleton haplotypes were from the Iranian isolates. Twelve polymorphic sites were found using the mt-cytb sequence (547 bp); 25% (3/12) were parsimony-informative and there were 66.7% (8/12) unique singleton haplotypes within the mt-cytb haplotype network in E. granulosus s.s. with the most reported from Pakistan followed by Iran and China. 20 polymorphic sites were detected in E. granulosus s.s. mt-nadh1 sequences (743 bp); 20% (4/20) were parsimony-informative. There were 66.7% (8/12) main single haplotypes within the mt-nadh1 haplotype network, with the most reported from Pakistan followed by that from India, Iran and China. The sequence analyses show low nucleotide diversity and high haplotype diversity in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Khan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai; China
- The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Khuram Shahzad
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Figen Celik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Sohail Afzal
- Department of Lifesciences, School of Science, University of Management & Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mobushir Riaz Khan
- School of Environmental Science, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW, Australia
| | - Hua Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai; China
- The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai; China
- The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases; Shanghai; China
- The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Shahabi S, Sarkari B, Barazesh A. Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto G1 is the predominant genotype in human and livestock isolates from Turkey and Iran, based on mitochondrial nad5 gene differentiation. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:369. [PMID: 34284817 PMCID: PMC8290630 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04869-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Different genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) isolated from livestock and humans have been identified based on cox1 and nad1 genomic fragments. The present study was performed to differentiate the G1/G3 genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus (s.s.) isolated from humans and livestock (sheep and cattle) from Azerbaijan in northwestern Iran, Fars Province in southern Iran, and Van province in Eastern Turkey, using the nad5 gene fragment as a suitable marker to distinguish these two genotypes. Methods A total of 60 pathologically confirmed human hydatid cysts and 90 hydatid cyst samples from livestock were collected from Turkey and Iran. PCR was performed on all of the samples, targeting the nad5 gene. Based on PCR product quality, host type, and the geographical area where the samples were obtained, 36 of the samples were sequenced and were used in the phylogenetic analysis. Results Out of 36 evaluated samples, 26 (72.2%) samples belonged to G1, and 10 (27.8%) samples belonged to the G3 genotype. Out of 21 samples from Turkey, 16 (76.2%) were G1 and 5 (23.8%) were G3, while out of 15 samples from Iran, 10 (66.7%) were G1 and 5 (33.3%) were the G3 genotype. None of the samples isolated from humans in Iran or from sheep in Turkey were G3. Overall, between the two countries, 18.18% of E. granulosus isolates in cattle, 41.66% of isolates in sheep, and 23.07% of human samples were identified as G3, and the others as the G1 genotype. The G3 genotype was not detected in human samples from Iran or sheep samples from Turkey. Conclusion The findings of the study revealed that the G1 genotype of E. granulosus s.s. is the predominant genotype in humans and livestock, both in Turkey and Iran. The ratio of the E. granulosus s.s. G1 to G3 genotype was 3.2 in Turkey and 2 in Iran. The study also further confirmed that the nad5 gene properly differentiated the G1/G3 isolates of E. granulosus from both humans and livestock. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Shahabi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahador Sarkari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. .,Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Afshin Barazesh
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
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Mehmood N, Dessì G, Ahmed F, Joanny G, Tamponi C, Cappai MG, Varcasia A, Scala A. Genetic diversity and transmission patterns of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto among domestic ungulates of Sardinia, Italy. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:2533-2542. [PMID: 34146127 PMCID: PMC8263412 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), a parasitic zoonosis of public health and economic concern, is highly endemic in Sardinia, Italy. The study involved examining the intraspecific variability and demographic structure of Echinococcus granulosussensu stricto (s.s.) in common hosts of this parasite. Molecular surveillance included the fragment amplification of a partial mitochondrial gene, cox1 (750 bp), for a total of 69 isolates derived from sheep (n = 52), cattle (n = 11), pigs (n = 4), and goats (n = 2). It was ascertained that E. granulosus s.s. was the primary agent of infection among these ungulates and G1 genotype was highly prevalent (79.71%). Considerable intraspecific variation was found, revealing the existence of 22 haplotypes with relatively high haplotype (0.8555 ± 0.033) and low nucleotide diversities (0.00281 ± 0.00030). Population demographics indicated an expanding parasitic population signifying negative deviation from neutrality indices. Little genetic differentiation was found between the subpopulations of E. granulosus s.s. in the island. Moreover, the geographic dispersal of genotypes G1 and G3 also indicated similarity between Sardinian and mainland Echinococcus granulosus s.s. populations reaffirming the sympatric occurrence and efficient transmission of G1 and G3 genotypes. Molecular survey of CE has the potential to yield baseline information on the infective genotypes among the intermediate hosts and helps in devising suitable control strategies for curtailing the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naunain Mehmood
- Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Giorgia Dessì
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Fahad Ahmed
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Gaelle Joanny
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Claudia Tamponi
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cappai
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Varcasia
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Scala
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Borhani M, Fathi S, Darabi E, Jalousian F, Simsek S, Ahmed H, Kesik HK, Hosseini SH, Romig T, Harandi MF, Mobedi I. Echinococcoses in Iran, Turkey, and Pakistan: Old Diseases in the New Millennium. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e0029020. [PMID: 34076492 PMCID: PMC8262809 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00290-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis is considered a cosmopolitan zoonosis caused by different species of small taeniid tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus and is regarded as a neglected zoonosis. Cystic and alveolar echinococcoses are endemic diseases of Tibetan, Pamir, and Iranian plateaus. All of the countries within the Iranian plateau are affected by echinococcosis. Pakistan, Turkey, and Iran are the three most populous countries of the region, in which echinococcosis is highly endemic. The three neighboring countries share strong cultural and socioeconomic ties. The present study aimed to provide a broad review of the status of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis, summarizing the current knowledge about geographical distribution, molecular epidemiology, and transmission dynamics of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and Echinococcus multilocularis in this region. Additionally, we aimed to understand disease burden and risk factors as basic requirements for establishing a surveillance system and planning prevention and control programs. A considerable body of information is available on different aspects of echinococcosis in this region; however, several information and research gaps need to be filled before planning control programs. None of the countries in the region have an elaborate echinococcosis control program. Effective control programs require multi/intersectoral coordination within a One Health approach with a long-term political and administrative commitment and enhanced international collaboration among the three countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Borhani
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeid Fathi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Enayat Darabi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Jalousian
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Harun Kaya Kesik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bingol, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Seyed Hossein Hosseini
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thomas Romig
- Parasitology Unit, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Majid Fasihi Harandi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Mobedi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mardani P, Ezabadi AT, Sedaghat B, Sadjjadi SM. Pulmonary hydatidosis genotypes isolates from human clinical surgery based on sequencing of mitochondrial genes in Fars, Iran. J Cardiothorac Surg 2021; 16:167. [PMID: 34099002 PMCID: PMC8186107 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-021-01547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE)/hydatidosis is an important neglected parasitic zoonotic disease caused by the metacestode of Echinococcus granulosus s.l. The present study was designed to identify the pulmonary CE species/genotypes in isolated human underwent to surgery in our center in Southern Iran. METHODS The study population of this study were all patients in Fars province who were admitted to Namazi Hospitals for pulmonary hydatid cyst surgery. Thoracic surgery was performed in the thoracic ward and the cyst/s was removed by open surgery via posterolateral or lateral thoracotomy. DNA was extracted from the germinal layer or the protoscoleces. PCR technique was performed using the cytochrome C oxidase subunit1 (cox1) gene, and the products were sequenced. RESULTS A total of 32 pulmonary hydatid cyst samples were collected from 9 (28%) female and 23 (72%) male aged from 4 to 74 years old. A total of 18(56%) cyst/s were in the left lobe and 14 (44%) cysts in the right lobe. Sequence analysis of the cysts showed that 24 samples (75%) were E. granulosus s.s (G1-G3) genotype and 8 (25%) were E. canadensis (G6/G7) genotype. CONCLUSION E.granulosus s.s genotype was the most prevalent genotype followed by E. canadensis (G6/G7) genotype. There was no significant statistical correlation between cysts' size, location, genotype strain, and patients' age and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parviz Mardani
- Department of Surgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Talebi Ezabadi
- Department of Surgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahareh Sedaghat
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Sadjjadi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Joanny G, Mehmood N, Dessì G, Tamponi C, Nonnis F, Hosri C, Saarma U, Varcasia A, Scala A. Cystic echinococcosis in sheep and goats of Lebanon. Parasitology 2021; 148:871-878. [PMID: 33757607 PMCID: PMC11010058 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), a zoonotic disease caused by the species complex of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.), is endemic in Middle East and the Mediterranean basin, where pastoral activity is widespread. Despite the chronic endemicity of the disease in Lebanon and neighbouring countries, recent data are scant. The objectives of this survey were to evaluate the current epidemiology of CE in Lebanon, investigate the prevalence and determine the infecting genotypes in locally raised sheep and goats. A multidimensional approach combining post-mortem inspection of slaughtered animals and molecular diagnosis of the parasite was conducted to this end. From 2018 to 2020, 62.9% of the sheep and 20.9% of the goats were found positive for CE. The presence of hydatids varied between organs, showing higher prevalence in the liver of sheep vs the lungs of goats, however, a higher fertility rate of hydatid cyst was observed in lungs for both animals. Molecular diagnosis based on partial mitochondrial cox1 gene (795 bp) showed that the majority of isolates were identified as E. granulosus sensu stricto (98.7%) and only one isolate from goat was identified as Echinococcus canadensis (genotype G7; 1.3%). Echinococcus granulosus s.s. population among the sheep and goats was represented by 22 haplotypes having very little genetic differentiation and relatively moderate haplotype diversity. Population demographics explored through neutrality indices suggested expanding population within the intermediate hosts. These results document the high prevalence of CE in the livestock of Lebanon and reveal for the first time the presence of three different genotypes G1, G3 and G7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle Joanny
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Naunain Mehmood
- Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Giorgia Dessì
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Claudia Tamponi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesca Nonnis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Chadi Hosri
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Lebanese University, Dekwaneh, Lebanon
| | - Urmas Saarma
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Antonio Varcasia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Scala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Hidalgo C, Stoore C, Baquedano MS, Pereira I, Franco C, Hernández M, Paredes R. Response patterns in adventitial layer of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto cysts from naturally infected cattle and sheep. Vet Res 2021; 52:66. [PMID: 33962666 PMCID: PMC8105927 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00936-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the metacestode of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. The disease is characterized by the development of cystic structures inside viscera of the intermediate host, mainly liver and lungs. These cysts are formed by three layers: germinal, laminated, and adventitial layer, the latter being the local host immune response. Metacestodes that develop protoscoleces, the infective stage to the definitive host, are termed fertile, whereas cysts that do not produce protoscoleces are termed non-fertile. Sheep usually harbor fertile cysts while cattle usually harbor non-fertile cysts. Adventitial layers with fibrotic resolution are associated to fertile cysts, whereas a granulomatous reaction is associated with non-fertile cysts. The aim of this study was to analyze cellular distribution in the adventitial layer of fertile and non-fertile E. granulosus sensu stricto cysts found in liver and lungs of cattle and sheep. A total of 418 cysts were analyzed, 203 from cattle (8 fertile and 195 non-fertile) and 215 from sheep (64 fertile and 151 non-fertile). Fertile cysts from cattle showed mixed patterns of response, with fibrotic resolution and presence of granulomatous response in direct contact with the laminated layer, while sheep fertile cysts always displayed fibrotic resolution next to the laminated layer. Cattle non-fertile cysts display a granulomatous reaction in direct contact with the laminated layer, whereas sheep non-fertile cysts display a granulomatous reaction, but in direct contact with the fibrotic resolution. This shows that cattle and sheep cystic echinococcosis cysts have distinct local immune response patterns, which are associated to metacestode fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hidalgo
- Instituto de Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales (ICA3), Universidad de O'Higgins, San Fernando, Chile.
| | - Caroll Stoore
- Laboratorio de Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Soledad Baquedano
- Laboratorio de Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ismael Pereira
- Laboratorio de Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen Franco
- Staff Pathologist, Clinica Santa Maria, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Hernández
- Laboratorio de Biología Periodontal y Departamento de Patología y Medicina Oral, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodolfo Paredes
- Laboratorio de Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
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Al-Hizab FA, Mohamed NS, Wassermann M, Hamouda MA, Ibrahim AM, El-Ghareeb WR, Abdel-Raheem SM, Romig T, Omer RA. Three species of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato infect camels on the Arabian Peninsula. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:2077-2086. [PMID: 33864104 PMCID: PMC8184555 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report on the genetic identity of 36 Echinococcus cysts that were collected during a recent slaughterhouse survey of 810 locally bred camels (dromedaries) in the Eastern Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Analysis of a partial nad1 gene sequence showed that the majority (n = 29) belonged to E. granulosus sensu stricto, four to E. canadensis G6/7, and three to E. ortleppi. Eight of the 29 E. granulosus s.s. cysts contained protoscoleces; all other cysts were calcified and non-viable. This is the first report of the presence E. ortleppi from the Arabian Peninsula, a parasite that is typically transmitted via cattle. The results indicate widespread infection of camels with CE in eastern Saudi Arabia and an active role of camels in the lifecycles of at least E. granulosus s.s.. Complete cox1 haplotype analysis of 21 E. granulosus s.s. isolates shows that the majority of variants circulating in eastern Saudi Arabia is distinct from but closely related to haplotypes from neighboring countries in the Middle East, which indicates the presence of this parasite in KSA for a longer period of time. All isolates of E. granulosus s.s. in this study belonged to the G1 cluster, although the G3 genotype has previously also been reported from the Middle East.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad A Al-Hizab
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofof, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouh S Mohamed
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Nile University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Marion Wassermann
- Parasitology Unit 190p, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Straße 34, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mahmoud A Hamouda
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofof, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelazim M Ibrahim
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofof, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed R El-Ghareeb
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Husbandry (Meat Hygiene), College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofof, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherief M Abdel-Raheem
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Husbandry (Meat Hygiene), College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofof, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas Romig
- Parasitology Unit 190p, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Straße 34, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rihab A Omer
- Parasitology Unit 190p, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Straße 34, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany. .,Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Sharma PM, Thapa NK, Tshomo P, Dema T, Alvarez Rojas CA, Tenzin T, Gurung RB, Norbu T, Lhatru L, Namgyel P, Jamtsho C, Dukpa K, Phuentshok Y, Sharma KP, Pelden S, Deplazes P. Occurrence of Echinococcusgranulosussensulato and Other Taeniids in Bhutan. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030330. [PMID: 33799817 PMCID: PMC8001613 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research shows the results of a national study documenting the occurrence and genetic diversity of Echinococcus and Taenia species across Bhutan. Environmental dog faecal samples (n = 953) were collected from 2016 to 2018 in all 20 Bhutanese districts, mainly in urbanised areas. Cystic echinococcosis cysts were isolated from 13 humans and one mithun (Bos frontalis). Isolation of taeniid eggs from faeces was performed by sieving/flotation technique, followed by DNA isolation, PCR and sequence analyses for species identification (gene target: small subunit of ribosomal RNA). Genetic diversity of E. granulosuss.s. was based on the sequence (1609 bp) of the cox1 gene. A total of 67 out of 953 (7%) dog faecal samples were positive for at least one taeniid species. From the 670 free-roaming dog faecal samples, 40 (5.9%) were positive for taeniid DNA, 22 (3.2%) of them were identified as E. granulosuss.s. and four (0.5%) as E. ortleppi (G5). From the 283 faecal samples originating from yak-grazing areas, 27 (9.5%) were taeniid positive, including eight (2.8%) infected with E. granulosuss.s. and four (1.4%) with E. ortleppi. E. granulosuss.s. was identified in all isolates from human and the cyst from mithun. A haplotype network (cox1 gene) from E. granulosuss.s, including isolates from 12 dogs, two human and one mithun, revealed eight different haplotypes. The most common cox1 haplotype was the globally distributed Eg01, followed by Eg40 and Eg37 (previously described in China). Five new cox1 haplotypes (EgBhu1–5) originated from human, dogs, and a mithun were identified. The study indicated the contamination of urban areas and pastures with Echinococcus eggs in seven districts in Bhutan. The molecular characterisation of E. granulosuss.l. revealed different E. granulosuss.s. haplotypes as well as E. ortleppi. The transmission of T. multiceps was documented only in the western part of the country. Considering the zoonotic feature of E. granulosus s.s. and E. ortleppi and the economic impact of coenurosis caused by T. multiceps (also known as gid) in Bhutan, the findings of this study represent a significant contribution towards an epidemiological baseline for the establishment of a national control programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puspa M. Sharma
- National Centre for Animal Health, Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Serbithang, Thimphu 11001, Bhutan; (N.K.T.); (P.T.); (T.D.); (T.T.); (R.B.G.); (K.D.)
- Correspondence: (P.M.S.); (P.D.); Tel.: +97-535-1083 or +97-51-784-7500 (P.M.S.); +41-44-635-8501 (P.D.)
| | - Nirmal K. Thapa
- National Centre for Animal Health, Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Serbithang, Thimphu 11001, Bhutan; (N.K.T.); (P.T.); (T.D.); (T.T.); (R.B.G.); (K.D.)
| | - Pema Tshomo
- National Centre for Animal Health, Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Serbithang, Thimphu 11001, Bhutan; (N.K.T.); (P.T.); (T.D.); (T.T.); (R.B.G.); (K.D.)
| | - Tshewang Dema
- National Centre for Animal Health, Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Serbithang, Thimphu 11001, Bhutan; (N.K.T.); (P.T.); (T.D.); (T.T.); (R.B.G.); (K.D.)
| | | | - Tenzin Tenzin
- National Centre for Animal Health, Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Serbithang, Thimphu 11001, Bhutan; (N.K.T.); (P.T.); (T.D.); (T.T.); (R.B.G.); (K.D.)
| | - Ratna B. Gurung
- National Centre for Animal Health, Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Serbithang, Thimphu 11001, Bhutan; (N.K.T.); (P.T.); (T.D.); (T.T.); (R.B.G.); (K.D.)
| | - Tshering Norbu
- Livestock Extension Centre, Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Sakteng, Trashigang 42005, Bhutan;
| | - Lhatru Lhatru
- Livestock Extension Centre, Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Merak, Trashigang 42005, Bhutan;
| | - Phurpa Namgyel
- Livestock Extension Centre, Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Thangbi, Choekhor, Bumthang 32001, Bhutan;
| | - Chimi Jamtsho
- Department of Livestock, District Veterinary Hospital, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Trashiyangtse 46001, Bhutan;
| | - Kinzang Dukpa
- National Centre for Animal Health, Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Serbithang, Thimphu 11001, Bhutan; (N.K.T.); (P.T.); (T.D.); (T.T.); (R.B.G.); (K.D.)
| | - Yoenten Phuentshok
- Phuentshok Epi Solutions, Lhakhangdoma, Phaktakha, Athang, Wangdue Phodrang 14001, Bhutan;
| | - Krishna P. Sharma
- Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Ministry of Health, Thimphu 11001, Bhutan;
| | - Sonam Pelden
- Royal Centre for Disease Control, Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Serbithang, Thimphu 11001, Bhutan;
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: (P.M.S.); (P.D.); Tel.: +97-535-1083 or +97-51-784-7500 (P.M.S.); +41-44-635-8501 (P.D.)
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Identification of Echinococcus granulosus Genotypes G1 and G3 by SNPs Genotyping Assays. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020125. [PMID: 33530642 PMCID: PMC7910869 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) is the causative agent of cystic echinococcosis in animals and humans. Different E. granulosuss.l. genotypes exhibit great diversity in their life cycle, host selectivity and pathogenicity. For this reason, the study of genetic variation within Echinococcus species is of importance for their epidemiological implication. We employed two SNP genotyping technologies to distinguish G1 and G3 E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.). genotypes. The genotypes of DNA samples (n = 28) extracted from hydatid cysts of different animal species were identified by amplification and sequencing of a fragment of the mitochondrial nad5 gene. Two SYBR green and three TaqMan real time PCR assays were developed for targeting of three nad5 informative positions (SNP758, 1123, and 1380) known to be able to discriminate G1 from G3. Genotyping by SYBR Green PCR based on cycle threshold (Ct) with melting temperature (Tm) analysis and performed on SNP1123 and SNP1380 failed to identify one DNA sample. TaqMan assays for SNP758, 1123 and 1380 effectively confirmed genotype identification obtained by Sanger sequencing. Our results demonstrated that the combination of the three Taqman assays developed in this study represents a valuable and cost effective tool alternative to DNA sequencing for E. granulosus s.s. genotyping.
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Arbabi M, Hooshyar H, Delavari M, Pestechian N. Genotypes Identification of echinococcus granulosus isolated from iranian dogs and camels using three polymerase Chain reaction-based methods of cox1 gene. INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/iahs.iahs_91_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Babaei Z, Taherkhani R, Barazesh A, Taherzadeh M, Khorami S, Fouladvand M. Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of hydatid cysts isolated from livestock in Bushehr province, Iran. J Parasit Dis 2020; 45:197-203. [PMID: 33746404 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01293-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydatid cyst is one of the parasitic zoonoses caused by infection with the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm. The spread of this parasite is global and is of great importance in terms of public health. To date, ten different species of this parasite have been identified that differ in characteristics such as life cycle, epidemiology and pathogenesis. The purpose of this study was to determine the genotype and phylogenetic relationship of hydatid cysts isolated from livestock of Bushehr province, Iran. About 62 samples of hepatic and pulmonary hydatid cysts were collected from slaughtered animals. DNA extracted by phenol-chloroform method was amplified by PCR using primers specific for the cox1 gene. The PCR products of 50 samples were sequenced and analyzed using BioEdit software and compared with sequences in the GenBank. The phylogenetic tree was drawn using Neighbor Joining tree-NJ method, and its reliability was evaluated. Sequencing results showed that out of 50 sequenced samples, 43 samples had the genotype of Echinococcus granulosus and 7 samples had the genotype of Taenia hydatigena. By drawing a phylogenetic tree, all 43 hydatid cyst samples belonged to G1 strain. The predominance of G1 strain of hydatid cyst in livestock of Bushehr province shows the main role of this genotype in establishing the life cycle of parasite in this region and if the genotype of the parasite in dogs and humans is determined, then these findings can be used to disrupt the life cycle of the parasite and reduce the human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Babaei
- Persian Gulf Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Reza Taherkhani
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Afshin Barazesh
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Marzieh Taherzadeh
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Soleiman Khorami
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Moradali Fouladvand
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, The Persian Gulf Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Salman Farsi St, Bushehr, Iran
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Khan A, Ahmed H, Khan H, Simsek S, Kilinc SG, Kesik HK, Yayi G, Celik F, Afzal MS, Budke CM. First report of Echinococcus canadensis (G6/G7) by sequence analysis from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Acta Trop 2020; 209:105559. [PMID: 32473988 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic parasitic disease that can result in human and animal health problems globally. Although the disease is known to be endemic in Asia and the Middle East, there are few epidemiological studies on CE in Pakistan. The purpose of the present study was to identify the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato species and genotypes contributing to human CE cases in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province of Pakistan. A total of fifty-six formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) CE cyst samples of human origin were collected from the Pathology Department, Rehman Medical Institute (RMI), KPK for the years 2012-2017. Cyst samples came from the liver (26/56; 46.4%), lungs (3/56; 5.3%), spleen (3/56; 5.3%), pelvis (1/56; 1.8%), breast (1/56; 1.8%), and thigh (1/56; 1.8%). The organ location for 21 of the cysts was not recorded. World Health Organization-Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis (WHO-IWGE) ultrasound-based cyst staging was available for 17 of the 26 (65.4%) hepatic cysts. Five of these cysts (29.4%) were CE3 (transitional), nine (52.9%) were CE4 (inactive), and three (17.6%) were CE5 (inactive). Most of the cysts were obtained from CE patients that were ethnically Afghan Pashtuns (44/56; 78.6%), while 12.5% (7/56) were from patients that were Pakistani Pashtuns. The majority (41/56; 73.2%) of patients reported having close interactions with dogs. Using 12SrRNA primers, 33 cyst samples were identified as being caused by E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.). Mitochondrially encoded cytochrome C oxidase 1 (mt-CO1) was evaluated for the remaining 23 samples. PCR product was obtained from six of these 23 samples. Of these six samples, one was identified as Echinococcus canadensis (G6/7). Haplotype analysis showed high haplotype and low nucleotide diversity for the mt-CO1 gene. There were 26 polymorphic sites for the mt-CO1 sequence, of which 65.3% (17/26) were parsimony informative. The E. canadensis mt-CO1 haplotype network consisted of 11 haplotypes, with a main central haplotype. In conclusion, it appears that E. granulosus s.s. and E. canadensis (G6/7) are circulating in the northwestern region of Pakistan. Further molecular epidemiological studies are needed to explore the local genetic diversity of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Huma Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Seyma Gunyakti Kilinc
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Harun Kaya Kesik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Guan Yayi
- Center for Global Health, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center of Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Researches on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, 207 Ruijin Er Lu, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Figen Celik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Sohail Afzal
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, 54770, Pakistan
| | - Christine M Budke
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Investigation of the relationship between CE cyst characteristics and genetic diversity of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in humans from Turkey. Parasitology 2020; 147:1712-1717. [PMID: 32799957 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020001535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most common zoonotic diseases worldwide, particularly in rural areas. This study aimed at the identification of the genotype/species belonging to Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) specimens in retrieved percutaneously from the human host and to investigate their relationship with cyst characteristics. The genetic identification of cyst material was performed by mt-CO1 gene polymerase chain reaction, and confirmed via sequencing. A total of 110 CE cysts were identified as E. granulosus s.l. In detail, 104 belonged to E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1 and G3) and six isolates were in the E. canadensis cluster (G6/7). All clusters were tested for the relationship between demographics, cyst features and genetic diversity. The relationship between genetic variation and certain clinical characteristics such as cyst volume and location were statistically significant for G6/7 cluster. Further studies are required with a larger sample set to investigate the relationship between the genetic variability of E. granulosus s.l. and cyst features.
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Alvi MA, Ohiolei JA, Saqib M, Li L, Tayyab MH, Alvi AA, Wu YT, Fu BQ, Yan HB, Jia WZ. Echinococcus granulosus (sensu stricto) (G1, G3) and E. ortleppi (G5) in Pakistan: phylogeny, genetic diversity and population structural analysis based on mitochondrial DNA. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:347. [PMID: 32660553 PMCID: PMC7359271 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a serious tapeworm infection caused by Echinococcus granulosus (sensu lato) which infects a wide range of animals and humans worldwide. Despite the millions of livestock heads reared in Pakistan, only a few reports on CE prevalence and even fewer on the genetic diversity are available for the country. Meanwhile, the available reports on the genetic diversity are predominantly based on short sequences of the cox1 gene. Methods To close this knowledge gap, this study was designed to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of Echinococcus spp. in Pakistan using the complete mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) genes. Results Based on BLAST searches of the generated cox1 and nad1 gene sequences from a total of 60 hydatid cysts collected from cattle (n = 40) and buffalo (n = 20), 52 isolates were identified as E. granulosus (s.s.) (G1, G3) and 8 as E. ortleppi (G5). The detection of the G5 genotype represents the first in Pakistan. The phylogeny inferred by the Bayesian method using nucleotide sequences of cox1-nad1 further confirmed their identity. The diversity indices indicated a high haplotype diversity and a low nucleotide diversity. The negative values of Tajima’s D and Fu’s Fs test demonstrated deviation from neutrality suggesting a recent population expansion. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this report described the genetic variation of E. granulosus population for the first time in Pakistan using the complete cox1 and nad1 mitochondrial genes and confirms E. ortleppi as one of the causative agents of CE among livestock in Pakistan. While this report will contribute to baseline information for CE control, more studies considering species diversity and distribution in different hosts across unstudied regions of Pakistan are highly needed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mughees Aizaz Alvi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - John Asekhaen Ohiolei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Haleem Tayyab
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Anum Aizaz Alvi
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yan-Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
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Muqaddas H, Mehmood N, Arshad M. Genetic variability and diversity of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in human isolates of Pakistan based on cox1 mt-DNA sequences (366bp). Acta Trop 2020; 207:105470. [PMID: 32302687 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a cyclo-zoonotic disease endemic to Pakistan, however, phylogeography and etiology of Echinococcus granulosus from human host has remained unexplored so far. The current study was carried out to estimate population structure and appraise the genetic variability of E. granulosus in two major provinces of Pakistan, Sindh and Punjab. 94 isolates were subjected to sequence analysis from histopathologically confirmed CE patients using a fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1; 366bp). Three genotypes of E. granulosus sensu lato, G1 (57.44%), G3 (41.48%) and G6 (1.06%), were inferred to exist in human patients. Molecular diversity indices for E. granulosus sensu stricto manifested the presence of 14 haplotypes among the regional populations forming distinct clades with sheep (G1) and buffalo (G3) strains. The haplotype network displayed a double clustered star like feature with PK-H1c (37.63%) and PK-H9c (32.25%) as most dominant haplotypes displaying low genetic differentiation between the two geographic regions. Neutrality indices (Tajima's D and Fu's Fs) were negative for all populations indicating population expansion across Pakistan. The sympatric presence of G1 and G3 genotypes among humans in endemic focus of Pakistan confirms the zoonotic potential of E. granulosus s.s. with special emphasis on the G3 strain which emerged as a dominant cause of CE in humans compared to other global studies, where only G1 is linked to the majority of CE cases. Data from this study will prove to be a keystone for devising robust regional control strategies for human hydatidosis and investigating potential pathogenicity of E. granulosus s.l. haplotypes and their clinical manifestations in Pakistan.
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Microsatellite Investigations of Multiple Echinococcus Granulosus Sensu Stricto Cysts in Single Hosts Reveal Different Patterns of Infection Events between Livestock and Humans. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060444. [PMID: 32516904 PMCID: PMC7350307 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by the cestode Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) is a worldwide zoonosis and E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) is the most common species associated with animal and human diseases. The objective of this study was to obtain a better understanding of CE infection in livestock and humans from very low and high endemic areas—France and Tunisia—by studying the genetic diversity of E. granulosus s.s. at the intra-individual host level. This genetic diversity was studied using EgSca6 and EgSca11 microsatellite profiles in 93 sheep from France and Tunisia, and in 12 cattle and 31 children from Tunisia only, all presenting multiple CE cysts (2 to 10 cysts). Overall, 96% of sheep, 92% of cattle, and 48% of children had at least two cysts with different microsatellite profiles. Inversely, 35% of sheep, 17% of cattle, and 65% of children had at least two cysts with the same microsatellite profile. The genotyping results for the CE samples highlight high and similar genetic diversity in France and Tunisia, suggesting that the probability of being successively infected by CE of the same microsatellite profile was rare in both countries. Therefore, our results suggest that in rare cases, several eggs of the same microsatellite profile, from two to seven in our data, can be ingested simultaneously in a single infection event and develop into several cysts in livestock and children. They also indicate that multiple infection events are frequent in livestock, even in a low endemic country such as France, and are less frequent but not negligible in children in a high endemic country such as Tunisia. Moreover, this is the first time that genetic evidence of secondary CE has been found. Further studies are needed to better assess the pattern of infection events in livestock and humans, especially by studying the genetic diversity of adult worms in definitive hosts.
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Hidalgo C, Stoore C, Hernández M, Paredes R. Fasciola hepatica coinfection modifies the morphological and immunological features of Echinococcus granulosus cysts in cattle. Vet Res 2020; 51:76. [PMID: 32503674 PMCID: PMC7275569 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00799-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyparasitism occurs when animals harbour multiple parasites concomitantly. It is a common occurrence but is generally understudied in wild and domestic animals. Fasciola hepatica and Echinococcus granulosus, which are helminths of ungulates, frequently coinfect cattle. The effects of this particular type of polyparasitism are not well documented. The metacestode of Echinococcus granulosus is surrounded by the adventitial layer, which constitutes the host immune response to the parasite. This layer in cattle is produced by a granulomatous reaction and is involved in echinococcal cyst (EC) fertility. Due to the systemic immune-modulating abilities of Fasciola hepatica, coinfection possibly generates a favourable environment for EC growth. A total of 203 Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto cysts were found in 82 cattle, of which 42 ECs were found in 31 animals coinfected with Fasciola hepatica. The overall infection intensity was 3 cysts per animal. Coinfection with Fasciola hepatica decreased the mean infection intensity to 1.4 cysts per animal. Regarding EC size, coinfection resulted in smaller ECs (15.91 vs 22.09 mm), especially for infertile lung cysts. The adventitial layer of ECs in coinfected animals lacked lymphoid follicles and palisading macrophages, which are generally hallmarks of the granulomatous immune response. The ECs in coinfected animals had organized laminated layers, whereas those in animals without coinfection did not. Although coinfection was not statistically associated with EC fertility, we did not find fertile cysts in the livers of coinfected animals. We concluded that coinfection with Fasciola hepatica and Echinococcus granulosus has a detrimental effect on ECs, particularly infertile cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hidalgo
- Laboratorio de Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales (ICA3), Universidad de O'Higgins, San Fernando, Chile
| | - Caroll Stoore
- Laboratorio de Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Hernández
- Laboratorio de Biología Periodontal y Departamento de Patología y Medicina Oral, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodolfo Paredes
- Laboratorio de Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
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Alvarez Rojas CA, Kronenberg PA, Aitbaev S, Omorov RA, Abdykerimov KK, Paternoster G, Müllhaupt B, Torgerson P, Deplazes P. Genetic diversity of Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in Kyrgyzstan: The A2 haplotype of E. multilocularis is the predominant variant infecting humans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008242. [PMID: 32401754 PMCID: PMC7219741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar and cystic echinococcosis (AE, CE) caused by E. multilocularis and E. granulosus s.l., respectively, are considered emerging zoonotic diseases in Kyrgyzstan with some of the world highest regional incidences. Little is known regarding the molecular variability of both species in Kyrgyzstan. In this study we provide molecular data from a total of 72 parasite isolates derived from humans (52 AE and 20 CE patients) and 43 samples from dogs (23 infected with E. multilocularis and 20 with E. granulosus s.l.).Genetic variability in E. multilocularis was studied using the concatenated complete sequences of the cob, nad2 and cox1 mitochondrial genes adding a total of 3,558bp per isolate. The cob/nad2/cox1 A2 haplotype was identified in 63.4% of the human and in 65.2% of the dog samples. This haplotype was originally described in samples from Kazakhstan and St. Lawrence Island (Alaska, USA). We also describe here 16 non-previously defined variants of E. multilocularis (called A11-A26). All haplotypes cluster together within the Asian group in the haplotype network. Based on Fst values, low level of genetic differentiation was found between the populations of E. multilocularis isolated from different regions within the country. However, high degree of differentiation was found when all the concatenated sequences from Kyrgyzstan are considered as a single population and compared with the population of the parasite from the neighbouring country China. In the case of E. granulosus s.l. the analysis was based in 1,609bp of the cox1 gene. One isolate from a dog was identified as E. equinus, while all the other sequences were identified belonging to E. granulosus s.s. In total, 24 cox1 haplotypes of E. granulosus s.s. were identified including the already described variants: Eg01 (in 6 samples), Eg33 (in 4 samples), EgCl04 (in 2 samples), Eg03 (in 1 sample) and Eg32 (in 1 sample). From the twenty-five other isolates of E. granulosus s.s. a total of 19 non-previously described cox1 haplotypes were identified and named as EgKyr1 to EgKyr19. The most common haplotype infecting human is the EgKyr1 which was found in 5 isolates.The cob/nad2/cox1 A2 haplotype of E. multilocularis is responsible for the majority of human infections in Kyrgyzstan and is also found in the majority of dogs included in this study. Further similar studies in different parts of Asia could elucidate if it is also the most common variant infecting humans in other countries. It remains unknown if this particular haplotype presents differences in virulence which could have contributed to the emergency of alveolar echinococcosis in Kyrgyzstan. In the case of E. granulosus s.s. it seems that there is no dominant haplotype infecting humans in Kyrgzstan. Further characterization of biological or antigenic features of dominant mitochondrial haplotypes could help to elucidate if they present differences which could be relevant in the diagnostic, pathogenicity or in the host/parasite interaction when infecting humans. Analysis of the genetic variability in Echinococcus species from different endemic countries have contributed to the knowledge in the taxonomy and phylogeography of these parasites. The most important species of this genus, Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and Echinococcus multilocularis, co-exist in Kyrgyzstan causing serious public health issues. E. granulosus s.l. causes cystic echinococcosis and E. multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis. The most relevant finding of our study is the identification of the cob/nad2/cox1 A2 haplotype of E. multilocularis as the most commonly found in humans and dogs. However, it remains unknown if this variant of E. multilocularis, based on genetic differences in mitochondrial genes, presents differences in virulence which could have contributed to the emergence of alveolar echinococcosis in Kyrgyzstan. The results also show a number of non-previously described genetic variants of E. multilocularis and E. granulosus s.s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian A. Alvarez Rojas
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Philipp A. Kronenberg
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sezdbek Aitbaev
- City Clinical Hospital #1, Surgical Department, Faculty of Surgery of the Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Rakhatbek A. Omorov
- City Clinical Hospital #1, Surgical Department, Faculty of Surgery of the Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | | | - Giulia Paternoster
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Müllhaupt
- Clinics of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Bonelli P, Dei Giudici S, Peruzzu A, Piseddu T, Santucciu C, Masu G, Mastrandrea S, Delogu ML, Masala G. Genetic diversity of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto in Sardinia (Italy). Parasitol Int 2020; 77:102120. [PMID: 32259586 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a severe parasitic zoonosis caused by the metacestode of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.). The disease has a global distribution representing a significant public health concern. Based on mitochondrial DNA analysis E. granulosus s.l. has been subdivided into five species: E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) (G1, G3 genotype), E. equinus (G4 genotype), E. ortleppi (G5 genotype), E. canadensis (G6-G8, G10 genotype) and E. felidis. E. granulosus s.s., and in particular G1, is the most widespread genotype and the major responsible of human CE cases worldwide. In Italy G1 genotype is higly represented with larger percentages in some hyperendemic areas such as Sardinia. Molecular studies represent a valuable tool to improve our understanding of the E. granulosus epidemiology and CE control strategies. In the present study we investigated genetic variability of E. granulosus s.s. in Sardinia. To this purpose 83 hydatid cysts were collected from different animal species including humans and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene was partially sequenced (720 bp). Nucleotide sequences from Mediterranean basin were also analyzed for comparison. The phylogenetic network revealed 30 haplotypes grouped around a predominant isolate that had been already reported from other world regions. Haplotype diversity (0.8495 ± 0.0336) and nucleotide diversity (0.003305 ± 0.002014) were similar in Sardinia respect to other Mediterranean countries. Neutrality indices obtained by Tajima's D and Fu's Fs test were significantly negative (p ≤ .01) suggesting expansion of Sardinian population. Low Fixation indices (Fst), ranging from negative values (Algeria, Greece, Spain, other part of Italy) to 0.089 (Albania, France), indicated absence of genetic differentiation, and gene flow between Sardinia and other Mediterranean countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Bonelli
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Laboratory for Cystic Echinococcosis (CeNRE), Istituto Zooprofilattico della Sardegna (IZS), Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Silvia Dei Giudici
- Laboratory of Diagnostic Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico della Sardegna (IZS), Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Angela Peruzzu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Laboratory for Cystic Echinococcosis (CeNRE), Istituto Zooprofilattico della Sardegna (IZS), Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Toni Piseddu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Laboratory for Cystic Echinococcosis (CeNRE), Istituto Zooprofilattico della Sardegna (IZS), Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Santucciu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Laboratory for Cystic Echinococcosis (CeNRE), Istituto Zooprofilattico della Sardegna (IZS), Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Masu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Laboratory for Cystic Echinococcosis (CeNRE), Istituto Zooprofilattico della Sardegna (IZS), Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Scilla Mastrandrea
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Laboratory for Cystic Echinococcosis (CeNRE), Istituto Zooprofilattico della Sardegna (IZS), Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Masala
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Laboratory for Cystic Echinococcosis (CeNRE), Istituto Zooprofilattico della Sardegna (IZS), Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto, Echinococcus ortleppi; and E. intermedius (G7) are present in Bolivia. Parasitology 2020; 147:949-956. [PMID: 32234095 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020000529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease caused by a complex of species known as Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. CE is endemic in Argentina, Chile, Peru, Uruguay and the South part of Brazil. In contrast, little is known regarding the presence of CE in Bolivia. In this study, 35 cysts isolated from livestock (mostly from the Department of La Paz) and 3 from humans (La Paz, Oruro and Potosi) were genetically characterized analysing the sequence of the cox1 gene (1609 bp). In total, 30 cysts (from La Paz, Cochabamba and Beni) were characterized as E. granulosus sensu stricto (3 fertile and 4 non-fertile cysts from sheep, 8 fertile and 12 non-fertile cysts from cattle and 3 fertile cysts from humans). A detailed analysis of the cox1 haplotypes of E. granulosus s.s. is included. Echinococcus ortleppi (G5) was found in 5 fertile cysts from cattle (from La Paz and Cochabamba). Echinococcus intermedius (G7) was identified in 3 fertile cysts from pigs (from Santa Cruz). Additionally, E. granulosus s.s. was detected in 4 dog faecal samples, while E. ortleppi was present in other two dog faecal samples. The implications of these preliminary results in the future implementation of control measures are discussed.
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Ohiolei JA, Xia CY, Li L, Liu JZ, Tang WQ, Wu YT, Danqulamu, Zhu GQ, Shi B, Fu BQ, Yin H, Yan HB, Jia WZ. Genetic variation of Echinococcus spp. in yaks and sheep in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China based on mitochondrial DNA. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:608. [PMID: 31881922 PMCID: PMC6935104 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3857-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) in humans and livestock is caused by Echinococcus granulosus (sensu lato). In China where CE is endemic, a number of studies have shown that Echinococcus granulosus (sensu stricto) is majorly responsible for CE. However, E. canadensis (G6) which is the second leading cause of CE is now being detected in most parts of the country. In this study, the species diversity and genetic variation of Echinococcus granulosus (s.l.) in four counties in Tibet Autonomous Region of China were investigated. Methods Infection with Echinococcus granulosus (s.s.) in yaks and sheep was identified using NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 and 5 (nad1 and nad5) mitochondrial genes while the genotype G6 of E. canadensis initially diagnosed with NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) was further confirmed by analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome and a phylogenetic network constructed based on the nad2 and nad5 genes. Results Out of 85 hydatid cyst samples collected from slaughtered sheep (n = 54) and yaks (n = 31), 83 were identified as E. granulosus (s.s.) G1 (n = 77), G3 (n = 6) and 2 were identified as E. canadensis G6. Analysis of the nad1/nad5 genes revealed 16/17 mutations with 9/14 parsimony informative sites resulting in 15/14 haplotypes, respectively. Haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (π) of E. granulosus (s.s.) population were 0.650 and 0.00127 for nad1 and 0.782 and 0.00306 for nad5, respectively, with an overall negative Tajima’s D and Fu’s Fs. A low FST indicated no genetic difference between isolates from sheep and yaks. Conclusion Pockets of infection with E. canadensis (G6, G7, G8 and G10) have been previously reported in sheep, goats, yaks and/or humans in different parts of China. While the G6 genotype has been previously reported in sheep in the Tibet Autonomous Region, the detection in a yak in the present study represents the first to the best of our knowledge. Therefore, we recommend future surveys and control efforts to comprehensively investigate other potential intermediate hosts for the prevalence and genetic diversity of the E. canadensis group (G6, G7, G8 and G10) across the country and their inclusion into the existing CE control programme.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- John Asekhaen Ohiolei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Yang Xia
- Institute of Animal Science of Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, 854000, Tibet Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Zhi Liu
- Institute of Animal Science of Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, 854000, Tibet Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qiang Tang
- Institute of Animal Science of Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, 854000, Tibet Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Danqulamu
- Institute of Animal Science of Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, 854000, Tibet Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Shi
- Institute of Animal Science of Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, 854000, Tibet Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
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Hidalgo C, Stoore C, Pereira I, Paredes R, Alvarez Rojas CA. Multiple haplotypes of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto in single naturally infected intermediate hosts. Parasitol Res 2019; 119:763-770. [PMID: 31863181 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is a disease that affects both humans and animals, caused by cryptic species complex belonging to the platyhelminth Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.). This disease is distributed worldwide, with E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) being the most widespread of the species. High genetic variability has been demonstrated within E. granulosus s.s. studying single cyst per infected animal identifying a number of different haplotypes. However, few studies have addressed the genetic diversity of this parasite within a single intermediate host with multiple Echinococcus cysts. To date, it remains unknown if specific haplotypes of E. granulosus s.s. produce differences in biological features of the cyst. Here, we use the full length of the mitochondrial gene cox1 to determine E. granulosus s.s. haplotypes in samples from both cattle and sheep which harboured more than one cyst in different areas in Chile, where this parasite is endemic. We found 16 different haplotypes in 66 echinococcal cysts from 10 animals, and both cattle and sheep can harbour up to five different haplotypes of E. granulosus s.s. in the same animal. Regarding cyst fertility, five animals had both fertile and infertile Echinococcus cysts in both single and multiple haplotype infections. There was no association between haplotype and cyst fertility, size, or adventitial layer characteristics. Sampling and sequencing every Echinococcus cyst found in the intermediate host reveals a high molecular variability. We speculate that multiple haplotype infections could also suggest that intermediate hosts come from hyperendemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hidalgo
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Ciencias Agronomicas y Veterinarias, Universidad de O'Higgins, San Fernando, Chile
| | - Caroll Stoore
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ismael Pereira
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodolfo Paredes
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
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Genetic characterization of Echinococcus isolates from various intermediate hosts in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Area, China. Parasitology 2019; 146:1305-1312. [PMID: 31148526 PMCID: PMC6700708 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019000544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examined Echinococcus spp. genotypes and genetic variants isolated from humans as well as domestic and wild animals from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Area using the cox1 gene. All samples except the pika isolates were identified as the Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto. Sixteen different haplotypes with considerable intraspecific variation were detected and characterized in mitochondrial cox1 sequences. The parsimonious network of cox1 haplotypes showed star-like features, and the neutrality indexes computed via Tajima's D and Fu's Fs tests showed high negative values in E. granulosus s. s., indicating deviations from neutrality; the Fst values were low among the populations, implying that the populations were not genetically differentiated. The pika isolates were identified as E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus. Only one haplotype was recognized in the pika isolates. E. granulosus s. s. was the predominant species found in animals and humans, followed by E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus, with high genetic diversity circulating among the animals and humans in this area. Further studies are needed to cover many sample collection sites and larger numbers of pathogen isolates, which may reveal abundant strains and/or other haplotypes in the hydatid cysts infecting human and animal populations of the QTPA, China.
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Ebrahimipour M, Afgar A, Barati M, Mohammadi MA, Harandi MF. Evaluation of the antigenic epitopes of EgAgB/1 and EgAgB/4 subunit antigens in G1 and G6 genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus using bioinformatics. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kinkar L, Korhonen PK, Cai H, Gauci CG, Lightowlers MW, Saarma U, Jenkins DJ, Li J, Li J, Young ND, Gasser RB. Long-read sequencing reveals a 4.4 kb tandem repeat region in the mitogenome of Echinococcus granulosus (sensu stricto) genotype G1. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:238. [PMID: 31097022 PMCID: PMC6521400 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3492-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Echinococcus tapeworms cause a severe helminthic zoonosis called echinococcosis. The genus comprises various species and genotypes, of which E. granulosus (sensu stricto) represents a significant global public health and socioeconomic burden. Mitochondrial (mt) genomes have provided useful genetic markers to explore the nature and extent of genetic diversity within Echinococcus and have underpinned phylogenetic and population structure analyses of this genus. Our recent work indicated a sequence gap (> 1 kb) in the mt genomes of E. granulosus genotype G1, which could not be determined by PCR-based Sanger sequencing. The aim of the present study was to define the complete mt genome, irrespective of structural complexities, using a long-read sequencing method. Methods We extracted high molecular weight genomic DNA from protoscoleces from a single cyst of E. granulosus genotype G1 from a sheep from Australia using a conventional method and sequenced it using PacBio Sequel (long-read) technology, complemented by BGISEQ-500 short-read sequencing. Sequence data obtained were assembled using a recently-developed workflow. Results We assembled a complete mt genome sequence of 17,675 bp, which is > 4 kb larger than the complete mt genomes known for E. granulosus genotype G1. This assembly includes a previously-elusive tandem repeat region, which is 4417 bp long and consists of ten near-identical 441–445 bp repeat units, each harbouring a 184 bp non-coding region and adjacent regions. We also identified a short non-coding region of 183 bp, which includes an inverted repeat. Conclusions We report what we consider to be the first complete mt genome of E. granulosus genotype G1 and characterise all repeat regions in this genome. The numbers, sizes, sequences and functions of tandem repeat regions remain to be studied in different isolates of genotype G1 and in other genotypes and species. The discovery of such ‘new’ repeat elements in the mt genome of genotype G1 by PacBio sequencing raises a question about the completeness of some published genomes of taeniid cestodes assembled from conventional or short-read sequence datasets. This study shows that long-read sequencing readily overcomes the challenges of assembling repeat elements to achieve improved genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liina Kinkar
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Pasi K Korhonen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Huimin Cai
- BGI Research, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Charles G Gauci
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marshall W Lightowlers
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Urmas Saarma
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - David J Jenkins
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga, Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Junhua Li
- BGI Research, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Neil D Young
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Guo B, Zhang Z, Zheng X, Guo Y, Guo G, Zhao L, Cai R, Wang B, Yang M, Shou X, Zhang W, Jia B. Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Echinococcus granulosus Sensu Stricto in Northern Xinjiang, China. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 57:153-159. [PMID: 31104407 PMCID: PMC6526214 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus is an important zoonotic parasite globally causing cystic echinococcosis (CE) in humans and animals. In this study, prevalence of CE and variation of cox1 gene sequence were analyzed with isolates E. granulosus collected from different areas in northern Xinjiang, China. The survey showed that 3.5% of sheep and 4.1% of cattle were infected with CE. Fragment of cox1 was amplified from all the positive sheep and cattle samples by PCR. In addition, 26 positive samples across the 4 areas were included. The isolates were all E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) containing 15 haplotypes (Hap1-15), and clustered into 2 genotypes, G1 (90.1%, 91/101) and G3 (9.9%, 10/101). Hap1 was the most common haplotype (48.5%, 49/101). Hap9 were found in humans samples, indicating that sheep and cattle reservoir human CE. It is indicate that E. granulosus may impact on control of CE in livestock and humans in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoping Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Road Beisi, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, 726 Street Dongrong, North Gaoxin District, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Xueting Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, PR China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Clinical Medical Research Institute of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Yongzhong Guo
- The Friendship Hospital of Yili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture, 92 Road Stalin, Yining 835000, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Gang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, PR China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Clinical Medical Research Institute of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Li Zhao
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, 726 Street Dongrong, North Gaoxin District, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Ren Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, PR China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Clinical Medical Research Institute of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Bingjie Wang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, 726 Street Dongrong, North Gaoxin District, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Mei Yang
- Basic Medical College of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Xi Shou
- State Key Laboratory for Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, PR China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Clinical Medical Research Institute of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Wenbao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, PR China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Clinical Medical Research Institute of First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Road Liyushan, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Bin Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Road Beisi, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, PR China
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Sadjjadi SM, Ebrahimipour M, Sadjjadi FS. Comparison between Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1) and E. canadensis (G6) mitochondrial genes (cox1 and nad1) and their related protein models using experimental and bioinformatics analysis. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 79:103-109. [PMID: 30769268 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE) as a zoonotic parasitic disease, remains a health challenge in many parts of the world. There are different species of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato with different pathogenicity and host preferences.Different procedures have been applied for characterization of Echinococcus taxa in which two mitochondrial genes, cox1 and nad1 have been used more common. They have been able to differentiate E. granulosus sensu stricto and E. canadensis species in different hosts. The affinity of E. granulosus sensu stricto and E. canadensis species for localizing different organs seems to be different. To what such affinity and related pathogenicity could be related, is not known, so far. Bioinformatics analysis may be helpful to interpret such difference by investigating the genes and their related protein models between different species infecting human and animals. The current work was designed to study the differences between E. granulosus s.s. and E. canadensis species mitochondrial genes (cox1 and nad1) and related protein models of CE cysts by experimental and bioinformatics analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Different human and animal CE cysts were collected and their DNA was extracted and sequenced based on their cox1 and nad1 genes. In order to determine the E. granulosus s.s. and E. canadensis species of the samples, BLAST analysis was performed on sequenced genes. Three sequences were selected for analysis and were deposited in GenBank. Moreover, the sequence number of KT988116.1 which belonged to E. canadensis from our already deposited in GenBank was also selected. Alignment and phylogenetic analysis were performed on the sequences using BioEdit and MEGA7 software. The raw sequences of translated proteins belonged to the mentioned genes were obtained from Protein database in NCBI. The secondary structure was determined by PSIPRED Protein Sequence Analysis Workbench. The tertiary models of COX1 and NAD1 proteins in both genotypes were constructed using Modeler 9.12 software and their physicochemical features were computed using ProtParam tool in ExPASY server. RESULTS BLAST analysis on sequenced genes showed that the samples belonged to E. granulosus s.s. and E. canadensis species. These sequences were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers: JN579173.1, KF437811.1, and KY924632.1. The results showed that proteins of COX1 of E. granulosus s.s., COX1of E. canadensis, NAD1of E. granulosus s.s. and NAD1of E. canadensis species, consisted of 135, 122, 120 and 124 amino acids, respectively. The aligned sequences of translated proteins belonged to COX1 and NAD1 enzymes in E. granulosus s.s. and E. canadensis species were different; such that alignment COX1 sequence between E. granulosus s.s. and E. canadensis species showed that amino acids were different in 6 positions. This difference for NAD1 sequences were different in 19 positions. The secondary structure determined by PSIPRED showed differences in coil, strand and helix chains in COX1 and NAD1 proteins in E. granulosus s.s. and E. canadensis species. Comparison between three-dimensional structures (3D) of COX1 protein model in E. granulosus s.s. and E. canadensis species demonstrated an additional helix with two conserved iron binding sites in the COX1 protein of E. granulosus s.s. species. CONCLUSION E. granulosus s.s. and E. canadensis species differences are reflected in two important proteins: COX1 and NAD1. These differences are demonstrable in the 3D structure of proteins of both strains. So, the present study is adding to our understanding of the difference in molecular sequences between the E. granulosus s.s. (G1) and E. canadensis (G6) which may be used for interpreting the difference between the pathogenicity and localization affinity in these two important helminthic zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mahmoud Sadjjadi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ebrahimipour
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadat Sadjjadi
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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