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Ernst J, Grabiec U, Falk K, Dehghani F, Schaedlich K. The endocrine disruptor DEHP and the ECS: analysis of a possible crosstalk. Endocr Connect 2020; 9:101-110. [PMID: 31910153 PMCID: PMC6993259 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the last decade associated the environmental contamination by di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) with obesity and endocrine malfunction. DEHP was found to interact with several receptors - among them are receptors of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) with high expression levels in adipose tissue. Furthermore, the correlation for BMI and body fat to the serum endocannabinoid level raises the question if the obesogenic and endocrine-disrupting DEHP effects are mediated via the ECS. We therefore characterized the ECS in a human cell model of adipogenesis using the SGBS preadipocytes to subsequently investigate if DEHP exposure affects the intrinsic ECS. The receptors of the ECS and the endocannabinoid-metabolizing enzymes were upregulated during normal adipogenesis, accompanied by an increasing secretion of the adipokines adiponectin and leptin. DEHP affected the secretion of both adipokines but not the ECS, suggesting DEHP to alter the endocrine function of adipocytes without the involvement of the intrinsic ECS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Ernst
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Correspondence should be addressed to J Ernst:
| | - Urszula Grabiec
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kathrin Falk
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Faramarz Dehghani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kristina Schaedlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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2
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Varga B, Kassai F, Szabó G, Kovács P, Fischer J, Gyertyán I. Pharmacological comparison of traditional and non-traditional cannabinoid receptor 1 blockers in rodent models in vivo. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 159:24-35. [PMID: 28666894 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) antagonists have been proven to be effective anti-obesity drugs; however, psychiatric side effects have halted their pharmaceutical development worldwide. Despite the emergence of next generation CB1R blockers, a preclinical head to head comparison of the anti-obesity and psychiatric side effect profiles of the key compounds has not been performed. Here, we compared classical CB1R antagonists (rimonabant, taranabant, otenabant, ibipinabant, and surinabant) and non-traditional CB1R blockers (the partial agonist O-1269, the neutral antagonists VCHSR and LH-21 and the peripherally acting inverse agonist JD-5037) using an in vivo screening cascade. First, the potencies of these compounds to reduce CB1R agonist-induced hypothermia and decrease fasting-induced food intake were determined. Then, equipotent doses of the non-toxic compounds were compared in a diet-induced obesity (DIO) test, which includes measurements of metabolic syndrome markers. Psychiatric side effects were assessed by measuring anxiogenicity in an ultrasonic vocalization test. All classical CB1R blockers were centrally acting appetite suppressants and decreased body weight and food intake in an obesity-dependent manner, with only slight effects on metabolic syndrome markers. In addition, all classical CB1R blockers increased ultrasonic vocalization. Surprisingly, none of the non-classical CB1R blockers was eligible for the DIO comparison and side effect profiling. O-1269 and LH-21 induced convulsive behavior, whereas VCHSR and JD-5037 were devoid of any in vivo activity. The classical CB1R blockers displayed similar therapeutic and side effect profiles in vivo, whereas the available non-traditional CB1R blockers were not appropriate tools for testing the therapeutic potential of alternative CB1R inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Varga
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 10, PO Box 27, H-1475 Budapest, , Hungary.
| | - Ferenc Kassai
- MTA-SE NAP B Cognitive Translational Behavioural Pharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, H-1089, Budapest, Hungary; Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Centre of Natural Science, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapset, Hungary
| | - György Szabó
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 10, PO Box 27, H-1475 Budapest, , Hungary
| | - Péter Kovács
- Berlin-Chemie/A. Menarini Magyarország Kft., Neumann János u. 1. H-2040 Budaörs, Hungary
| | - János Fischer
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 10, PO Box 27, H-1475 Budapest, , Hungary
| | - István Gyertyán
- MTA-SE NAP B Cognitive Translational Behavioural Pharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, H-1089, Budapest, Hungary; Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Centre of Natural Science, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapset, Hungary
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3
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Sleep restriction alters plasma endocannabinoids concentrations before but not after exercise in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 74:258-268. [PMID: 27689899 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Following binding to cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoids regulate a variety of central nervous system processes including appetite and mood. Recent evidence suggests that the systemic release of these lipid metabolites can be altered by acute exercise and that their levels also vary across the 24-h sleep-wake cycle. The present study utilized a within-subject design (involving 16 normal-weight men) to determine whether daytime circulating endocannabinoid concentrations differ following three nights of partial sleep deprivation (4.25-h sleep opportunity, 2:45-7a.m. each night) vs. normal sleep (8.5-h sleep opportunity, 10:30p.m.-7a.m. each night), before and after an acute bout of ergometer cycling in the morning. In addition, subjective hunger and stress were measured. Pre-exercise plasma concentrations of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2AG) were 80% higher 1.5h after awakening (vs. normal sleep, p<0.05) when participants were sleep-deprived. This coincided with increased hunger ratings (+25% vs. normal sleep, p<0.05). Moreover, plasma 2AG was elevated 15min post-exercise (+44%, p<0.05). Sleep duration did not however modulate this exercise-induced rise. Finally, subjective stress was generally lower on the day after three nights of short sleep vs. normal sleep, especially after exercise (p<0.05). Given that activation of the endocannabinoid system has been previously shown to acutely increase appetite and mood, our results could suggest that behavioral effects of acute sleep loss, such as increased hunger and transiently improved psychological state, may partially result from activation of this signaling pathway. In contrast, more pronounced exercise-induced elevations of endocannabinoids appear to be less affected by short sleep duration.
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Ahmad S, Washburn WN, Hernandez AS, Bisaha S, Ngu K, Wang W, Pelleymounter MA, Longhi D, Flynn N, Azzara AV, Rohrbach K, Devenny J, Rooney S, Thomas M, Glick S, Godonis H, Harvey S, Zhang H, Gemzik B, Janovitz EB, Huang C, Zhang L, Robl JA, Murphy BJ. Synthesis and Antiobesity Properties of 6-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-(4-((3,3-difluoro-1-hydroxycyclobutyl)methoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one (BMS-814580): A Highly Efficacious Melanin Concentrating Hormone Receptor 1 (MCHR1) Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2016; 59:8848-8858. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Ahmad
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - William N. Washburn
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Andres S. Hernandez
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Sharon Bisaha
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Khehyong Ngu
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Mary Ann Pelleymounter
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Daniel Longhi
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Neil Flynn
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Anthony V. Azzara
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Kenneth Rohrbach
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - James Devenny
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Suzanne Rooney
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Michael Thomas
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Susan Glick
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Helen Godonis
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Susan Harvey
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Brian Gemzik
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Evan B. Janovitz
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Christine Huang
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Lisa Zhang
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Robl
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Brian J. Murphy
- Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Diseases Biology, §PCO MAP, ∥PCO Discovery Toxicology, and ⊥PCO Bioanalytical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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5
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Marcus DJ, Zee ML, Davis BJ, Haskins CP, Andrews MJ, Amin R, Henderson-Redmond AN, Mackie K, Czyzyk TA, Morgan DJ. Mice Expressing a "Hyper-Sensitive" Form of the Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CB1) Are Neither Obese Nor Diabetic. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160462. [PMID: 27501235 PMCID: PMC4976987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence implicate the endocannabinoid signaling system in the modulation of metabolic disease. Genetic or pharmacological inactivation of CB1 in rodents leads to reduced body weight, resistance to diet-induced obesity, decreased intake of highly palatable food, and increased energy expenditure. Cannabinoid agonists stimulate feeding in rodents and increased levels of endocannabinoids can disrupt lipid metabolism. Therefore, the hypothesis that sustained endocannabinoid signaling can lead to obesity and diabetes was examined in this study using S426A/S430A mutant mice expressing a desensitization-resistant CB1 receptor. These mice display exaggerated and prolonged responses to acute administration of phytocannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoids, and endocannabinoids. As a consequence these mice represent a novel model for determining the effect of enhanced endocannabinoid signaling on metabolic disease. S426A/S430A mutants consumed equivalent amounts of both high fat (45%) and low fat (10%) chow control diet compared to wild-type littermate controls. S426A/S430A mutants and wild-type mice fed either high or low fat control diet displayed similar fasting blood glucose levels and normal glucose clearance following a 2 g/kg glucose challenge. Furthermore, S426A/S430A mutants and wild-type mice consumed similar amounts of chow following an overnight fast. While both THC and JZL195 significantly increased food intake two hours after injection, this increase was similar between the S426A/S430A mutant and wildtype control mice Our results indicate that S426A/S430A mutant mice expressing the desensitization-resistant form of CB1 do not exhibit differences in body weight, food intake, glucose homeostasis, or re-feeding following a fast.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Marcus
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405,United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Zee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Davis
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405,United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
| | - Chris P. Haskins
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405,United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, United States of America
| | - Mary-Jeanette Andrews
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405,United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
| | - Randa Amin
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405,United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
| | - Angela N. Henderson-Redmond
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, United States of America
| | - Ken Mackie
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405,United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
| | - Traci A. Czyzyk
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Morgan
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405,United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, United States of America
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
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6
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Selimkhanov J, Thompson WC, Patterson TA, Hadcock JR, Scott DO, Maurer TS, Musante CJ. Evaluation of a Mathematical Model of Rat Body Weight Regulation in Application to Caloric Restriction and Drug Treatment Studies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155674. [PMID: 27227543 PMCID: PMC4882007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to develop a mathematical model of energy balance and body weight regulation that can predict species-specific response to common pre-clinical interventions. To this end, we evaluate the ability of a previously published mathematical model of mouse metabolism to describe changes in body weight and body composition in rats in response to two short-term interventions. First, we adapt the model to describe body weight and composition changes in Sprague-Dawley rats by fitting to data previously collected from a 26-day caloric restriction study. The calibrated model is subsequently used to describe changes in rat body weight and composition in a 23-day cannabinoid receptor 1 antagonist (CB1Ra) study. While the model describes body weight data well, it fails to replicate body composition changes with CB1Ra treatment. Evaluation of a key model assumption about deposition of fat and fat-free masses shows a limitation of the model in short-term studies due to the constraint placed on the relative change in body composition components. We demonstrate that the model can be modified to overcome this limitation, and propose additional measurements to further test the proposed model predictions. These findings illustrate how mathematical models can be used to support drug discovery and development by identifying key knowledge gaps and aiding in the design of additional experiments to further our understanding of disease-relevant and species-specific physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangir Selimkhanov
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - W. Clayton Thompson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Terrell A. Patterson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John R. Hadcock
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dennis O. Scott
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tristan S. Maurer
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cynthia J. Musante
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Abstract
AIMS Hypocaloric diet decreases both energy expenditure (EE) and respiratory exchange rate (RER), affecting the efficacy of dieting inversely. Energy deficit and hunger may be modulated separately both in human and animal studies by drug treatment or food restriction. Thus it is important to separate the effects of energy deficit and hunger on EE and RER. METHODS Three parallel and analogous experiments were performed using three pharmacologically distinct anorectic drugs: rimonabant, sibutramine and tramadol. Metabolic parameters of vehicle- and drug-treated and pair-fed diet-induced obese mice from the three experiments underwent common statistical analysis to identify effects independent of the mechanisms of action. Diet-induced obesity (DIO) test of tramadol was also performed to examine its anti-obesity efficacy. RESULTS RER was decreased similarly by drug treatments and paired feeding throughout the experiment irrespective of the cause of reduced food intake. Contrarily, during the passive phase, EE was decreased more by paired feeding than by both vehicle and drug treatment irrespective of the drug used. In the active phase, EE was influenced by the pharmacological mechanisms of action. Tramadol decreased body weight in the DIO test. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that RER is mainly affected by the actual state of energy balance; conversely, EE is rather influenced by hunger. Therefore, pharmacological medications that decrease hunger may enhance the efficacy of a hypocaloric diet by maintaining metabolic rate. Furthermore, our results yield the proposal that effects of anorectic drugs on EE and RER should be determined compared to vehicle and pair-fed groups, respectively, in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Kitka
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Division of Pharmacological and Drug Safety Research, Hungary.
| | - Sebestyén Tuza
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Division of Pharmacological and Drug Safety Research, Hungary
| | - Balázs Varga
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Division of Pharmacological and Drug Safety Research, Hungary
| | - Csilla Horváth
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Division of Pharmacological and Drug Safety Research, Hungary
| | - Péter Kovács
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Division of Pharmacological and Drug Safety Research, Hungary
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Karlsson C, Hjorth S, Karpefors M, Hansson GI, Carlsson B. Baseline anandamide levels and body weight impact the weight loss effect of CB1 receptor antagonism in male rats. Endocrinology 2015; 156:1237-41. [PMID: 25549047 PMCID: PMC4399312 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The individual weight loss response to obesity treatment is diverse. Here we test the hypothesis that the weight loss response to the CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant is influenced by endogenous levels of receptor agonists. We show that baseline anandamide levels and body weight independently contribute to predict the treatment response to rimonabant in rodents, demonstrating that addition of biomarkers related to mode of action is relevant for a personalized health care approach to obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Karlsson
- CVMD Translational Medicine Unit, Early Clinical Development (C.K., B.C.), CVMD Bioscience (S.H.), and CVMD Translational Sciences (G.I.H.), Innovative Medicines, and Biomedical Informatics (M.K.), Advanced Analytics Centre, AstraZeneca R&D, SE-431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
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9
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Watkins BA, Kim J. The endocannabinoid system: directing eating behavior and macronutrient metabolism. Front Psychol 2015; 5:1506. [PMID: 25610411 PMCID: PMC4285050 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years, the brain has been the primary focus for research on eating behavior. More recently, the discovery of the endocannabinoids (EC) and the endocannabinoid system (ECS), as well as the characterization of its actions on appetite and metabolism, has provided greater insight on the brain and food intake. The purpose of this review is to explain the actions of EC in the brain and other organs as well as their precursor polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) that are converted to these endogenous ligands. The binding of the EC to the cannabinoid receptors in the brain stimulates food intake, and the ECS participates in systemic macronutrient metabolism where the gastrointestinal system, liver, muscle, and adipose are involved. The EC are biosynthesized from two distinct families of dietary PUFA, namely the n-6 and n-3. Based on their biochemistry, these PUFA are well known to exert considerable physiological and health-promoting actions. However, little is known about how these different families of PUFA compete as precursor ligands of cannabinoid receptors to stimulate appetite or perhaps down-regulate the ECS to amend food intake and prevent or control obesity. The goal of this review is to assess the current available research on ECS and food intake, suggest research that may improve the complications associated with obesity and diabetes by dietary PUFA intervention, and further reveal mechanisms to elucidate the relationships between substrate for EC synthesis, ligand actions on receptors, and the physiological consequences of the ECS. Dietary PUFA are lifestyle factors that could potentially curb eating behavior, which may translate to changes in macronutrient metabolism, systemically and in muscle, benefiting health overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Watkins
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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10
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Higgins GA, Desnoyer J, Van Niekerk A, Silenieks LB, Lau W, Thevarkunnel S, Izhakova J, DeLannoy IA, Fletcher PJ, DeLay J, Dobson H. Characterization of the 5-HT2C receptor agonist lorcaserin on efficacy and safety measures in a rat model of diet-induced obesity. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2014; 3:e00084. [PMID: 25692009 PMCID: PMC4317222 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5-HT2C receptor agonist lorcaserin (Belviq®) has been Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for the treatment of obesity. The present study is a back translational investigation into the effect of 28-day lorcaserin treatment in a diet-induced obesity (DIO) model using male, Sprague-Dawley rats. An assessment of drug effect on efficacy and multiple safety endpoints including cardiac function was undertaken. Lorcaserin (1-2 mg/kg SC b.i.d.) significantly reduced percentage body weight gain compared to vehicle-treated controls (VEH: 10.6 ± 0.4%; LOR 1: 7.6 ± 1.2%; LOR 2: 5.4 ± 0.6%). Measurement of body composition using quantitative magnetic resonance (QMR) imaging indicated this change was due to the selective reduction in body fat mass. Modest effects on food intake were recorded. At the completion of the treatment phase, echocardiography revealed no evidence for valvulopathy, that is, no aortic or mitral valve regurgitation. The pharmacokinetics of the present treatment regimen was determined over a 7-day treatment period; plasma C min and C max were in the range 13-160 ng/mL (1 mg/kg b.i.d.) and 34-264 ng/mL (2 mg/kg b.i.d.) with no evidence for drug accumulation. In sum, these studies show an effect of lorcaserin in the DIO model, that in the context of the primary endpoint measure of % body weight change was similar to that reported clinically (i.e., 3.0-5.2% vs. 3.2%). The present studies highlight the translational value of obesity models such as DIO, and suggest that assuming consideration is paid to nonspecific drug effects such as malaise, the DIO model has reasonable forward translational value to help predict clinical outcomes of a new chemical entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy A Higgins
- InterVivo Solutions Inc. 120 Carlton St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5A 4K2 ; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jill Desnoyer
- InterVivo Solutions Inc. 120 Carlton St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5A 4K2
| | | | - Leo B Silenieks
- InterVivo Solutions Inc. 120 Carlton St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5A 4K2
| | - Winnie Lau
- InterVivo Solutions Inc. 120 Carlton St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5A 4K2
| | - Sandy Thevarkunnel
- InterVivo Solutions Inc. 120 Carlton St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5A 4K2
| | - Julia Izhakova
- InterVivo Solutions Inc. 120 Carlton St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5A 4K2
| | - Ines Am DeLannoy
- InterVivo Solutions Inc. 120 Carlton St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5A 4K2
| | - Paul J Fletcher
- Section of Biopsychology, Clarke Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 1R8 ; Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Josepha DeLay
- Animal Health Laboratory, U. Guelph Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Howard Dobson
- InterVivo Solutions Inc. 120 Carlton St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5A 4K2 ; CanCog Technologies Inc. 120 Carlton St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5A 4K2 ; Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario, Canada ; Department of Biomedical Physics, University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Schaich CL, Shaltout HA, Brosnihan KB, Howlett AC, Diz DI. Acute and chronic systemic CB1 cannabinoid receptor blockade improves blood pressure regulation and metabolic profile in hypertensive (mRen2)27 rats. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/8/e12108. [PMID: 25168868 PMCID: PMC4246581 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated acute and chronic effects of CB1 cannabinoid receptor blockade in renin‐angiotensin system‐dependent hypertension using rimonabant (SR141716A), an orally active antagonist with central and peripheral actions. In transgenic (mRen2)27 rats, a model of angiotensin II‐dependent hypertension with increased body mass and insulin resistance, acute systemic blockade of CB1 receptors significantly reduced blood pressure within 90 min but had no effect in Sprague‐Dawley rats. No changes in metabolic hormones occurred with the acute treatment. During chronic CB1 receptor blockade, (mRen2)27 rats received daily oral administration of SR141716A (10 mg/kg/day) for 28 days. Systolic blood pressure was significantly reduced within 24 h, and at Day 21 of treatment values were 173 mmHg in vehicle versus 149 mmHg in drug‐treated rats (P < 0.01). This accompanied lower cumulative weight gain (22 vs. 42 g vehicle; P < 0.001), fat mass (2.0 vs. 2.9% of body weight; P < 0.05), and serum leptin (2.8 vs. 6.0 ng/mL; P < 0.05) and insulin (1.0 vs. 1.9 ng/mL; P < 0.01), following an initial transient decrease in food consumption. Conscious hemodynamic recordings indicate twofold increases occurred in spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (P < 0.05) and heart rate variability (P < 0.01), measures of cardiac vagal tone. The beneficial actions of CB1 receptor blockade in (mRen2)27 rats support the interpretation that an upregulated endocannabinoid system contributes to hypertension and impaired autonomic function in this angiotensin II‐dependent model. We conclude that systemic CB1 receptor blockade may be an effective therapy for angiotensin II‐dependent hypertension and associated metabolic syndrome. Acute and chronic systemic CB1 cannabinoid receptor blockade significantly lowers blood pressure in Angiotensin II‐dependent hypertensive (mRen2)27 rats, with a concomitant positive influence over conscious autonomic blood pressure regulation and metabolic profile. Results from our study indicate novel mechanisms for maintenance of hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and impaired autonomic control of blood pressure associated with upregulation of Angiotensin II signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris L Schaich
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Hossam A Shaltout
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - K Bridget Brosnihan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Allyn C Howlett
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Debra I Diz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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12
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Oleoylethanolamide: a novel potential pharmacological alternative to cannabinoid antagonists for the control of appetite. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:203425. [PMID: 24800213 PMCID: PMC3996326 DOI: 10.1155/2014/203425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The initial pharmaceutical interest for the endocannabinoid system as a target for antiobesity therapies has been restricted by the severe adverse effects of the CB1 antagonist rimonabant. This study points at oleoylethanolamide (OEA), a monounsaturated analogue, and functional antagonist of anandamide, as a potential and safer antiobesity alternative to CB1 antagonism. Mice treated with equal doses (5 or 10 mg/kg, i.p.) of OEA or rimonabant were analyzed for the progressive expression of spontaneous behaviors (eating, grooming, rearing, locomotion, and resting) occurring during the development of satiety, according to the paradigm called behavioral satiety sequence (BSS). Both drugs reduced food (wet mash) intake to a similar extent. OEA treatment decreased eating activity within the first 30 min and caused a temporary increase of resting time that was not accompanied by any decline of horizontal, vertical and total motor activity. Besides decreasing eating activity, rimonabant caused a marked increase of the time spent grooming and decreased horizontal motor activity, alterations that might be indicative of aversive nonmotivational effects on feeding. These results support the idea that OEA suppresses appetite by stimulating satiety and that its profile of action might be predictive of safer effects in humans as a novel antiobesity treatment.
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13
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Marusich JA, Lefever TW, Antonazzo KR, Craft RM, Wiley JL. Evaluation of sex differences in cannabinoid dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 137:20-8. [PMID: 24582909 PMCID: PMC3971653 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic recreational marijuana users often report withdrawal symptoms when trying to quit, with some reports suggesting withdrawal may be more pronounced in women. In animal models, female rodents show enhanced sensitivity to acute Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administration, but chronic administration has been studied little. METHODS Sex differences in THC dependence in rats were examined. Adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered 30 mg/kg THC or vehicle twice daily for 6.5 days. On day 7, rats were challenged with vehicle or rimonabant, counterbalanced across dosing groups, and were assessed for withdrawal-related behaviors. RESULTS During chronic THC dosing, disruption of estrous cycling and weight loss (both sexes) were observed. Whereas overt signs of withdrawal were minimal in THC-treated rats challenged with vehicle, rimonabant precipitated a pronounced withdrawal syndrome in THC-dependent rats that was characterized by changes in a number of domains, including somatic (paw tremors, head twitches, and retropulsion), early-stage cognition (lack of locomotor habituation, disrupted prepulse inhibition), and affective (increased startle reactivity). With the exception of increased retropulsion in female rats, sex differences were not noted. In vehicle-treated rats, rimonabant induced puritis. CONCLUSIONS This study represents the first examination of THC dependence in adult rats of both sexes, extends previous findings to females, and revealed some sex differences. The results suggest that the changes that occur during precipitated withdrawal from THC extend beyond somatic signs to more nuanced disruptions of cognitive and affective functioning. The breadth of withdrawal signs observed in rodents mirrors those that have been observed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rebecca M. Craft
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4820, USA
| | - Jenny L. Wiley
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
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14
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Hernandez G, Oleson EB, Gentry RN, Abbas Z, Bernstein DL, Arvanitogiannis A, Cheer JF. Endocannabinoids promote cocaine-induced impulsivity and its rapid dopaminergic correlates. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75:487-98. [PMID: 24138924 PMCID: PMC3943889 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired decision making, a hallmark of addiction, is hypothesized to arise from maladaptive plasticity in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway. The endocannabinoid system modulates dopamine activity through activation of cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1Rs). Here, we investigated whether impulsive behavior observed following cocaine exposure requires CB1R activation. METHODS We trained rats in a delay-discounting task. Following acquisition of stable performance, rats were exposed to cocaine (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) every other day for 14 days and locomotor activity was measured. Two days later, delay-discounting performance was re-evaluated. To assess reversal of impulsivity, injections of a CB1R antagonist (1.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) or vehicle were given 30 minutes before the task. During the second experiment, aimed at preventing impulsivity rather than reversing it, CB1Rs were antagonized before each cocaine injection. In this experiment, subsecond dopamine release was measured in the nucleus accumbens during delay-discounting sessions before and after cocaine treatment. RESULTS Blockade of CB1Rs reversed and prevented cocaine-induced impulsivity. Electrochemical results showed that during baseline and following disruption of endocannabinoid signaling, there was a robust increase in dopamine for immediate large rewards compared with immediate small rewards, but this effect reversed when the delay for the large reward was 10 seconds. In contrast, dopamine release always increased for one-pellet options at minimal or moderate delays in vehicle-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS Endocannabinoids play a critical role in changes associated with cocaine exposure. Cannabinoid type 1 receptor blockade may thus counteract maladaptive alterations in afferents to dopamine neurons, thereby preventing changes in dopaminergic activity underlying a loss of self-control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik B. Oleson
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, (Baltimore-Maryland)
| | - Ronny N. Gentry
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, (Baltimore-Maryland)
| | - Zarish Abbas
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University (Montréal-Quebec)
| | - David L. Bernstein
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, (Baltimore-Maryland)
| | - A. Arvanitogiannis
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University (Montréal-Quebec)
| | - Joseph F. Cheer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, (Baltimore-Maryland),Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, (Baltimore-Maryland),Corresponding Author: 20 Penn Street, Baltimore MD, 21201. Phone: (410) 706 0112/Fax: (410) 706 2512.
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15
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Tam J, Godlewski G, Earley BJ, Zhou L, Jourdan T, Szanda G, Cinar R, Kunos G. Role of adiponectin in the metabolic effects of cannabinoid type 1 receptor blockade in mice with diet-induced obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E457-68. [PMID: 24381003 PMCID: PMC3923090 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00489.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The adipocyte-derived hormone adiponectin promotes fatty acid oxidation and improves insulin sensitivity and thus plays a key role in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis. Chronic cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor blockade also increases lipid oxidation and improves insulin sensitivity in obese individuals or animals, resulting in reduced cardiometabolic risk. Chronic CB1 blockade reverses the obesity-related decline in serum adiponectin levels, which has been proposed to account for the metabolic effects of CB1 antagonists. Here, we investigated the metabolic actions of the CB1 inverse agonist rimonabant in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese adiponectin knockout (Adipo(-/-)) mice and their wild-type littermate controls (Adipo(+/+)). HFD-induced obesity and its hormonal/metabolic consequences were indistinguishable in the two strains. Daily treatment of obese mice with rimonabant for 7 days resulted in significant and comparable reductions in body weight, serum leptin, free fatty acid, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels in the two strains. Rimonabant treatment improved glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity to the same extent in Adipo(+/+) and Adipo(-/-) mice, whereas it reversed the HFD-induced hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, and hepatocellular damage only in the former. The adiponectin-dependent, antisteatotic effect of rimonabant was mediated by reduced uptake and increased β-oxidation of fatty acids in the liver. We conclude that reversal of the HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and fibrosis by chronic CB1 blockade, but not the parallel reduction in adiposity and improved glycemic control, is mediated by adiponectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Tam
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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16
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Peripherally restricted CB1 receptor blockers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4751-60. [PMID: 23902803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antagonists (inverse agonists) of the cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptor showed promise as new therapies for controlling obesity and related metabolic function/liver disease. These agents, representing diverse chemical series, shared the property of brain penetration due to the initial belief that therapeutic benefit was mainly based on brain receptor interaction. However, undesirable CNS-based side effects of the only marketed agent in this class, rimonabant, led to its removal, and termination of the development of other clinical candidates soon followed. Re-evaluation of this approach has focused on neutral or peripherally restricted (PR) antagonists. Supporting these strategies, pharmacological evidence indicates most if not all of the properties of globally acting agents may be captured by molecules with little brain presence. Methodology that can be used to eliminate BBB penetration and the means (in vitro assays, tissue distribution and receptor occupancy determinations, behavioral paradigms) to identify potential agents with little brain presence is discussed. Focus will be on the pharmacology supporting the contention that reported agents are truly peripherally restricted. Notable examples of these types of compounds are: TM38837 (structure not disclosed); AM6545 (8); JD5037 (15b); RTI-12 (19).
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17
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Chen W, Chen Z, Xue N, Zheng Z, Li S, Wang L. Effects of CB1 receptor blockade on monosodium glutamate induced hypometabolic and hypothalamic obesity in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2013; 386:721-32. [PMID: 23620336 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0875-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Effects of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) blockade were observed by comparing 9-day and 6-week SR141716 treatments in monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced hypometabolic and hypothalamic obesity (HO) in rats for the first time and molecular mechanisms were investigated. Compared with normal rats, the MSG rats display typical symptoms of the metabolic syndrome, i.e., excessive abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis, but with lower food intake. Although both the 9-day and 6-week treatments with the specific CB1R antagonist SR141716 effectively lowered body weight, intraperitoneal adipose tissue mass, serum triglyceride (TG), and insulin level, the effect of chronic treatment is more impressive. Moreover, serum cholesterol, free fatty acids (FFA), fasted and postprandial blood glucose, and insulin insensitivity were more effectively improved by 6-week exposure to SR141716, whereas hypophagia was only effective within the initial 2 weeks. In addition, hepatic steatosis as well as hepatic and adipocyte morphology was improved. Western blot analysis revealed that the markedly increased CB1R expression and decreased insulin receptor (INR) expression in liver and adipose tissues were effectively corrected by SR141716. Consistent with this, deregulated gene expression of lipogenesis and lipolysis as well as glucose metabolic key enzymes were also restored by SR141716. In conclusion, based on present data we found that: (1) alteration of the hypothalamus in MSG rats leads to a lower expression of INR in crucially insulin-targeted tissues and hyperinsulinemia that was reversed by SR141716, (2) the abnormally increased expression of CB1R in liver and adipose tissues plays a vital role in the pathophysiological process of MSG rats, and (3) chronic CB1R blockade leads to a sustained improvement of the metabolic dysfunctions of MSG rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
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18
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Tolerance to hypophagia induced by prolonged treatment with a CB1 antagonist is related to the reversion of anorexigenic neuropeptide gene expression in the hypothalamus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 182:12-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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19
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Wright FL, Rodgers RJ. Low dose naloxone attenuates the pruritic but not anorectic response to rimonabant in male rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 226:415-31. [PMID: 23142959 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2916-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Previous research suggests that the acute anorectic effect of cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonists may be secondary to response competition from the compulsive scratching and grooming syndrome characteristic of these agents. OBJECTIVES As the pruritic effect of rimonabant can be attenuated by the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone, these studies test the prediction that naloxone co-treatment should prevent acute rimonabant anorexia. METHODS Two experiments comprehensively profiled the behavioural effects of an anorectic dose of rimonabant (1.5 mg/kg) in the absence or presence of naloxone (experiment 1: 0.01 or 0.1 mg/kg; experiment 2: 0.05 mg/kg). RESULTS In both experiments, rimonabant not only significantly suppressed food intake and time spent eating but also induced compulsive scratching and grooming. In experiment 1, although the lower dose of naloxone seemed to weakly attenuate the effects of rimonabant both on ingestive and compulsive behaviours, the higher dose more strongly suppressed the compulsive elements but did not significantly affect the anorectic response. The results of experiment 2 showed that naloxone at a dose which markedly attenuated rimonabant-induced grooming and scratching did not alter the effects of the compound on food intake or time spent feeding. The apparent independence of the ingestive and compulsive effects of rimonabant was confirmed by the observation that despite a 'normalising' effect of naloxone co-treatment on behavioural structure (BSS), the opioid antagonist did not impact the suppressant effect of rimonabant on peak feeding. CONCLUSION The acute anorectic response to rimonabant would not appear to be secondary to compulsive scratching and grooming.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Wright
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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20
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Varga B, Kassai F, Gyertyán I. Interactions of CB1 and mGlu5 receptor antagonists in food intake, anxiety and memory models in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 103:425-30. [PMID: 23026059 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CB(1) receptor antagonists proved to be effective anti-obesity drugs, however, their depressive and anxiogenic effects became also evident. Finding solution to overcome these psychiatric side effects is still in focus of research. Based on the available clinical and preclinical results we hypothesized that the combination of CB(1) and mGlu(5) receptor antagonisms may result in a pharmacological intervention, where the anxiolytic mGlu(5) receptor inhibition may counteract the anxiogenic psychiatric side effects of CB(1) antagonism, while CB(1) antagonism may ameliorate the memory impairing effect of mGlu(5) receptor antagonism. Further, the two components will synergistically interact in blocking food-intake and reducing obesity. For testing the interaction of mGlu(5) and CB(1) receptor antagonism MTEP [3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl]pridine; SIB-1757, 6-methyl-2-(phenylazo)-3-pyridinol)] (mGlu(5) antagonist) and rimonabant [(5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-4-methyl-N-(piperidin-1-yl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide)hydrochloride] (CB(1) antagonist) were used. All experiments were carried out in rats. Effects of the compounds on anxiety were tested in two foot shock induced ultrasonic vocalization paradigms, appetite suppression was assessed in the food intake test, while memory effects were tested in a context conditioned ultrasonic vocalization setup. MTEP abolished the anxiogenic effect of rimonabant, while there was an additive cooperation in suppressing appetite. However, rimonabant did not ameliorate the memory impairing effect of MTEP. By combination of CB(1) and mGluR5 antagonism, anxiety related side effects might be attenuated, appetite suppression maintained, nevertheless, the possible emergence of unwanted memory impairments can overshadow its therapeutic success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Varga
- Department of Behavioral Pharmacology, Gedeon Richter Plc., 1103 Budapest Gyömrői út 19-21, Hungary
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21
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Alonso M, Serrano A, Vida M, Crespillo A, Hernandez-Folgado L, Jagerovic N, Goya P, Reyes-Cabello C, Perez-Valero V, Decara J, Macías-González M, Bermúdez-Silva FJ, Suárez J, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Pavón FJ. Anti-obesity efficacy of LH-21, a cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonist with poor brain penetration, in diet-induced obese rats. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:2274-91. [PMID: 21951309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Peripheral blockade of cannabinoid CB(1) receptors has been proposed as a safe and effective therapy against obesity, putatively devoid of the adverse psychiatric side effects of centrally acting CB(1) receptor antagonists. In this study we analysed the effects of LH-21, a peripherally acting neutral cannabinoid receptor antagonist with poor brain penetration, in an animal model of diet-induced obesity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To induce obesity, male Wistar rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD; 60 kcal% fat) whereas controls received a standard diet (SD; 10 kcal% fat). Following 10 weeks of feeding, animals received a daily i.p. injection of vehicle or 3 mg·kg(-1) LH-21 for 10 days. Plasma and liver samples were used for biochemical analyses whereas visceral fat-pad samples were analysed for lipid metabolism gene expression using real-time RT-PCR. In addition, the potential of LH-21 to interact with hepatic cytochrome P450 isoforms and cardiac human Ether-à-go-go Related Gene (hERG) channels was evaluated. KEY RESULTS LH-21 reduced feeding and body weight gain in HFD-fed animals compared with the control group fed SD. In adipose tissue, this effect was associated with decreased gene expression of: (i) leptin; (ii) lipogenic enzymes, including SCD-1; (iii) CB(1) receptors; and (iv) both PPARα and PPARγ. Although there were no significant differences in plasma parameters between HFD- and SD-fed rats, LH-21 did not seem to induce hepatic, cardiac or renal toxicity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results support the hypothesis that treatment with the peripherally neutral acting CB(1) receptor antagonist, LH-21, may promote weight loss through modulation of visceral adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Alonso
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya, Fundación IMABIS, Málaga, Spain
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Méndez-Díaz M, Rueda-Orozco PE, Ruiz-Contreras AE, Prospéro-García O. The endocannabinoid system modulates the valence of the emotion associated to food ingestion. Addict Biol 2012; 17:725-35. [PMID: 21182571 PMCID: PMC3116974 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are mediators of the homeostatic and hedonic systems that modulate food ingestion. Hence, eCBs, by regulating the hedonic system, may be modulating the valence of the emotion associated to food ingestion (positive: pleasant or negative: unpleasant). Our first goal was to demonstrate that palatable food induces conditioned place preference (CPP), hence a positive-valence emotion. Additionally, we analyzed if this CPP is blocked by AM251, inducing a negative valence emotion, meaning avoiding the otherwise pursued compartment. The second goal was to demonstrate that CPP induced by regular food would be strengthened by the simultaneous administration of anandamide or oleamide, and if such, CPP is blocked by AM251. Finally, we tested the capacity of eCBs (without food) to induce CPP. Our results indicate that rats readily developed CPP to palatable food, which was blocked by AM251. The CPP induced by regular food was strengthened by eCBs and blocked by AM251. Finally, oleamide, unlike anandamide, induced CPP. These results showed that eCBs mediate the positive valence (CPP) of the emotion associated to food ingestion. It was also observed that the blockade of the CB1 receptor causes a loss of correlation between food and CPP (negative valence: avoidance). These data further support the role of eCBs as regulators of the hedonic value of food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Méndez-Díaz
- Grupo de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Canabinoides, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.
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Vickers SP, Clifton PG. Animal models to explore the effects of CNS drugs on food intake and energy expenditure. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:124-31. [PMID: 22710443 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions globally with an increasing incidence not just in Western cultures but also Mexico, Brazil, China and parts of Africa. In terms of pharmacological intervention, the track record of drug treatments for obesity is poor, especially in the case of centrally acting medicines, and there remains an unmet need for the development of safer compounds delivering superior efficacy. Animal models are of importance not only in detecting changes in food intake, energy expenditure and body weight but also providing confidence that these changes are behaviourally specific and not a result of drug-induced side effects. We review animal models of feeding behaviour that are used to aid our understanding of the control of body weight and energy regulation with special reference to CNS-acting drugs. The use of such models in the discovery of new drugs for the treatment of obesity is given particular emphasis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Central Control of Food Intake'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Vickers
- RenaSci Consultancy Ltd., BioCity, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham NG1 1GF, UK.
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Alsiö J, Olszewski PK, Levine AS, Schiöth HB. Feed-forward mechanisms: addiction-like behavioral and molecular adaptations in overeating. Front Neuroendocrinol 2012; 33:127-39. [PMID: 22305720 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Food reward, not hunger, is the main driving force behind eating in the modern obesogenic environment. Palatable foods, generally calorie-dense and rich in sugar/fat, are thus readily overconsumed despite the resulting health consequences. Important advances have been made to explain mechanisms underlying excessive consumption as an immediate response to presentation of rewarding tastants. However, our understanding of long-term neural adaptations to food reward that oftentimes persist during even a prolonged absence of palatable food and contribute to the reinstatement of compulsive overeating of high-fat high-sugar diets, is much more limited. Here we discuss the evidence from animal and human studies for neural and molecular adaptations in both homeostatic and non-homeostatic appetite regulation that may underlie the formation of a "feed-forward" system, sensitive to palatable food and propelling the individual from a basic preference for palatable diets to food craving and compulsive, addiction-like eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Alsiö
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 593, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Vickers SP, Jackson HC, Cheetham SC. The utility of animal models to evaluate novel anti-obesity agents. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1248-62. [PMID: 21265828 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The global incidence of obesity continues to rise and is a major driver of morbidity and mortality through cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Animal models used in the discovery of novel treatments for obesity range from straightforward measures of food intake in lean rodents to long-term studies in animals exhibiting obesity due to the continuous access to diets high in fat. The utility of these animal models can be extended to determine, for example, that weight loss is due to fat loss and/or assess whether beneficial changes in key plasma parameters (e.g. insulin) are evident. In addition, behavioural models such as the behavioural satiety sequence can be used to confirm that a drug treatment has a selective effect on food intake. Typically, animal models have excellent predictive validity whereby drug-induced weight loss in rodents subsequently translates to weight loss in man. However, despite this, at the time of writing orlistat (Europe; USA) remains the only drug currently marketed for the treatment of obesity, with sibutramine having recently been withdrawn from sale globally due to the increased incidence of serious, non-fatal cardiovascular events. While the utility of rodent models in predicting clinical weight loss is detailed, the review also discusses whether animals can be used to predict adverse events such as those seen with recent anti-obesity drugs in the clinic.
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Engeli S. Central and peripheral cannabinoid receptors as therapeutic targets in the control of food intake and body weight. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012:357-381. [PMID: 22249824 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-24716-3_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system consists of lipid-derived agonists that activate cannabinoid (CB) receptors. CB receptor agonists, namely, the phytocannabinoid Δ(9)-THC and the endocannabinoid anandamide, increase hunger sensation and food intake. These discoveries led to the clinical use of Δ(9)-THC derivatives for the treatment of cancer and HIV-related nausea and cachexia. Animal studies clarified the important role of CB1 receptors in the hypothalamus and in the limbic system in mediating orexigenic effects. In parallel, data on CB1-specific blockade either by drugs or by genetic ablation further demonstrated that CB1 inhibition protects against weight gain induced by high-fat feeding and reduces body weight in obese animals and humans. The mechanisms of weight reduction by CB1 blockade are complex: they comprise interactions with several orexigenic and anorexigenic neuropeptides and hormones, regulation of sympathetic activity, influences on mitochondrial function, and on lipogenesis. Although these mechanisms appear to be mainly mediated by the CNS, weight loss also occurs when drugs that do not reach CNS concentrations sufficient to inhibit CB1 signaling are used. The development of peripherally restricted CB1 inverse agonists and antagonists opened new routes in CB1 pharmacology because centrally acting CB1 inverse agonists, e.g., rimonabant and taranabant, exerted unacceptable side effects that precluded their further development and application as weight loss drugs. Tissue and circulating endocannabinoid concentrations are often increased in animal models of obesity and in obese humans, especially those with visceral fat accumulation. Thus, further research on CB1 inhibition is still promising to treat human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Engeli
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Bajzer M, Olivieri M, Haas MK, Pfluger PT, Magrisso IJ, Foster MT, Tschöp MH, Krawczewski-Carhuatanta KA, Cota D, Obici S. Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) antagonism enhances glucose utilisation and activates brown adipose tissue in diet-induced obese mice. Diabetologia 2011; 54:3121-31. [PMID: 21987346 PMCID: PMC8464406 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We examined the physiological mechanisms by which cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) antagonism improves glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity independent of its anorectic and weight-reducing effects, as well as the effects of CB1 antagonism on brown adipose tissue (BAT) function. METHODS Three groups of diet-induced obese mice received for 1 month: vehicle; the selective CB1 antagonist SR141716; or vehicle/pair-feeding. After measurements of body composition and energy expenditure, mice underwent euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp studies to assess in vivo insulin action. In separate cohorts, we assessed insulin action in weight-reduced mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO), and the effect of CB1 antagonism on BAT thermogenesis. Surgical denervation of interscapular BAT (iBAT) was carried out in order to study the requirement for the sympathetic nervous system in mediating the effects of CB1 antagonism on BAT function. RESULTS Weight loss associated with chronic CB1 antagonism was accompanied by increased energy expenditure, enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose utilisation, and marked activation of BAT thermogenesis. Insulin-dependent glucose uptake was significantly increased in white adipose tissue and BAT, whereas glycogen synthesis was increased in liver, fat and muscle. Despite marked weight loss in the mice, SR141716 treatment did not improve insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production nor increase skeletal muscle glucose uptake. Denervation of iBAT blunted the effect of SR141716 on iBAT differentiation and insulin-mediated glucose uptake. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Chronic CB1 antagonism markedly enhances insulin-mediated glucose utilisation in DIO mice, independent of its anorectic and weight-reducing effects. The potent effect on insulin-stimulated BAT glucose uptake reveals a novel role for CB1 receptors as regulators of glucose metabolism.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/innervation
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/surgery
- Animals
- Body Composition/drug effects
- Diet, High-Fat
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Gluconeogenesis/drug effects
- Glucose/metabolism
- Glycogen/biosynthesis
- Insulin/metabolism
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Obese
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Piperidines/administration & dosage
- Pyrazoles/administration & dosage
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Rimonabant
- Thermogenesis/drug effects
- Weight Loss/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bajzer
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, 2140 East Galbraith Road, Building B, Room 332, Cincinnati, OH 45237-1625, USA
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Dasarathy S, Muc S, Runkana A, Mullen KD, Kaminsky-Russ K, McCullough AJ. Alteration in body composition in the portacaval anastamosis rat is mediated by increased expression of myostatin. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 301:G731-8. [PMID: 21799182 PMCID: PMC3774342 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00161.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The portacaval anastamosis (PCA) rat is a model to examine nutritional consequences of portosystemic shunting in cirrhosis. Alterations in body composition and mechanisms of diminished fat mass following PCA were examined. Body composition of male Sprague-Dawley rats with end-to-side PCA and pair-fed sham-operated (SO) controls were studied 3 wk after surgery by chemical carcass analysis (n=8 each) and total body electrical conductivity (n=6 each). Follistatin, a myostatin antagonist, or vehicle was administered to PCA and SO rats (n=8 in each group) to examine whether myostatin regulated fat mass following PCA. The expression of lipogenic and lipolytic genes in white adipose tissue (WAT) was quantified by real-time PCR. Body weight, fat-free mass, fat mass, organ weights, and food efficiency were significantly lower (P < 0.001) in the PCA than SO rats. Adipocyte size and triglyceride content of epididymal fat in PCA rats were significantly lower (P < 0.01) than in SO rats. Myostatin expression was higher in the WAT of PCA compared with SO rats and was accompanied by an increase in phospho-AMP kinase Thr(172). Follistatin increased whole body fat and WAT mass, adipocyte size, and expression of lipogenic genes in WAT in PCA, but not in SO rats. Myostatin and phospho-AMP kinase protein and lipolytic gene expression were lower with follistatin. We conclude that PCA results in loss of fat mass due to an increased expression of myostatin in adipose tissue with lower lipogenic and higher fatty acid oxidation gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Dasarathy
- Dept. of Gastroenterology and Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Lerner Research Institute, OH 44195, USA.
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Janero DR, Lindsley L, Vemuri VK, Makriyannis A. Cannabinoid 1 G protein-coupled receptor (periphero-)neutral antagonists: emerging therapeutics for treating obesity-driven metabolic disease and reducing cardiovascular risk. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:995-1025. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.608063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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30
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Sasmal PK, Talwar R, Swetha J, Balasubrahmanyam D, Venkatesham B, Rawoof KA, Neelima Devi B, Jadhav VP, Khan SK, Mohan P, Srinivasa Reddy D, Nyavanandi VK, Nanduri S, Kyasa SK, Kannan M, Srinivas P, Nadipalli P, Chaudhury H, Sebastian VJ. Structure-activity relationship studies of novel pyrazole and imidazole carboxamides as cannabinoid-1 (CB1) antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4913-8. [PMID: 21741835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyrazole and imidazole carboxamides as CB1 antagonists are described. As a part of eastern amide SAR, various chemically diverse motifs were introduced on rimonabant template. The central pyrazole core was also replaced with its conformationally constrained motif and imidazole moieties. In general, a range of modifications were well tolerated. Several molecules with low- and sub-nanomolar potencies were identified as potent CB1 receptor antagonists. The in vivo proof of principle for weight loss is demonstrated with a lead compound in DIO mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip K Sasmal
- Discovery Research, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad 500049, India.
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31
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Bell-Anderson KS, Aouad L, Williams H, Sanz FR, Phuyal J, Larter CZ, Farrell GC, Caterson ID. Coordinated improvement in glucose tolerance, liver steatosis and obesity-associated inflammation by cannabinoid 1 receptor antagonism in fat Aussie mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011; 35:1539-48. [PMID: 21386801 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2011.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fat Aussie mice (foz/foz) are morbidly obese, glucose intolerant and have liver steatosis that develops into steatohepatitis on a high-fat diet. The cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1) antagonist SR141716 has been shown to improve obesity-associated metabolic complications in humans and rodent models. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of SR141716 in foz/foz mice. DESIGN Male wildtype (WT) and foz/foz mice were fed a chow or high-fat diet (45% saturated fat). Vehicle or SR141716 (10 mg kg(-1) per day) was administered in jelly once daily for 4 weeks from 4 months of age. RESULTS Foz/foz mice were obese but had less epididymal adipose tissue mass than fat-fed WT mice despite being significantly heavier. Liver weight was increased by twofold in foz/foz compared with WT mice and showed significant steatogenesis associated with impaired liver function. Foz/foz and fat-fed WT mice were glucose intolerant as determined by oral glucose tolerance test. In chow-fed foz/foz mice, SR141716 reduced body weight, liver weight, reversed hepatosteatosis and glucose intolerance. Subcutaneous white adipose tissue gene expression of the macrophage-specific marker Cd68 reflected the improvements in the metabolic status by SR141716 in these mice. CONCLUSION The results are consistent with the hypothesis that foz/foz mice have defective lipid metabolism, are unable to adequately store fat in adipose tissue but instead sequester fat ectopically in other metabolic tissues (liver) leading to insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis associated with inflammation. Our findings suggest that SR141716 can improve liver lipid metabolism in foz/foz mice in line with improved insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Bell-Anderson
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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32
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Lazzari P, Sanna A, Mastinu A, Cabasino S, Manca I, Pani L. Weight loss induced by rimonabant is associated with an altered leptin expression and hypothalamic leptin signaling in diet-induced obese mice. Behav Brain Res 2011; 217:432-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nunamaker E, Newhall K, Thompson C, Lucas A, Owens J, Sherman JG. Safety evaluation and treatment affect of LY2190416, a CB-1 antagonist/inverse agonist in growing beagle dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34:577-82. [PMID: 21323931 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the safe use of LY2190416, a cannabinoid receptor 1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist, for obesity management in dogs. Twenty-four clinically normal young beagle dogs were administered LY2190416 at doses of 3, 9, or 18 mg/kg or placebo, orally, once daily for 13 weeks. Food consumption and body weight were determined, and dogs were evaluated for changes in hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, and serum cortisol. LY2190416 had no significant effect on hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, and serum cortisol. All dogs consumed 100% of their entire daily allowance throughout the study. All dogs gained weight during the study, but treated dogs gained less than control dogs by the end of the study. During the first month, dogs exhibited a dose-dependent decrease in rate of weight gain (19.7 g/day for control dogs vs. 10.6 g/day for the 18 mg/kg dose group). LY2190416 was found to be safe at doses up to 18 mg/kg administered daily for 3 months. Results suggest that LY2190416 decreases rate of weight gain without affecting appetite or causing significant adverse health effects in normal growing dogs. Possible mechanisms for a proposed metabolic effect are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nunamaker
- Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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34
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Sasmal PK, Reddy DS, Talwar R, Venkatesham B, Balasubrahmanyam D, Kannan M, Srinivas P, Kyasa SK, Devi BN, Jadhav VP, Khan SK, Mohan P, Chaudhury H, Bhuniya D, Iqbal J, Chakrabarti R. Novel pyrazole-3-carboxamide derivatives as cannabinoid-1 (CB1) antagonists: journey from non-polar to polar amides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:562-8. [PMID: 21075633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyrazole-3-carboxamide derivatives as CB1 antagonists are described. As a part of eastern amide SAR, various chemically diverse motifs were introduced. In general, a range of modifications were well tolerated. Several molecules with high polar surface area were also identified as potent CB1 receptor antagonists. The in vivo proof of principle for weight loss is exemplified with a lead compound from this series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip K Sasmal
- Discovery Research, Dr Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad 500049, India.
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35
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Expression of the cannabinoid system in muscle: effects of a high-fat diet and CB1 receptor blockade. Biochem J 2010; 433:175-85. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20100751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ECS (endocannabinoid system) plays an important role in the onset of obesity and metabolic disorders, implicating central and peripheral mechanisms predominantly via CB1 (cannabinoid type 1) receptors. CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist treatment improves cardiometabolic risk factors and insulin resistance. However, the relative contribution of peripheral organs to the net beneficial metabolic effects remains unclear. In the present study, we have identified the presence of the endocannabinoid signalling machinery in skeletal muscle and also investigated the impact of an HFD (high-fat diet) on lipid-metabolism-related genes and endocannabinoid-related proteins. Finally, we tested whether administration of the CB1 inverse agonist AM251 restored the alterations induced by the HFD. Rats were fed on either an STD (standard/low-fat diet) or an HFD for 10 weeks and then treated with AM251 (3 mg/kg of body weight per day) for 14 days. The accumulated caloric intake was progressively higher in rats fed on the HFD than the STD, resulting in a divergence in body weight gain. AM251 treatment reduced accumulated food/caloric intake and body weight gain, being more marked in rats fed on the HFD. CB2 (cannabinoid type 2) receptor and PPARα (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor α) gene expression was decreased in HFD-fed rats, whereas MAGL (monoglyceride lipase) gene expression was up-regulated. These data suggest an altered endocannabinoid signalling as a result of the HFD. AM251 treatment reduced CB2 receptor, PPARγ and AdipoR1 (adiponectin receptor 1) gene expression in STD-fed rats, but only partially normalized the CB2 receptor in HFD-fed rats. Protein levels corroborated gene expression results, but also showed a decrease in DAGL (diacylglycerol) β and DAGLα after AM251 treatment in STD- and HFD-fed rats respectively. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate a diet-sensitive ECS in skeletal muscle, suggesting that blockade of CB1 receptors could work towards restoration of the metabolic adaption imposed by diet.
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36
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Cluny NL, Chambers AP, Vemuri VK, Wood JT, Eller LK, Freni C, Reimer RA, Makriyannis A, Sharkey KA. The neutral cannabinoid CB₁ receptor antagonist AM4113 regulates body weight through changes in energy intake in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 97:537-43. [PMID: 21056053 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if the neutral cannabinoid CB₁ receptor antagonist, AM4113, regulates body weight in the rat via changes in food intake. We confirmed that the AM4113-induced reduction in food intake is mediated by CB₁ receptors using CB₁ receptor knockout mice. In rats, intraperitoneally administered AM4113 (2, 10 mg kg⁻¹) had a transient inhibitory effect on food intake, while body weight gain was suppressed for the duration of the study. AM4113-induced hypophagia was no longer observed once the inhibitory effect of AM4113 on body weight stabilized, at which time rats gained weight at a similar rate to vehicle-treated animals, yet at a lower magnitude. Pair-feeding produced similar effects to treatment with AM4113. Food intake and body weight gain were also inhibited in rats by oral administration of AM4113 (50 mg kg⁻¹). Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to measure lean and fat mass. The AM4113 treated group had 29.3±11.4% lower fat mass than vehicle-treated rats; this trend did not reach statistical significance. There were no differences in circulating levels of the endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), glucose, triglycerides, or cholesterol observed between treatment groups. Similarly, 2-AG hypothalamic levels were not modified by AM4113 treatment. These data suggest that blockade of an endocannabinoid tone acting at CB₁ receptors induces an initial, transient reduction in food intake which results in long-term reduction of body weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina L Cluny
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Snyder Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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37
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Mølhøj S, Hansen HS, Schweiger M, Zimmermann R, Johansen T, Malmlöf K. Effect of the cannabinoid receptor-1 antagonist rimonabant on lipolysis in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 646:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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NEWHALL K, NUNAMAKER E, GISSENDANNER S, THOMPSON C, OWENS J, LUCAS A, SHERMAN JG. CB-1 antagonism with LY2190416 results in acute weight loss in obese adult dogs fed a high-fat diet. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2010; 33:615-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hansen HH, Hansen G, Tang-Christensen M, Larsen PJ, Axel AMD, Raben A, Mikkelsen JD. The novel triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor tesofensine induces sustained weight loss and improves glycemic control in the diet-induced obese rat: comparison to sibutramine and rimonabant. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 636:88-95. [PMID: 20385125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tesofensine, a novel triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor, produces a significant weight loss in humans. The present study aimed at characterizing the weight-reducing effects of tesofensine in a rat model of diet-induced obesity. Sibutramine and rimonabant were used as reference comparators. Compared to baseline, long-term treatment with tesofensine (28 days, 1.0 or 2.5mg/kg, p.o.) resulted in a significant, dose-dependent and sustained weight loss of 5.7 and 9.9%, respectively. Sibutramine (7.5mg/kg, p.o.) treatment caused a sustained weight loss of 7.6%, whereas the employed dose of rimonabant (10mg/kg, p.o.) only produced a transient weight reduction. While all compounds exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on food intake which gradually wore off, the hypophagic effect of tesofensine was longer lasting than sibutramine and rimonabant. In contrast to tesofensine, the body weight of pair-fed rats returned to baseline at the end of the study, which may indicate that tesofensine stimulated energy expenditure. The differential efficacy on weight reduction was also reflected in lowered body fat depots, as tesofensine and sibutramine most efficiently reduced abdominal and subcutaneous fat mass which was paralleled by reduced plasma lipid levels. In an oral glucose tolerance test, only tesofensine significantly suppressed the plasma insulin response below the level that could be obtained by paired feeding, indicating that tesofensine further improved glycemic control. In conclusion, the robust weight loss with long-term tesofensine treatment is likely due to a combined synergistic effect of appetite suppression and increased energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik H Hansen
- NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, DK-2750 Ballerup, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry N Ginsberg
- Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
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41
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Dow RL, Hadcock JR, Scott DO, Schneider SR, Paight ES, Iredale PA, Carpino PA, Griffith DA, Hammond M, Dasilva-Jardine P. Bioisosteric replacement of the hydrazide pharmacophore of the cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonist SR141716A. Part I: potent, orally-active 1,4-disubstituted imidazoles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5351-4. [PMID: 19683918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.07.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 07/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A new series of CB(1) receptor antagonists incorporating an imidazole-based isosteric replacement for the hydrazide moiety of rimonabant (SR141716) is disclosed. Members of this imidazole series possess potent/selective binding to the rCB(1) receptor and exhibit potent hCB(1) functional activity. Isopropyl analog 9a demonstrated activity in the tetrad assay and was orally-active in a food intake model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Dow
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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42
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Cota D, Sandoval DA, Olivieri M, Prodi E, D'Alessio DA, Woods SC, Seeley RJ, Obici S. Food intake-independent effects of CB1 antagonism on glucose and lipid metabolism. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17:1641-5. [PMID: 19325539 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Overactivity of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been linked to abdominal obesity and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Conversely, administration of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) antagonists reduces adiposity in obese animals and humans. This effect is only in part secondary to the anorectic action of CB1 agonists. In order to assess the actions of CB1 antagonism on glucose homeostasis, diet-induced obese (DIO) rats received the CB1 antagonist rimonabant (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (IP)) or its vehicle for 4 weeks, or were pair-fed to the rimonabant-treated group for the same length of time. Rimonabant treatment transiently reduced food intake, while inducing body weight loss throughout the study. Rats receiving rimonabant had significantly less body fat and circulating leptin compared to both vehicle and pair-fed groups. Rimonabant, but not pair-feeding, also significantly decreased circulating nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) and triacylglycerol (TG) levels, and reduced TG content in oxidative skeletal muscle. Although no effects were observed during a glucose tolerance test (GTT), rimonabant restored insulin sensitivity to that of chow-fed, lean controls during an insulin tolerance test (ITT). Conversely, a single dose of rimonabant to DIO rats had no acute effect on insulin sensitivity. These findings suggest that in diet-induced obesity, chronic CB1 antagonism causes weight loss and improves insulin sensitivity by diverting lipids from storage toward utilization. These effects are independent of the anorectic action of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cota
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Genome Research Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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43
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Szabó G, Varga B, Páyer-Lengyel D, Szemző A, Erdélyi P, Vukics K, Szikra J, Hegyi É, Vastag M, Kiss B, Laszy J, Gyertyán I, Fischer J. Chemical and Biological Investigation of Cyclopropyl Containing Diaryl-pyrazole-3-carboxamides as Novel and Potent Cannabinoid Type 1 Receptor Antagonists. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4329-37. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900179y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- György Szabó
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory IV, Gedeon Richter Plc, PO Box 27, H-1475 Budapest 10, Hungary
| | - Balázs Varga
- Division of Drug Safety and Pharmacology, Gedeon Richter Plc, PO Box 27, H-1475 Budapest 10, Hungary
| | - Dóra Páyer-Lengyel
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory IV, Gedeon Richter Plc, PO Box 27, H-1475 Budapest 10, Hungary
| | - Attila Szemző
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory IV, Gedeon Richter Plc, PO Box 27, H-1475 Budapest 10, Hungary
| | - Péter Erdélyi
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory IV, Gedeon Richter Plc, PO Box 27, H-1475 Budapest 10, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Vukics
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory IV, Gedeon Richter Plc, PO Box 27, H-1475 Budapest 10, Hungary
| | - Judit Szikra
- Division of Drug Safety and Pharmacology, Gedeon Richter Plc, PO Box 27, H-1475 Budapest 10, Hungary
| | - Éva Hegyi
- Division of Drug Safety and Pharmacology, Gedeon Richter Plc, PO Box 27, H-1475 Budapest 10, Hungary
| | - Mónika Vastag
- Division of Drug Safety and Pharmacology, Gedeon Richter Plc, PO Box 27, H-1475 Budapest 10, Hungary
| | - Béla Kiss
- Division of Drug Safety and Pharmacology, Gedeon Richter Plc, PO Box 27, H-1475 Budapest 10, Hungary
| | - Judit Laszy
- Division of Drug Safety and Pharmacology, Gedeon Richter Plc, PO Box 27, H-1475 Budapest 10, Hungary
| | - István Gyertyán
- Division of Drug Safety and Pharmacology, Gedeon Richter Plc, PO Box 27, H-1475 Budapest 10, Hungary
| | - János Fischer
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory IV, Gedeon Richter Plc, PO Box 27, H-1475 Budapest 10, Hungary
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44
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Dow RL, Carpino PA, Hadcock JR, Black SC, Iredale PA, DaSilva-Jardine P, Schneider SR, Paight ES, Griffith DA, Scott DO, O’Connor RE, Nduaka CI. Discovery of 2-(2-Chlorophenyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(2,2-difluoropropyl)-6,7-dihydro-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-f][1,4]oxazepin-8(5H)-one (PF-514273), a Novel, Bicyclic Lactam-Based Cannabinoid-1 Receptor Antagonist for the Treatment of Obesity. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2652-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900255t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Dow
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Neuroscience, and Drug Safety, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Philip A. Carpino
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Neuroscience, and Drug Safety, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - John R. Hadcock
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Neuroscience, and Drug Safety, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Shawn C. Black
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Neuroscience, and Drug Safety, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Philip A. Iredale
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Neuroscience, and Drug Safety, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Paul DaSilva-Jardine
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Neuroscience, and Drug Safety, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Steven R. Schneider
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Neuroscience, and Drug Safety, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Ernest S. Paight
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Neuroscience, and Drug Safety, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - David A. Griffith
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Neuroscience, and Drug Safety, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Dennis O. Scott
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Neuroscience, and Drug Safety, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Rebecca E. O’Connor
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Neuroscience, and Drug Safety, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Chudy I. Nduaka
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, Neuroscience, and Drug Safety, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
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45
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Brandt TA, Caron S, Damon DB, DiBrino J, Ghosh A, Griffith DA, Kedia S, Ragan JA, Rose PR, Vanderplas BC, Wei L. Development of two synthetic routes to CE-178,253, a CB1 antagonist for the treatment of obesity. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Griffith DA, Hadcock JR, Black SC, Iredale PA, Carpino PA, DaSilva-Jardine P, Day R, DiBrino J, Dow RL, Landis MS, O'Connor RE, Scott DO. Discovery of 1-[9-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-(2-chlorophenyl)-9H-purin-6-yl]-4-ethylaminopiperidine-4-carboxylic acid amide hydrochloride (CP-945,598), a novel, potent, and selective cannabinoid type 1 receptor antagonist. J Med Chem 2009; 52:234-7. [PMID: 19102698 DOI: 10.1021/jm8012932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the structure-activity relationships, design, and synthesis of the novel cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor antagonist 3a (CP-945,598). Compound 3a showed subnanomolar potency at human CB1 receptors in binding (Ki = 0.7 nM) and functional assays (Ki = 0.12 nM). In vivo, compound 3a reversed cannabinoid agonist-mediated responses, reduced food intake, and increased energy expenditure and fat oxidation in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Griffith
- Department of Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
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47
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Verty ANA, Allen AM, Oldfield BJ. The effects of rimonabant on brown adipose tissue in rat: implications for energy expenditure. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17:254-61. [PMID: 19057531 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant (SR 141716) produces a sustained decrease in body weight on a background of a transient reduction in food intake. An increase in energy expenditure has been implicated, possibly mediated via peripheral endocannabinoid system; however, the role of the central endocannabinoid system is unclear. The present study investigates this role. Rimonabant (10 mg/kg IP) was administered for 21 days to rats surgically implanted with biotelemetry devices to measure temperature in the interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT). BAT temperature as a putative measure of thermogenesis in the BAT, physical activity, body weight, food intake, as well as changes in UCP1 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were measured. In addition, role of the CNS in mediating these actions of rimonabant was determined in rats where the BAT was sympathetically denervated. As expected, chronic administration of rimonabant significantly reduced body weight for the entire treatment period despite only a transient decrease in food intake. There was a profound increase in BAT temperature, particularly during the dark phase of each circadian cycle throughout the treatment period. A corresponding increase in uncoupling protein (UCP1) was also observed following chronic rimonabant treatment. The rimonabant-induced elevation in BAT temperature and decrease in body weight were significantly attenuated following denervation, indicating an involvement of the CNS. These findings suggest that the long-term weight loss associated with rimonabant treatment is due at least in part to an elevation in energy expenditure, represented here by elevated temperature recorded in the BAT, which is mediated primarily by the central endocannabinoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron N A Verty
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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48
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Akbas F, Gasteyger C, Sjödin A, Astrup A, Larsen TM. A critical review of the cannabinoid receptor as a drug target for obesity management. Obes Rev 2009; 10:58-67. [PMID: 18721231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2008.00520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of cannabinoids, with the well-known stimulatory effect of Cannabis sativa on appetite, has offered a new drug target for obesity treatment. Cannabinoids act on two different receptors: CB1 receptors which are sited in the brain and many peripheral tissues, and CB2 receptors which are primarily found in immune system cells. Cannabinoid receptor antagonists act centrally by blocking CB1 receptors, thereby reducing food intake. Moreover, they probably also act peripherally by increasing thermogenesis and therefore energy expenditure, as has been suggested by animal experiments. Despite these promising mechanisms of action, recent clinical studies examining the effect of the two CB1 receptor antagonists rimonabant and taranabant showed that the attained weight loss did not exceed that attained with other currently approved anti-obesity medications. Moreover, potentially severe psychiatric adverse effects limit their clinical use. As several new CB1 receptor antagonists are presently undergoing development, it remains to be elucidated to what extent they differ in terms of efficacy and safety. This review primarily discusses how close cannabinoid receptor antagonists are to the ideal anti-obesity drug, with respect to their mechanisms of action, clinical effectiveness and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Akbas
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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49
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Ragan JA, Bourassa DE, Blunt J, Breen D, Busch FR, Cordi EM, Damon DB, Do N, Engtrakul A, Lynch D, McDermott RE, Mongillo JA, O’Sullivan MM, Rose PR, Vanderplas BC. Development of a Practical and Efficient Synthesis of CP-945,598-01, a CB1 Antagonist for the Treatment of Obesity. Org Process Res Dev 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/op800255j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John A. Ragan
- Chemical Research and Development, Materials Science, and Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06335, U.S.A., Supply Chain, Pfizer Ltd., Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT139NJ, U.K., and Pfizer Global Manufacturing, Ringaskiddy API Plant, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Dennis E. Bourassa
- Chemical Research and Development, Materials Science, and Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06335, U.S.A., Supply Chain, Pfizer Ltd., Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT139NJ, U.K., and Pfizer Global Manufacturing, Ringaskiddy API Plant, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Jon Blunt
- Chemical Research and Development, Materials Science, and Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06335, U.S.A., Supply Chain, Pfizer Ltd., Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT139NJ, U.K., and Pfizer Global Manufacturing, Ringaskiddy API Plant, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Darragh Breen
- Chemical Research and Development, Materials Science, and Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06335, U.S.A., Supply Chain, Pfizer Ltd., Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT139NJ, U.K., and Pfizer Global Manufacturing, Ringaskiddy API Plant, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Frank R. Busch
- Chemical Research and Development, Materials Science, and Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06335, U.S.A., Supply Chain, Pfizer Ltd., Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT139NJ, U.K., and Pfizer Global Manufacturing, Ringaskiddy API Plant, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Eric M. Cordi
- Chemical Research and Development, Materials Science, and Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06335, U.S.A., Supply Chain, Pfizer Ltd., Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT139NJ, U.K., and Pfizer Global Manufacturing, Ringaskiddy API Plant, County Cork, Ireland
| | - David B. Damon
- Chemical Research and Development, Materials Science, and Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06335, U.S.A., Supply Chain, Pfizer Ltd., Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT139NJ, U.K., and Pfizer Global Manufacturing, Ringaskiddy API Plant, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Nga Do
- Chemical Research and Development, Materials Science, and Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06335, U.S.A., Supply Chain, Pfizer Ltd., Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT139NJ, U.K., and Pfizer Global Manufacturing, Ringaskiddy API Plant, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Alanya Engtrakul
- Chemical Research and Development, Materials Science, and Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06335, U.S.A., Supply Chain, Pfizer Ltd., Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT139NJ, U.K., and Pfizer Global Manufacturing, Ringaskiddy API Plant, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Denis Lynch
- Chemical Research and Development, Materials Science, and Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06335, U.S.A., Supply Chain, Pfizer Ltd., Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT139NJ, U.K., and Pfizer Global Manufacturing, Ringaskiddy API Plant, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Ruth E. McDermott
- Chemical Research and Development, Materials Science, and Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06335, U.S.A., Supply Chain, Pfizer Ltd., Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT139NJ, U.K., and Pfizer Global Manufacturing, Ringaskiddy API Plant, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Joseph A. Mongillo
- Chemical Research and Development, Materials Science, and Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06335, U.S.A., Supply Chain, Pfizer Ltd., Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT139NJ, U.K., and Pfizer Global Manufacturing, Ringaskiddy API Plant, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Maria M. O’Sullivan
- Chemical Research and Development, Materials Science, and Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06335, U.S.A., Supply Chain, Pfizer Ltd., Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT139NJ, U.K., and Pfizer Global Manufacturing, Ringaskiddy API Plant, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Peter R. Rose
- Chemical Research and Development, Materials Science, and Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06335, U.S.A., Supply Chain, Pfizer Ltd., Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT139NJ, U.K., and Pfizer Global Manufacturing, Ringaskiddy API Plant, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Brian C. Vanderplas
- Chemical Research and Development, Materials Science, and Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06335, U.S.A., Supply Chain, Pfizer Ltd., Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT139NJ, U.K., and Pfizer Global Manufacturing, Ringaskiddy API Plant, County Cork, Ireland
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50
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Di Marzo V. CB1 receptor antagonism: biological basis for metabolic effects. Drug Discov Today 2008; 13:1026-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Revised: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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