1
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Boccaccini A, Cimini S, Kazmi H, Lepri A, Longo C, Lorrai R, Vittorioso P. When Size Matters: New Insights on How Seed Size Can Contribute to the Early Stages of Plant Development. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1793. [PMID: 38999633 PMCID: PMC11244240 DOI: 10.3390/plants13131793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
The seed habit is the most complex and successful method of sexual reproduction in vascular plants. It represents a remarkable moment in the evolution of plants that afterward spread on land. In particular, seed size had a pivotal role in evolutionary success and agronomic traits, especially in the field of crop domestication. Given that crop seeds constitute one of the primary products for consumption, it follows that seed size represents a fundamental determinant of crop yield. This adaptative feature is strictly controlled by genetic traits from both maternal and zygotic tissues, although seed development and growth are also affected by environmental cues. Despite being a highly exploited topic for both basic and applied research, there are still many issues to be elucidated for developmental biology as well as for agronomic science. This review addresses a number of open questions related to cues that influence seed growth and size and how they influence seed germination. Moreover, new insights on the genetic-molecular control of this adaptive trait are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Boccaccini
- Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Sara Cimini
- Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Hira Kazmi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (H.K.); (A.L.); (C.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Andrea Lepri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (H.K.); (A.L.); (C.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Chiara Longo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (H.K.); (A.L.); (C.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Riccardo Lorrai
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (H.K.); (A.L.); (C.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Paola Vittorioso
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (H.K.); (A.L.); (C.L.); (R.L.)
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2
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Cosgrove DJ. Structure and growth of plant cell walls. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:340-358. [PMID: 38102449 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells build nanofibrillar walls that are central to plant growth, morphogenesis and mechanics. Starting from simple sugars, three groups of polysaccharides, namely, cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectins, with very different physical properties are assembled by the cell to make a strong yet extensible wall. This Review describes the physics of wall growth and its regulation by cellular processes such as cellulose production by cellulose synthase, modulation of wall pH by plasma membrane H+-ATPase, wall loosening by expansin and signalling by plant hormones such as auxin and brassinosteroid. In addition, this Review discusses the nuanced roles, properties and interactions of cellulose, matrix polysaccharides and cell wall proteins and describes how wall stress and wall loosening cooperatively result in cell wall growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
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3
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Elliott L, Kalde M, Schürholz AK, Zhang X, Wolf S, Moore I, Kirchhelle C. A self-regulatory cell-wall-sensing module at cell edges controls plant growth. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:483-493. [PMID: 38454063 PMCID: PMC10954545 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Morphogenesis of multicellular organs requires coordination of cellular growth. In plants, cell growth is determined by turgor pressure and the mechanical properties of the cell wall, which also glues cells together. Because plants have to integrate tissue-scale mechanical stresses arising through growth in a fixed tissue topology, they need to monitor cell wall mechanical status and adapt growth accordingly. Molecular factors have been identified, but whether cell geometry contributes to wall sensing is unknown. Here we propose that plant cell edges act as cell-wall-sensing domains during growth. We describe two Receptor-Like Proteins, RLP4 and RLP4-L1, which occupy a unique polarity domain at cell edges established through a targeted secretory transport pathway. We show that RLP4s associate with the cell wall at edges via their extracellular domain, respond to changes in cell wall mechanics and contribute to directional growth control in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Elliott
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Monika Kalde
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ian Moore
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charlotte Kirchhelle
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France.
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4
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Kaur H, Teulon JM, Godon C, Desnos T, Chen SWW, Pellequer JL. Correlation between plant cell wall stiffening and root extension arrest phenotype in the combined abiotic stress of Fe and Al. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:574-584. [PMID: 37876357 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The plasticity and growth of plant cell walls (CWs) remain poorly understood at the molecular level. In this work, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to observe elastic responses of the root transition zone of 4-day-old Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type and almt1-mutant seedlings grown under Fe or Al stresses. Elastic parameters were deduced from force-distance curve measurements using the trimechanic-3PCS framework. The presence of single metal species Fe2+ or Al3+ at 10 µM exerts no noticeable effect on the root growth compared with the control conditions. On the contrary, a mix of both the metal ions produced a strong root-extension arrest concomitant with significant increase of CW stiffness. Raising the concentration of either Fe2+ or Al3+ to 20 µM, no root-extension arrest was observed; nevertheless, an increase in root stiffness occurred. In the presence of both the metal ions at 10 µM, root-extension arrest was not observed in the almt1 mutant, which substantially abolishes the ability to exude malate. Our results indicate that the combination of Fe2+ and Al3+ with exuded malate is crucial for both CW stiffening and root-extension arrest. However, stiffness increase induced by single Fe2+ or Al3+ is not sufficient for arresting root growth in our experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian Godon
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, Cadarache, France
| | - Thierry Desnos
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, Cadarache, France
| | - Shu-Wen W Chen
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
- Rue Cyprien Jullin, Vinay, France
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5
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Samalova M, Melnikava A, Elsayad K, Peaucelle A, Gahurova E, Gumulec J, Spyroglou I, Zemlyanskaya EV, Ubogoeva EV, Balkova D, Demko M, Blavet N, Alexiou P, Benes V, Mouille G, Hejatko J. Hormone-regulated expansins: Expression, localization, and cell wall biomechanics in Arabidopsis root growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:209-228. [PMID: 37073485 PMCID: PMC10762514 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Expansins facilitate cell expansion by mediating pH-dependent cell wall (CW) loosening. However, the role of expansins in controlling CW biomechanical properties in specific tissues and organs remains elusive. We monitored hormonal responsiveness and spatial specificity of expression and localization of expansins predicted to be the direct targets of cytokinin signaling in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We found EXPANSIN1 (EXPA1) homogenously distributed throughout the CW of columella/lateral root cap, while EXPA10 and EXPA14 localized predominantly at 3-cell boundaries in the epidermis/cortex in various root zones. EXPA15 revealed cell-type-specific combination of homogenous vs. 3-cell boundaries localization. By comparing Brillouin frequency shift and AFM-measured Young's modulus, we demonstrated Brillouin light scattering (BLS) as a tool suitable for non-invasive in vivo quantitative assessment of CW viscoelasticity. Using both BLS and AFM, we showed that EXPA1 overexpression upregulated CW stiffness in the root transition zone (TZ). The dexamethasone-controlled EXPA1 overexpression induced fast changes in the transcription of numerous CW-associated genes, including several EXPAs and XYLOGLUCAN:XYLOGLUCOSYL TRANSFERASEs (XTHs), and associated with rapid pectin methylesterification determined by in situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in the root TZ. The EXPA1-induced CW remodeling is associated with the shortening of the root apical meristem, leading to root growth arrest. Based on our results, we propose that expansins control root growth by a delicate orchestration of CW biomechanical properties, possibly regulating both CW loosening and CW remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Samalova
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Alesia Melnikava
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Kareem Elsayad
- Division of Anatomy, Centre for Anatomy & Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | | | - Evelina Gahurova
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Gumulec
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ioannis Spyroglou
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Elena V Zemlyanskaya
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630073, Russia
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Elena V Ubogoeva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Darina Balkova
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Demko
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Nicolas Blavet
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Panagiotis Alexiou
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | | | - Jan Hejatko
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
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6
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Bidhendi AJ, Lampron O, Gosselin FP, Geitmann A. Cell geometry regulates tissue fracture. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8275. [PMID: 38092784 PMCID: PMC10719271 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In vascular plants, the epidermal surfaces of leaves and flower petals often display cells with wavy geometries forming intricate jigsaw puzzle patterns. The prevalence and diversity of these complex epidermal patterns, originating from simple polyhedral progenitor cells, suggest adaptive significance. However, despite multiple efforts to explain the evolutionary drivers behind these geometrical features, compelling validation remains elusive. Employing a multidisciplinary approach that integrates microscopic and macroscopic fracture experiments with computational fracture mechanics, we demonstrate that wavy epidermal cells toughen the plants' protective skin. Through a multi-scale framework, we demonstrate that this energy-efficient patterning mechanism is universally applicable for toughening biological and synthetic materials. Our findings reveal a tunable structural-mechanical strategy employed in the microscale design of plants to protect them from deleterious surface fissures while facilitating and strategically directing beneficial ones. These findings hold implications for targeted plant breeding aimed at enhancing resilience in fluctuating environmental conditions. From an engineering perspective, our work highlights the sophisticated design principles the plant kingdom offers to inspire metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir J Bidhendi
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H9X 3V9, Canada.
- EERS Global Technologies, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Olivier Lampron
- Laboratoire de Mécanique Multi-échelles, Département de génie mécanique, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Frédérick P Gosselin
- Laboratoire de Mécanique Multi-échelles, Département de génie mécanique, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Anja Geitmann
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H9X 3V9, Canada.
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7
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Lee J, Choi J, Feng L, Yu J, Zheng Y, Zhang Q, Lin YT, Sah S, Gu Y, Zhang S, Cosgrove DJ, Kim SH. Regiospecific Cellulose Orientation and Anisotropic Mechanical Property in Plant Cell Walls. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4759-4770. [PMID: 37704189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose microfibrils (CMFs) are a major load-bearing component in plant cell walls. Thus, their structures have been studied extensively with spectroscopic and microscopic characterization methods, but the findings from these two approaches were inconsistent, which hampers the mechanistic understanding of cell wall mechanics. Here, we report the regiospecific assembly of CMFs in the periclinal wall of plant epidermal cells. Using sum frequency generation spectroscopic imaging, we found that CMFs are highly aligned in the cell edge region where two cells form a junction, whereas they are mostly isotropic on average throughout the wall thickness in the flat face region of the epidermal cell. This subcellular-level heterogeneity in the CMF alignment provided a new perspective on tissue-level anisotropy in the tensile modulus of cell wall materials. This finding also has resolved a previous contradiction between the spectroscopic and microscopic imaging studies, which paves a foundation for better understanding of the cell wall architecture, especially structure-geometry relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongcheol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Juseok Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Luyi Feng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics and Bioengineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jingyi Yu
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Yunzhen Zheng
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Yen-Ting Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Saroj Sah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Sulin Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics and Bioengineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Seong H Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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8
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Saffer AM, Baskin TI, Verma A, Stanislas T, Oldenbourg R, Irish VF. Cellulose assembles into helical bundles of uniform handedness in cell walls with abnormal pectin composition. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:855-870. [PMID: 37548081 PMCID: PMC10592269 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells and organs grow into a remarkable diversity of shapes, as directed by cell walls composed primarily of polysaccharides such as cellulose and multiple structurally distinct pectins. The properties of the cell wall that allow for precise control of morphogenesis are distinct from those of the individual polysaccharide components. For example, cellulose, the primary determinant of cell morphology, is a chiral macromolecule that can self-assemble in vitro into larger-scale structures of consistent chirality, and yet most plant cells do not display consistent chirality in their growth. One interesting exception is the Arabidopsis thaliana rhm1 mutant, which has decreased levels of the pectin rhamnogalacturonan-I and causes conical petal epidermal cells to grow with a left-handed helical twist. Here, we show that in rhm1 the cellulose is bundled into large macrofibrils, unlike the evenly distributed microfibrils of the wild type. This cellulose bundling becomes increasingly severe over time, consistent with cellulose being synthesized normally and then self-associating into macrofibrils. We also show that in the wild type, cellulose is oriented transversely, whereas in rhm1 mutants, the cellulose forms right-handed helices that can account for the helical morphology of the petal cells. Our results indicate that when the composition of pectin is altered, cellulose can form cellular-scale chiral structures in vivo, analogous to the helicoids formed in vitro by cellulose nano-crystals. We propose that an important emergent property of the interplay between rhamnogalacturonan-I and cellulose is to permit the assembly of nonbundled cellulose structures, providing plants flexibility to orient cellulose and direct morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Saffer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Tobias I Baskin
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, 611 N. Pleasant St, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, USA
| | - Amitabh Verma
- Marine Biological Laboratories, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
| | - Thomas Stanislas
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Rudolf Oldenbourg
- Marine Biological Laboratories, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
| | - Vivian F Irish
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
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9
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Del Mundo JT, Rongpipi S, Yang H, Ye D, Kiemle SN, Moffitt SL, Troxel CL, Toney MF, Zhu C, Kubicki JD, Cosgrove DJ, Gomez EW, Gomez ED. Grazing-incidence diffraction reveals cellulose and pectin organization in hydrated plant primary cell wall. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5421. [PMID: 37012389 PMCID: PMC10070456 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32505-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cell wall is highly hydrated in its native state, yet many structural studies have been conducted on dried samples. Here, we use grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) with a humidity chamber, which enhances scattering and the signal-to-noise ratio while keeping outer onion epidermal peels hydrated, to examine cell wall properties. GIWAXS of hydrated and dried onion reveals that the cellulose ([Formula: see text]) lattice spacing decreases slightly upon drying, while the (200) lattice parameters are unchanged. Additionally, the ([Formula: see text]) diffraction intensity increases relative to (200). Density functional theory models of hydrated and dry cellulose microfibrils corroborate changes in crystalline properties upon drying. GIWAXS also reveals a peak that we attribute to pectin chain aggregation. We speculate that dehydration perturbs the hydrogen bonding network within cellulose crystals and collapses the pectin network without affecting the lateral distribution of pectin chain aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Del Mundo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Sintu Rongpipi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Dan Ye
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Sarah N Kiemle
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | | | - Charles L Troxel
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Michael F Toney
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - James D Kubicki
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Resource Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Esther W Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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10
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Höfte H. A dive into the cell wall with Arabidopsis. C R Biol 2023; 345:41-60. [PMID: 36847119 DOI: 10.5802/crbiol.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
One of the many legacies of the work of Michel Caboche is our understanding of plant cell wall synthesis and metabolism thanks to the use of Arabidopsis mutants. Here I describe how he was instrumental in initiating the genetic study of plant cell walls. I also show, with a few examples for cellulose and pectins, how this approach has led to important new insights in cell wall synthesis and how the metabolism of pectins contributes to plant growth and morphogenesis. I also illustrate the limitations of the use of mutants to explain processes at the scale of cells, organs or whole plants in terms of the physico-chemical properties of cell wall polymers. Finally, I sketch how new approaches can cope with these limitations.
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11
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Electron tomography unravels new insights into fiber cell wall nanostructure; exploring 3D macromolecular biopolymeric nano-architecture of spruce fiber secondary walls. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2350. [PMID: 36759530 PMCID: PMC9911387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulose biomass has a tremendous potential as renewable biomaterials for fostering the "bio-based society" and circular bioeconomy paradigm. It requires efficient use and breakdown of fiber cell walls containing mainly cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin biopolymers. Despite their great importance, there is an extensive debate on the true structure of fiber walls and knowledge on the macromolecular nano-organization is limited and remains elusive in 3D. We employed dual-axis electron tomography that allows visualization of previously unseen 3D macromolecular organization/biopolymeric nano-architecture of the secondary S2 layer of Norway spruce fiber wall. Unprecedented 3D nano-structural details with novel insights into cellulose microfibrils (~ 2 nm diameter), macrofibrils, nano-pore network and cell wall chemistry (volume %) across the S2 were explored and quantified including simulation of structure related permeability. Matrix polymer association with cellulose varied between microfibrils and macrofibrils with lignin directly associated with MFs. Simulated bio-nano-mechanical properties revealed stress distribution within the S2 and showed similar properties between the idealized 3D model and the native S2 (actual tomogram). Present work has great potential for significant advancements in lignocellulose research on nano-scale understanding of cell wall assembly/disassembly processes leading to more efficient industrial processes of functionalization, valorization and target modification technologies.
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12
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Yu L, Yoshimi Y, Cresswell R, Wightman R, Lyczakowski JJ, Wilson LFL, Ishida K, Stott K, Yu X, Charalambous S, Wurman-Rodrich J, Terrett OM, Brown SP, Dupree R, Temple H, Krogh KBRM, Dupree P. Eudicot primary cell wall glucomannan is related in synthesis, structure, and function to xyloglucan. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4600-4622. [PMID: 35929080 PMCID: PMC9614514 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hemicellulose polysaccharides influence assembly and properties of the plant primary cell wall (PCW), perhaps by interacting with cellulose to affect the deposition and bundling of cellulose fibrils. However, the functional differences between plant cell wall hemicelluloses such as glucomannan, xylan, and xyloglucan (XyG) remain unclear. As the most abundant hemicellulose, XyG is considered important in eudicot PCWs, but plants devoid of XyG show relatively mild phenotypes. We report here that a patterned β-galactoglucomannan (β-GGM) is widespread in eudicot PCWs and shows remarkable similarities to XyG. The sugar linkages forming the backbone and side chains of β-GGM are analogous to those that make up XyG, and moreover, these linkages are formed by glycosyltransferases from the same CAZy families. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance indicated that β-GGM shows low mobility in the cell wall, consistent with interaction with cellulose. Although Arabidopsis β-GGM synthesis mutants show no obvious growth defects, genetic crosses between β-GGM and XyG mutants produce exacerbated phenotypes compared with XyG mutants. These findings demonstrate a related role of these two similar but distinct classes of hemicelluloses in PCWs. This work opens avenues to study the roles of β-GGM and XyG in PCWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Yoshihisa Yoshimi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | | | - Raymond Wightman
- Microscopy Core Facility, Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | | | | | - Konan Ishida
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Katherine Stott
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Xiaolan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Stephan Charalambous
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | | | - Oliver M Terrett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Steven P Brown
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Ray Dupree
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Henry Temple
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
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13
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Theillet FX, Luchinat E. In-cell NMR: Why and how? PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 132-133:1-112. [PMID: 36496255 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy has been applied to cells and tissues analysis since its beginnings, as early as 1950. We have attempted to gather here in a didactic fashion the broad diversity of data and ideas that emerged from NMR investigations on living cells. Covering a large proportion of the periodic table, NMR spectroscopy permits scrutiny of a great variety of atomic nuclei in all living organisms non-invasively. It has thus provided quantitative information on cellular atoms and their chemical environment, dynamics, or interactions. We will show that NMR studies have generated valuable knowledge on a vast array of cellular molecules and events, from water, salts, metabolites, cell walls, proteins, nucleic acids, drugs and drug targets, to pH, redox equilibria and chemical reactions. The characterization of such a multitude of objects at the atomic scale has thus shaped our mental representation of cellular life at multiple levels, together with major techniques like mass-spectrometry or microscopies. NMR studies on cells has accompanied the developments of MRI and metabolomics, and various subfields have flourished, coined with appealing names: fluxomics, foodomics, MRI and MRS (i.e. imaging and localized spectroscopy of living tissues, respectively), whole-cell NMR, on-cell ligand-based NMR, systems NMR, cellular structural biology, in-cell NMR… All these have not grown separately, but rather by reinforcing each other like a braided trunk. Hence, we try here to provide an analytical account of a large ensemble of intricately linked approaches, whose integration has been and will be key to their success. We present extensive overviews, firstly on the various types of information provided by NMR in a cellular environment (the "why", oriented towards a broad readership), and secondly on the employed NMR techniques and setups (the "how", where we discuss the past, current and future methods). Each subsection is constructed as a historical anthology, showing how the intrinsic properties of NMR spectroscopy and its developments structured the accessible knowledge on cellular phenomena. Using this systematic approach, we sought i) to make this review accessible to the broadest audience and ii) to highlight some early techniques that may find renewed interest. Finally, we present a brief discussion on what may be potential and desirable developments in the context of integrative studies in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois-Xavier Theillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Enrico Luchinat
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, Italy; CERM - Magnetic Resonance Center, and Neurofarba Department, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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14
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Gunji S, Kawade K, Tabeta H, Horiguchi G, Oikawa A, Asaoka M, Hirai MY, Tsukaya H, Ferjani A. Tissue-targeted inorganic pyrophosphate hydrolysis in a fugu5 mutant reveals that excess inorganic pyrophosphate triggers developmental defects in a cell-autonomous manner. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:945225. [PMID: 35991393 PMCID: PMC9386291 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.945225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Excess PPi triggers developmental defects in a cell-autonomous manner. The level of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) must be tightly regulated in all kingdoms for the proper execution of cellular functions. In plants, the vacuolar proton pyrophosphatase (H+-PPase) has a pivotal role in PPi homeostasis. We previously demonstrated that the excess cytosolic PPi in the H+-PPase loss-of-function fugu5 mutant inhibits gluconeogenesis from seed storage lipids, arrests cell division in cotyledonary palisade tissue, and triggers a compensated cell enlargement (CCE). Moreover, PPi alters pavement cell (PC) shape, stomatal patterning, and functioning, supporting specific yet broad inhibitory effects of PPi on leaf morphogenesis. Whereas these developmental defects were totally rescued by the expression of the yeast soluble pyrophosphatase IPP1, sucrose supply alone canceled CCE in the palisade tissue but not the epidermal developmental defects. Hence, we postulated that the latter are likely triggered by excess PPi rather than a sucrose deficit. To formally test this hypothesis, we adopted a spatiotemporal approach by constructing and analyzing fugu5-1 PDF1 pro ::IPP1, fugu5-1 CLV1 pro ::IPP1, and fugu5-1 ICL pro ::IPP1, whereby PPi was removed specifically from the epidermis, palisade tissue cells, or during the 4 days following seed imbibition, respectively. It is important to note that whereas PC defects in fugu5-1 PDF1 pro ::IPP1 were completely recovered, those in fugu5-1 CLV1 pro ::IPP1 were not. In addition, phenotypic analyses of fugu5-1 ICL pro ::IPP1 lines demonstrated that the immediate removal of PPi after seed imbibition markedly improved overall plant growth, abolished CCE, but only partially restored the epidermal developmental defects. Next, the impact of spatial and temporal removal of PPi was investigated by capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOF MS). Our analysis revealed that the metabolic profiles are differentially affected among all the above transgenic lines, and consistent with an axial role of central metabolism of gluconeogenesis in CCE. Taken together, this study provides a conceptual framework to unveil metabolic fluctuations within leaf tissues with high spatio-temporal resolution. Finally, our findings suggest that excess PPi exerts its inhibitory effect in planta in the early stages of seedling establishment in a tissue- and cell-autonomous manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Gunji
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
- United Graduate School of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kawade
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Tabeta
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Gorou Horiguchi
- Department of Life Science, College of Science, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Life Science, College of Science, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Oikawa
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Mariko Asaoka
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masami Yokota Hirai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ali Ferjani
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Cosgrove D. Plant biology: Peering deeply into the structure of the onion epidermal cell wall. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R515-R517. [PMID: 35671723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell wall ultrastructure has previously been assessed by thin-section transmission electron microscopy and by surface-based methods, such as atomic force microscopy. A new study uses electron tomography to image cellulose and pectin organization deep inside a thick epidermal cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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16
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Nicolas WJ, Fäßler F, Dutka P, Schur FKM, Jensen G, Meyerowitz E. Cryo-electron tomography of the onion cell wall shows bimodally oriented cellulose fibers and reticulated homogalacturonan networks. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2375-2389.e6. [PMID: 35508170 PMCID: PMC9240970 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
One hallmark of plant cells is their cell wall. They protect cells against the environment and high turgor and mediate morphogenesis through the dynamics of their mechanical and chemical properties. The walls are a complex polysaccharidic structure. Although their biochemical composition is well known, how the different components organize in the volume of the cell wall and interact with each other is not well understood and yet is key to the wall's mechanical properties. To investigate the ultrastructure of the plant cell wall, we imaged the walls of onion (Allium cepa) bulbs in a near-native state via cryo-focused ion beam milling (cryo-FIB milling) and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET). This allowed the high-resolution visualization of cellulose fibers in situ. We reveal the coexistence of dense fiber fields bathed in a reticulated matrix we termed "meshing," which is more abundant at the inner surface of the cell wall. The fibers adopted a regular bimodal angular distribution at all depths in the cell wall and bundled according to their orientation, creating layers within the cell wall. Concomitantly, employing homogalacturonan (HG)-specific enzymatic digestion, we observed changes in the meshing, suggesting that it is-at least in part-composed of HG pectins. We propose the following model for the construction of the abaxial epidermal primary cell wall: the cell deposits successive layers of cellulose fibers at -45° and +45° relative to the cell's long axis and secretes the surrounding HG-rich meshing proximal to the plasma membrane, which then migrates to more distal regions of the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Nicolas
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Florian Fäßler
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Przemysław Dutka
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Florian K M Schur
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Grant Jensen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Elliot Meyerowitz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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17
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Tassinari R, Cavallini C, Olivi E, Facchin F, Taglioli V, Zannini C, Marcuzzi M, Ventura C. Cell Responsiveness to Physical Energies: Paving the Way to Decipher a Morphogenetic Code. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063157. [PMID: 35328576 PMCID: PMC8949133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We discuss emerging views on the complexity of signals controlling the onset of biological shapes and functions, from the nanoarchitectonics arising from supramolecular interactions, to the cellular/multicellular tissue level, and up to the unfolding of complex anatomy. We highlight the fundamental role of physical forces in cellular decisions, stressing the intriguing similarities in early morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and oncogenic drift. Compelling evidence is presented, showing that biological patterns are strongly embedded in the vibrational nature of the physical energies that permeate the entire universe. We describe biological dynamics as informational processes at which physics and chemistry converge, with nanomechanical motions, and electromagnetic waves, including light, forming an ensemble of vibrations, acting as a sort of control software for molecular patterning. Biomolecular recognition is approached within the establishment of coherent synchronizations among signaling players, whose physical nature can be equated to oscillators tending to the coherent synchronization of their vibrational modes. Cytoskeletal elements are now emerging as senders and receivers of physical signals, "shaping" biological identity from the cellular to the tissue/organ levels. We finally discuss the perspective of exploiting the diffusive features of physical energies to afford in situ stem/somatic cell reprogramming, and tissue regeneration, without stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Tassinari
- ELDOR LAB, National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (R.T.); (C.C.); (E.O.); (V.T.); (C.Z.)
| | - Claudia Cavallini
- ELDOR LAB, National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (R.T.); (C.C.); (E.O.); (V.T.); (C.Z.)
| | - Elena Olivi
- ELDOR LAB, National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (R.T.); (C.C.); (E.O.); (V.T.); (C.Z.)
| | - Federica Facchin
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Valentina Taglioli
- ELDOR LAB, National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (R.T.); (C.C.); (E.O.); (V.T.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chiara Zannini
- ELDOR LAB, National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (R.T.); (C.C.); (E.O.); (V.T.); (C.Z.)
| | - Martina Marcuzzi
- INBB, Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute, Viale Medaglie d’Oro 305, 00136 Rome, Italy;
| | - Carlo Ventura
- ELDOR LAB, National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (R.T.); (C.C.); (E.O.); (V.T.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-347-920-6992
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18
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Zhang S, Sheng H, Ma Y, Wei Y, Liu D, Dou Y, Cui H, Liang B, Liesche J, Li J, Chen S. Mutation of CESA1 phosphorylation site influences pectin synthesis and methylesterification with a role in seed development. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 270:153631. [PMID: 35180541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall biogenesis is required for the production of seeds of higher plants. However, little is known about regulatory mechanisms underlying cell wall biogenesis during seed formation. Here we show a role for the phosphorylation of Arabidopsis cellulose synthase 1 (AtCESA1) in modulating pectin synthesis and methylesterification in seed coat mucilage. A phosphor-null mutant of AtCESA1 on T166 (AtCESA1T166A) was constructed and introduced into a null mutant of AtCESA1 (Atcesa1-1). The resulting transgenic lines showed a slight but significant decrease in cellulose contents in mature seeds. Defects in cellulosic ray architecture along with reduced levels of non-adherent and adherent mucilage were observed on the seeds of the AtCESA1T166A mutant. Reduced mucilage pectin synthesis was also reflected by a decrease in the level of uronic acid. Meanwhile, an increase in the degree of pectin methylesterification was also observed in the seed coat mucilage of AtCESA1T166A mutant. Change in seed development was further reflected by a delayed germination and about 50% increase in the accumulation of proanthocyanidins, which is known to bind pectin and inhibit seed germination as revealed by previous studies. Taken together, the results suggest a role of AtCESA1 phosphorylation on T166 in modulating mucilage pectin synthesis and methylesterification as well as cellulose synthesis with a role in seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangxi Zhang
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Huachun Sheng
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanping Wei
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanhua Dou
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Huiying Cui
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Boyou Liang
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Johannes Liesche
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jisheng Li
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shaolin Chen
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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19
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Ishida K, Yokoyama R. Reconsidering the function of the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase family. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2022; 135:145-156. [PMID: 35000024 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01361-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess an outer cell layer called the cell wall. This matrix comprises various molecules, such as polysaccharides and proteins, and serves a wide array of physiologically important functions. This structure is not static but rather flexible in response to the environment. One of the factors responsible for this plasticity is the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) family, which cleaves and reconnects xyloglucan molecules. Since xyloglucan molecules have been hypothesised to tether cellulose microfibrils forming the main load-bearing network in the primary cell wall, XTHs have been thought to play a central role in cell wall loosening for plant cell expansion. However, multiple lines of recent evidence have questioned this classic model. Nevertheless, reverse genetic analyses have proven the biological importance of XTHs; therefore, a major challenge at present is to reconsider the role of XTHs in planta. Recent advances in analytical techniques have allowed for gathering rich information on the structure of the primary cell wall. Thus, the integration of accumulated knowledge in current XTH studies may offer a turning point for unveiling the precise functions of XTHs. In the present review, we redefine the biological function of the XTH family based on the recent architectural model of the cell wall. We highlight three key findings regarding this enzyme family: (1) XTHs are not strictly required for cell wall loosening during plant cell expansion but play vital roles in response to specific biotic or abiotic stresses; (2) in addition to their transglycosylase activity, the hydrolase activity of XTHs is involved in physiological benefits; and (3) XTHs can recognise a wide range of polysaccharides other than xyloglucans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konan Ishida
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QE, UK
| | - Ryusuke Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.
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20
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Kang BH, Anderson CT, Arimura SI, Bayer E, Bezanilla M, Botella MA, Brandizzi F, Burch-Smith TM, Chapman KD, Dünser K, Gu Y, Jaillais Y, Kirchhoff H, Otegui MS, Rosado A, Tang Y, Kleine-Vehn J, Wang P, Zolman BK. A glossary of plant cell structures: Current insights and future questions. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:10-52. [PMID: 34633455 PMCID: PMC8846186 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this glossary of plant cell structures, we asked experts to summarize a present-day view of plant organelles and structures, including a discussion of outstanding questions. In the following short reviews, the authors discuss the complexities of the plant cell endomembrane system, exciting connections between organelles, novel insights into peroxisome structure and function, dynamics of mitochondria, and the mysteries that need to be unlocked from the plant cell wall. These discussions are focused through a lens of new microscopy techniques. Advanced imaging has uncovered unexpected shapes, dynamics, and intricate membrane formations. With a continued focus in the next decade, these imaging modalities coupled with functional studies are sure to begin to unravel mysteries of the plant cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Ho Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Shin-ichi Arimura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emmanuelle Bayer
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, Villenave d'Ornon F-33140, France
| | - Magdalena Bezanilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortifruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Tessa M Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Kent D Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
| | - Kai Dünser
- Faculty of Biology, Chair of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP) University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Yangnan Gu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes (RDP), Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Department of Botany and Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Abel Rosado
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Yu Tang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Faculty of Biology, Chair of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP) University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bethany Karlin Zolman
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, USA
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21
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Strelin MM, Zattara EE, Ullrich K, Schallenberg-Rüdinger M, Rensing S. Delayed differentiation of epidermal cells walls can underlie pedomorphosis in plants: the case of pedomorphic petals in the hummingbird-pollinated Caiophora hibiscifolia (Loasaceae, subfam. Loasoideae) species. EvoDevo 2022; 13:1. [PMID: 34980236 PMCID: PMC8725396 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-021-00186-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the relationship between macroevolutionary diversity and variation in organism development is an important goal of evolutionary biology. Variation in the morphology of several plant and animal lineages is attributed to pedomorphosis, a case of heterochrony, where an ancestral juvenile shape is retained in an adult descendant. Pedomorphosis facilitated morphological adaptation in different plant lineages, but its cellular and molecular basis needs further exploration. Plant development differs from animal development in that cells are enclosed by cell walls and do not migrate. Moreover, in many plant lineages, the differentiated epidermis of leaves, and leaf-derived structures, such as petals, limits organ growth. We, therefore, proposed that pedomorphosis in leaves, and in leaf-derived structures, results from delayed differentiation of epidermal cells with respect to reproductive maturity. This idea was explored for petal evolution, given the importance of corolla morphology for angiosperm reproductive success. Results By comparing cell morphology and transcriptional profiles between 5 mm flower buds and mature flowers of an entomophile and an ornitophile Loasoideae species (a lineage that experienced transitions from bee- to hummingbird-pollination), we show that evolution of pedomorphic petals of the ornithophile species likely involved delayed differentiation of epidermal cells with respect to flower maturity. We also found that developmental mechanisms other than pedomorphosis might have contributed to evolution of corolla morphology. Conclusions Our results highlight a need for considering alternatives to the flower-centric perspective when studying the origin of variation in flower morphology, as this can be generated by developmental processes that are also shared with leaves. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13227-021-00186-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina M Strelin
- Grupo de Investigación en Ecología de la Polinización, Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA (CONICET - Universidad Nacional del Comahue), San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina.
| | - Eduardo E Zattara
- Grupo de Investigación en Ecología de la Polinización, Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA (CONICET - Universidad Nacional del Comahue), San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Kristian Ullrich
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, August Thienemann Str. 2, 24306, Plön, Germany
| | - Mareike Schallenberg-Rüdinger
- IZMB - Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Botanik, Abt. Molekulare Evolution, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Rensing
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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22
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Samalova M, Gahurova E, Hejatko J. Expansin-mediated developmental and adaptive responses: A matter of cell wall biomechanics? QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 3:e11. [PMID: 37077967 PMCID: PMC10095946 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2022.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Biomechanical properties of the cell wall (CW) are important for many developmental and adaptive responses in plants. Expansins were shown to mediate pH-dependent CW enlargement via a process called CW loosening. Here, we provide a brief overview of expansin occurrence in plant and non-plant species, their structure and mode of action including the role of hormone-regulated CW acidification in the control of expansin activity. We depict the historical as well as recent CW models, discuss the role of expansins in the CW biomechanics and address the developmental importance of expansin-regulated CW loosening in cell elongation and new primordia formation. We summarise the data published so far on the role of expansins in the abiotic stress response as well as the rather scarce evidence and hypotheses on the possible mechanisms underlying expansin-mediated abiotic stress resistance. Finally, we wrap it up by highlighting possible future directions in expansin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Samalova
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Evelina Gahurova
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biotechnological Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hejatko
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biotechnological Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Author for correspondence: J. Hejatko, E-mail:
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23
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Bilkey N, Li H, Borodinov N, Ievlev AV, Ovchinnikova OS, Dixit R, Foston M. Correlated mechanochemical maps of Arabidopsis thaliana primary cell walls using atomic force microscope infrared spectroscopy. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 3:e31. [PMID: 37077971 PMCID: PMC10095902 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2022.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Spatial heterogeneity in composition and organisation of the primary cell wall affects the mechanics of cellular morphogenesis. However, directly correlating cell wall composition, organisation and mechanics has been challenging. To overcome this barrier, we applied atomic force microscopy coupled with infrared (AFM-IR) spectroscopy to generate spatially correlated maps of chemical and mechanical properties for paraformaldehyde-fixed, intact Arabidopsis thaliana epidermal cell walls. AFM-IR spectra were deconvoluted by non-negative matrix factorisation (NMF) into a linear combination of IR spectral factors representing sets of chemical groups comprising different cell wall components. This approach enables quantification of chemical composition from IR spectral signatures and visualisation of chemical heterogeneity at nanometer resolution. Cross-correlation analysis of the spatial distribution of NMFs and mechanical properties suggests that the carbohydrate composition of cell wall junctions correlates with increased local stiffness. Together, our work establishes new methodology to use AFM-IR for the mechanochemical analysis of intact plant primary cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Bilkey
- Department of Biology, Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri63130, USA
| | - Huiyong Li
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri63130, USA
| | - Nikolay Borodinov
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, USA
| | - Anton V. Ievlev
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, USA
| | - Olga S. Ovchinnikova
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, USA
| | - Ram Dixit
- Department of Biology, Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri63130, USA
| | - Marcus Foston
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri63130, USA
- Author for correspondence: M. Foston, E-mail:
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24
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Yi H, Chen Y, Anderson CT. Turgor pressure change in stomatal guard cells arises from interactions between water influx and mechanical responses of their cell walls. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 3:e12. [PMID: 37077969 PMCID: PMC10095868 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2022.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability of plants to absorb CO2 for photosynthesis and transport water from root to shoot depends on the reversible swelling of guard cells that open stomatal pores in the epidermis. Despite decades of experimental and theoretical work, the biomechanical drivers of stomatal opening and closure are still not clearly defined. We combined mechanical principles with a growing body of knowledge concerning water flux across the plant cell membrane and the biomechanical properties of plant cell walls to quantitatively test the long-standing hypothesis that increasing turgor pressure resulting from water uptake drives guard cell expansion during stomatal opening. To test the alternative hypothesis that water influx is the main motive force underlying guard cell expansion, we developed a system dynamics model accounting for water influx. This approach connects stomatal kinetics to whole plant physiology by including values for water flux arising from water status in the plant .
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojae Yi
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Author for correspondence: H. Yi, E-mail:
| | - Yintong Chen
- Department of Biology and Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles T. Anderson
- Department of Biology and Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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25
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Haas KT, Wightman R, Peaucelle A, Höfte H. The role of pectin phase separation in plant cell wall assembly and growth. Cell Surf 2021; 7:100054. [PMID: 34141960 PMCID: PMC8185244 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2021.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A rapidly increasing body of literature suggests that many biological processes are driven by phase separation within polymer mixtures. Liquid-liquid phase separation can lead to the formation of membrane-less organelles, which are thought to play a wide variety of roles in cell metabolism, gene regulation or signaling. One of the characteristics of these systems is that they are poised at phase transition boundaries, which makes them perfectly suited to elicit robust cellular responses to often very small changes in the cell's "environment". Recent observations suggest that, also in the semi-solid environment of plant cell walls, phase separation not only plays a role in wall patterning, hydration and stress relaxation during growth, but also may provide a driving force for cell wall expansion. In this context, pectins, the major polyanionic polysaccharides in the walls of growing cells, appear to play a critical role. Here, we will discuss (i) our current understanding of the structure-function relationship of pectins, (ii) in vivo evidence that pectin modification can drive critical phase transitions in the cell wall, (iii) how such phase transitions may drive cell wall expansion in addition to turgor pressure and (iv) the periodic cellular processes that may control phase transitions underlying cell wall assembly and expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina T. Haas
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Raymond Wightman
- Microscopy Core Facility, Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Alexis Peaucelle
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Herman Höfte
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
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26
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Abstract
Plant epidermis are multifunctional surfaces that directly affect how plants interact with animals or microorganisms and influence their ability to harvest or protect from abiotic factors. To do this, plants rely on minuscule structures that confer remarkable properties to their outer layer. These microscopic features emerge from the hierarchical organization of epidermal cells with various shapes and dimensions combined with different elaborations of the cuticle, a protective film that covers plant surfaces. Understanding the properties and functions of those tridimensional elements as well as disentangling the mechanisms that control their formation and spatial distribution warrant a multidisciplinary approach. Here we show how interdisciplinary efforts of coupling modern tools of experimental biology, physics, and chemistry with advanced computational modeling and state-of-the art microscopy are yielding broad new insights into the seemingly arcane patterning processes that sculpt the outer layer of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Riglet
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Bateman Street, CB2 1LR, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stefano Gatti
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Bateman Street, CB2 1LR, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edwige Moyroud
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Bateman Street, CB2 1LR, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Genetics, Downing Site, CB2 3EJ, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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27
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Leaf Size Development Differences and Comparative Trancriptome Analyses of Two Poplar Genotypes. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111775. [PMID: 34828380 PMCID: PMC8624656 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant leaf, the main organ of photosynthesis, is an important regulator of growth. To explore the difference between leaf size of Populusdeltoides ‘Danhong’ (Pd) and Populus simonii ‘Tongliao1’ (Ps), we investigated the leaf length, leaf width, leaf thickness, leaf area, leaf mass per area (LMA), and cell size of leaves from two genotypes and profiled the transcriptome-wide gene expression patterns through RNA sequencing. Our results show that the leaf area of Pd was significantly larger than that of Ps, but the epidermal cell area was significantly smaller than that of Ps. The difference of leaf size was caused by cell numbers. Transcriptome analysis also revealed that genes related to chromosome replication and DNA repair were highly expressed in Pd, while genes such as the EXPANSIN (EXPA) family which promoted cell expansion were highly expressed in Ps. Further, we revealed that the growth-regulating factors (GRFs) played a key role in the difference of leaf size between two genotypes through regulation of cell proliferation. These data provide a valuable resource for understanding the leaf development of the Populus genus.
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28
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Calcutt R, Vincent R, Dean D, Arinzeh TL, Dixit R. Plant cell adhesion and growth on artificial fibrous scaffolds as an in vitro model for plant development. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj1469. [PMID: 34669469 PMCID: PMC8528414 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic studies of plant development would benefit from an in vitro model that mimics the endogenous physical interactions between cells and their microenvironment. Here, we present artificial scaffolds to which both solid- and liquid-cultured tobacco BY-2 cells adhere without perturbing cell morphology, division, and cortical microtubule organization. Scaffolds consisting of polyvinylidene tri-fluoroethylene (PVDF-TrFE) were prepared to mimic the cell wall’s fibrillar structure and its relative hydrophobicity and piezoelectric property. We found that cells adhered best to scaffolds consisting of nanosized aligned fibers. In addition, poling of PVDF-TrFE, which orients the fiber dipoles and renders the scaffold more piezoelectric, increased cell adhesion. Enzymatic treatments revealed that the plant cell wall polysaccharide, pectin, is largely responsible for cell adhesion to scaffolds, analogous to pectin-mediated cell adhesion in plant tissues. Together, this work establishes the first plant biomimetic scaffolds that will enable studies of how cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions affect plant developmental pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Calcutt
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Richard Vincent
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Derrick Dean
- Biomedical Engineering Program and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36014, USA
- Corresponding author. (T.L.A.); (D.D.); (R.D.)
| | - Treena Livingston Arinzeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Corresponding author. (T.L.A.); (D.D.); (R.D.)
| | - Ram Dixit
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Corresponding author. (T.L.A.); (D.D.); (R.D.)
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29
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A Gain-of-Function Mutant of IAA7 Inhibits Stem Elongation by Transcriptional Repression of EXPA5 Genes in Brassica napus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169018. [PMID: 34445724 PMCID: PMC8396470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant height is one of the most important agronomic traits of rapeseeds. In this study, we characterized a dwarf Brassica napus mutant, named ndf-2, obtained from fast neutrons and DES mutagenesis. Based on BSA-Seq and genetic properties, we identified causal mutations with a time-saving approach. The ndf-2 mutation was identified on chromosome A03 and can result in an amino acid substitution in the conserved degron motif (GWPPV to EWPPV) of the Auxin/indole-3-acetic acid protein 7 (BnaA03.IAA7) encoded by the causative gene. Aux/IAA protein is one of the core components of the auxin signaling pathway, which regulates many growth and development processes. However, the molecular mechanism of auxin signal regulating plant height is still not well understood. In the following work, we identified that BnaARF6 and BnaARF8 as interactors of BnaA03.IAA7 and BnaEXPA5 as a target of BnaARF6 and BnaARF8. The three genes BnaA03.IAA7, BnaARF6/8 and BnaEXPA5 were highly expressed in stem, suggesting that these genes were involved in stem development. The overexpression of BnaEXPA5 results in larger rosettes leaves and longer inflorescence stems in Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results indicate that BnaA03.IAA7- and BnaARF6/8-dependent auxin signal control stem elongation and plant height by regulating the transcription of BnaEXPA5 gene, which is one of the targets of this signal.
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30
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Cosgrove DJ, Anderson CT. Plant Cell Growth: Do Pectins Drive Lobe Formation in Arabidopsis Pavement Cells? Curr Biol 2021; 30:R660-R662. [PMID: 32516619 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pectins are conventionally thought to form a gel-like matrix between stress-bearing cellulose microfibrils in growing plant cell walls. A new study proposes a more active role in driving wall expansion. How does the proposal stack up against current evidence?
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
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31
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De Caroli M, Manno E, Piro G, Lenucci MS. Ride to cell wall: Arabidopsis XTH11, XTH29 and XTH33 exhibit different secretion pathways and responses to heat and drought stress. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:448-466. [PMID: 33932060 PMCID: PMC8453972 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) are enzymes involved in cell wall assembly and growth regulation, cleaving and re-joining hemicellulose chains in the xyloglucan-cellulose network. Here, in a homologous system, we compare the secretion patterns of XTH11, XTH33 and XTH29, three members of the Arabidopsis thaliana XTH family, selected for the presence (XTH11 and XTH33) or absence (XTH29) of a signal peptide, and the presence of a transmembrane domain (XTH33). We show that XTH11 and XTH33 reached, respectively, the cell wall and plasma membrane through a conventional protein secretion (CPS) pathway, whereas XTH29 moves towards the apoplast following an unconventional protein secretion (UPS) mediated by exocyst-positive organelles (EXPOs). All XTHs share a common C-terminal functional domain (XET-C) that, for XTH29 and a restricted number of other XTHs (27, 28 and 30), continues with an extraterminal region (ETR) of 45 amino acids. We suggest that this region is necessary for the correct cell wall targeting of XTH29, as the ETR-truncated protein never reaches its final destination and is not recruited by EXPOs. Furthermore, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses performed on 4-week-old Arabidopsis seedlings exposed to drought and heat stress suggest a different involvement of the three XTHs in cell wall remodeling under abiotic stress, evidencing stress-, organ- and time-dependent variations in the expression levels. Significantly, XTH29, codifying the only XTH that follows a UPS pathway, is highly upregulated with respect to XTH11 and XTH33, which code for CPS-secreted proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica De Caroli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e AmbientaliUniversità del SalentoLecce73100Italy
| | - Elisa Manno
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e AmbientaliUniversità del SalentoLecce73100Italy
| | - Gabriella Piro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e AmbientaliUniversità del SalentoLecce73100Italy
| | - Marcello S. Lenucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e AmbientaliUniversità del SalentoLecce73100Italy
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32
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Liu S, Jobert F, Rahneshan Z, Doyle SM, Robert S. Solving the Puzzle of Shape Regulation in Plant Epidermal Pavement Cells. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:525-550. [PMID: 34143651 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-080720-081920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The plant epidermis serves many essential functions, including interactions with the environment, protection, mechanical strength, and regulation of tissue and organ growth. To achieve these functions, specialized epidermal cells develop into particular shapes. These include the intriguing interdigitated jigsaw puzzle shape of cotyledon and leaf pavement cells seen in many species, the precise functions of which remain rather obscure. Although pavement cell shape regulation is complex and still a long way from being fully understood, the roles of the cell wall, mechanical stresses, cytoskeleton, cytoskeletal regulatory proteins, and phytohormones are becoming clearer. Here, we provide a review of this current knowledge of pavement cell morphogenesis, generated from a wealth of experimental evidence and assisted by computational modeling approaches. We also discuss the evolution and potential functions of pavement cell interdigitation. Throughout the review, we highlight some of the thought-provoking controversies and creative theories surrounding the formation of the curious puzzle shape of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Liu
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
| | - François Jobert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
| | - Zahra Rahneshan
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
| | - Siamsa M Doyle
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
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33
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Bhatia N, Runions A, Tsiantis M. Leaf Shape Diversity: From Genetic Modules to Computational Models. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:325-356. [PMID: 34143649 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-080720-101613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant leaves display considerable variation in shape. Here, we introduce key aspects of leaf development, focusing on the morphogenetic basis of leaf shape diversity. We discuss the importance of the genetic control of the amount, duration, and direction of cellular growth for the emergence of leaf form. We highlight how the combined use of live imaging and computational frameworks can help conceptualize how regulated cellular growth is translated into different leaf shapes. In particular, we focus on the morphogenetic differences between simple and complex leaves and how carnivorous plants form three-dimensional insect traps. We discuss how evolution has shaped leaf diversity in the case of complex leaves, by tinkering with organ-wide growth and local growth repression, and in carnivorous plants, by modifying the relative growth of the lower and upper sides of the leaf primordium to create insect-digesting traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Bhatia
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Adam Runions
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
- Current affiliation: Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
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34
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Pelras T, Loos K. Strategies for the synthesis of sequence-controlled glycopolymers and their potential for advanced applications. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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35
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Zhang Y, Yu J, Wang X, Durachko DM, Zhang S, Cosgrove DJ. Molecular insights into the complex mechanics of plant epidermal cell walls. Science 2021; 372:706-711. [PMID: 33986175 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf2824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Plants have evolved complex nanofibril-based cell walls to meet diverse biological and physical constraints. How strength and extensibility emerge from the nanoscale-to-mesoscale organization of growing cell walls has long been unresolved. We sought to clarify the mechanical roles of cellulose and matrix polysaccharides by developing a coarse-grained model based on polymer physics that recapitulates aspects of assembly and tensile mechanics of epidermal cell walls. Simple noncovalent binding interactions in the model generate bundled cellulose networks resembling that of primary cell walls and possessing stress-dependent elasticity, stiffening, and plasticity beyond a yield threshold. Plasticity originates from fibril-fibril sliding in aligned cellulose networks. This physical model provides quantitative insight into fundamental questions of plant mechanobiology and reveals design principles of biomaterials that combine stiffness with yielding and extensibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jingyi Yu
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Daniel M Durachko
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sulin Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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36
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Lenne PF, Munro E, Heemskerk I, Warmflash A, Bocanegra-Moreno L, Kishi K, Kicheva A, Long Y, Fruleux A, Boudaoud A, Saunders TE, Caldarelli P, Michaut A, Gros J, Maroudas-Sacks Y, Keren K, Hannezo E, Gartner ZJ, Stormo B, Gladfelter A, Rodrigues A, Shyer A, Minc N, Maître JL, Di Talia S, Khamaisi B, Sprinzak D, Tlili S. Roadmap for the multiscale coupling of biochemical and mechanical signals during development. Phys Biol 2021; 18. [PMID: 33276350 PMCID: PMC8380410 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/abd0db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The way in which interactions between mechanics and biochemistry lead to the emergence of complex cell and tissue organization is an old question that has recently attracted renewed interest from biologists, physicists, mathematicians and computer scientists. Rapid advances in optical physics, microscopy and computational image analysis have greatly enhanced our ability to observe and quantify spatiotemporal patterns of signalling, force generation, deformation, and flow in living cells and tissues. Powerful new tools for genetic, biophysical and optogenetic manipulation are allowing us to perturb the underlying machinery that generates these patterns in increasingly sophisticated ways. Rapid advances in theory and computing have made it possible to construct predictive models that describe how cell and tissue organization and dynamics emerge from the local coupling of biochemistry and mechanics. Together, these advances have opened up a wealth of new opportunities to explore how mechanochemical patterning shapes organismal development. In this roadmap, we present a series of forward-looking case studies on mechanochemical patterning in development, written by scientists working at the interface between the physical and biological sciences, and covering a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, organisms, and modes of development. Together, these contributions highlight the many ways in which the dynamic coupling of mechanics and biochemistry shapes biological dynamics: from mechanoenzymes that sense force to tune their activity and motor output, to collectives of cells in tissues that flow and redistribute biochemical signals during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Lenne
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Edwin Munro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
| | - Idse Heemskerk
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Aryeh Warmflash
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, United States of America
| | | | - Kasumi Kishi
- IST Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Anna Kicheva
- IST Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Yuchen Long
- Reproduction et Dévelopement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, École normale supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INRAe, CNRS, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Antoine Fruleux
- Reproduction et Dévelopement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, École normale supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INRAe, CNRS, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France.,LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Reproduction et Dévelopement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, École normale supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INRAe, CNRS, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France.,LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Timothy E Saunders
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Paolo Caldarelli
- Cellule Pasteur UPMC, Sorbonne Université, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.,Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France.,CNRS UMR3738, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Arthur Michaut
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France.,CNRS UMR3738, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jerome Gros
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France.,CNRS UMR3738, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Yonit Maroudas-Sacks
- Department of Physics, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Kinneret Keren
- Department of Physics, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Network Biology Research Laboratories and The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Edouard Hannezo
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Zev J Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th St. Box 2280, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Stormo
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 United States of America
| | - Amy Gladfelter
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 United States of America
| | - Alan Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, United States of America
| | - Amy Shyer
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Minc
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR7592, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Jean-Léon Maître
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Paris, France
| | - Stefano Di Talia
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710, United States of America
| | - Bassma Khamaisi
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - David Sprinzak
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Sham Tlili
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
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Calderini DF, Castillo FM, Arenas‐M A, Molero G, Reynolds MP, Craze M, Bowden S, Milner MJ, Wallington EJ, Dowle A, Gomez LD, McQueen‐Mason SJ. Overcoming the trade-off between grain weight and number in wheat by the ectopic expression of expansin in developing seeds leads to increased yield potential. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:629-640. [PMID: 33124693 PMCID: PMC8048851 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is the most widely grown crop globally, providing 20% of all human calories and protein. Achieving step changes in genetic yield potential is crucial to ensure food security, but efforts are thwarted by an apparent trade-off between grain size and number. Expansins are proteins that play important roles in plant growth by enhancing stress relaxation in the cell wall, which constrains cell expansion. Here, we describe how targeted overexpression of an α-expansin in early developing wheat seeds leads to a significant increase in grain size without a negative effect on grain number, resulting in a yield boost under field conditions. The best-performing transgenic line yielded 12.3% higher average grain weight than the control, and this translated to an increase in grain yield of 11.3% in field experiments using an agronomically appropriate plant density. This targeted transgenic approach provides an opportunity to overcome a common bottleneck to yield improvement across many crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F. Calderini
- Institute of Plant Production and ProtectionUniversidad Austral de ChileCampus Isla TejaValdivia5090000Chile
| | - Francisca M. Castillo
- Institute of Plant Production and ProtectionUniversidad Austral de ChileCampus Isla TejaValdivia5090000Chile
- Institute of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyFaculty of SciencesUniversidad Austral de ChileValdivia5090000Chile
| | - Anita Arenas‐M
- Institute of Plant Production and ProtectionUniversidad Austral de ChileCampus Isla TejaValdivia5090000Chile
- Institute of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyFaculty of SciencesUniversidad Austral de ChileValdivia5090000Chile
| | - Gemma Molero
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)El BatánTexcocoCP 56237Mexico
| | - Matthew P. Reynolds
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)El BatánTexcocoCP 56237Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Adam Dowle
- CNAPBiology DepartmentUniversity of YorkWentworth Way, HeslingtonYorkYO10 5YWUK
| | - Leonardo D. Gomez
- CNAPBiology DepartmentUniversity of YorkWentworth Way, HeslingtonYorkYO10 5YWUK
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DeVree BT, Steiner LM, Głazowska S, Ruhnow F, Herburger K, Persson S, Mravec J. Current and future advances in fluorescence-based visualization of plant cell wall components and cell wall biosynthetic machineries. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:78. [PMID: 33781321 PMCID: PMC8008654 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01922-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell wall-derived biomass serves as a renewable source of energy and materials with increasing importance. The cell walls are biomacromolecular assemblies defined by a fine arrangement of different classes of polysaccharides, proteoglycans, and aromatic polymers and are one of the most complex structures in Nature. One of the most challenging tasks of cell biology and biomass biotechnology research is to image the structure and organization of this complex matrix, as well as to visualize the compartmentalized, multiplayer biosynthetic machineries that build the elaborate cell wall architecture. Better knowledge of the plant cells, cell walls, and whole tissue is essential for bioengineering efforts and for designing efficient strategies of industrial deconstruction of the cell wall-derived biomass and its saccharification. Cell wall-directed molecular probes and analysis by light microscopy, which is capable of imaging with a high level of specificity, little sample processing, and often in real time, are important tools to understand cell wall assemblies. This review provides a comprehensive overview about the possibilities for fluorescence label-based imaging techniques and a variety of probing methods, discussing both well-established and emerging tools. Examples of applications of these tools are provided. We also list and discuss the advantages and limitations of the methods. Specifically, we elaborate on what are the most important considerations when applying a particular technique for plants, the potential for future development, and how the plant cell wall field might be inspired by advances in the biomedical and general cell biology fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T DeVree
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lisa M Steiner
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Sylwia Głazowska
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Felix Ruhnow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Klaus Herburger
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Staffan Persson
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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39
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Wilson LA, Deligey F, Wang T, Cosgrove DJ. Saccharide analysis of onion outer epidermal walls. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:66. [PMID: 33722273 PMCID: PMC7962260 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01923-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal cell walls have special structural and biological roles in the life of the plant. Typically they are multi-ply structures encrusted with waxes and cutin which protect the plant from dehydration and pathogen attack. These characteristics may also reduce chemical and enzymatic deconstruction of the wall for sugar analysis and conversion to biofuels. We have assessed the saccharide composition of the outer epidermal wall of onion scales with different analytical methods. This wall is a particularly useful model for cell wall imaging and mechanics. RESULTS Epidermal walls were depolymerized by acidic methanolysis combined with 2M trifluoracetic acid hydrolysis and the resultant sugars were analyzed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). Total sugar yields based on wall dry weight were low (53%). Removal of waxes with chloroform increased the sugar yields to 73% and enzymatic digestion did not improve these yields. Analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of per-O-trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of the sugar methyl glycosides produced by acidic methanolysis gave a high yield for galacturonic acid (GalA) but glucose (Glc) was severely reduced. In a complementary fashion, GC/MS analysis of methyl alditols produced by permethylation gave substantial yields for glucose and other neutral sugars, but GalA was severely reduced. Analysis of the walls by 13C solid-state NMR confirmed and extended these results and revealed 15% lipid content after chloroform extraction (potentially cutin and unextractable waxes). CONCLUSIONS Although exact values vary with the analytical method, our best estimate is that polysaccharide in the outer epidermal wall of onion scales is comprised of homogalacturonan (~ 50%), cellulose (~ 20%), galactan (~ 10%), xyloglucan (~ 10%) and smaller amounts of other polysaccharides. Low yields of specific monosaccharides by some methods may be exaggerated in epidermal walls impregnated with waxes and cutin and call for cautious interpretation of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza A Wilson
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Lab, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Fabien Deligey
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 133 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 133 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Lab, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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40
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Host Cell Wall Damage during Pathogen Infection: Mechanisms of Perception and Role in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020399. [PMID: 33669710 PMCID: PMC7921929 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The plant cell wall (CW) is a complex structure that acts as a mechanical barrier, restricting the access to most microbes. Phytopathogenic microorganisms can deploy an arsenal of CW-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) that are required for virulence. In turn, plants have evolved proteins able to inhibit the activity of specific microbial CWDEs, reducing CW damage and favoring the accumulation of CW-derived fragments that act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and trigger an immune response in the host. CW-derived DAMPs might be a component of the complex system of surveillance of CW integrity (CWI), that plants have evolved to detect changes in CW properties. Microbial CWDEs can activate the plant CWI maintenance system and induce compensatory responses to reinforce CWs during infection. Recent evidence indicates that the CWI surveillance system interacts in a complex way with the innate immune system to fine-tune downstream responses and strike a balance between defense and growth.
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41
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Guo C, Zhou J, Li D. New Insights Into Functions of IQ67-Domain Proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:614851. [PMID: 33679817 PMCID: PMC7930834 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.614851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
IQ67-domain (IQD) proteins, first identified in Arabidopsis and rice, are plant-specific calmodulin-binding proteins containing highly conserved motifs. They play a critical role in plant defenses, organ development and shape, and drought tolerance. Driven by comprehensive genome identification and analysis efforts, IQDs have now been characterized in several species and have been shown to act as microtubule-associated proteins, participating in microtubule-related signaling pathways. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underpinning their biological functions remain incompletely understood. Here we review current knowledge on how IQD family members are thought to regulate plant growth and development by affecting microtubule dynamics or participating in microtubule-related signaling pathways in different plant species and propose some new insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyue Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Dengwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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42
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Trinh DC, Alonso-Serra J, Asaoka M, Colin L, Cortes M, Malivert A, Takatani S, Zhao F, Traas J, Trehin C, Hamant O. How Mechanical Forces Shape Plant Organs. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R143-R159. [PMID: 33561417 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Plants produce organs of various shapes and sizes. While much has been learned about genetic regulation of organogenesis, the integration of mechanics in the process is also gaining attention. Here, we consider the role of forces as instructive signals in organ morphogenesis. Turgor pressure is the primary cause of mechanical signals in developing organs. Because plant cells are glued to each other, mechanical signals act, in essence, at multiple scales, through cell wall contiguity and water flux. In turn, cells use such signals to resist mechanical stress, for instance, by reinforcing their cell walls. We show that the three elemental shapes behind plant organs - spheres, cylinders and lamina - can be actively maintained by such a mechanical feedback. Combinations of this 3-letter alphabet can generate more complex shapes. Furthermore, mechanical conflicts emerge at the boundary between domains exhibiting different growth rates or directions. These secondary mechanical signals contribute to three other organ shape features - folds, shape reproducibility and growth arrest. The further integration of mechanical signals with the molecular network offers many fruitful prospects for the scientific community, including the role of proprioception in organ shape robustness or the definition of cell and organ identities as a result of an interplay between biochemical and mechanical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy-Chi Trinh
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France; Department of Pharmacological, Medical and Agronomical Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Juan Alonso-Serra
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Mariko Asaoka
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Leia Colin
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Matthieu Cortes
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Alice Malivert
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Shogo Takatani
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Feng Zhao
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Jan Traas
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Christophe Trehin
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
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Thomas LH, Altaner CM, Forsyth VT, Mossou E, Kennedy CJ, Martel A, Jarvis MC. Nanostructural deformation of high-stiffness spruce wood under tension. Sci Rep 2021; 11:453. [PMID: 33432070 PMCID: PMC7801420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79676-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conifer wood is an exceptionally stiff and strong material when its cellulose microfibrils are well aligned. However, it is not well understood how the polymer components cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin co-operate to resist tensile stress in wood. From X-ray scattering, neutron scattering and spectroscopic data, collected under tension and processed by novel methods, the ordered, disordered and hemicellulose-coated cellulose components comprising each microfibril were shown to stretch together and demonstrated concerted, viscous stress relaxation facilitated by water. Different cellulose microfibrils did not all stretch to the same degree. Attempts were made to distinguish between microfibrils showing large and small elongation but these domains were shown to be similar with respect to orientation, crystalline disorder, hydration and the presence of bound xylan. These observations are consistent with a major stress transfer process between microfibrils being shear at interfaces in direct, hydrogen-bonded contact, as demonstrated by small-angle neutron scattering. If stress were transmitted between microfibrils by bridging hemicelluloses these might have been expected to show divergent stretching and relaxation behaviour, which was not observed. However lignin and hemicellulosic glucomannans may contribute to stress transfer on a larger length scale between microfibril bundles (macrofibrils).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne H Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Clemens M Altaner
- New Zealand School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - V Trevor Forsyth
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,Partnership for Structural Biology (PSB), 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Estelle Mossou
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,Partnership for Structural Biology (PSB), 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Craig J Kennedy
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
| | - Anne Martel
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Michael C Jarvis
- School of Chemistry, Glasgow University, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK.
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44
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Offler CE, Patrick JW. Transfer cells: what regulates the development of their intricate wall labyrinths? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:427-444. [PMID: 32463520 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Transfer cells (TCs) support high nutrient rates into, or at symplasmic discontinuities within, the plant body. Their transport capacity is conferred by an amplified plasma membrane surface area, enriched in nutrient transporters, supported on an intricately invaginated wall labyrinth (WL). Thus, development of the WL is at the heart of TC function. Enquiry has shifted from describing WL architecture and formation to discovering mechanisms regulating WL assembly. Experimental systems used to examine these phenomena are critiqued. Considerable progress has been made in identifying master regulators that commit stem cells to a TC fate (e.g. the maize Myeloblastosis (MYB)-related R1-type transcription factor) and signals that induce differentiated cells to undergo trans-differentiation to a TC phenotype (e.g. sugar, auxin and ethylene). In addition, signals that provide positional information for assembly of the WL include apoplasmic hydrogen peroxide and cytosolic Ca2+ plumes. The former switches on, and specifies the intracellular site for WL construction, while the latter creates subdomains to direct assembly of WL invaginations. Less is known about macromolecule species and their spatial organization essential for WL assembly. Emerging evidence points to a dependency on methyl-esterified homogalacturonan accumulation, unique patterns of cellulose and callose deposition and spatial positioning of arabinogalactan proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Offler
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - John W Patrick
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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45
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Sampathkumar A. Mechanical feedback-loop regulation of morphogenesis in plants. Development 2020; 147:147/16/dev177964. [PMID: 32817056 DOI: 10.1242/dev.177964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Morphogenesis is a highly controlled biological process that is crucial for organisms to develop cells and organs of a particular shape. Plants have the remarkable ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions, despite being sessile organisms with their cells affixed to each other by their cell wall. It is therefore evident that morphogenesis in plants requires the existence of robust sensing machineries at different scales. In this Review, I provide an overview on how mechanical forces are generated, sensed and transduced in plant cells. I then focus on how such forces regulate growth and form of plant cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sampathkumar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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46
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Bidhendi AJ, Altartouri B, Gosselin FP, Geitmann A. Mechanical Stress Initiates and Sustains the Morphogenesis of Wavy Leaf Epidermal Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 28:1237-1250.e6. [PMID: 31365867 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pavement cells form wavy interlocking patterns in the leaf epidermis of many plants. We use computational mechanics to simulate the morphogenetic process based on microtubule organization and cell wall chemistry. Based on the in silico simulations and experimental evidence, we suggest that a multistep process underlies the morphogenesis of pavement cells. The in silico model predicts alternatingly located, feedback-augmented mechanical heterogeneity of the periclinal and anticlinal walls. It suggests that the emergence of waves is created by a stiffening of the emerging indented sides, an effect that matches cellulose and de-esterified pectin patterns in the cell wall. Further, conceptual evidence for mechanical buckling of the cell walls is provided, a mechanism that has the potential to initiate wavy patterns de novo and may precede chemical and geometrical symmetry breaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir J Bidhendi
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec H9X 3V9, Canada; Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Bara Altartouri
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Frédérick P Gosselin
- Laboratoire de Mécanique Multi-échelles, Département de Génie Mécanique, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Anja Geitmann
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec H9X 3V9, Canada; Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H1X 2B2, Canada.
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47
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Basu D, Haswell ES. The Mechanosensitive Ion Channel MSL10 Potentiates Responses to Cell Swelling in Arabidopsis Seedlings. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2716-2728.e6. [PMID: 32531281 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to respond to unanticipated increases in volume is a fundamental property of cells, essential for cellular integrity in the face of osmotic challenges. Plants must manage cell swelling during flooding, rehydration, and pathogen invasion-but little is known about the mechanisms by which this occurs. It has been proposed that plant cells could sense and respond to cell swelling through the action of mechanosensitive ion channels. Here, we characterize a new assay to study the effects of cell swelling on Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings and to test the contributions of the mechanosensitive ion channel MscS-like10 (MSL10). The assay incorporates both cell wall softening and hypo-osmotic treatment to induce cell swelling. We show that MSL10 is required for several previously demonstrated responses to hypo-osmotic shock, including a cytoplasmic calcium transient within the first few seconds, accumulation of ROS within the first 30 min, and increased transcript levels of mechano-inducible genes within 60 min. We also show that cell swelling induces programmed cell death within 3 h in a MSL10-dependent manner. Finally, we show that MSL10 is unable to potentiate cell swelling-induced death when phosphomimetic residues are introduced into its soluble N terminus. Thus, MSL10 functions as a phospho-regulated membrane-based sensor that connects the perception of cell swelling to a downstream signaling cascade and programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Basu
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Haswell
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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48
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Xin X, Lei L, Zheng Y, Zhang T, Pingali SV, O’Neill H, Cosgrove DJ, Li S, Gu Y. Cellulose synthase interactive1- and microtubule-dependent cell wall architecture is required for acid growth in Arabidopsis hypocotyls. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2982-2994. [PMID: 32016356 PMCID: PMC7260726 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Auxin-induced cell elongation relies in part on the acidification of the cell wall, a process known as acid growth that presumably triggers expansin-mediated wall loosening via altered interactions between cellulose microfibrils. Cellulose microfibrils are a major determinant for anisotropic growth and they provide the scaffold for cell wall assembly. Little is known about how acid growth depends on cell wall architecture. To explore the relationship between acid growth-mediated cell elongation and plant cell wall architecture, two mutants (jia1-1 and csi1-3) that are defective in cellulose biosynthesis and cellulose microfibril organization were analyzed. The study revealed that cell elongation is dependent on CSI1-mediated cell wall architecture but not on the overall crystalline cellulose content. We observed a correlation between loss of crossed-polylamellate walls and loss of auxin- and fusicoccin-induced cell growth in csi1-3. Furthermore, induced loss of crossed-polylamellate walls via disruption of cortical microtubules mimics the effect of csi1 in acid growth. We hypothesize that CSI1- and microtubule-dependent crossed-polylamellate walls are required for acid growth in Arabidopsis hypocotyls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Xin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yunzhen Zheng
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Hugh O’Neill
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Shundai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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49
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Wang X, Wilson L, Cosgrove DJ. Pectin methylesterase selectively softens the onion epidermal wall yet reduces acid-induced creep. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2629-2640. [PMID: 32006044 PMCID: PMC7210771 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
De-esterification of homogalacturonan (HG) is thought to stiffen pectin gels and primary cell walls by increasing calcium cross-linking between HG chains. Contrary to this idea, recent studies found that HG de-esterification correlated with reduced stiffness of living tissues, measured by surface indentation. The physical basis of such apparent wall softening is unclear, but possibly involves complex biological responses to HG modification. To assess the direct physical consequences of HG de-esterification on wall mechanics without such complications, we treated isolated onion (Allium cepa) epidermal walls with pectin methylesterase (PME) and assessed wall biomechanics with indentation and tensile tests. In nanoindentation assays, PME action softened the wall (reduced the indentation modulus). In tensile force/extension assays, PME increased plasticity, but not elasticity. These softening effects are attributed, at least in part, to increased electrostatic repulsion and swelling of the wall after PME treatment. Despite softening and swelling upon HG de-esterification, PME treatment alone failed to induce cell wall creep. Instead, acid-induced creep, mediated by endogenous α-expansin, was reduced. We conclude that HG de-esterification physically softens the onion wall, yet reduces expansin-mediated wall extensibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- Department of Biology,Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - Liza Wilson
- Department of Biology,Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology,Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
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50
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Anderson CT, Kieber JJ. Dynamic Construction, Perception, and Remodeling of Plant Cell Walls. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 71:39-69. [PMID: 32084323 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-081519-035846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are dynamic structures that are synthesized by plants to provide durable coverings for the delicate cells they encase. They are made of polysaccharides, proteins, and other biomolecules and have evolved to withstand large amounts of physical force and to resist external attack by herbivores and pathogens but can in many cases expand, contract, and undergo controlled degradation and reconstruction to facilitate developmental transitions and regulate plant physiology and reproduction. Recent advances in genetics, microscopy, biochemistry, structural biology, and physical characterization methods have revealed a diverse set of mechanisms by which plant cells dynamically monitor and regulate the composition and architecture of their cell walls, but much remains to be discovered about how the nanoscale assembly of these remarkable structures underpins the majestic forms and vital ecological functions achieved by plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA;
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA;
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