Main active components of Jiawei Gegen Qinlian decoction protects against ulcerative colitis under different dietary environments in a gut microbiota-dependent manner

Narirutin mitigates dextrose sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice by modulating intestinal flora

BACKGROUND

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a prolonged inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Current therapeutic options remain limited, underscoring the imperative to explore novel therapeutic strategies. Narirutin (NR), a flavonoid naturally present in citrus fruits, exhibits excellent anti-inflammatory effects in vitro, yet its in vivo efficacy, especially in UC, remains underexplored.

OBJECTIVE

This work examined the effect of NR on dextrose sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced UC in mice in vivo, with a specific focus on the role of gut flora in it.

METHODS

The effects of NR (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) on DSS-induced UC in mice were investigated by monitoring changes in body weight, disease activity index (DAI) scores, colon length, and histological damage. Colonic levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, tight junction (TJ) proteins, and inflammation-related signaling pathway proteins were analyzed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot, and immunofluorescence. The role of gut microbiota in NR against colitis was analyzed through 16S rRNA sequencing, flora clearance assays, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) assays.

RESULTS

NR administration suppressed DSS-induced colitis as reflected in a decrease in body weight loss, DAI score, colon length shortening, and histological score. Furthermore, NR administration preserved the integrity of the DSS-induced intestinal barrier by inhibiting the reduction of TJ proteins (claudin3, occludin, and zonula occludens-1). Moreover, NR administration markedly repressed the activation of the toll-like receptor 4-mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor-κB pathway and reduced the amount of pro-inflammatory mediators in the colon. Importantly, the results of 16S rRNA sequencing showed that the intestinal flora of mice with colitis exhibited richer microbial diversity following NR administration, with elevated abundance of Lactobacillaceae (Lactobacillus) and decreased abundance of Bacteroidaceae (Bacteroides) and Shigella. In addition, the anti-colitis effect of NR almost disappeared after gut flora clearance. Further FMT assay also validated this gut flora-dependent protective mechanism of NR.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that NR is a prospective natural compound for the management of UC by modulating intestinal flora.

Gegen Qinlian decoction ameliorates TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis by regulating Th2/Th1 and Tregs/Th17 cells balance, inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and reshaping gut microbiota

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Chinese herbal medicine Gegen Qinlian Decoction (GQD) has been clinically shown to be an effective treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) in China. However, the underlying mechanism of GQD's anti-ulcerative colitis properties and its effect on gut microbiota still deserve further exploration.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study observed the regulatory effects of GQD on Th2/Th1 and Tregs/Th17 cells balance, the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) infammasome and gut microbiota in TNBS-induced UC in BALB/c mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

61 main chemical compounds in the GQD were determined by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. The UC BALB/c model was established by intrarectal administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), and GQD was orally administered at low and high dosages of 2.96 and 11.83 g/kg/day, respectively. The anti-inflammatory effects of GQD for ulcerative colitis were evaluated by survival rate, body weight, disease activity index (DAI) score, colonic weight and index, spleen index, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and histopathological scores. Flow cytometry was used to detect the percentage of CD4, Th1, Th2, Th17 and Tregs cells. The levels of Th1-/Th2-/Th17-/Tregs-related inflammatory cytokines and additional proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-18) were detected by CBA, ELISA, and RT-PCR. The expressions of GATA3, T-bet, NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-Iβ, Occludin and Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) on colon tissues were detected by Western blot and RT-PCR. Transcriptome sequencing was performed using colon tissue and 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on intestinal contents. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was employed to assess the contribution of intestinal microbiota and its correlation with CD4 T cells and the NLRP3 inflammasome.

RESULTS

GQD increased the survival rate of TNBS-induced UC in BALB/c mice, and significantly improved their body weight, DAI score, colonic weight and index, spleen index, and histological characteristics. The intestinal barrier dysfunction was repaired after GQD administration through promoting the expression of tight junction proteins (Occludin and ZO-1). GQD restored the balance of Th2/Th1 and Tregs/Th17 cells immune response of colitis mice, primarily inhibiting the increase in Th2/Th1 ratio and their transcription factor production (GATA3 and T-bet). Morever, GQD changed the secretion of Th1-/Th2-/Th17-/Tregs-related cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, IL-5, IL-13, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17A) and reduced the expressions of IL-1β, IL-18. Transcriptome results suggested that GQD could also remodel the immune inflammatory response of colitis by inhibiting NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, and Western blot, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR further revealed that GQD exerted anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome, such as down-regulating the expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1 and IL-1β. More interestingly, GQD regulated gut microbiota dysbiosis, suppressed the overgrowth of conditional pathogenic gut bacteria like Helicobacter, Proteobacteria, and Mucispirillum, while the probiotic gut microbiota, such as Lactobacillus, Muribaculaceae, Ruminiclostridium_6, Akkermansia, and Ruminococcaceae_unclassified were increased. We further confirmed that GQD-treated gut microbiota was sufficient to relieve TNBS-induced colitis by FMT, involving the modulation of Th2/Th1 and Tregs/Th17 balance, inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and enhancement of colonic barrier function.

CONCLUSIONS

GQD might alleviate TNBS-induced UC via regulating Th2/Th1 and Tregs/Th17 cells Balance, inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and reshaping gut microbiota, which may provide a novel strategy for patients with colitis.

An insight into the gut microbiota after Schistosoma japonicum eggs immunization in an experimental ulcerative colitis model

Schistosome infection and schistosome-derived products have been implicated in the prevention and alleviation of inflammatory bowel disease by manipulating the host immune response, whereas the role of gut microbiota in this protective effect remains poorly understood. In this study, we found that the intraperitoneal immunization with Schistosoma japonicum eggs prior to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) application significantly ameliorated the symptoms of DSS-induced acute colitis, which was characterized by higher body weight, lower disease activity index score and macroscopic inflammatory scores. We demonstrated that the immunomodulatory effects of S. japonicum eggs were accompanied by an influence on gut microbiota composition, abundance, and diversity, which increased the abundance of genus Turicibacter, family Erysipelotrichaceae, phylum Firmicutes, and decreased the abundance of genus Odoribacter, family Marinifilaceae, order Bacteroidales, class Bacteroidia, phylum Bacteroidota. In addition, Lactobacillus was identified as a biomarker that distinguishes healthy control mice from DSS-induced colitis mice. The present study revealed the importance of the gut microbiota in S. japonicum eggs exerting protective effects in an experimental ulcerative colitis (UC) model, providing an alternative strategy for the discovery of UC prevention and treatment drugs.

Study on the mechanism of modified Gegen Qinlian decoction in regulating the intestinal flora-bile acid-TGR5 axis for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus based on macro genome sequencing and targeted metabonomics integration

BACKGROUND

Currently, there are many drugs available for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but most of them cause various side effects due to the need for long-term use. As a traditional Chinese medicine, Gegen Qinlian Decoction (GQD) has shown good efficacy and low side effects in the treatment of T2DM in both clinical and basic research. Based on relevant traditional Chinese medicine theories, dried ginger is innovatively added the formula of traditional GQD to create a modified GQD. This modification reduces the side effects of traditional GQD while exerting its therapeutic effect on T2DM. Previous studies have found that the modified GQD can regulate endoplasmic reticulum stress in the liver, inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis, protect pancreatic islet β cells, and control blood sugar levels by inhibiting the FXR/neuronal ceramide signaling pathway. GQD can also regulate the intestinal microbiota to achieve therapeutic and protective effects in various gastrointestinal diseases. However, there is no research exploring whether the modified GQD achieves its therapeutic mechanism for T2DM by regulating the intestinal microbiota.

PURPOSE

To explore the mechanism of modified GQD in the treatment of T2DM based on multi-omics, focusing on its effect on the "intestinal flora bile acid TGR5'' axis.

METHODS

The T2DM model was established using db/db mice, which were randomly divided into a model group, metformin group, high-dose GQD group, medium-dose GQD group, low-dose GQD group, while m/m mice were used as blank control. The drug intervention lasted for 12 weeks, during which the general conditions, oral glucose tolerance (OGT), blood glucose, and lipid-related indexes were recorded. Additionally, the fasting insulin (FINS), c-peptide, GLP-1 in serum, and cAMP in the ileum were measured by ELISA assay. Furthermore, the composition, abundance, and function of the intestinal microbiota were determined by macro genome sequencing, while bile acid was detected by targeted metabonomics. For histological evaluation, HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of the ileum and pancreas, and the ultrastructure of the ileum and pancreas was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Apoptosis in the ileum tissue was detected by Tunel staining. Moreover, the mRNA and protein expressions of TGR5, PKA, CREB, PC1/3, GLP-1, and their phosphorylation levels in the ileum were detected by qPCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot; The expression of INS in the pancreas was also evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Finally, double immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the co-localization expression of TGR5 and GLP-1, NeuroD1, and GLP-1 in the ileum.

RESULTS

The modified GQD was found to significantly reduce blood glucose, improve oral glucose tolerance, and blood lipid levels, as well as alleviate the injury of the ileum and pancreas in T2DM mice. Furthermore, modified GQD was found to effectively regulate intestinal flora, improve bile acid metabolism, activate the TRG5/cAMP/PKA/CREB signal pathway, and stimulate GLP-1 secretion.

CONCLUSION

GQD can regulate the "intestinal flora-bile acid-TGR5" axis and has a therapeutic effect on T2DM in mice.

The effects of Atractylodes macrocephala extract BZEP self-microemulsion based on gut-liver axis HDL/LPS signaling pathway to ameliorate metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in rats

OBJECTIVES

To elucidate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of Atractylodes macrocephala extract crystallize (BZEP) and BZEP self-microemulsion (BZEPWR) on metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) induced by "high sugar, high fat, and excessive alcohol consumption" based on the gut-liver axis HDL/LPS signaling pathway.

METHODS

In this study, BZEP and BZEPWR were obtained via isolation, purification, and microemulsification. Furthermore, an anthropomorphic MAFLD rat model of "high sugar, high fat, and excessive alcohol consumption" was established. The therapeutic effects of BZEPWR and BZEP on the model rats were evaluated in terms of liver function, lipid metabolism (especially HDL-C), serum antioxidant indexes, and liver and intestinal pathophysiology. To determine the lipoproteins in the serum sample, the amplitudes of a plurality of NMR spectra were derived via deconvolution of the composite methyl signal envelope to yield HDL-C subclass concentrations. The changes in intestinal flora were detected via 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. In addition, the gut-liver axis HDL/LPS signaling pathway was validated using immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and western blot.

RESULTS

The findings established that BZEPWR and BZEP improved animal signs, serum levels of liver enzymes (ALT and AST), lipid metabolism (TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C), and antioxidant indexes (GSH, SOD, and ROS). In addition, pathological damage to the liver, colon, and ileum was ameliorated, and the intestinal barrier function of the model rats was restored. At the genus level, BZEPWR and BZEP exerted positive effects on beneficial bacteria, such as Lactobacillus and norank_f__Muribaculaceae, and inhibitory effects on harmful bacteria, such as unclassified_f__Lachnospiraceae and Blautia. Twenty HDL-C subspecies were detected, and their levels were differentially increased in both BZEPWR and BZEP groups, with BZEPWR exhibiting a stronger elevating effect on specific HDL-C subspecies. Also, the gut-liver axis HDL/LPS signaling pathway was studied, which indicated that BZEPWR and BZEP significantly increased the expressions of ABCA1, LXR, occludin, and claudin-1 proteins in the gut and serum levels of HDL-C. Concomitantly, the levels of LPS in the serum and TLR4, Myd88, and NF-κB proteins in the liver were decreased.

CONCLUSION

BZEPWR and BZEP exert restorative and reversal effects on the pathophysiological damage to the gut-liver axis in MAFLD rats, and the therapeutic mechanism may be related to the regulation of the intestinal flora and the HDL/LPS signaling pathway.

Mulberrin extends lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans through detoxification function

Mulberrin, a naturally occurring flavone found in mulberry and Romulus Mori, exhibits diverse biological functions. Here, we showed that mulberrin extended both the lifespan and healthspan in C. elegans. Moreover, mulberrin increased the worms' resistance to toxicants and activated the expression of detoxification genes. The longevity-promoting effect of mulberrin was attenuated in nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) homologous nhr-8 and daf-12 mutants, indicating that the lifespan extending effects of mulberrin in C. elegans may depend on nuclear hormone receptors NHR-8/DAF-12. Further analyses revealed the potential associations between the longevity effects of mulberrin and the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) and adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways. Together, our findings suggest that mulberrin may prolong lifespan and healthspan by activating detoxification functions mediated by nuclear receptors.

Dihydromyricetin alleviates inflammatory bowel disease associated intestinal fibrosis by inducing autophagy through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway

Intestinal fibrosis is a common complication of inflammatory bowel disease and is characterized by tissue stiffening and luminal narrowing. Dihydromyricetin (DHM) can alleviate liver fibrosis and renal interstitial fibrosis by inducing autophagy. However, whether DHM can alleviate intestinal fibrosis remains unclear. This study is aimed at evaluating the role and mechanism of action of DHM in inflammatory bowel disease-associated intestinal fibrosis. Mice were administered dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water to induce inflammatory bowel disease-associated intestinal fibrosis. HE staining, qPCR, and Western blotting were used to analyze colon inflammation. Masson's trichrome staining, qPCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining were used to evaluate the severity of fibrosis. Transmission electron microscopy and Western blotting were used to assess the activation of autophagosomes. The human colonic fibroblast line CCD-18Co was cultured in the presence of TGF-β1 to develop a fibrotic phenotype. Immunofluorescence staining, Western blotting, and qPCR were used to assess the alteration of fibrosis markers and used to investigate whether DHM-induced autophagy was involved in the inactivation of CCD-18Co cells. Additionally, the role of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was investigated. DHM alleviated intestinal inflammation and inhibited the progression of intestinal fibrosis. Additionally, DHM induced the activation of autophagy, thereby alleviating intestinal fibrosis, and downregulated the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in vitro. Overall, this study demonstrated that DHM can inhibit the progression of intestinal fibrosis and activation of colonic fibroblasts by inducing autophagy through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, thereby playing a preventive and therapeutic role in intestinal fibrosis.

Shaoyao decoction improves damp-heat colitis by activating the AHR/IL-22/STAT3 pathway through tryptophan metabolism driven by gut microbiota

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The efficacy of Shaoyao Decoction (SYD), a traditional Chinese medicine prescription, in treating damp-heat colitis is established, but its underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Our study aims to investigate the effect and mechanism of action of SYD in treating damp-heat colitis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A mouse model of damp-heat colitis was induced and treated with SYD via gavage for seven days. The therapeutic efficacy of SYD was assessed through clinical indicators and histopathological examinations. The inflammatory factors and oxidative stress parameters were detected by ELISA and biochemical kits. We also analyzed alterations in the gut microbiome via 16 S rRNA gene sequencing and quantified serum indole derivatives using targeted tryptophan metabolomics. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expressions of AHR, CYP1A1, STAT3 and tight junction (TJ) proteins. The ELISA kit was utilized to detect the content of antibacterial peptides (Reg3β and Reg3γ) in colon. The immunohistochemistry was employed to detect the expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein.

RESULTS

SYD effectively alleviated symptoms in mice with damp-heat colitis, including body weight loss, shortened colon, elevated DAI, enlarged spleen, and damage to the intestinal mucosa. SYD notably reduced IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β and MDA levels in colon tissues, while increasing IL-10 and T-AOC levels. Furthermore, SYD mitigated gut microbiota disturbance, restored microbial tryptophan metabolite production (such as IA, IAA, and IAld), notably increased the protein levels of AHR, CYP1A1 and p-STAT3 in colon tissue, and elevated the IL-22 level. Moreover, the expression levels of Reg3β, Reg3γ, occludin, ZO-1 and PCNA were increased in SYD group.

CONCLUSION

Our study showed that SYD ameliorates damp-heat colitis by restructuring gut microbiota structure, enhancing the metabolism of tryptophan associated with gut microbiota to activate the AHR/IL-22/STAT3 pathway, thereby recovering damaged intestinal mucosa. This research offers novel insights into the therapeutic mechanisms of SYD on damp-heat colitis.

Long COVID-19 gastrointestinal related disorders and traditional Chinese medicine: A network target-based approach

The significant number of individuals impacted by the pandemic makes prolonged symptoms after COVID-19 a matter of considerable concern. These are numerous and affect multiple organ systems. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), prolonged gastrointestinal issues are a crucial part of post-COVID-19 syndrome. The resulting disruption of homeostasis underscores the need for a therapeutic approach based on compounds that can simultaneously affect more than one target/node. The present review aimed to check for nutraceuticals possessing multiple molecular mechanisms helpful in relieving Long COVID-19-specific gastrointestinal symptoms. Specific plants used in Keywords Chinese Medicine (TCM) expected to be included in the WHO Global Medical Compendium were selected based on the following criteria: (1) they are widely used in the Western world as natural remedies and complementary medicine adjuvants; (2) their import and trade are regulated by specific laws that ensure quality and safety (3) have the potential to be beneficial in alleviating intestinal issues associated with Long COVID-19. Searches were performed in PubMed, Elsevier, Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, and ResearchGate up to 2023. Cinnamomum cassia, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Magnolia officinalis, Poria cocos, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Scutellaria baicalensis, and Zingiber officinalis were identified as the most promising for their potential impact on inflammation and oxidative stress. Based on the molecular mechanisms of the phytocomplexes and isolated compounds of the considered plants, their clinical use may lead to benefits in gastrointestinal diseases associated with Long COVID-19, thanks to a multiorgan and multitarget approach.

Ginseng polysaccharides ameliorate ulcerative colitis via regulating gut microbiota and tryptophan metabolism

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is regarded as a recurring inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, for which treatment approaches remain notably limited. In this study, we demonstrated that ginseng polysaccharides (GPs) could alleviate the development of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC as reflected by the ameliorated pathological lesions in the colon. GPs strikingly suppressed the expression levels of multiple inflammatory cytokines, as well as significantly inhibited the infiltration of inflammatory cells. Microbiota-dependent investigations by virtue of 16S rRNA gene sequencing, antibiotic treatment and fecal microbiota transplantation illustrated that GPs treatment prominently restored intestinal microbial balance predominantly through modulating the relative abundance of Lactobacillus. Additionally, GPs remarkably influenced the levels of microbial tryptophan metabolites, diminished the intestinal permeability and strengthened intestinal barrier integrity via inhibiting the 5-HT/HTR3A signaling pathway. Taken together, the promising therapeutic potential of GPs on the development of UC predominantly hinges on the capacity to suppress the expression of inflammatory cytokines as well as to influence Lactobacillus and microbial tryptophan metabolites.

Qingchang Wenzhong Decoction ameliorates intestinal inflammation and intestinal barrier dysfunction in ulcerative colitis via the GC-C signaling pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic, chronic inflammatory disorder of the colonic mucosa, accompanied with abdominal pain, and bloody diarrhea. Currently, clinical treatment options for UC are limited. Qingchang Wenzhong Decoction (QCWZD) is an effective prescription of traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of UC. However, the mechanism of QCWZD in alleviating intestinal barrier dysfunction in UC has not been clearly explained.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To determine the mechanism whereby QCWZD promotes the recovery of intestinal barrier dysfunction in UC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A secondary analysis of colonic mucosa from UC patients acquired from a prior RCT clinical trial was performed. The effects of QCWZD on intestinal mucus and mechanical barriers in UC patients were evaluated using colon tissue paraffin-embedded sections from UC patients. The mechanism was further investigated by in vivo and in vitro experiments. UC mice were established in sterile water with 3.0% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Meanwhile, mice in the treatment group were dosed with QCWZD or mesalazine. In vitro, an intestinal barrier model was constructed using Caco-2 and HT29 cells in co-culture. GC-C plasmid was used to overexpress/knock down GC-C to clarify the target of QCWZD. HE, AB-PAS, ELISA, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence assays were used to assess the level of colonic inflammation and intestinal barrier integrity. Rt-qPCR, Western Blot were used to detect the expression of genes and proteins related to GC-C signaling pathway. Molecular docking was used to simulate the binding sites of major components of QCWZD to GC-C.

RESULTS

In UC patients, QCWZD increased mucus secretion, goblet cell number, and promoted MUC2 and ZO-1 expression. QCWZD accelerated the recovery of UC mice from DSS-induced inflammation, including weight gain, reduced disease activity index (DAI) scores, colon length recovery, and histological healing. QCWZD promoted mucus secretion and increased ZO-1 expression in in vivo and in vitro experiments, thereby repairing mucus mechanical barrier damage. The effects of QCWZD are mediated through regulation of the GC-C signaling pathway, which in turn affects CFTR phosphorylation and MUC2 expression to promote mucus secretion, while inhibiting the over-activation of MLCK and repairing tight junctions to maintain the integrity of the mechanical barrier. Molecular docking results demonstrate the binding of the main components of QCWZD to GC-C.

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrated that QCWZD modulates the GC-C signaling pathway to promote remission of mucus-mechanical barrier damage in the UC. The clarification of the mechanism of QCWZD holds promise for the development of new therapies for UC.

Carboxymethylated Abrus cantoniensis polysaccharide prevents CTX-induced immunosuppression and intestinal damage by regulating intestinal flora and butyric acid content

As a Chinese folk health product, Abrus cantoniensis exhibits good immunomodulatory activity because of its polysaccharide components (ACP), and carboxymethylation of polysaccharides can often further improve the biological activity of polysaccharides. In this study, we explored the impact of prophylactic administration of carboxymethylated Abrus cantoniensis polysaccharide (CM-ACP) on immunosuppression and intestinal damage induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX) in mice. Our findings demonstrated that CM-ACP exhibited a more potent immunomodulatory activity compared to ACP. Additionally, CM-ACP effectively enhanced the abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria in immunosuppressed mice and regulated the gene expression of STAT6 and STAT3 mediated pathway signals. In order to further explore the relationship among polysaccharides, intestinal immunity and intestinal flora, we performed a pseudo-sterile mouse validation experiment and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiment. The findings suggest that CM-FMT and butyrate attenuate CTX-induced immunosuppression and intestinal injury. CM-FMT and butyrate show superior immunomodulatory ability, and may effectively regulate intestinal cell metabolism and repair the damaged intestine by activating STAT6 and STAT3-mediated pathways. These findings offer new insights into the mechanisms by which CM-ACP functions as functional food or drug, facilitating immune response regulation and maintaining intestinal health.

Double-blinded, randomized clinical trial of Gegen Qinlian decoction pinpoints Faecalibacterium as key gut bacteria in alleviating hyperglycemia

Background

Accumulating evidence suggests that metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), can be treated with traditional Chinese medicine formulas, such as the Gegen Qinlian decoction (GQD). This study elucidates the mechanisms by which gut microbes mediate the anti-diabetic effects of GQD.

Methods

We conducted a double-blind randomized clinical trial involving 120 untreated participants with T2DM. During the 12-week intervention, anthropometric measurements and diabetic traits were recorded every 4 weeks. Fecal microbiota and serum metabolites were measured before and after the intervention using 16S rDNA sequencing, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and Bio-Plex panels.

Results

Anti-diabetic effects were observed in the GQD group in the human trial. Specifically, glycated hemoglobin, fasting plasma glucose, and two-hour postprandial blood glucose levels were significantly lower in the GQD group than in the placebo group. Additionally, Faecalibacterium was significantly enriched in the GQD group, and the short-chain fatty acid levels were higher and the serum inflammation-associated marker levels were lower in the GQD group compared to the placebo group. Moreover, Faecalibacterium abundance negatively correlated with the levels of serum hemoglobin, fasting plasma glucose, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Finally, the diabetes-alleviating effect of Faecalibacterium was confirmed by oral administration of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (DSMZ 17677) in T2DM mouse model.

Conclusions

GQD improved type 2 diabetes primarily by modulating the abundance of Faecalibacterium in the gut microbiota, alleviating metabolic disorders and the inflammatory state.

Trial registration

Registry No. ChiCTR-IOR-15006626.

The role of gut microbiota in intestinal disease: from an oxidative stress perspective

Recent studies have indicated that gut microbiota-mediated oxidative stress is significantly associated with intestinal diseases such as colorectal cancer, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been reported to increase when the gut microbiota is dysregulated, especially when several gut bacterial metabolites are present. Although healthy gut microbiota plays a vital role in defending against excessive oxidative stress, intestinal disease is significantly influenced by excessive ROS, and this process is controlled by gut microbiota-mediated immunological responses, DNA damage, and intestinal inflammation. In this review, we discuss the relationship between gut microbiota and intestinal disease from an oxidative stress perspective. In addition, we also provide a summary of the most recent therapeutic approaches for preventing or treating intestinal diseases by modifying gut microbiota.

Magnolol extends lifespan and improves age-related neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans via increase of stress resistance

Magnolol is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound in many edible plants, which has various biological effects including anti-aging and alleviating neurodegenerative diseases. However, the underlying mechanism on longevity is uncertain. In this study, we investigated the effect of magnolol on the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans and explored the mechanism. The results showed that magnolol treatment significantly extended the  lifespan of nematode and alleviated senescence-related decline in the nematode model. Meanwhile, magnolol enhanced stress resistance to heat shock, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), mercuric potassium chloride (MeHgCl) and paraquat (PQ) in nematode. In addition, magnolol reduced reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and increased superoxide dismutase and catalase (CAT) activities in nematodes. Magnolol also up-regulated gene expression of sod-3, hsp16.2, ctl-3, daf-16, skn-1, hsf-1, sir2.1, etc., down-regulated gene expression of daf-2, and promoted intranuclear translocation of daf-16 in nematodes. The lifespan-extending effect of magnolol were reversed in insulin/IGF signaling (IIS) pathway-related mutant lines, including daf-2, age-1, daf-16, skn-1, hsf-1 and sir-2.1, suggesting that IIS signaling is involved in the modulation of longevity by magnolol. Furthermore, magnolol improved the age-related neurodegeneration in PD and AD C. elegans models. These results indicate that magnolol may enhance lifespan and health span through IIS and sir-2.1 pathways. Thus, the current findings implicate magnolol as a potential candidate to ameliorate the symptoms of aging.

Phyllanthus emblica L. polysaccharides ameliorate colitis via microbiota modulation and dual inhibition of the RAGE/NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways in rats

Pharmacological treatments for colitis have limited efficacy and side effects. Plant polysaccharides improve colitis by modulating the gut microbiota. However, the specific benefits of Phyllanthus emblica L. polysaccharides (PEPs) in colitis remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the physical characteristics and health advantages of PEP in rats subjected to 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) treatment. The results showed that PEP (1.226 × 103 kDa) was an α-acidic pyran heteropolysaccharide rich in galactose and galacturonic acid. Prefeeding rats with PEP significantly decreased the levels of NO, MDA, proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α), apoptosis, and the activities of mucinase and β-glucuronidase. These changes were accompanied by increases in the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10) and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase, GPx) in colitis rats. Mechanistically, PEP suppressed the abundance of inflammatory-related bacteria (Bacteroides, Intestinimonas, and Parabacteroides) while promoting the growth of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria (Romboutsia, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, and Lactobacillus), along with an increase in SCFA secretion. SCFAs may engage with the GPR43 receptor and inhibit downstream HDAC3, consequently downregulating the activation of the RAGE/NF-κB and MAPK pathways. In conclusion, PEP demonstrated preventive effects through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and microbiota modulation properties, thereby ameliorating TNBS-induced colitis in rats.

Integration of gut microbiome and serum metabolome revealed the effect of Qing-Wei-Zhi-Tong Micro-pills on gastric ulcer in rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Qing-Wei-Zhi-Tong Micro-pills (QWZT) is herbal compound used in the treatment of GU, whose functions include clearing the stomach and fire, softening the liver and relieving pain. However, its mechanistic profile on host intestinal microbiota and metabolism has not been determined.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study aimed to observe the healing effect of QWZT on acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer in a rat model and to preliminarily elucidate its possible therapeutic mechanism from the perspective of host intestinal microbiota and metabolism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The Wistar male rats (7 weeks old; weight 180-200 g) were randomly divided into normal control group (NC), acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer group (GU), and QWZT treatment group (High dose: 1250 mg/kg/day, Middle dose: 625 mg/kg/day, Low dose: 312.5 mg/kg/day) of 6 rats each. An acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer rat model was constructed based on anatomical surgery. QWZT (High dose, Middle dose, and Low dose) was used to treat gastric ulcer rats for 7 days by gavage. At the end of treatment, the body weight, macroscopic condition of gastric tissue ulcers, pathological changes (HE staining), inflammatory factors, oxidative stress factors, and endocrine factors were assessed in each group of rats. Fresh feces and serum from each group of rats were collected for microbiome and metabolome analysis on the machine, respectively. Drug-disease common targets and functional pathways were captured based on network pharmacology. The complex network of Herbs-Targets-Pathways-Metabolites-Microbiota interactions was constructed. Ultimately, Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) evaluated the contribution of gut microbiota in disease.

RESULTS

QWZT increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria (Bacteroides, Alloprevotella, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Lactobacillus, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Parabacteroides, etc.), reduced the abundance of harmful bacteria (Micromonospora, Geobacter, Nocardioides, and Arenimonas, etc.), reduced the levels of inflammatory mediators (12,13-EpOME, 9,10-Epoxyoctadecenoic acid, SM(d18:1/16:0) and Leukotriene A4, etc.), restored host metabolic disorders (Linoleic acid metabolism, Glycerophospholipid metabolism, and Arachidonic acid metabolism), and regulated the level of cytokines (IL-6, TNF-a, SOD, MDA, PEG-2 and NO), ultimately exerting an anti-ulcer effect. Apart from that, FMT improved acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers in rats.

CONCLUSION

QWZT improved acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers in rats by remodeling intestinal microbiota and regulating host metabolism. This work may promote the process of developing and utilizing clinical applications of QWZT.

Traditional Chinese Medicine: A promising strategy to regulate the imbalance of bacterial flora, impaired intestinal barrier and immune function attributed to ulcerative colitis through intestinal microecology

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Globally, plant materials are widely used as an additional and alternative therapy for the treating of diverse diseases. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, recurrent and nonspecific inflammation of the bowel, referred to as "modern intractable disease" according to the World Health Organization. With the continuous development of theoretical research in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and the advantages of TCM in terms of low side effects, TCM has shown great progress in the research of treating UC.

AIM OF THIS REVIEW

This review aimed to explore the correlation between intestinal microbiota and UC, summarize research advances in TCM for treating UC, and discuss the mechanism of action of TCM remedies in regulating intestinal microbiota and repairing damaged intestinal barrier, which will provide a theoretical basis for future studies to elucidate the mechanism of TCM remedies based on gut microbiota and provide novel ideas for the clinical treatment of UC.

METHODS

We have collected and collated relevant articles from different scientific databases in recent years on the use of TCM in treating UC in relation to intestinal microecology. Based on the available studies, the therapeutic effects of TCM are analysed and the correlation between the pathogenesis of UC and intestinal microecology is explored.

RESULTS

TCM is used to further protect the intestinal epithelium and tight junctions, regulate immunity and intestinal flora by regulating intestinal microecology, thereby achieving the effect of treating UC. Additionally, TCM remedies can effectively increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria that produce short-chain fatty acids, decrease the abundance of pathogenic bacteria, restore the balance of intestinal microbiota, and indirectly alleviate intestinal mucosal immune barrier dysfunction and promote the repair of damaged colorectal mucosa.

CONCLUSION

Intestinal microbiota is closely related to UC pathogenesis. The alleviation of intestinal dysbiosis can be a potential novel therapeutic strategy for UC. TCM remedies can exert protective and therapeutic effects on UC through various mechanisms. Although intestinal microbiota can aid in the identification of different TCM syndromes types, further studies are needed using modern medical technology. This will improve the clinical therapeutic efficacy of TCM remedies in UC and promote the application of precision medicine.

An Engineered Butyrate-Derived Polymer Nanoplatform as a Mucosa-Healing Enhancer Potentiates the Therapeutic Effect of Magnolol in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Colonic epithelial damage and dysregulated immune response are crucial factors in the progression and exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Nanoenabled targeted drug delivery to the inflamed intestinal mucosa has shown promise in inducing and maintaining colitis remission, while minimizing side effects. Inspired by the excellent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory efficacy of naturally derived magnolol (Mag) and gut homeostasis regulation of microbiota-derived butyrate, we developed a pH/redox dual-responsive butyrate-rich polymer nanoparticle (PSBA) as an oral Mag delivery system for combinational therapy of IBD. PSBA showed a high butyrate content of 22% and effectively encapsulated Mag. The Mag-loaded nanoparticles (PSBA@Mag) demonstrated colonic pH and reduction-responsive drug release, ensuring efficient retention and adhesion in the colon of colitis mice. PSBA@Mag not only normalized the level of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory effectors in inflamed colonic mucosa but also restored the epithelial barrier function in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease mouse models. Importantly, PSBA promoted the migration and healing ability of intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo, sensitizing the therapeutic efficacy of Mag in animal models. Moreover, transcriptomics and metabolism analyses revealed that PSBA@Mag mitigated inflammation by suppressing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and restoring the lipid metabolism. Additionally, this nanomedicine modulated the gut microbiota by inhibiting pathogenic Proteus and Escherichia-Shigella and promoting the proliferation of beneficial probiotics, including Lachnoclostridium, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and norank_f_Ruminococcaceae. Overall, our findings highlight the potential of butyrate-functionalized polymethacrylates as versatile and effective nanoplatforms for colonic drug delivery and mucosa repair in combating IBD and other gastrointestinal disorders.

Targeting DSS-induced ulcerative colitis: evaluating the therapeutic potential of WPI-stachyose conjugates

The pursuit of food-based alternatives to conventional therapies for ulcerative colitis (UC) demands immediate attention. In prior investigations, we synthesized WPI-stachyose conjugates through the Maillard reaction, identifying them as functional prebiotics. However, their impact on in vivo regulation of gut microbiota remains inadequately explored. To bridge this gap, we delved into the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of WPI-stachyose conjugates as prebiotic-functional components in C57BL/6J mice afflicted with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced UC. The treatment involving WPI-stachyose conjugates led to significant therapeutic advancements, evident in the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and restoration of gut microbiota composition. Noticeable enhancements were observed in UC-associated symptoms, including weight loss, colon length reduction, and tissue damage, notably improving in the treated mice. Remarkably, both the conjugates and the physical combination effectively lowered pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress, with the conjugates demonstrating enhanced effectiveness. Furthermore, the simultaneous administration of WPI-stachyose conjugates further amplified the presence of beneficial bacteria and elevated short-chain fatty acids, acknowledged for their favorable impact across various conditions. These findings underscore the potential therapeutic application of WPI-stachyose conjugates in addressing DSS-induced UC, offering insights into innovative therapeutic strategies.

Portulaca oleracea L. polysaccharide alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis by regulating intestinal homeostasis

Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane) is a vegetable that contains a variety of active compounds with nutritional properties and has the potential to treat ulcerative colitis (UC). However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of Portulaca oleracea L. polysaccharide (POP) in alleviating UC remain unclear. In this study, we prepared an aqueous extract of purslane and separated a fraction with molecular weight >10 kDa using membrane separation. This fraction was used to isolate POP. The effect of POP on gut microbiota and colon transcriptome in dextran sulfate sodium-induced UC model mice was evaluated. POP treatment reduced inflammation and oxidative stress imbalance in UC mice. In addition, POP improved the intestinal barrier and regulated intestinal homeostasis. Importantly, POP was found to regulate gut microbiota, maintain the levels of retinol and short-chain fatty acids in the gut, promote the proliferation and differentiation of B cells in the colon, and increase the expression of immunoglobulin A. These results provide novel insights into the role of POP in regulating intestinal homeostasis, which should guide further development of POP as a functional food.

Paeoniflorin recued hepatotoxicity under zinc oxide nanoparticles exposure via regulation on gut-liver axis and reversal of pyroptosis

The risks of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) applications in biological medicine, food processing industry, agricultural production and the biotoxicity brought by environmental invasion of ZnO NPs both gradually troubled the public due to the lack of research on detoxification strategies. TFEB-regulated autophagy-pyroptosis pathways were found as the crux of the hepatotoxicity induced by ZnO NPs in our latest study. Here, our study served as a connecting link between preceding toxic target and the following protection mechanism of Paeoniflorin (PF). According to a combined analysis of network pharmacology/molecular docking-intestinal microbiota-metabolomics first developed in our study, PF alleviated the hepatotoxicity of ZnO NPs from multiple aspects. The hepatic inflammatory injury and hepatocyte pyroptosis in mice liver exposed to ZnO NPs was significantly inhibited by PF. And the intestinal microbiota disorder and liver metabolic disturbance were rescued. The targets predicted by bioinformatics and the signal trend in subacute toxicological model exhibited the protectiveness of PF related to the SIRT1-mTOR-TFEB pathway. These evidences clarified multiple protective mechanisms of PF which provided a novel detoxification approach against ZnO NPs, and further provided a strategy for the medicinal value development of PF.

Integrated Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking and Animal Experiment to Explore the Efficacy and Potential Mechanism of Baiyu Decoction Against Ulcerative Colitis by Enema

Background

Baiyu Decoction (BYD), a clinical prescription of traditional Chinese medicine, has been proven to be valuable for treating ulcerative colitis (UC) by enema. However, the mechanism of BYD against UC remains unclear.

Purpose

A combination of bioinformatics methods including network pharmacology and molecular docking and animal experiments were utilized to investigate the potential mechanism of BYD in the treatment of UC.

Materials and Methods

Firstly, the representative compounds of each herb in BYD were detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Subsequently, we predicted the core targets and potential pathways of BYD for treating UC through network pharmacology. And rat colitis model was established with dextran sodium sulfate. UC rats were subjected to BYD enema administration, during which we recorded body weight changes, disease activity index, and colon length to assess the effectiveness of BYD. Besides, quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting, ELISA and immunofluorescence were used to detect intestinal inflammatory factors, intestinal barrier biomarkers and TOLL-like receptor pathway in rats. Finally, the core components and targets of BYD were subjected to molecular docking so as to further validate the results of network pharmacology.

Results

A total of 41 active compositions and 203 targets related to BYD-UC were subjected to screening. The results of bioinformatics analysis showed that quercetin and kaempferol may be the main compounds. Additionally, AKT1, IL-6, TP53, TNF and IL-1β were regarded as potential therapeutic targets. KEGG results explained that TOLL-like receptor pathway might play a pivotal role in BYD protecting against UC. In addition, animal experiments and molecular docking validated the network pharmacology results. BYD enema treatment can reduce body weight loss, lower disease activity index score, reverse colon shortening, relieve intestinal inflammation, protect intestinal barrier, and inhibit TOLL-like receptor pathway in UC rats. Besides, molecular docking suggested that quercetin and kaempferol docked well with TLR4, AKT1, IL-6, TP53.

Conclusion

Utilizing network pharmacology, animal studies, and molecular docking, enema therapy with BYD was confirmed to have anti-UC efficacy by alleviating intestinal inflammation, protecting the intestinal barrier, and inhibiting the TOLL-like receptor pathway. Researchers should focus not only on oral medications but also on the rectal administration of medications in furtherance of the cure of ulcerative colitis.

Lachnospiraceae-derived butyrate mediates protection of high fermentable fiber against placental inflammation in gestational diabetes mellitus

Inflammation-associated insulin resistance is a key trigger of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), but the underlying mechanisms and effective interventions remain unclear. Here, we report the association of placental inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-α) and abnormal maternal glucose metabolism in patients with GDM, and a high fermentable dietary fiber (HFDF; konjac) could reduce GDM development through gut flora-short-chain fatty acid-placental inflammation axis in GDM mouse model. Mechanistically, HFDF increases abundances of Lachnospiraceae and butyrate, reduces placental-derived inflammation by enhancing gut barrier and inhibiting the transfer of bacterial-derived lipopolysaccharide, and ultimately resists high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance. Lachnospiraceae and butyrate have similar anti-GDM and anti-placental inflammation effects, and they can ameliorate placental function and pregnancy outcome effects probably by dampening placental immune dysfunction. These findings demonstrate the involvement of important placental inflammation-related mechanisms in the progression of GDM and the great potential of HFDFs to reduce susceptibility to GDM through gut-flora-placenta axis.

Yinhuapinggan granule ameliorates lung injury caused by multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii via inhibiting NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway

Yinhuapinggan granule (YHPG) is a traditional Chinese medicine prescription with rich clinical experience for the treatment of colds and coughs. The aim of this study is to investigate the protective effect of YHPG on multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) infection in vivo and its potential anti-inflammatory mechanism. BALB/c mice were intranasally inoculated with MDR A. baumannii strain to establish the pneumonia infection model, and received intraperitoneally cyclophosphamide to form immunosuppression before attack. YHPG (6, 12 and 18 g/kg) was administered by gavage once a day for 3 consecutive days after infection. The protective effect of YHPG was evaluated by lung index, spleen index, thymus index, pathological changes of lung tissue and inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) in serum. The expression of key targets of NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway in vivo was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blot. The results showed that YHPG improved the lung index and its inhibition rate, immune organ indexes and lung pathological changes in infected mice, and significantly reduced IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α levels in serum. In addition, YHPG significantly down-regulated the mRNA and protein expression of NF-κB p65, NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in mice lung tissue. The results of the current study demonstrated that YHPG has significant protective effects on mice infected with MDR A.baumannii, which may be related to the regulation of inflammatory factors and NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway, indicating that YHPG has a wide range of clinical application value and provides a theoretical basis for its treatment of MDR A.baumannii infection.

Insight into the mechanism of Xiao-Chai-Hu-Tang alleviates irinotecan-induced diarrhea based on regulating the gut microbiota and inhibiting Gut β-GUS

BACKGROUND

Irinotecan (CPT-11, Camptosar@) is a first-line drug for metastatic colorectal cancer. CPT-11-induced diarrhea, which is closely related to the concentrations of β-glucuronidase (β-GUS) and SN-38 in the gut, largely limits its clinical application.

PURPOSE

Herein, Xiao-Chai-Hu-Tang (XCHT), a traditional Chinese formula, was applied to mitigate CPT-11-induced toxicity. This study initially explored the mechanism by which XCHT alleviated diarrhea, especially for β-GUS from the gut microbiota.

METHODS

First, we examined the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines and the anti-inflammatory cytokines in the intestine. Furthermore, we researched the community abundances of the gut microbiota in the CPT-11 and XCHT-treated mice based on 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology. Meanwhile, the level of SN-38 and the concentrations of β-GUS in intestine were examined. We also resolved the 3D structure of β-GUS from gut microbiota by X-ray crystallography technology. Moreover, we used virtual screening, SPR analysis, and enzyme activity assays to confirm whether the main active ingredients from XCHT could selectively inhibit β-GUS.

RESULTS

In XCHT-treated mice, the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines decreased, the anti-inflammatory cytokines increased, and the community abundances of beneficial Firmicutes and Bacteroidota improved in the gut microbiota. We also found that the concentrations of β-GUS and the level of SN-38, the major ingredient that induces diarrhea in the gut, significantly decreased after coadministration of XCHT with CPT-11 in the intestine. Additionally, we revealed the structural differences of β-GUS from different gut microbiota. Finally, we found that EcGUS had good affinity with baicalein and meanwhile could be selectively inhibited by baicalein from XCHT.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, XCHT could relieve the delayed diarrhea induced by CPT-11 through improving the abundance of beneficial gut microbiota and reduced inflammation. Furthermore, based on the three-dimensional structure, baicalein, especially, could be used as a candidate EcGUS inhibitor to alleviate CPT-11-induced diarrhea.

Cotinus coggygria Scop. Attenuates Acetic Acid-Induced Colitis in Rats by Regulation of Inflammatory Mediators

In traditional medicine, many medicinal plants are used in the treatment of various diseases caused by inflammation. The objective of the present study is to elucidate for the first time the effects of Cotinus coggygria (CC) ethanol extract (CCE) on colonic structure and inflammation of acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Colonic damage was assessed using disease activity index score, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Also, in vitro antioxidant activity of CCE was investigated by ABTS methods. Total phytochemical content of CCE was measured spectroscopically. Acetic acid caused colonic damage according to disease activity index and macroscopic scoring. CCE significantly reversed these damages. While the levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and TGF-1beta increased in tissue with UC, IL-10 level decreased. CCE increased inflammatory cytokine levels to values close to the sham group. At the same time, while markers indicating disease severity such as VEGF, COX-2, PGE2, and 8-OHdG indicated the disease in the colitis group, these values returned to normal with CCE. Histological research results support biochemical analysis. CCE exhibited significant antioxidant against ABTS radical. Also, CCE was found to have a high content of total polyphenolic compounds. These findings provide evidence that CCE might be benefit as a promising novel therapy in the treatment of UC in humans due to high polyphenol content and justify the use of CC in folkloric medicine for treatment of inflamed diseases.

Walnut Protein Peptides Ameliorate DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis Damage in Mice: An in Silico Analysis and in Vivo Investigation

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a food with food-medicine homology, whose derived protein peptides have been shown to have anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. However, the effects and mechanisms of walnut protein peptides on ulcerative colitis (UC) in vivo have not been systematically and thoroughly investigated. In this study, we applied virtual screening and network pharmacology screening of bioactive peptides to obtain three novel WPPs (SHTLP, HYNLN, and LGTYP) that may alleviate UC through TLR4-MAPK signaling. In vivo studies have shown that WPPs improve intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction and reduce inflammation by inhibiting activation of the TLR4-MAPK pathway. In addition, WPPs restore intestinal microbial homeostasis by reducing harmful bacteria (Helicobacter and Bacteroides) and increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria (Candidatus_Saccharimonas). Our study showed that the WPPs obtained by virtual screening were effective in ameliorating colitis, which has important implications for future screening of bioactive peptides from medicinal food homologues as drugs or dietary supplements.

Repairing the intestinal mucosal barrier of traditional Chinese medicine for ulcerative colitis: a review

Damage to the intestinal mucosal barrier play an important role in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Discovering the key regulators and repairing the disturbed barrier are crucial for preventing and treating UC. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been proved to be effective on treating UC and has exhibited its role in repairing the intestinal mucosal barrier. We summarized the evidence of TCM against UC by protecting and repairing the physical barrier, chemical barrier, immune barrier, and biological barrier. Mechanisms of increasing intestinal epithelial cells, tight junction proteins, and mucins, promoting intestinal stem cell proliferation, restoring the abundance of the intestinal microbiota, and modulating the innate and adaptive immunity in gut, were all involved in. Some upstream proteins and signaling pathways have been elucidated. Based on the existing problems, we suggested future studies paying attention to patients' samples and animal models of UC and TCM syndromes, conducting rescue experiments, exploring more upstream regulators, and adopting new technical methods. We hope this review can provide a theoretical basis and novel ideas for clarifying the mechanisms of TCM against UC via repairing the intestinal mucosal barrier.

The mechanism of traditional medicine in alleviating ulcerative colitis: regulating intestinal barrier function

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic inflammatory disease mainly affects the large bowel and the rectum. The pathogenesis of this disease has not been fully elucidated, while the disruption of the intestinal barrier function triggered by various stimulating factors related to the host genetics, immunity, gut microbiota, and environment has been considered to be major mechanisms that affect the development of UC. Given the limited effective therapies, the treatment of this disease is not ideal and its incidence and prevalence are increasing. Therefore, developing new therapies with high efficiency and efficacy is important for treating UC. Many recent studies disclosed that numerous herbal decoctions and natural compounds derived from traditional herbal medicine showed promising therapeutic activities in animal models of colitis and have gained increasing attention from scientists in the study of UC. Some of these decoctions and compounds can effectively alleviate colonic inflammation and relieve clinical symptoms in animal models of colitis via regulating intestinal barrier function. While no study is available to review the underlying mechanisms of these potential therapies in regulating the integrity and function of the intestinal barrier. This review aims to summarize the effects of various herbal decoctions or bioactive compounds on the severity of colonic inflammation via various mechanisms, mainly including regulating the production of tight junction proteins, mucins, the composition of gut microbiota and microbial-associated metabolites, the infiltration of inflammatory cells and mediators, and the oxidative stress in the gut. On this basis, we discussed the related regulators and the affected signaling pathways of the mentioned traditional medicine in modulating the disruption or restoration of the intestinal barrier, such as NF-κB/MAPK, PI3K, and HIF-1α signaling pathways. In addition, the possible limitations of current studies and a prospect for future investigation and development of new UC therapies are provided based on our knowledge and current understanding. This review may improve our understanding of the current progression in studies of traditional medicine-derived therapies in protecting the intestinal barrier function and their roles in alleviating animal models of UC. It may be beneficial to the work of researchers in both basic and translational studies of UC.

Drug-microbiota interactions: an emerging priority for precision medicine

Individual variability in drug response (IVDR) can be a major cause of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and prolonged therapy, resulting in a substantial health and economic burden. Despite extensive research in pharmacogenomics regarding the impact of individual genetic background on pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD), genetic diversity explains only a limited proportion of IVDR. The role of gut microbiota, also known as the second genome, and its metabolites in modulating therapeutic outcomes in human diseases have been highlighted by recent studies. Consequently, the burgeoning field of pharmacomicrobiomics aims to explore the correlation between microbiota variation and IVDR or ADRs. This review presents an up-to-date overview of the intricate interactions between gut microbiota and classical therapeutic agents for human systemic diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), endocrine diseases, and others. We summarise how microbiota, directly and indirectly, modify the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs. Conversely, drugs can also modulate the composition and function of gut microbiota, leading to changes in microbial metabolism and immune response. We also discuss the practical challenges, strategies, and opportunities in this field, emphasizing the critical need to develop an innovative approach to multi-omics, integrate various data types, including human and microbiota genomic data, as well as translate lab data into clinical practice. To sum up, pharmacomicrobiomics represents a promising avenue to address IVDR and improve patient outcomes, and further research in this field is imperative to unlock its full potential for precision medicine.

Reactive Oxygen Species-Scavenging Nanosystems in the Treatment of Diabetic Wounds

Diabetic wounds are characterized by drug-resistant bacterial infections, biofilm formation, impaired angiogenesis and perfusion, and oxidative damage to the microenvironment. Given their complex nature, diabetic wounds remain a major challenge in clinical practice. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which have been shown to trigger hyperinflammation and excessive cellular apoptosis, play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of diabetic wounds. ROS-scavenging nanosystems have recently emerged as smart and multifunctional nanomedicines with broad synergistic applicability. The documented anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic ability of ROS-scavenging treatments predestines these nanosystems as promising options for the treatment of diabetic wounds. Yet, in this context, the therapeutic applicability and efficacy of ROS-scavenging nanosystems remain to be elucidated. Herein, the role of ROS in diabetic wounds is deciphered, and the properties and strengths of nanosystems with ROS-scavenging capacity for the treatment of diabetic wounds are summarized. In addition, the current challenges of such nanosystems and their potential future directions are discussed through a clinical-translational lens.

Relationship among Chinese herb polysaccharide (CHP), gut microbiota, and chronic diarrhea and impact of CHP on chronic diarrhea

Chronic diarrhea, including diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D), osmotic diarrhea, bile acid diarrhea, and antibiotic-associated diarrhea, is a common problem which is highly associated with disorders of the gut microbiota composition such as small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and so on. A growing number of studies have supported the view that Chinese herbal formula alleviates the symptoms of diarrhea by modulating the fecal microbiota. Chinese herbal polysaccharides (CHPs) are natural polymers composed of monosaccharides that are widely found in Chinese herbs and function as important active ingredients. Commensal gut microbiota has an extensive capacity to utilize CHPs and play a vital role in degrading polysaccharides into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Many CHPs, as prebiotics, have an antidiarrheal role to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria and inhibit the colonization of pathogenic bacteria. This review systematically summarizes the relationship among gut microbiota, chronic diarrhea, and CHPs as well as recent progress on the impacts of CHPs on the gut microbiota and recent advances on the possible role of CHPs in chronic diarrhea.

Poria cocos polysaccharide improves intestinal barrier function and maintains intestinal homeostasis in mice

The function of the intestinal tract is critical to human health. Poria cocos is a widely used functional edible fungus in Asia and has been reported to modulate gastrointestinal function. However, the effects of polysaccharides, the main active constituents of Poria cocos, on the intestinal tract remains unclear and is the focus of the study. Poria cocos polysaccharides (PCP) were extracted, characterized, and administered to mice by gavage. The results show that PCP used in this study has a typical polysaccharide peak with a molecular weight of 11.583 kDa and is composed primarily of mannose, D-glucosamine hydrochloride, glucose, galactose, and fucose with a molar ratio of 15.308: 0.967: 28.723: 31.631: 23.371. The methylation results suggest that the PCP backbone may be t-Gal(p), 6-Gal(p) and 2,6-Gal(p). The effects of PCP on the mucosal barrier function of the mouse intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) were examined in terms of intestinal physiological status, physical barrier, biochemical barrier, immune barrier, and microbial barrier. The results showed that PCP significantly improved the physiological state of mouse intestine. Moreover, PCP strengthened the intestinal physical barrier by upregulating the expression of intestinal Occludin and ZO-1 and downregulating the levels of serum endotoxin, DAO, D-lactate, and intestinal MPO. Regarding biochemical barrier, PCP could upregulate the expression of MUC2, β-defensin, and SIgA in intestinal tissues. In addition, PCP modulated the immune barrier by increasing IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TGF-β, and IFN-γ expression. Besides, PCP increased the level of SCFAs in small intestinal contents. PCP modulates intestinal barrier function by altering the microbial composition of the gut. We also found that PCP could maintain intestinal barrier function by increasing the expression of Wnt/β-Catenin and Lrp5 proteins. Generally, our findings suggested that PCP may be used as a functional food to regulate intestinal mucosal function, thereby enhancing the health of the intestinal and host.

Protective Application of Chinese Herbal Compounds and Formulae in Intestinal Inflammation in Humans and Animals

Intestinal inflammation is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder with uncertain pathophysiology and causation that has significantly impacted both the physical and mental health of both people and animals. An increasing body of research has demonstrated the critical role of cellular signaling pathways in initiating and managing intestinal inflammation. This review focuses on the interactions of three cellular signaling pathways (TLR4/NF-κB, PI3K-AKT, MAPKs) with immunity and gut microbiota to explain the possible pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation. Traditional medicinal drugs frequently have drawbacks and negative side effects. This paper also summarizes the pharmacological mechanism and application of Chinese herbal compounds (Berberine, Sanguinarine, Astragalus polysaccharide, Curcumin, and Cannabinoids) and formulae (Wumei Wan, Gegen-Qinlian decoction, Banxia xiexin decoction) against intestinal inflammation. We show that the herbal compounds and formulae may influence the interactions among cell signaling pathways, immune function, and gut microbiota in humans and animals, exerting their immunomodulatory capacity and anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. This demonstrates their strong potential to improve gut inflammation. We aim to promote herbal medicine and apply it to multispecies animals to achieve better health.

Role of extracted phytochemicals from Rosa sterilis S. D. Shi in DSS-induced colitis mice: potential amelioration of UC

Rosa sterilis S. D. Shi is a new variety of R. roxburghii Tratt and its fruits are rich in bioactive components, but its effects and mechanisms against intestinal inflammation are currently unknown. In this study, the main components of the ethanol extract of R. sterilis S. D. Shi fruits (RSE) were identified and its anti-inflammatory efficacy in DSS-induced mice was evaluated. A total of nine compounds were identified, including 1-O-E-cinnamoyl-(6-arabinosylglucose), ellagic acid-O-rhamnoside, (epi) catechin, niga-ichigoside F1, etc. The results demonstrated that RSE ameliorated DSS-induced inflammation in mouse colon tissues by increasing mucin expression, reducing the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, inhibiting the mRNA expression of COX-2 and iNOS, regulating the composition of gut microbiota through suppressing Escherichia-Shigella while increasing Akkermansia muciniphila, and promoting the production of SCFAs, especially acetic acid. Briefly, RSE showed outstanding potential for anti-inflammatory activity and is expected to be a promising dietary supplement for healthy individuals to prevent or relieve colitis and colitis-related diseases, which provided a new direction for functional food development.

Gegen Qinlian decoction (GQD) inhibits ulcerative colitis by modulating ferroptosis-dependent pathway in mice and organoids

BACKGROUND

Gegen Qinlian decoction (GQD) is a classic prescription for treating ulcerative colitis (UC) in traditional Chinese medicine. However, the therapeutic mechanism has not been fully clarified.

PURPOSE

In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the role of ferroptosis-mediated IEC death in UC treated mice with GQD by using DSS-induced a colitis mouse model and RSL3-induced ferroptosis in intestinal organoids.

METHODS

The effects of GQD on DSS-treated colitis were examined via daily body weight, DAI, colon length, HE staining, PAS staining, ZO-1 and Occludin immunohistochemical staining. Ferroptosis was determined by analysis of iron load, MDA, GSH, mitochondrial morphology, and expression of ferroptosis-associated proteins (GPX4, SLC7A11 and ACSL4).

RESULTS

In vivo, GQD administration reduced body weight loss and DAI scores, increased colon length, and improved intestinal histological characteristics and epithelial barrier dysfunction. GQD administration obviously improved the levels of ferroptosis markers (iron load, MDA, GSH, and mitochondrial morphology) and the expression of ferroptosis-associated proteins (GPX4, SLC7A11 and ACSL4). Consistent with in vivo results, GQD administration partially reversed the levels of mtROS, Fe2+ and MDA in intestinal organoids induced by RSL3, and notably improved morphological destruction, histological damage and epithelial barrier dysfunction in organoids.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, we demonstrated that ferroptosis was triggered in DSS-induced experimental colitis and that GQD adiministration could protect against colonic damage and intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction by inhibiting ferroptosis.

From gut to skin: exploring the potential of natural products targeting microorganisms for atopic dermatitis treatment

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease. Recent studies have revealed that interactions between pathogenic microorganisms, which have a tendency to parasitize the skin of AD patients, play a significant role in the progression of the disease. Furthermore, specific species of commensal bacteria in the human intestinal tract can have a profound impact on the immune system by promoting inflammation and pruritogenesis in AD, while also regulating adaptive immunity. Natural products (NPs) have emerged as promising agents for the treatment of various diseases. Consequently, there is growing interest in utilizing natural products as a novel therapeutic approach for managing AD, with a focus on modulating both skin and gut microbiota. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms and interplay between the skin and gut microbiota in relation to AD. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent clinical and fundamental research on NPs targeting the skin and gut microbiota for AD treatment. We anticipate that our work will contribute to the future development of NPs and facilitate research on microbial mechanisms, based on the efficacy of NPs in treating AD.

Water-Insoluble Polysaccharide Extracted from Poria cocos Alleviates Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea Based on Regulating the Gut Microbiota in Mice

Antibiotics are very effective in treating a variety of bacterial infections, while clinical overuse of antibiotics can lead to diseases such as antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Numerous studies have shown that natural polysaccharides can be used as prebiotics to alleviate antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). Poria cocos is a medicinal and edible mushroom widely used for thousands of years in China, and our former study demonstrated that water-insoluble polysaccharide (PCY) has the potential prebiotic function. Therefore, we simulated the digestion and fermentation of PCY using feces from volunteers, and then administered it to C57BL/6 mice with AAD to study its effects on the gut microbiota and metabolites. The results indicated that PCY effectively alleviated the symptoms of AAD in mice, restored the intestinal barrier function, improved the content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), decreased the level of inflammatory cytokines, and changed the structure of gut microbiota by increasing the relative abundance of norank_f__Muribaculaceae and unclassified_f__Lachnospiraceae, and decreasing that of Escherichia-Shigella, Staphylococcus and Acinetobacter. This study further demonstrated that PCY is an effective functional prebiotic for improving AAD disease, and provided a new avenue and insight for developing PCY as a functional food or prebiotic for alleviating gastrointestinal diseases.

Homogalacturonan enriched pectin based hydrogel enhances 6-gingerol's colitis alleviation effect via NF-κB/NLRP3 axis

A nanolipidcarrier (NLC) loaded homogalacturonan enriched pectin (citrus modified pectin, MCP4) hydrogel was designed as a novel colon inflammation site-specific oral delivery system for 6-gingerol (6G) (6G-NLC/MCP4 hydrogel) administration, and its colitis alleviation effect were investigated. 6G-NLC/MCP4 exhibited typical "cage-like" ultrastructure with 6G-NLC embedded in the hydrogel matrix as observed by cryoscanning electron microscope. And due to the homogalacturonan (HG) domain in MCP4 specifically combined with Galectin-3, which is overexpressed in the inflammatory region, the 6G-NLC/MCP4 hydrogel targeted to severe inflammatory region. Meanwhile, the prolonged-release characteristics of 6G-NLC provided sustained release of 6G in severe inflammatory regions. The matrix of hydrogel MCP4 and 6G achieved synergistic alleviation effects for colitis through NF-κB/NLRP3 axis. Specifically, 6G mainly regulated the NF-κB inflammatory pathway and inhibited the activity of NLRP3 protein, while MCP4 regulated the expression of Galectin-3 and peripheral clock gene Rev-Erbα/β to prevent the activation of inflammasome NLRP3.

Gegen-Qinlian decoction alleviates anxiety-like behaviors in methamphetamine-withdrawn mice by regulating Akkermansia and metabolism in the colon

BACKGROUND

Anxiety is a prominent withdrawal symptom of methamphetamine (Meth) addiction. Recently, the gut microbiota has been regarded as a promising target for modulating anxiety. Gegen-Qinlian decoction (GQD) is a classical Traditional Chinese Medicine applied in interventions of various gut disorders by balancing the gut microbiome. We aim to investigate whether GQD could alleviate Meth withdrawal anxiety through balancing gut microbiota and gut microenvironment.

METHODS

Meth withdrawal anxiety models were established in mice. GQD were intragastric administrated into Meth-withdrawn mice and controls. Gut permeability and inflammatory status were examined in mice. Germ-free (GF) and antibiotics-treated (Abx) mice were used to evaluate the role of gut bacteria in withdrawal anxiety. Gut microbiota was profiled with 16s rRNA sequencing in feces. Metabolomics in colon tissue and in Akkermansia culture medium were performed.

RESULTS

Meth withdrawal enhanced anxiety-like behaviors in wild-type mice, and altered gut permeability, and inflammatory status, while GQD treatment during the withdrawal period efficiently alleviated anxiety-like behaviors and improved gut microenvironment. Next, we found Germ-free (GF) and antibiotics-treated (Abx) mice did not develop anxiety-like behaviors by Meth withdrawal, indicating the essential role of gut bacteria in Meth withdrawal induced anxiety. Then, it was observed that gut microbiota was greatly affected in Meth-withdrawn mice, especially the reduction in Akkermansia. GQD can rescue the gut microbiota and reverse Akkermansia abundance in Meth-withdrawn mice. Meanwhile, GQD can also restore the Meth-impaired Akkermansia growth in vitro. Further, GQD restored several common metabolite levels both in colon in vivo and in Akkermansia in vitro.

CONCLUSIONS

We revealed a novel effect of GQD on Meth withdrawal anxiety and identified its pharmacological target axis as "Akkermansia-Akkermansia metabolites-gut metabolites-gut microenvironment". Our findings indicated that targeting gut bacteria with TCM, such as GQD, might be a promising therapeutic strategy for addiction and related withdrawal symptoms.

Zearalenone Exposure Disrupts STAT-ISG15 in Rat Colon: A Potential Linkage between Zearalenone and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Zearalenone (ZEN), a prevalent mycotoxin contaminating food and known for its intestinal toxicity, has been suggested as a potential risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), although the exact relationship between ZEN exposure and IBD remains unclear. In this study, we established a rat model of colon toxicity induced by ZEN exposure to investigate the key targets of ZEN-induced colon toxicity and explore the underlying connection between ZEN exposure and IBD. Histological staining of the rat colon revealed significant pathological changes resulting from ZEN exposure (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the proteomic analysis demonstrated a notable upregulation of protein expression levels, specifically STAT2 (0.12 ± 0.0186), STAT6 (0.36 ± 0.0475) and ISG15 (0.43 ± 0.0226) in the rat colon (p < 0.05). Utilizing bioinformatics analysis, we combined ZEN exposure and IBD clinical sample databases to reveal that ZEN exposure may increase the risk of IBD through activation of the STAT-ISG15 pathway. This study identified novel targets for ZEN-induced intestinal toxicity, providing the basis for further study of ZEN exposure to IBD.

Pulsatilla chinensis saponins improve SCFAs regulating GPR43-NLRP3 signaling pathway in the treatment of ulcerative colitis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Pulsatilla decoction has been extensively used to treat ulcerative colitis (UC) in recent years. Pulsatilla chinensis saponin (PRS), the active ingredient of its monarch medicine Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel, plays a crucial role in the treatment of UC, but its specific mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aims to investigate the protective effect and possible mechanism of PRS on DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, the DSS-induced colitis model was used to explore the metabolism and absorption of PRS under UC, detect the content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in colon tissue, the expression of receptor G Protein-Coupled Receptor 43 (GPR43) protein and inflammasome NLRP3, and observe the expression level of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in colon tissue. The protective effect of the PRS was also observed.

RESULTS

It was found that in the UC group, the absorption rate and extent of drugs increased, and the elimination was accelerated. Compared with the control group, PRS increased the content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in colon tissue, promoted the expression of SCFAs receptor GPR43 protein, inhibited the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and decreased the content of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. PRS protects the colon in DSS-induced inflammatory bowel disease by increasing the content of SCFAs, promoting the expression of GPR43 protein, inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and reversing the increase in IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α levels.

CONCLUSIONS

PRS can increase the content of colonic SCFAs, activate the GPR43-NLRP3 signaling pathway, and reduce the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby improving the symptoms of DSS-induced colitis.

Ameliorative effect of Aconite aqueous extract on diarrhea is associated with modulation of the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism

Introduction: Aconite is a form of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that has been widely used to treat diarrhea for thousands of years. However, it is not clear whether the anti-diarrhea role of aconite aqueous extract (AA) is associated with regulation of the gut microbiota or with bile acid (BA) metabolism. This study aimed to confirm whether AA exerts its anti-diarrhea effects by regulating the gut microbiota and BA metabolism. Methods: The therapeutic effect of AA in a mouse model of diarrhea was measured based on analysis of body weight, fecal water content, diarrhea scores, intestinal propulsion rate, colonic pathology, and colonic immunohistochemistry. In addition, 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing was conducted to analyze the effect of AA on the gut microbiota, and targeted metabolomics was employed to analyze the effect of AA on metabolism of BAs. Results: The results showed that treatment with AA reduced fecal water content and diarrhea scores, inhibited intestinal propulsion rate and pathological changes in the colon, and increased AQP3 and AQP4 content in the colon. In addition, AA was found to be capable of regulating the gut microbiota. Effects included increasing its richness (according to the ACE and Chao1 indices); altering the gut microbiota community structure (PCA, PCoA, and NMDS); increasing the relative abundance of norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, and norank_f_norank_o_Clostridia_UCG-014; and decreasing the relative abundance of Escherichia-Shigella, unclassified_f_Ruminococcaceae, Ruminococcus_torques_group, and Parasutterella. More importantly, AA significantly increased fecal TCA (a primary BA) and DCA, LCA, GDCA, dehydro-LCA, and 12-keto-LCA (secondary BAs), thus restoring BA homeostasis. Moreover, AA increased the ratios of DCA/CA, DCA/TCA, and LCA/CDCA and decreased the ratios of TLCA/LCA, GLCA/LCA, and TUDCA/UDCA. Conclusion: The anti-diarrhea effect of AA was associated with restoration of the gut microbiota and BA metabolism-related homeostasis. The results of this study provide insights into the application of AA and the treatment of diarrhea.

Intestinal mucosal flora of the intestine-kidney remediation process of diarrhea with deficiency kidney-yang syndrome in Sishen Pill treatment: Association with interactions between Lactobacillus johnsonii, Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP-ase, and Na+-K+-ATP-ase

This study aims to investigate the effect of Sishen Pill on the characteristics of gut mucosal microbiota in diarrhea mice with deficiency kidney-yang syndrome. Fifteen Kunming male mice were randomly divided into Normal control group (C), Model self-healing group (X) and Sishen Pill group (S), with 5 mice/cages. Hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the kidney structure. Serum Na⁺-K⁺-ATP-ase and Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATP-ase were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Analysis of intestinal mucosal flora using third-generation high-throughput sequencing. The relative abundance results in the three groups revealed that the dominant bacterial genera: Lactobacillus, Muribaculum and Candidatus-Arthromitus; bacterial species: Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus murinus, and Lactobacillus intestinalis, and differences in the presence of major microbiota between the X and S groups. A positive correlation between Lactobacillus johnsonii and both Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATP-ase and Na⁺-K⁺-ATP-ase was found via correlation analysis. Sishen Pill also changed the manufacture of other secondary metabolites, as well as the metabolism of carbohydrates, glycans, energy, lipids, and other amino acids, and xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism. In conclusion, Sishen Pill improved kidney structure, energy metabolism and the diversity and structure of intestinal mucosal flora. In addition, Lactobacillus johnsonii may be a characteristic species of Sishen Pill in treating diarrhea with kidney-yang deficiency syndrome.

Modified Gegen Qinlian decoction ameliorated ulcerative colitis by attenuating inflammation and oxidative stress and enhancing intestinal barrier function in vivo and in vitro

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Modified Gegen Qinlian decoction (MGQD), which was first documented in Treatise on Febrile Disease, is recognized as a classic prescription to treat ulcerative colitis (UC). However, its protective mechanism against UC remains to be fully elucidated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To explore the impact and the potential molecular mechanism of MGQD on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced UC mice and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-induced Caco-2 cell monolayer model of intestinal barrier.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The chemical components of MGQD and MGQD drug containing serum (MGQD-DS) were characterized by LC-MS/MS. The therapeutic effect of MGQD on DSS-induced UC was evaluated based on body weight, disease activity index (DAI), colon length, colonic histopathological injury, inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress response and intestinal barrier function. Cell Counting Kit (CCK)-8 assay was applied to detect the effect of MGQD-DS on the viability of Caco-2 cells. Additionally, TNF-α-induced Caco-2 cell monolayer model of intestinal barrier was established in vitro. The Caco-2 cell monolayers were administered blank serum or MGQD-DS to observe the effects of MGQD-DS on transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), permeability of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran, inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress indicators and intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB).

RESULTS

MGQD significantly improved symptoms and pathological damage in UC mice by downregulating the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β and malondialdehyde (MDA), attenuating the loss of goblet cells and the destruction of intestinal epithelial ultrastructure, and upregulating the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), Occludin, Claudin-1 and E-cadherin. In vitro, MGQD-DS significantly reduced the flux of FITC-dextran, increased the TEER, inhibited the expression of IL-21, IL-17A and MDA, and promoted the expression of IL-4, IL-10, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), SOD, CAT, GSH, Occludin and E-cadherin in TNF-α-induced Caco-2 cell monolayer model of intestinal barrier.

CONCLUSION

MGQD can ameliorate DSS-induced UC mice and TNF-α-induced Caco-2 cell monolayer model of intestinal barrier, and the protective effect is related to its inhibition of inflammation, alleviation of oxidative stress, and repair of intestinal barrier damage.

The role of gut microbiota in diabetic peripheral neuropathy rats with cognitive dysfunction

Introduction

Owing to advancements in non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging, many studies have repeatedly showed that diabetes affects the central nervous system in the presence of peripheral neuropathy, suggesting a common or interacting pathological mechanism for both complications.

Methods

We aimed to investigate the role of abnormal gut microbiota in rats with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) combined with cognitive dysfunction. Glucose-compliant rats with nerve conduction deficits were screened as a successful group of DPN rats. The DPN group was then divided into rats with combined cognitive impairment (CD) and rats with normal cognitive function (NCD) based on the results of the Novel object recognition test. Rat feces were then collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the intestinal flora.

Results and Discussion

The results revealed that abnormalities in Firmicutes, Ruminococcaceae, Bacteroidia, and Actinobacteria-like microorganisms may induce DPN complicated by cognitive dysfunction.

Effects of Ficus pandurata Hance var. angustifolia Cheng Flavonoids on Intestinal Barrier and Cognitive Function by Regulating Intestinal Microbiota

More and more evidence has supported the interaction between circadian rhythms and intestinal microbes, which provides new insights into how dietary nutrition can improve host health. Our research showed that Ficus pandurata Hance var. angustifolia Cheng flavonoids (FCF) ameliorated the pathological damage of colon and abnormal intestinal microflora structure in mice with circadian clock disorder and improved their exploration and memory behaviors. Mechanism studies have shown that FCF is involved in regulating metabolic pathways and related metabolites, regulating the expression of related tight junction proteins in the colon and the levels of Aβ and inflammatory factors in the hippocampus. Further analysis found that these metabolites showed a certain correlation with intestinal flora and played a certain role in alleviating intestinal physiological damage and cognitive decline.

P2X4 receptor modulates gut inflammation and favours microbial homeostasis in colitis

BACKGROUND

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a non-specific chronic inflammatory disease of the intestine. In addition to genetic susceptibility, environmental factors and dysregulated host immunity, the gut microbiota is implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC), the two primary types of IBD. The P2X4 receptor has been demonstrated to have a crucial role in preventing infection, inflammation, and organ damage. However, it remains unclear whether the P2X4 receptor affects IBD and the underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

Colitis was induced in mice administrated with dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). 16S rDNA sequencing was used to analyze the gut microbiota in knockout and wild-type mice. Clinical and histopathological parameters were monitored throughout the disease progression.

RESULTS

Gene Expression Omnibus analysis showed the downregulation of P2RX4 (P2rx4) expression in colonic tissues from patients or mice with IBD. However, its expression at the protein levels was upregulated on day 4 or 6 and then downregulated on day 7 in C57BL/6 mice treated with DSS. Gene ablation of P2rx4 aggravated DSS-induced colitis accompanying gut microbiota dysbiosis in mice. Moreover, P2X4 receptor-positive modulator ivermectin alleviated colitis and corrected dysregulated microbiota in wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Further antibiotic-treated gut microbiota depletion, cohousing experiment, and fecal microbiota transplantation proved that gut microbiota dysbiosis was associated with the aggravation of colitis in the mouse model initiated by P2rx4.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings elaborate on an unrevealed etiopathophysiological mechanism by which microbiota dysbiosis induced by the P2X4 receptor influences the development of colitis, indicating that the P2X4 receptor represents a promising target for treating patients with CD and UC.

Rosmarinic Acid Restores Colonic Mucus Secretion in Colitis Mice by Regulating Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites and the Activation of Inflammasomes

Maintaining a steady state of mucus barrier is an important potential target for polyphenol to exert its anticolitis activity. This study elucidates the pivotal role of polyphenol rosmaric acid (RA) in regulating the mucus barrier function and alleviating inflammation by identifying its gut microbiota-derived metabolites and evaluating its inhibitory effect on inflammasomes in colitis mice. Results demonstrated that RA treatment promoted the proliferation of goblet cells and restored the level of mucus secretion, especially Muc2. RA reshaped the microbiota of colitis mice, particularly the boost of core probiotics, such as p. Bacteroidaceae, f. Muribaculaceae, g. Muribaculaceae, g. Alistipes, and g. Clostridia_UCG-014. Nontargeted metabonomics and targeted metabonomics confirmed a significant increase in the bile acids and their metabolites (7-sulfocholic acid, stercobilin, chenodeoxycholic acid 3-sulfate, chenodeoxycholic acid sulfate, and ursodeoxycholic acid 3-sulfate), indole metabolites ((R)-2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-2-oxo-3-indoleacetic acid, frovatriptan, 3-formyl-6-hydroxyindole, and brassicanal A), and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) (acetic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, isovaleric acid, and valeric acid) that contributed to the strengthened mucus barrier function. In addition, being absorbed mainly in the lower digestive tract, RA inhibited the overexpression of inflammasomes (especially NLRP6) that occurred in colitis mice to promote the mucus secretion of goblet cells. These data confirmed that RA, as a promising candidate to enhance gut health, restored colonic mucus secretion in colitis mice by mediating the production of gut microbiota-derived metabolites and the overexpression of inflammasomes. The presented study provides scientific evidence explaining the apparent paradox of low bioavailability and high bioactivity in polyphenols.