Inhibition of angiogenesis and inflammation by an extract of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

(R,S)-Equol 7-β-D-glucuronide, but not other circulating isoflavone metabolites, modulates migration and tubulogenesis in human aortic endothelial cells targeting the VEGF pathway

Current knowledge indicates that the consumption of isoflavone-rich foodstuffs can have a beneficial impact on cardiovascular health. To what extent these isoflavones act as the main actors of that benefit is less clear. Genistein (GEN), daidzein (DAZ), and the DAZ-derived microbial metabolite equol (Eq) exhibit antiangiogenic effects in vitro, but their low bloodstream concentrations make it difficult to rationalize the in vivo effects. Their derived phase-II metabolites (glucuronides and sulfates) are major metabolites found in plasma, but their role as antiangiogenic molecules remains unexplored. We aimed here to first assess the anti-angiogenic activities of the main circulating isoflavone metabolites (glucuronides and sulfates) and compare them with their corresponding free forms at physiological concentrations (0.1-10 μM). The effects of the conjugated vs. free forms on tubulogenesis, cell migration, and VEGF-induced signalling were investigated in primary human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). While (R,S)-equol 7-β-D-glucuronide (Eq 7-glur) exerted dose-dependent inhibition of tubulogenesis and endothelial migration comparable to that exerted by the free forms (GEN, DAZ, and Eq), the rest of the phase-II conjugates exhibited no significant effects. The underlying molecular mechanisms were independent of the bFGF but related to the modulation of the VEGF pathway. Besides, the observed dissimilar cellular metabolism (conjugation/deconjugation) places the phase-II metabolites as precursors of the free forms; however, the question of whether this metabolism impacts their biological activity requires additional studies. These new insights suggest that isoflavones and their circulating metabolites, including Eq 7-glur, may be involved in cardiovascular health (e.g., targeting angiogenesis).

Therapeutic Potential of Biochanin A in Herpes Simplex Keratitis

Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) is a blinding eye disease that is initiated by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Resistance to acyclovir (ACV) and the side effects of corticosteroid drugs have become concerning issues, so it is crucial to develop new antivirals for treating HSK. In this study, we report that biochanin A (BCA), a naturally occurring flavonoid compound, provides multifaceted protective effects with anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress and anti-apoptotic activities to alleviate HSK. The results show that BCA significantly inhibited HSV-1 replication in vitro and further proved that BCA principally influenced the early stage of virus infection. We reveal that BCA downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory factors triggered by HSV-1, including TNF-α, RANTES, IL-1β and IL-6. Furthermore, BCA treatment alleviated oxidative stress and apoptotic arising from HSV-1 infection. Lastly, we induced HSK in male C57BL/6 mice and treated them with either BCA or phosphate buffer solution (PBS) eye drops. We observed the ocular surface lesions; determined the virus load in the tear fluid, corneas as well as trigeminal ganglions (TGs); and detected the levels of inflammation and apoptosis in the corneas simultaneously. These results show that BCA inhibits HSV-1 and alleviates the corneal lesion degree. Our study illustrates that BCA is a promising therapeutic approach for application in treating HSK.

Isolation and characterisation of secondary metabolites from Trifolium vesiculosum Savi and their antiproliferative activities

One unreported flavonol namely morin-7-O-methyl ether (1) along with seven known compounds were isolated from the aerial parts of Trifolium vesiculosum Savi which were elucidated by using extensive spectroscopic methods such as 1D and 2D NMR and HR-MS. According to the cell viability assay (MTS) on the purified compounds (1-8), quercetin-3-O-(6''-trans-p-coumaroyl)-β-galactoside (4) revealed remarkable antiproliferative activity most particularly against breast cancer cells (IC50  = 2.90 ± 0.25 µM in HCC1937 and 7.98 ± 0.57 µM in MCF7) while moderate inhibitory activity (IC50  = 17.96 ± 0.51-51.70 ± 2.69 µM) on prostate, colorectal and liver cancer cell viability was observed. Further mechanistic examinations (Annexin V/PI staining, DNA content and detection of reactive oxygen species analyses) showed that compound 4 significantly induced apoptosis, enhanced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and caused cell cycle arrest in cancer cells by increasing accumulation of cells at G0/G1 and/or G2/M phases of the cell cycle.

Formulation development and evaluation of therapeutic contact lens loaded with ganciclovir

PURPOSE

In the present investigation ganciclovir (GAN) loaded microparticles dispersed in hydrogel-based contact lenses were fabricated, characterized and evaluated for eye irritation.

METHODS

GAN-Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) microparticles were prepared by solvent evaporation method and evaluated for entrapment efficiency, drug content and drug release. The Polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate (pHEMA) contact lenses were synthesized by free radical polymerization reaction using crosslinkers like ethylene glycoldimethacrylate and photoinitiator such as IRGACURE 1173^®, in UVB light, λ 365 nm. The GAN-HPMC microparticles when incorporated into the premonomer mixture and polymerized together give rise to a particle dispersion system in the hydrogel contact lenses. The contact lenses were studied for surface morphology, transmittance, swelling, drug release, Na⁺ion permeability and hens egg test chorioallantoic membrane assay (HETCAM).

RESULTS

Hydrogel contact lens exhibited satisfactory surface morphology, transmittance, swelling, Na⁺ion permeability (3.72 × 106 mm²/min) and a release of 48 h suggesting a potential for prolonged ocular drug delivery. Furthermore, HETCAM exhibited no signs of ocular irritation.

CONCLUSION

The developed delivery platform is a promising alternative to conventional dosage forms like eye drops, suspensions and ointments due to its increase in the residence time attributed to its prolonged release profile.

FTIR Characterization of Sulfated Polysaccharides Obtained from Macrocystis integrifolia Algae and Verification of Their Antiangiogenic and Immunomodulatory Potency In Vitro and In Vivo

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory potential of sulfated polysaccharides from the marine algae Macrocystis integrifolia characterized by FTIR. The cytotoxicity of sulfated polysaccharides was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Antiangiogenic activity was evaluated using the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Immunomodulatory activity was determined on macrophage functionality and allergic response. The results showed that sulfated polysaccharides significantly decreased angiogenesis in chicken chorioallantoic membranes (p < 0.05). Likewise, they inhibited in vivo chemotaxis and in vitro phagocytosis, the transcription process of genes that code the enzymes cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS-2) and the nuclear factor kappa-light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), showing immunomodulatory properties on the allergic response, as well as an in vivo inhibitory effect in the ovalbumin-induced inflammatory allergy model (OVA) and inhibited lymphocyte proliferation specific to the OVA antigen in immunized mice. Finally, these compounds inhibited the histamine-induced skin reaction in rats, the production of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in mice, and the passive response to skin anaphylaxis in rats. Therefore, the results of this research showed the potential of these compounds to be a promising source for the development of antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory drugs.

Palladium (II) complex and thalidomide intercept angiogenic signaling via targeting FAK/Src and Erk/Akt/PLCγ dependent autophagy pathways in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

The current study assessed the effects of the thalidomide and palladium (II) saccharinate complex of terpyridine on the suppression of angiogenesis-mediated cell proliferation. The viability was assessed after treatment with palladium (II) complex (1.56-100 μM) and thalidomide (0.1-400 μM) alone by using ATP assay for 48 h. Palladium (II) complex was found to inhibit growth statistically significant in a dose-dependent manner in HUVECs and promoted PARP-1 cleavage through the production of ROS. On the other hand, thalidomide did not cause any significant change in cell viability. Moreover, cell death was observed to be manifested as late apoptosis due to Annexin V/SYTOX staining after palladium (II) complex treatment however, thalidomide did not demonstrate similar results. Thalidomide and palladium (II) complex also suppressed HUVEC migration and capillary-like structure tube formation in vitro in a time-dependent manner. Palladium (II) complex (5 mg/ml) treatment showed a strong antiangiogenic effect similar to positive control thalidomide (5 mg/ml) and successfully disrupted the vasculature and reduced the thickness of the vessels compared to control (agar). Furthermore, suppression of autophagy enhanced the cell death and anti-angiogenic effect of thalidomide and palladium (II) complex. We also showed that being treated with thalidomide and palladium (II) complex inhibited phosphorylation of the signaling regulators downstream of the VEGFR2. These results provide evidence for the regulation of endothelial cell functions that are relevant to angiogenesis through the suppression of the FAK/Src/Akt/ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Our results also indicate that PLC-γ1 phosphorylation leads to activation of p-Akt and p-Erk1/2 which cause stimulation on cell proliferation at lower doses. Hence, we demonstrated that palladium (II) and thalidomide can induce cell death via the Erk/Akt/PLCγ signaling pathway and that this pathway might be a novel mechanism.

Icariin, Formononetin and Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Inhibit Feline Calicivirus Replication In Vitro

Cats infected with feline calicivirus (FCV) often display oral ulcers and inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, which can lead to death in severe cases. Antiviral therapy is one of the most effective ways to control FCV infection. Natural compounds in Chinese herbal medicines and medicinal plants provide abundant resources for research on antiviral drugs. In this study, we found that icariin (ICA), formononetin (FMN) and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CPAE) show low cytotoxicity towards F81 cells, that the three natural compounds have apparent antiviral effects on FCV in vitro, and that they can inhibit different FCV strains. Then, we found that ICA and FMN mainly function in the early stage of FCV infection, while CAPE can function in both the early and late stages of FCV infection. Finally, we found that ICA has an antagonistic effect on FMN and CAPE in FCV infection, and FMN has a synergistic effect with CAPE against FCV infection. Our results showed that ICA, FMN and CAPE may be potential drug candidates for FCV-induced diseases.

Elucidation of the Mechanisms and Molecular Targets of Qishen Yiqi Formula for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension using a Bioinformatics/Network Topology-based Strategy

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Qishen Yiqi formula (QSYQ) is used to treat cardiovascular disease in the clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine. However, few studies have explored whether QSYQ affects pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and the mechanisms of action and molecular targets of QSYQ for the treatment of PAH are unclear. A bioinformatics/network topology-based strategy was used to identify the bioactive ingredients, putative targets, and molecular mechanisms of QSYQ in PAH.

METHODS

A network pharmacology-based strategy was employed by integrating active component gathering, target prediction, PAH gene collection, network topology, and gene enrichment analysis to systematically explore the multicomponent synergistic mechanisms.

RESULTS

In total, 107 bioactive ingredients of QSYQ and 228 ingredient targets were identified. Moreover, 234 PAH-related differentially expressed genes with a |fold change| >2 and an adjusted P value < 0.005 were identified between the PAH patient and control groups, and 266 therapeutic targets were identified. The pathway enrichment analysis indicated that 85 pathways, including the PI3K-Akt, MAPK, and HIF-1 signaling pathways, were significantly enriched. TP53 was the core target gene, and 7 other top genes (MAPK1, RELA, NFKB1, CDKN1A, AKT1, MYC, and MDM2) were the key genes in the gene-pathway network based on the effects of QSYQ on PAH.

CONCLUSION

An integrative investigation based on network pharmacology may elucidate the multicomponent synergistic mechanisms of QSYQ in PAH and lay a foundation for further animal experiments, human clinical trials and rational clinical applications of QSYQ.

Red Clover Isoflavones Influence Estradiol Concentration, Exercise Performance, and Gut Microbiota in Female Mice

In red clover (Trifolium pratense L.; RC) the main compound is isoflavones, which are selective estrogen receptor modulators for maintaining female health. Isoflavones exert antifatigue effects during exercise in high-temperature environments. This study aimed to investigate the effect of RC supplementation on gut microbiota composition to determine whether it improves intestinal barrier function and exercise performance. Female ICR mice were divided into four groups (n = 8 per group) and orally administered RC once daily for 6 weeks at 0 (vehicle), 308 (RC-1X), 615 (RC-2X), and 1,538 (RC-5X) mg/kg. RC supplementation decreased the fat mass and increased exhaustive swimming time, grip strength, and muscle glycogen in female mice. In the RC supplementation group, serum levels of lactate, ammonia, and creatine kinase decreased after swimming. The estradiol and progesterone levels were higher in the RC group than in the vehicle group. Regarding gut microbiota composition, the RC-2X group may increase intestinal health related to the microorganisms Pseudobutyrivibrio and Parabacteroide. Thus, the use of RC supplements as nutraceuticals could have positive effects on athletes' gut and overall health.

Hybrid Quinazoline 1,3,5-Triazines as Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Inhibitors with Anticancer Activity: Design, Synthesis, and Computational Study

We report a series of hybrid quinazoline-1,3,5-triazine derivatives as EGFR inhibitors, which were synthesised and tested by using a variety of in vitro, in silico, and in vivo techniques. The derivatives were found to be active against different cancer cell lines and nontoxic against normal ones, with compounds 7 c, 7 d, 7 e, and 7 j being the most potent ones. The derivatives were also evaluated for angiogenesis inhibition potency in chicken eggs, and molecular docking and dynamics simulation studies were carried out to elucidate the fundamental substituent groups essential for their bioactivity. Additionally, a SAR study of the derivatives was performed for future compound optimisation. These studies suggested that the derivatives have a high affinity towards EGFR with favourable pharmacological properties. The most active compound (7 e) was further evaluated for in vivo anticancer activity against DMBA-induced tumours in female Sprague-Dawley rats as well as its effects on plasma antioxidant status, biotransformation enzymes, and lipid profile. The study suggested that 7 e has lead properties against breast cancer and can serve as a starting compound for further development of anti-EGFR compounds.

Integrated Phytochemical Analysis Based on UPLC-MS and Network Pharmacology Approaches to Explore the Quality Control Markers for the Quality Assessment of Trifolium pratense L

Red clover consists of the overground parts and inflorescence of Trifolium pratense L., a leguminous plant belonging to the genus Trifolium. It is widely distributed worldwide and has long been used in traditional medicine. In this study, a combination approach using UPLC-MS and network pharmacology was applied to explore the quality control markers for the quality assessments of red clover. Firstly, UPLC-MS was used to identify the compounds in different parts of red clover. Twenty-eight compounds were totally identified. According to the traditional clinical efficacy of red clover, a compound-target-function network was constructed by network pharmacology to discover the main active compounds based on the identified compounds. Nine compounds of chlorogenic acid, daidzin, calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, genistin, ononin, daidzein, genistein, formononetin, and biochanin A were filtrated and further confirmed in rat plasma in view of the blood-absorbed components taking effects. Finally, a novel method for simultaneously detecting the nine quality control markers was developed by UPLC-QQQ-MS in an effort to assess the quality of red clover. For all samples, the average contents of the nine compounds measured from high to low consist of formononetin, ononin, biochanin A, genistin, daidzin, calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, genistein, daidzein, and chlorogenic acid. The samples from Gansu province showed the best quality in the three producing areas This study provides new strategies to explore the quality control markers and develops a novel method for the quality assessment of red clover.

Phytochemical profile and pharmacological properties of Trifolium repens

Trifolium repens belongs to the family Leguminosae and has been used for therapeutic purposes as traditional medicine. The plant is widely used as fodder and leafy vegetables for human uses. However, there is a lack of a detailed review of its phytochemical profile and pharmacological properties. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the phytochemical profile and biological properties of T. repens. The plant is used as antioxidants and cholinesterase inhibitors and for anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, analgesic, antirheumatic ache, and antimicrobial purposes. This review has summarized the available updated useful information about the different bioactive compounds such as simple phenols, phenolic acids, flavones, flavonols, isoflavones, pterocarpans, cyanogenic glucosides, saponins, and condensed tannins present in T. repens. The pharmacological roles of these secondary metabolites present in T. repens have been presented. It has been revealed that T. repens contain important phytochemicals, which is the potential source of health-beneficial bioactive components for food and nutraceuticals industries.

Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Anthocyanins of Trifolium pratense (Red Clover) in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW-267.4 Macrophages

Red clover (Trifolium pratense) possesses various dietary compounds that improve human health. However, the functions of anthocyanins in red clover remain unclear. Here we examined anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of red clover extract (RC) and red clover anthocyanins fraction (RCA) using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages and identified dietary compounds. RC and RCA suppressed LPS-induced expression of genes such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, interleukin (IL)1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)1, and cyclooxygenase (COX)2. LPS-stimulated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production also was prevented by both RC and RCA. NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) gene and phosphorylation of p47^phox of NOX1 that were increased by LPS were inhibited in the cells treated with RCA. LPS-stimulated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) gene expression and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) subunit p65 were suppressed together with reduced iNOS and COX2 proteins by RCA. Additionally, 27 polyphenols and 7 anthocyanins from RC were identified and quantified. In conclusion, RC, especially RCA, exerted anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities in vitro by regulating NF-κB and NRF2 signaling pathways, suggesting that anthocyanins in red clover are the potential candidates to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress.

Beyond Metabolism: The Complex Interplay Between Dietary Phytoestrogens, Gut Bacteria, and Cells of Nervous and Immune Systems

The human body has a large, diverse community of microorganisms which not only coexist with us, but also perform many important physiological functions, including metabolism of dietary compounds that we are unable to process ourselves. Furthermore, these bacterial derived/induced metabolites have the potential to interact and influence not only the local gut environment, but the periphery via interaction with and modulation of cells of the immune and nervous system. This relationship is being further appreciated every day as the gut microbiome is researched as a potential target for immunomodulation. A common feature among inflammatory diseases including relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is the presence of gut microbiota dysbiosis when compared to healthy controls. However, the specifics of these microbiota-neuro-immune system interactions remain unclear. Among all factors, diet has emerged as a strongest factor regulating structure and function of gut microbial community. Phytoestrogens are one class of dietary compounds emerging as potentially being of interest in this interaction as numerous studies have identified depletion of phytoestrogen-metabolizing bacteria such as Adlercreutzia, Parabacteroides and Prevotella in RRMS patients. Additionally, phytoestrogens or their metabolites have been reported to show protective effects when compounds are administered in the animal model of MS, Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this review, we will illustrate the link between MS and phytoestrogen metabolizing bacteria, characterize the importance of gut bacteria and their mechanisms of action in the production of phytoestrogen metabolites, and discuss what is known about the interactions of specific compounds with cells immune and nervous system. A better understanding of gut bacteria-mediated phytoestrogen metabolism and mechanisms through which these metabolites facilitate their biological actions will help in development of novel therapeutic options for MS as well as other inflammatory diseases.

Diclofenac sodium loaded PLGA nanoparticles for inflammatory diseases with high anti-inflammatory properties at low dose: Formulation, characterization and in vivo HET-CAM analysis

The development of a new drug active substance is not only time-consuming and expensive, but also a chain of operations that often fails. However, increasing the bioavailability, effectiveness, safety, or targeting the drugs used in clinic by various methods, such as nanoparticles (NPs), may be a more effective way of using them in clinic. In addition, NP formulations are becoming increasingly popular in modern medical treatments. Angiogenesis, formation of new capillaries from a pre-existing one, fundamentally occurs in physiological processes such as wound healing, embryogenesis and menstrual cycle, also has a vital role in pathology of cancer, psoriasis, diabetic retinopathy and chronic inflammation. The Hen's Egg Test on the Chorioallantoic Membrane (HET-CAM) assay is a useful, well established and animal alternative in vivo procedure for evaluation of anti-inflammatory potentials and anti-irritant properties of nano drug delivery systems. In this study, diclofenac sodium (DS) loaded PLGA NPs were prepared and characterized. The particle size (PS) of DS-loaded PLGA NPs was between 114.7 and 124.8 nm and all NPs were monodisperse with negative zeta potential values. The encapsulation efficiency was in range of 41.4-77.8%. In vitro dissolution studies of NPs showed up to 24 h of DS release after the first 3 h of burst effect. The 3 h burst effect and 24 h release kinetics studied with DDSolver were found to be predominantly driven not only by one mechanism, by a combined mechanism of Fickian and non-Fickian. Solid state structures of formulations were clarified by DSC and FT-IR analysis. PS, EE% and release rates were found to be affected by the amount of DS added to the formulations. Increasing the amount of DS added to the formulations increased PS, while the EE% decreased. The release rates were affected by PS and the formulation with the lowest PS value showed slower release. The anti-inflammatory activity of optimum formulation (NP-1) was examined using in vivo HET-CAM assay. The anti-inflammatory activity results indicated that NP-1 coded NP formulation showed significantly good anti-inflammatory potential at low dose. As a result, a low dose high anti-inflammatory effect was achieved with the NP structure of DS. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study on in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of DS loaded PLGA NPs by HET-CAM.

Anti-inflammatory potential of Trifolium pratense L. leaf extract in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and in a rat model of carrageenan-induced inflammation

This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory potential of a 40% prethanol extract of Trifolium pratense leaves (40% PeTP) using in vitro (RAW264.7 cells) and in vivo (carrageenan-induced inflammation model) experiments. Pretreatment with 40% PeTP significantly inhibited the LPS-induced expression of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inflammatory cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells, without inducing cytotoxicity. The inhibitory effects of 40% PeTP are mediated through suppression of the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Oral administration of 40% PeTP at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of body weight suppressed carrageenan-induced oedema in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, our results suggested that 40% PeTP exerts potential anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing the activation of the NF-κB and MAPK pathways in vitro, and by reducing carrageenan-induced paw oedema in vivo.

Inhibitory effects of formononetin on the monocrotaline‑induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a fatal syndrome resulting from enhanced pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vessel resistance. Perivascular inflammation and extracellular matrix deposition are considered to be the crucial pathophysiologic bases of PAH. Formononetin (FMN), a natural phytoestrogen isolated from red clover (Trifolium pratense), has a variety of proapoptotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities. However, the therapeutic effectiveness of FMN for PAH remains unclear. In the present study, 60 mg/kg monocrotaline (MCT) was first used to induce PAH in rats, and then all rats were treated with different concentrations of FMN (10, 30 and 60 mg/kg/day). At the end of this study, the hemodynamics and pulmonary vascular morphology of rats were evaluated. Specifically, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2, transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) and MMP9 were measured using western blot and immunohistochemical staining. Collagen type I, collagen type III, fibronectin, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, ERK and NF-κB were quantified using western blotting. The results demonstrated that FMN significantly alleviated the changes of hemodynamics and pulmonary vascular morphology, and decreased the MCT-induced upregulations of TGFβ1, MMP2 and MMP9 expression levels. Meanwhile, the expression levels of collagen type I, collagen type III and fibronectin in rat lungs decreased after FMN treatment. Furthermore, the phosphorylated ERK and NF-κB also decreased after FMN treatment. Taken together, the present study indicated that FMN serves a therapeutic role in the MCT-induced PAH in rats via suppressing pulmonary vascular remodeling, which may be partially related to ERK and NF-κB signals.

Formononetin attenuates monocrotaline‑induced pulmonary arterial hypertension via inhibiting pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a life‑threatening disease induced by the excessive proliferation and reduced apoptosis of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Formononetin (FMN) is a natural isoflavone with numerous cardioprotective properties, which can inhibit the proliferation and induce the apoptosis of tumor cells; however, whether FMN has a therapeutic effect on PAH remains unclear. In the present study, PAH was induced in rats with monocrotaline (MCT, 60 mg/kg); rats were then administered FMN (10, 30 or 60 mg/kg/day). At the end of the experiment, hemodynamic changes, right ventricular hypertrophy and lung morphological characteristics were evaluated. α‑smooth muscle actin (α‑SMA), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and TUNEL were detected by immunohistochemical staining. The expression of PCNA, Bcl‑2‑associated X protein (Bax), Bcl‑2 and, cleaved caspase‑3, and activation of AKT and ERK were examined by western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that FMN significantly ameliorated the right ventricular systolic pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pulmonary vascular remodeling induced by MCT. FMN also attenuated MCT‑induced increased expression of α‑SMA and PCNA. The ratio of Bax/Bcl‑2 and cleaved caspase‑3 expression increased in rat lung tissue in response to FMN treatment. Furthermore, reduced phosphorylation of AKT and ERK was also observed in FMN‑treated rats. Therefore, FMN may provide protection against MCT‑induced PAH by preventing pulmonary vascular remodeling, potentially by suppressing the PI3K/AKT and ERK pathways in rats.

Recovery of high-value and scarce resources from biological wastewater treatment: Sulfated polysaccharides

Recovering materials with high value and increasing market demand from sewage and/or sludge is becoming more attractive than recovering traditional resources such as nutrients and biogas. Sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) are valuable and scarce raw materials that can only be produced from marine algae and a few types of animal tissues. This study evaluated if SPs are present in activated sludge obtained from saline sewage with a high level of sulfates present. The presence of SPs-containing extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was confirmed and quantified for both sludge from lab-scale reactors and full-scale plants for the first time. SPs in the sludge of a lab-scale reactor operated under alternating aerobic/anoxic conditions with 500 mg/L sulfate in the influent (which is typical of Hong Kong saline sewage) reached 342.8 ± 0.3% mg/gVSS, and sludge taken from a full-scale saline wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) contained 418.1 ± 0.4% mg/gVSS of SPs. Purity of the extracted SPs was comparable to that of commercial industrial-grade products. Key bioactivities of SPs (i.e. fucoidan, carrageenan and heparin), namely anti-angiogenesis, anticoagulant and antioxidant, were confirmed after extraction and purification. Interestingly, operating conditions had a strong influence on the contents and types of SPs synthesized in sludge as well as its bioactivities. Although the detailed synthetic pathways of SPs in activated sludge remain unclear, the current study has made a first attempt to recover a high-value scarce resource from biological wastewater treatment.

Formulation, development and evaluation of bifunctionalized nanoliposomes containing Trifolium resupinatum sprout methanolic extract: as effective natural antioxidants on the oxidative stability of soybean oil

Background

The various extracts of Trifolium resupinatum (Persian clover) sprout was obtained by using different solvents and microwave assisted extraction in the present study. Then, the bifunctionalized nanoliposomes were prepared and added to soybean oil for evaluating their effect on deferring the oxidation process.

Methods

The total phenol and antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined by using the free radical scavenging assay. Then, various nanoliposomal structures of the methanolic extract of Persian clover sprout (PCSE) were prepared by using six several formulations containing different ratios of soybean oil, lecithin and the extract. Afterward, the most stable nanoliposome was bifunctionalized by using WPC and pectin (PCSEN-W and PCSEN-WP, respectively). The size and zeta potential of nanoparticles were measured. Furthermore, in order to evaluate the effects of PCSE, PCSEN, PCSEN-W and PCSEN-WP at 100–300 ppm concentrations in deferring the oxidation process of soybean oil, the heat treatment tests were applied (PV and TBA) at 63 °C within a 20-day period.

Results

The methanolic extract had the highest level of total phenol and antioxidant activity. The results of creaming index and microencapsulation efficiency were exhibited that formulation containing 30% oil, 5% lecithin and 2% the extract was led to the production of the most stable nanoliposomal structure (PCSEN). The size of nanoparticles was in the range of 282.5–491.2 nm. Zeta potential of the samples was obtained in the range between − 56.9 and − 36.3 mV. Polydispersity index of them was ranged from 0.424 to 0.541. The results were confirmed the existence of stable nanoliposomal systems. The results of the PV and TBA values of the extracts in free and nanoliposomal forms were shown that the nanoliposomal forms had very good antioxidant activity against the oxidation process in soybean oil.

Quinazoline based 1,3,5-triazine derivatives as cancer inhibitors by impeding the phosphorylated RET tyrosine kinase pathway: Design, synthesis, docking, and QSAR study

The present research focused on designing a quinazoline skeleton, framed via 1,3,5-triazine derivatives (QBT) through field mapping and alignment studies. The QBT derivatives were synthesized via time- and cost-effective protocol. The 3D-QSAR study, computational physicochemical properties, and ADME calculation of the derivatives were performed to establish the affinity towards the biological system. Molecular docking in the adenosine triphosphate binding site of the RET tyrosine kinase domain (PDB ID: 7IVU) was studied to elucidate vital structural residues necessary for bioactivity. The derivatives were evaluated for anticancer potency against TPC-1 cells (thyroid cancer), MCF-7 cells (breast cancer), and one normal cell line (human foreskin fibroblasts) via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-y1)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay followed by an in ovo CAM assay. The entire series of derivatives (8a-o) showed mild to significant anticancer potency against the selected cancer cell lines.

Phytol shows anti-angiogenic activity and induces apoptosis in A549 cells by depolarizing the mitochondrial membrane potential

In the present study, the antiproliferative activity of phytol and its mechanism of action against human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 were studied in detail. Results showed that phytol exhibited potent antiproliferative activity against A549 cells in a dose and time-dependent manner with an IC₅₀ value of 70.81 ± 0.32 μM and 60.7 ± 0.47 μM at 24 and 48 h, respectively. Phytol showed no adverse toxic effect in normal human lung cells (L-132), but mild toxic effect was observed when treated with maximum dose (67 and 84 μM). No membrane-damaging effect was evidenced by PI staining and SEM analysis. The results of mitochondrial membrane potential analysis, cell cycle analysis, FT-IR and Western blotting analysis clearly demonstrated the molecular mechanism of phytol as induction of apoptosis in A549 cells, as evidenced by formation of shrinked cell morphology with membrane blebbing, depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, increased cell population in the sub-G0 phase, band variation in the DNA and lipid region, downregulation of Bcl-2, upregulation of Bax and the activation of caspase-9 and -3. In addition, phytol inhibited the CAM vascular growth as evidenced by CAM assay, which positively suggests that phytol has anti-angiogenic potential. Taken together, these findings clearly demonstrate the mode of action by which phytol induces cell death in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells.

Phenolic fractions from nine Trifolium species modulate the coagulant properties of blood plasma in vitro without cytotoxicity towards blood cells

OBJECTIVE

The study covers an evaluation of the influence of extracts (1-50 μg/ml), isolated from aerial parts of nine Trifolium L. species (i.e. T. alexandrinum, T. fragiferum, T. hybridum, T. incarnatum, T. pallidum, T. pratense, T. resupinatum var. majus, T. resupinatum var. resupinatum and T. scabrum) on haemostatic properties of blood plasma.

METHODS

The clot formation and fibrinolysis assay (CFF), blood clotting times, the extrinsic and intrinsic coagulation pathway-dependent polymerization of plasma fibrin were measured. The effects of plant extracts on amidolytic activity of thrombin were also evaluated and compared with argatroban, an antithrombotic drug. Cytotoxicity was assessed in a model of blood platelets and as the viability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

KEY FINDINGS

While no changes in blood clotting times or fibrinolytic properties of blood plasma were found, some fractions impaired the blood plasma coagulation induced by the intrinsic coagulation pathway. Reduction in the maximal velocity of fibrin polymerization was also observed in the clot formation and fibrinolysis assay. No cytotoxicity of Trifolium extracts towards the investigated cells was recorded.

CONCLUSIONS

The most efficient anticoagulant activity in plasma was found for T. fragiferum and T. incarnatum extracts, while the T. alexandrinum fraction was the most effective inhibitor of thrombin amidolytic activity.

Formononetin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced release of high mobility group box 1 by upregulating SIRT1 in a PPARδ-dependent manner

Background

The release of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) induced by inflammatory signals acts as a cellular alarmin to trigger a chain of inflammatory responses. Although the inflammatory actions of HMGB1 are well studied, less is known about the therapeutic agents that can impede its release. This study investigated whether the isoflavonoid formononetin can modulate HMGB1 release in cellular inflammatory responses.

Methods

RAW264.7 murine macrophages were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence or absence of formononetin. The levels of HMGB1 release, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression, and HMGB1 acetylation were analyzed by immunoblotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction. The effects of resveratrol and sirtinol, an activator and inhibitor of SIRT1, respectively, on LPS-induced HMGB1 release were also evaluated.

Results

Formononetin modulated cellular inflammatory responses by suppressing the release of HMGB1 by macrophages exposed to LPS. In RAW264.7 cells, formononetin significantly attenuated LPS-induced release of HMGB1 into the extracellular environment, which was accompanied by a reduction in its translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. In addition, formononetin significantly induced mRNA and protein expression of SIRT1 in a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ)-dependent manner. These effects of formononetin were dramatically attenuated in cells treated with small interfering RNA (siRNA) against PPARδ or with GSK0660, a specific inhibitor of PPARδ, indicating that PPARδ is involved in formononetin-mediated SIRT1 expression. In line with these effects, formononetin-mediated inhibition of HMGB1 release in LPS-treated cells was reversed by treatment with SIRT1-targeting siRNA or sirtinol, a SIRT1 inhibitor. By contrast, resveratrol, a SIRT1 activator, further potentiated the inhibitory effect of formononetin on LPS-induced HMGB1 release, revealing a possible mechanism by which formononetin regulates HMGB1 release through SIRT1. Furthermore, modulation of SIRT1 expression by transfection of SIRT1- or PPARδ-targeting siRNA significantly counteracted the inhibitory effects of formononetin on LPS-induced HMGB1 acetylation, which was responsible for HMGB1 release.

Discussion

This study shows for the first time that formononetin inhibits HMGB1 release by decreasing HMGB1 acetylation via upregulating SIRT1 in a PPARδ-dependent manner. Formononetin consequently exhibits anti-inflammatory activity. Identification of agents, such as formononetin, which can block HMGB1 release, may help to treat inflammation-related disorders.

Cancer chemoprevention revisited: Cytochrome P450 family 1B1 as a target in the tumor and the microenvironment

Cancer chemoprevention is the use of synthetic, natural or biological agents to prevent or delay the development or progression of malignancies. Intriguingly, many phytochemicals with anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic effects, recently proposed as chemoprevention strategies, are inhibitors of Cytochrome P450 family 1B1 (CYP1B1), an enzyme overexpressed in a wide variety of tumors and associated with angiogenesis. In turn, pro-inflammatory cytokines were reported to boost CYP1B1 expression, suggesting a key role of CYP1B1 in a positive loop of inflammatory angiogenesis. Other well-known pro-tumorigenic activities of CYP1B1 rely on metabolic bioactivation of xenobiotics and steroid hormones into their carcinogenic derivatives. In contrast to initial in vitro observations, in vivo studies demonstrated a protecting role against cancer for the other CYP1 family members (CYP1A1 and CYP1A2), suggesting that the specificity of CYP1 family inhibitors should be carefully taken into account for developing potential chemoprevention strategies. Recent studies also proposed a role of CYP1B1 in multiple cell types found within the tumor microenvironment, including fibroblasts, endothelial and immune cells. Overall, our review of the current literature suggests a positive loop between inflammatory cytokines and CYP1B1, which in turn may play a key role in cancer angiogenesis, acting on both cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. Strategies aiming at specific CYP1B1 inhibition in multiple cell types may translate into clinical chemoprevention and angioprevention approaches.

RES-loaded pegylated CS NPs: for efficient ocular delivery

The objective of this study is to develop resveratrol (RES) loaded polyethylene glycols (PEGs) modified chitosan (CS) nanoparticles (NPs) by ionic gelation method for the treatment of glaucoma. While increasing the concentration of PEG, the particle size and polydispersity index of the formulations increased. Entrapment efficiency and RES loading (RL) of NPs decreased while increasing PEG concentration. The in vitro release of NPs showed an initial burst release of RES (45%) followed by controlled release. Osmolality of formulations revealed that the prepared NPs were iso-osmolar with the tear. Ocular tolerance of the NPs was evaluated using hen's egg test on the chorioallantoic membrane and it showed that the NPs were non-irritant. RES-loaded PEG-modified CS NPs shows an improved corneal permeation compared with RES dispersion. Fluorescein isothiocyanate loaded CS NPs accumulated on the surface of the cornea but the PEG-modified CS NPs crossed the cornea and reached retinal choroid. RES-loaded PEG-modified CS NPs reduced the intra-ocular pressure (IOP) by 4.3 ± 0.5 mmHg up to 8 h in normotensive rabbits. These results indicate that the developed NPs have efficient delivery of RES to the ocular tissues and reduce the IOP for the treatment of glaucoma.

In vitro assesment of anti-inflammatory activities of coumarin and Indonesian cassia extract in RAW264.7 murine macrophage cell line

OBJECTIVES

Inflammation is an immune response toward injuries. Although inflammation is healing response, but in some condition it will lead to chronic disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's and various cancer. Indonesian cassia (Cinnamomum burmannil C. Nees & T. Ness) known to contain coumarin, is widely used for alternative medicine especially as an anti-inflammatory. This study was conducted to determine the anti-inflammatory properties of coumarin and Indonesian cassia extract (ICE) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cell line.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The cytotoxic assay of coumarin and ICE against RAW264.7 cells was conducted using MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium). The anti-inflammatory potential was determined using LPS-induced RAW 267.4 macrophages cells to measure inhibitory activity of compound and ISEon production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and also cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and TNF-α.

RESULTS

Coumarin 10 µM and ICE 10 µg/ml were nontoxic to the RAW264.7 cells. Both of coumarin and ICE were capable to reduce the PGE2, TNF-α, NO, IL-6, and IL-β level in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Coumarin had higher activity to decrease PGE2 and TNF-α, whilst ICE had higher activity to inhibit NO, IL-6, and IL-β levels.

CONCLUSION

Coumarin and ICE possess anti-inflammatory properties through inhibition of PGE2 and NO along with pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β production.

Antitumor and anti-angiogenic potentials of isolated crude saponins and various fractions of Rumex hastatus D. Don

Background

Cancer, being the foremost challenge of the modern era and the focus of world-class investigators, gargantuan research is in progress worldwide to explore novel therapeutic for its management. The exploitation of natural sources has been proven to be an excellent approach to treat or minify the excessive angiogenesis and proliferation of cells. Similarly, based the ethnomedicinal uses and literature survey, the current study is designed to explore the anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic potentials of Rumexhastatus. Anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic activities were carried out using potato-disc model and chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay respectively. Moreover, R. hastatus was also assessed for antibacterial activity against Agrobacteriumtumefaciens (tumor causing bacterial strain). The positive controls used in anti-tumor, anti-angiogenic and antibacterial activities were vincristine sulphate, dexamethasone and cefotaxime respectively.

Results

The crude saponins (Rh.Sp), methanolic extract (Rh.Cr) and other solvent extracts like n-hexane (Rh.Hex), chloroform (Rh.Chf), ethylacetate (Rh.EtAc) and aqueous fraction (Rh.Aq) exhibited notable anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic activities. In potato tumor assay, the chloroform and saponin fractions were observed to be the most effective showing 86.7 and 93.3 % tumor inhibition at 1000 µg/ml with IC₅₀ values 31.6 and 18.1 µg/ml respectively. Similarly, these two samples i.e., chloroform and saponins also excelled among the entire test samples in anti-angiogenic evaluation exhibiting 81.6 % (IC₅₀ = 17.9 µg/ml) and 78.9 % (IC₅₀ = 64.9 µg/ml) at 1000 µg/ml respectively. In contrast, the antibacterial investigations revealed a negligible potential against A. tumefaciens.

Conclusion

Based on our results we can claim that R. hastatus possesses both anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic potentials. In all of the solvent fractions, Rh.Chf and Rh.Sp were most effective against tumor and angiogenesis while having negligible activity against A. tumefaciens. It can be concluded that Rh.Chf and Rh.Sp might be potential targets in the isolation of natural product having anti-neoplastic action.

Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies of three plants used in Cameroonian ethnoveterinary medicine: Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. (Xanthorrhoeaceae) leaves, Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae) seeds or leaves, and Mimosa pudica L. (Fabaceae) leaves in Kabir chicks

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. (Xanthorrhoeaceae), Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae) and Mimosa pudica L. (Fabaceae) are widely used in the Cameroonian ethnoveterinary medicine as a panacea, and specifically for gastrointestinal disorders as well as an anthelmintic and antibacterial.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study evaluated the potential toxicity of the hydroalcoholic extracts of Aloe vera leaves, Carica papaya leaves or seeds, and Mimosa pudica leaves after acute and sub-chronic administration in chicks.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For the acute toxicity test a single administration of each of the four hydroalcoholic extracts was given orally at doses ranging from 40 to 5120 mg/kg (n=5/group/sex). In the sub-chronic study, these extracts were given orally as a single administration to chicks at doses of 80, 160, 320 and 640 mg/kg/day for 42 days. The anti-angiogenic properties of these extracts (5-320 µg/mg) were investigated in the chick chorioallantoic membrane in vivo.

RESULTS

In the acute toxicity test, none of the four studied hydroalcoholic extracts induced mortality or significant behavioural changes. The sub-acute treatment with the four plant extracts did not alter either the body weight gain or the food and water consumption. However, the results indicated that Aloe vera leaf extract acute treatment by oral route at doses up to 2560 mg/kg did not produce death in 50% (5/10) of chicks during 24h or 14 days of observation, but 20% (2/10) chicks died. The haematological and biochemical analyses did not show significant differences in any of the parameters examined in female or male groups, with the exception of a transient rise in white blood cell counts at high doses (640 mg/kg). Additionally, these extracts did not have the potential for anti-angiogenic effects through the inhibition of neo-angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane in vivo.

CONCLUSION

The results showed that the therapeutic use of the hydroalcoholic extracts of Aloe vera leaves, Carica papaya leaves or seeds and Mimosa pudica leaves had very low toxicity in oral acute high dose administration and no toxicity in oral sub-chronic low dose administration and indicate that the plants could be considered safe for oral medication in chicks.

Screening of cytotoxic, anti-angiogenic, anti-tumorogenic and antimicrobial activities of Anatolian Vipera ammodytes (Nose-horned viper) venom

Objective:

In the present study, we aimed to screen the cytotoxic, antimicrobial, anti-angiogenic and anti-tumorogenic activities of Anatolian

Material and methods:

The cytotoxicity was screened against PC3, HeLa, CaCo-2, U-87MG, MCF-7 and Vero cells by using MTT assay. The antimicrobial activity on

Results:

The IC

Conclusion:

The results of the present study contributed to the knowledge of the biological activities of Anatolian

The anti-adhesive and anti-aggregatory effects of phenolics from Trifolium species in vitro

The present in vitro study includes a comparative evaluation of anti-platelet (anti-thrombotic) properties of plant phenolics, isolated from nine different clover (Trifolium) species. The analysis covered phenolic fractions isolated from T. alexandrinum L., T. fragiferum L., T. hybridum L., T. incarnatum L., T. pallidum Waldst et Kit., T. resupinatum L. var. majus Boiss, T. resupinatum L. var. resupinatum, T. scabrum L., and T. pratense L. (red clover). The inhibitory effects of plant preparations (1–50 µg/ml) on hemostatic functions of blood platelets were assessed by measurements of thrombin- or ADP-induced platelet adhesion to fibrinogen, platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma (activated with ADP or collagen), and by the determination of PF-4 secretion from platelet α-granules. The influence of T. phenolics on arachidonic cascade in blood platelets was also determined. T. resupinatum var. majus, T. resupinatum var. resupinatum, and T. scabrum had the strongest anti-platelet effects. These preparations displayed the most evident anti-adhesive and anti-aggregatory effects in response to all of the used agonists: thrombin (0.2 U/ml), ADP (10 µM), and collagen (2 µg/ml), and their inhibitory properties were also confirmed by an analysis of PF-4 secretion. T. scabrum and some of other examined clover species possess significantly higher concentrations of both isoflavones and other bioactive phenolics, when compared to red clover. The obtained results suggest that these clovers contain substances with potent anti-platelet properties.

Cryptotanshinone and wogonin up-regulate eNOS in vascular endothelial cells via ERα and down-regulate iNOS in LPS stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells via ERβ

Phytoestrogens were widely used as natural alternatives to estrogen for treating cardiovascular diseases. They have been reported to have cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory response, but the mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we found cryptotanshinone and wogonin exhibited phytoestrogenic property in an estrogen-responsive reporter assay. In EA.hy926 cells, treatment of cryptotanshinone and wogonin led to significant increase in NO production levels, which were inhibited by co-incubation of estrogen receptor (ER)α antagonist methyl-piperidino-pyrazole (MPP). The expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and ERα were up-regulated with the same treatment, indicating they stimulate NO and eNOS expression via ERα-dependent pathway in endothelial cells. While in lipopolysaccharide activated vascular smooth muscle cell line A7r5, cryptotanshinone and wogonin exerted anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NO and inducible NO synthase expression via ERβ-dependent pathway. The reduction of NO synthesis was not affected by MPP, and was abrogated by ERβ antagonist R,R-tetrahydrochrysene. Our findings provide the potential molecular mechanism of cryptotanshinone and wogonin as phytoestrogens for their cardioprotective effects, which exerted regulatory effects on NO synthesis through differential regulation of estrogen receptors. It can be employed as a basis for evaluating the beneficial effects of phytoestrogens in the treatment of patients at risk of cardiovascular disease.

Embelia ribes ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Embelia ribes Burm. f. (Fam. Myrsinaceae) locally known as Vidanga have been used for treating tumors, ascites, bronchitis, jaundice, diseases of the heart and brain in traditional Indian medicine. However, no scientific studies providing new insights in its pharmacological properties with respect to acute respiratory distress syndrome have been investigated.

AIM

The present investigation aimed to elucidate the effectiveness of Embelin isolated from Embelia ribes seeds on attenuation of LPS-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome in murine models.

METHODS

Embelin (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg/day, i.p.) and Roflumilast (1 mg/kg/day, p.o.) were administered for four days and prior to LPS in rats (i.t.). Four hour after LPS challenge animals were anesthesized and bronchoalveolar lavage was done with ice-cold phosphate buffer. Assessment of BAL fluid was done for albumin, total protein, total cell and neutrophil count, TNF-α levels, nitrosoative stress. Superior lobe of right lung was used for histopathologic evaluation. Inferior lobe of right lung was used to obtain lung edema. Left lung was used for myeloperoxidase estimation. Arterial blood was collected immediately and analyzed for pH, pO2 and pCO2 were estimated.

RESULTS

Pretreatment with embelin (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased lung edema, mononucleated cellular infiltration, nitrate/nitrite, total protein, albumin concentrations, TNF-α in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and myeloperoxidase activity in lung homogenate. Embelin markedly prevented pO2 down-regulation and pCO2 augmentation. Additionally, it attenuated lung histopathological changes in acute respiratory distress syndrome model.

CONCLUSION

The study demonstrates the effectiveness of Embelia ribes Burm. f. (Fam. Myrsinaceae) seeds in acute respiratory distress syndrome possibly related to its anti-inflammatory and protective effect against LPS induced airway inflammation by reducing nitrosative stress, reducing physiological parameters of blood gas change, TNF-α and mononucleated cellular infiltration indicating it as a potential therapeutic agent for acute respiratory distress syndrome.

African flora has the potential to fight multidrug resistance of cancer

Background. Continuous efforts from scientists of diverse fields are necessary not only to better understand the mechanism by which multidrug-resistant (MDR) cancer cells occur, but also to boost the discovery of new cytotoxic compounds to fight MDR phenotypes. Objectives. The present review reports on the contribution of African flora in the discovery of potential cytotoxic phytochemicals against MDR cancer cells. Methodology. Scientific databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Knowledge were used to retrieve publications related to African plants, isolated compounds, and drug resistant cancer cells. The data were analyzed to highlight cytotoxicity and the modes of actions of extracts and compounds of the most prominent African plants. Also, thresholds and cutoff points for the cytotoxicity and modes of action of phytochemicals have been provided. Results. Most published data related to the antiproliferative potential of African medicinal plants were from Cameroon, Egypt, Nigeria, or Madagascar. The cytotoxicity of phenolic compounds isolated in African plants was generally much better documented than that of terpenoids and alkaloids. Conclusion. African flora represents an enormous resource for novel cytotoxic compounds. To unravel the full potential, efforts should be strengthened throughout the continent, to meet the challenge of a successful fight against MDR cancers.

Free radical scavenging actions of three Trifolium species in the protection of blood plasma antioxidant capacity in vitro

CONTEXT

Three clover [Trifolium L. (Leguminosae)] species were selected on the basis of data from traditional medicine, phytochemical profiles, and agricultural significance.

OBJECTIVE

The in vitro evaluations of free radical scavenging properties, ferric reducing abilities, and antioxidant effects of extracts from T. pratense L. (crude extract and phenolic fraction), T. pallidum L., and T. scabrum L. (phenolic fractions) were performed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Activities of the Trifolium extracts were determined at their final concentrations of 1.5-50 µg/ml. Free radical scavenging properties of methanol extract solutions were estimated by the reduction of DPPH(•) and ABTS(•) radicals. Measurements of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were carried out to assess the antioxidant activities of the extracts in human blood plasma under conditions of oxidative stress, induced by 200 μM peroxynitrite.

RESULTS

The phenolic fraction of T. pratense displayed the strongest ABTS(•) and DPPH(•) radical scavenging effects (EC50 value of 21.69 and 12.27 µg/ml, respectively). The EC50 value for T. pallidum extract attained 29.77 and 30.06 µg/ml. The two remaining extracts were less potent scavengers (EC50 value higher than 50 µg/ml). Similar differences were obtained during evaluation of the ferric reducing abilities. Analysis of antioxidant properties of the extracts in blood plasma did not provide such evident differences in their actions, however, it indicated that the T. pratense phenolic fraction displayed the strongest effect.

CONCLUSIONS

The examined Trifolium extracts partly protected blood plasma and enhanced its non-enzymatic antioxidant defense against harmful action of peroxynitrite in vitro.

In vitro anti-angiogenic effects of Hemidesmus indicus in hypoxic and normoxic conditions

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The decoction of the roots of Hemidesmus indicus is widely used in the Indian traditional medicine for many purposes and poly-herbal preparations containing Hemidesmus are often used by traditional medical practitioners for the treatment of cancer. In the context of anticancer pharmacology, anti-angiogenic therapy has become an effective strategy for inhibiting new vessel formation and contrast tumor growth. These considerations are supported by the evidence that most tumors originate in hypoxic conditions and limitation of oxygen diffusion stimulates the formation of tumor abnormal microvasculature. Aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro anti-angiogenic potential of Hemidesmus indicus (0.31-0.93 mg/mL) on human umbilical vein endothelial cells and delineate the main molecular mechanisms involved in its anti-angiogenic activity both in normoxia and hypoxia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The decoction of Hemidesmus indicus was subjected to an extensive HPLC phytochemical characterization. Its in vitro anti-angiogenic potential was investigated in normoxia and hypoxia. Cell proliferation, apoptosis induction, and inhibition of endothelial cell migration and invasion were analyzed by flow cytometry. The endothelial tube formation assay was evaluated in matrix gel. The capillary tube branch points formed were counted using a Motic AE21 microscope and a VisiCam videocamera. The regulation of key factors of the neovascularization process such as VEGF, HIF-1α and VEGFR-2 was explored at mRNA and protein level by real time PCR and flow cytometry, respectively.

RESULTS

Treatment with Hemidesmus resulted in a significant inhibition of cell proliferation and tube formation in both normoxia and hypoxia. Hemidesmus differently regulated multiple molecular targets related to angiogenesis according to oxygen availability. In normoxia, the inhibition of VEGF was the main responsible for its anti-angiogenic effect; the angiogenesis inhibition induced in hypoxia was regulated by a more complex mechanism involving firstly HIF-1α inhibition, and then VEGF and VEGFR-2 down-regulation. Additionally, the inhibition of endothelial cell migration and invasion by Hemidesmus was more pronounced in normoxia than in hypoxia, possibly due to the physiological enhanced induction of invasion characteristic of hypoxia.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicate that Hemidesmus might represent a promising therapeutic strategy for diseases in which the inhibition of angiogenesis could be beneficial, such as cancer. The antiangiogenic activity of Hemidesmus is based on multiple interactions with critical steps in the angiogenic cascade. VEGF expression stimulated by HIF-1α as well as endothelial cell migration and differentiation represent important targets of Hemidesmus action and might contribute to its cancer therapeutic efficacy that is presently emerging and offer a scientific basis for its use in traditional medicine.

Formononetin inhibits enterovirus 71 replication by regulating COX- 2/PGE₂ expression

Background

The activation of ERK, p38 and JNK signal cascade in host cells has been demonstrated to up-regulate of enterovirus 71 (EV71)-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/ prostaglandins E₂ (PGE₂) expression which is essential for viral replication. So, we want to know whether a compound can inhibit EV71 infection by suppressing COX-2/PGE₂ expression.

Methods

The antiviral effect of formononetin was determined by cytopathic effect (CPE) assay and the time course assays. The influence of formononetin for EV71 replication was determined by immunofluorescence assay, western blotting assay and qRT-PCR assay. The mechanism of the antiviral activity of formononetin was determined by western blotting assay and ELISA assay.

Results

Formononetin could reduce EV71 RNA and protein synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. The time course assays showed that formononetin displayed significant antiviral activity both before (24 or 12 h) and after (0–6 h) EV71 inoculation in SK-N-SH cells. Formononetin was also able to prevent EV71-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) and suppress the activation of ERK, p38 and JNK signal pathways. Furthermore, formononetin could suppress the EV71-induced COX-2/PGE₂ expression. Also, formononetin exhibited similar antiviral activities against other members of Picornaviridae including coxsackievirus B2 (CVB2), coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and coxsackievirus B6 (CVB6).

Conclusions

Formononetin could inhibit EV71-induced COX-2 expression and PGE₂ production via MAPKs pathway including ERK, p38 and JNK. Formononetin exhibited antiviral activities against some members of Picornaviridae. These findings suggest that formononetin could be a potential lead or supplement for the development of new anti-EV71 agents in the future.

Estonian folk traditional experiences on natural anticancer remedies: from past to the future

CONTEXT

Despite diagnostic and therapeutic advancements, the burden of cancer is still increasing worldwide. Toxicity of current chemotherapeutics to normal cells and their resistance to tumor cells highlights the urgent need for new drugs with minimal adverse side effects. The use of natural anticancer agents has entered into the area of cancer research and increased efforts are being made to isolate bioactive products from medicinal plants.

OBJECTIVE

To lead the search for plants with potential cytotoxic activity, ethnopharmacological knowledge can give a great contribution. Therefore, the attention of this review is devoted to the natural remedies traditionally used for the cancer treatment by Estonian people over a period of almost 150 years.

METHODS

Two massive databases, the first one stored in the Estonian Folklore Archives and the second one in the electronic database HERBA ( http://herba.folklore.ee/ ), containing altogether more than 30 000 ethnomedicinal texts were systematically reviewed to compile data about the Estonian folk traditional experiences on natural anticancer remedies.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

As a result, 44 different plants with potential anticancer properties were elicited, 5 of which [Angelica sylvestris L. (Apiaceae), Anthemis tinctoria L. (Asteraceae), Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae), Sorbus aucuparia L. (Rosaceae), and Prunus padus L. (Rosaceae)] have not been previously described with respect to their tumoricidal activities in the scientific literature, suggesting thus the potential herbal materials for further investigations of natural anticancer compounds.

Lipid based nanoemulsifying resveratrol for improved physicochemical characteristics, in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo antiangiogenic efficacy

Resveratrol, a dietary non-flavonoid polyphenolic phytoalexin, has gained attention in cancer chemoprevention. However, poor aqueous solubility and cellular bioavailability has limited its therapeutic application. We formulated a lipid based delivery system of resveratrol with self nanoemulsifying ability. Several edible and safe lipids, surfactants and cosolvents were screened for solubilization of resevratrol. Developed formulation comprised of Acrysol K 150 as a lipid and mixture of Labrasol and Transcutol HP as the surfactant system, as these components showed higher solubility. Pseudoternary phase diagram was constructed to identify the region of nanoemulsification. The formulations showed rapid emulsification with an average globule diameter; 85nm to 120nm and slight negative zeta potential. The nanocompositions exhibited cloud point above 55°C and were stable toward the gastrointestinal pH and thermodynamic stress testing. As compared to pristine resveratrol, the developed delivery system showed significant increase in vitro cytotoxicity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. In vivo chick chorioallantoic membrane assay revealed enhanced antiangiogenic activity of composition with high lipid level. Briefly, lipid based nanoemulsifying resveratrol dramatically enhanced the anticancer and antiangiogenic activities, thus increasing its potential application in cancer chemotherapy.

Investigation into the mechanism of action of essential oil of Pistacia integerrima for its antiasthmatic activity

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Pistacia integerrima J.L. Stewart ex Brandis locally known as Karkatashringi is an important medicinal plant whose galls are valued in traditional medicine used in India for the treatment of asthma, chronic bronchitis, phthisis, diarrhea, fever, other ailments for the respiratory tract, and as antispasmodic, carminative, antiamoebic and anthelmintic. However, in vitro and in vivo investigations providing new insights into its pharmacological properties have not been thoroughly investigated yet. The present investigation aimed to elucidate the probable mechanism of antiasthmatic action of essential oil of Pistacia integerrima J.L. Stewart ex Brandis galls (EOPI).

METHODS

EOPI was tested using in vitro studies such as antioxidant activity, mast cell degranulation, angiogenesis, isolated guinea pig ileum preparation and soyabean lipoxidase enzyme activity. In vivo studies included lipopolysaccharide-induced bronchial inflammation in rats and airway hyperresponsiveness in ovalbumin in sensitized guinea pigs using spirometry.

RESULTS

EOPI (5-30 µg/ml) inhibits 5-lipoxidase enzyme activity with IC50 of 19.71 µg/ml and DPPH scavenging activity up to 100 µg/ml with maximum inhibition of 44.93 ± 2.53% at 100 µg/ml. Pre-treatment with EOPI inhibited erythropoietin-induced angiogenesis. It showed dose dependent (10, 30 and 100 µg/ml) anti-allergic activity by inhibiting compound 48/80 induced mast cell degranulation to an extent 19.08 ± 0.47%. The finding that essential oil induced inhibition of transient contraction of acetylcholine in calcium free medium, and relaxation of S-(-)-Bay 8644-precontracted isolated guinea pig ileum jointly suggests that the L-subtype Cav channel is involved in spasmolytic action of EOPI. Treatment with EOPI dose dependently (7.5, 15 and 30mg/kg i.p.) inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced increase in total cell count, neutrophil count, nitrate-nitrite, total protein, albumin levels in bronchoalveolar fluid and myeloperoxidase levels in lung homogenates. Roflumilast was used as a standard. EOPI reduced the respiratory flow due to gasping in ovalbumin sensitized guinea pigs.

CONCLUSION

The study demonstrates the effectiveness of essential oil of Pistacia integerrima J.L. Stewart ex Brandis galls in bronchial asthma possibly related to its ability to inhibit L-subtype Cav channel, mast cell stabilization, antioxidant, angiostatic and through inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase enzyme.

Improvement of anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic activity of berberine by novel rapid dissolving nanoemulsifying technique

Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, has wide biological and pharmacological actions. Despite the promising pharmacological effects and safety of berberine, poor oral absorption due to its extremely low aqueous solubility results in poor oral systemic bioavailability. This limits its clinical usage. This study describes the development and characterization of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of berberine in liquid as well as solid form with improved solubility, dissolution and in vivo therapeutic efficacy. The SNEDDS of berberine were prepared using Acrysol K-150, Capmul MCM and polyethylene glycol 400. The formulations were characterized for various in vitro physicochemical characteristics. In vivo efficacy was evaluated in acetic acid induced inflammatory bowel model in rats. Anti-angiogenic activity of the developed SNEDDS of berberine was studied using chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. SNEDDS of berberine rapidly formed nanoemulsions with globule size of 17-45 nm. The in vitro rate and extent of release of berberine from SNEDDS was significantly higher than berberine alone. Chick chorioallantoic membrane assay revealed potent anti-angiogenic activity of SNEDDS of berberine. These studies demonstrate that the SNEDDS of berberine is a promising strategy for improving its therapeutic efficacy and have potential application in the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions and cancer.

Phytoestrogens and the metabolic syndrome

Phytoestrogens are a diverse class of non-steroidal compounds that have an affinity for estrogen receptors α and β, for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family and for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Examples of phytoestrogens include prenylated flavonoids, isoflavones, coumestans and lignans. Many phytoestrogens counteract the cellular derailments that are responsible for the development of metabolic syndrome. Here we propose a mechanism of action which is based on five pillars/principles. First, phytoestrogens are involved in the downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as COX-2 and iNOS, by activating PPAR and by inhibiting IκB activation. Second, they increase reverse cholesterol transport, which is mediated by PPARγ. Third, phytoestrogens increase insulin sensitivity, which is mediated via PPARα. Fourth, they exert antioxidant effects by activating antioxidant genes through KEAP. Fifth, phytoestrogens increase energy expenditure by affecting AMP-activated kinase signaling cascades, which are responsible for the inhibition of adipogenesis. In addition to these effects, which have been demonstrated in vivo and in clinical trials, other effects, such as eNOS activation, may also be important. Some plant extracts from soy, red clover or licorice can be described as panPPAR activators. Fetal programming for metabolic syndrome has been hypothesized; thus, the consumption of dietary phytoestrogens during pregnancy may be relevant. Extracts from soy, red clover or licorice oil have potential as plant-derived medicines that could be used to treat polycystic ovary syndrome, a disease linked to hyperandrogenism and obesity, although clinical trials have not yet been conducted. Phytoestrogens may help prevent metabolic syndrome, although intervention studies will be always be ambiguous, because physical activity and reduced calorie consumption also have a significant impact. Nevertheless, extracts rich in phytoestrogens may be an alternative treatment or may complement conventional treatment for diseases linked with metabolic syndrome. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Phytoestrogens'.

The in vivo evaluation of anti-angiogenic effects of Hypericum essential oils using the chorioallantoic membrane assay

CONTEXT

Hypericum species including Hypericum confertum Choisy, H. hircinum L., H. hyssopifolium Chaix. subsp. elongatum (Ledeb.) Woron var. microcalycinum (Boiss. & Heldr.) Boiss. and H. perforatum L. (Clusiaceae) are used as medicinal plants in Turkey.

OBJECTIVE

The anti-angiogenic evaluation of Hypericum essential oils using the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay are performed with this study for the first time.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The anti-angiogenic activity of Hypericum essential oils (0.5-5.0 mg/ml) was evaluated in vivo using the CAM assay, compared to standard anti-angiogenic substances at the same concentrations, in trice replicated independent assays. GC and GC-MS analyses were carried out simultaneously to identify the chemical compositions of the Hypericum essential oils.

RESULTS

The CAM treated with H. perforatum essential oil showed anti-angiogenic effect (score 0.6 ± 0.3) at 50 µg/pellet concentration, whereas other tested Hypericum essential oils showed no effect compared to the standards (e.g. suramin score 0.5 ± 0.2). Furthermore, the tested oils showed neither membrane toxicity nor irritation at the tested concentrations. The major compound of the essential oil of H. confertum was identified as germacrene D (30.2%). The major compound of the essential oils of the H. hircinum. H. hyssopifolium subsp. elongatum var. microcalycinum and H. perforatum was identified as α-pinene (88.3, 57.8, 33.3%), respectively.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Hypericum species and in particular H. perforatum essential oil may have important effect toward wound healing and various inflammations. The data obtained in this experiment suggest further investigations on various cancers due to its anti-angiogenic effects observed.