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Zhan Q, Deng L, Ding Y, Wang F, Han F, Zhou B, Xie L. The value of using ELISA to detect orexin-A in cerebrospinal fluid in the diagnosis of narcolepsy. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38539. [PMID: 38875396 PMCID: PMC11175925 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Orexin in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a neuropeptide synthesized by a cluster of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. It mainly functions to maintain arousal, regulate feeding, and participate in reward mechanisms. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can detect CSF orexin. At present, RIA is widely used but is limited by various conditions, which is not conducive to its widespread development. We aimed to determine whether ELISA can replace RIA in detecting orexin in CSF. We investigated the results of 20 patients with central disorders of hypersomnolence, including 11 with narcolepsy type 1, 2 with narcolepsy type 2, 5 with idiopathic hypersomnia, and 2 with other causes of somnolence. RIA and ELISA were used to detect CSF orexin, and P values <.05 were considered to be significant. In the narcolepsy and non-narcolepsy type 1 groups, there was no correlation between the RIA and ELISA results (P > .05). In the narcolepsy type 1 group, the ELISA and RIA results were significantly different (P < .05), but this was not observed in the non-narcolepsy type 1 group (P > .05). The accuracy of ELISA to detect CSF orexin was lower than that of RIA (P < .05). ELISA cannot replace RIA in the measurement of CSF orexin, and RIA is recommended as the first choice when narcolepsy is suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liying Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongmin Ding
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Han
- Sleep Medicine Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Zhou
- Sleep Medicine Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Xie
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
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McPhee S, Shynkaruk T, Buchynski K, Crowe T, Schwean-Lardner K. How does visible light flicker impact laying hen pullet behavior, fear, and stress levels? Poult Sci 2024; 103:103713. [PMID: 38621348 PMCID: PMC11019458 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Many characteristics of artificial light have been evaluated; however, light-flicker frequency (F) has not been assessed extensively in poultry. Pullets (1,344 per strain [S]; Lohmann Brown-Lite [LB] and LSL-Lite [LW]) were placed into 8 light-tight rooms, containing 6 floor pens (15 pen replicates per F × S for 30 and 250 Hz; 18 pen replicates per F x S for 90 Hz), and assigned 1 of 3 F treatments (30, 90, 250 Hz). The experiment took place over 2 trials (blocks). To evaluate long-term effects of F during rearing, birds were followed through the hen phase. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed (SAS 9.4). Differences were considered significant when P ≤ 0.05, and behaviors are expressed as percentage of time. Pullets reared under 30 Hz spent more time performing nutritive behaviors (P < 0.01) and as "unidentified" (P = 0.02) than other treatments. Active behavior demonstrated an age x F interaction, with pullets being more active at 16 wk, regardless of F (P < 0.01). Comfort behaviors were higher at 16 wk compared to other ages, regardless of F (P < 0.01). Exploratory behaviors were lowest at 4 wk in pullets under 30 Hz (P < 0.01). Aggressive behaviors (12 wk) were higher in pullets reared under 250 Hz than those under 90 Hz (P < 0.01). Comb score was unaffected by F (P = 0.79) and all birds scored had a full plumage. Heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was unaffected by F at 7 or 15 wk (P = 0.85 and P = 0.54, respectively). In trial 1, pullets reared under 90 Hz had higher corticosterone concentrations than those reared under 250 Hz (P = 0.02) and trial 2 there were no effects of F (P = 0.97). For novel object test, LW pullets reared under 90 Hz had a higher latency to peck than LW pullets under 30 Hz or 250 Hz (P = 0.03). Hen behavior (wk 39) and fear tests (36 wk; novel object test (P = 0.86) and tonic immobility (P = 0.37)) were unaffected by F. Overall, minimal effects of F were seen on pullet and hen behavior and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- S McPhee
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5A8, Canada
| | - T Shynkaruk
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5A8, Canada
| | - K Buchynski
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5A8, Canada
| | - T Crowe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5A9, Canada
| | - K Schwean-Lardner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5A8, Canada.
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Pace SA, Lukinic E, Wallace T, McCartney C, Myers B. Cortical-brainstem circuitry attenuates physiological stress reactivity. J Physiol 2024; 602:949-966. [PMID: 38353989 PMCID: PMC10940195 DOI: 10.1113/jp285627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Exposure to stressful stimuli promotes multi-system biological responses to restore homeostasis. Catecholaminergic neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) facilitate sympathetic activity and promote physiological adaptations, including glycaemic mobilization and corticosterone release. While it is unclear how brain regions involved in the cognitive appraisal of stress regulate RVLM neural activity, recent studies found that the rodent ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) mediates stress appraisal and physiological stress responses. Thus, a vmPFC-RVLM connection could represent a circuit mechanism linking stress appraisal and physiological reactivity. The current study investigated a direct vmPFC-RVLM circuit utilizing genetically encoded anterograde and retrograde tract tracers. Together, these studies found that stress-activated vmPFC neurons project to catecholaminergic neurons throughout the ventrolateral medulla in male and female rats. Next, we utilized optogenetic terminal stimulation to evoke vmPFC synaptic glutamate release in the RVLM. Photostimulating the vmPFC-RVLM circuit during restraint stress suppressed glycaemic stress responses in males, without altering the female response. However, circuit stimulation decreased corticosterone responses to stress in both sexes. Circuit stimulation did not modulate affective behaviour in either sex. Further analysis indicated that circuit stimulation preferentially activated non-catecholaminergic medullary neurons in both sexes. Additionally, vmPFC terminals targeted medullary inhibitory neurons. Thus, both male and female rats have a direct vmPFC projection to the RVLM that reduces endocrine stress responses, likely by recruiting local RVLM inhibitory neurons. Ultimately, the excitatory/inhibitory balance of vmPFC synapses in the RVLM may regulate stress reactivity and stress-related health outcomes. KEY POINTS: Glutamatergic efferents from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex target catecholaminergic neurons throughout the ventrolateral medulla. Partially segregated, stress-activated ventromedial prefrontal cortex populations innervate the rostral and caudal ventrolateral medulla. Stimulating ventromedial prefrontal cortex synapses in the rostral ventrolateral medulla decreases stress-induced glucocorticoid release in males and females. Stimulating ventromedial prefrontal cortex terminals in the rostral ventrolateral medulla preferentially activates non-catecholaminergic neurons. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex terminals target medullary inhibitory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A. Pace
- Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523
| | - Ema Lukinic
- Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523
| | - Tyler Wallace
- Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523
| | - Carlie McCartney
- Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523
| | - Brent Myers
- Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523
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Schaeuble D, Wallace T, Pace SA, Hentges ST, Myers B. Sex-specific prefrontal-hypothalamic control of behavior and stress responding. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 159:106413. [PMID: 37890240 PMCID: PMC10842088 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Depression and cardiovascular disease are both augmented by daily life stress. Yet, the biological mechanisms that translate psychological stress into affective and physiological outcomes are unknown. Previously, we demonstrated that stimulation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) has sexually divergent outcomes on behavior and physiology. Importantly, the vmPFC does not innervate the brain regions that initiate autonomic or neuroendocrine stress responses; thus, we hypothesized that intermediate synapses integrate cortical information to regulate stress responding. The posterior hypothalamus (PH) directly innervates stress-effector regions and receives substantial innervation from the vmPFC. In the current studies, circuit-specific approaches examined whether vmPFC synapses in the PH coordinate stress responding. Here we tested the effects of optogenetic vmPFC-PH circuit stimulation in male and female rats on social and motivational behaviors as well as physiological stress responses. Additionally, an intersectional genetic approach was used to knock down synaptobrevin in PH-projecting vmPFC neurons. Our collective results indicate that male vmPFC-PH circuitry promotes positive motivational valence and is both sufficient and necessary to reduce sympathetic-mediated stress responses. In females, the vmPFC-PH circuit does not affect social or preference behaviors but is sufficient and necessary to elevate neuroendocrine stress responses. Altogether, these data suggest cortical regulation of stress reactivity and behavior is mediated, in part, by projections to the hypothalamus that function in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Schaeuble
- Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Tyler Wallace
- Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Sebastian A Pace
- Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Shane T Hentges
- Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Brent Myers
- Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Salami M, Elahdadi Salmani M, Lashkarbolouki T. Prolonged stress alters the PC1/PC2 ratio in the rat lateral hypothalamus, implicating impaired orexin maturation. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 27:1059-1066. [PMID: 38911249 PMCID: PMC11193509 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2024.76858.16620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Stress elicits physiological and neuroendocrine responses mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and lateral hypothalamus (LH). However, prolonged stress can dysregulate neuropeptide systems like orexin. This study investigated the effects of temporary and prolonged stress on HPA activity and orexin processing in the rat LH. Materials and Methods Male Wistar rats were exposed to various stress repetitions. The stress paradigm is defined as short (acute; 1 day and mild; 3 days) and long (sub-chronic; 10 days and chronic; 21 days)-term 6 hr daily restraint stress. Plasma corticosterone (CORT) served as an index of HPA function. Expression of prepro-orexin and its processing enzymes prohormone convertases (PC) 1 and 2 was measured in LH tissues using semiquantitative RT-PCR. Results The plasma level of CORT was elevated following mild, sub-chronic, and chronic, but not acute stress versus unstressed controls. The expression of prepro-orexin was heightened following all stress exposures. However, PC1 increased and PC2 decreased only after prolonged stress. The PC1/PC2 ratio was also selectively augmented with sub-chronic and chronic stress, implying impaired orexin maturation. Conclusion Together, these data demonstrate that the HPA axis and lateral hypothalamic orexin system respond to stress based on stress repetition. Changes in orexin processing enzyme mRNA, exclusively after chronic stress, imply potential effects on peptide maturation, requiring confirmation of the orexin production at the protein level.
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Pestana JE, Graham BM. Reproductive experience alters the effects of diazepam and fluoxetine on anxiety-like behaviour, fear extinction, and corticosterone levels in female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:2515-2528. [PMID: 37581635 PMCID: PMC10640474 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06446-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
OVERVIEW Reproductive experience (pregnancy and motherhood) leads to long-term changes in the neurobiological and hormonal features of anxiety in rats and humans. The aim of this study was to examine whether reproductive experience alters the effects of two pharmacological treatments for anxiety, a benzodiazepine (diazepam) and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (fluoxetine), on animal models of anxiety. METHODS In Experiment 1, virgin (n = 47) and age-matched mother (n = 50) rats at 1-month post-weaning were injected with diazepam (1.3 mg/kg or 1.7 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle, in the proestrus (high estradiol/progesterone/allopregnanolone) or metestrus (low estradiol/progesterone/allopregnanolone) phase of the estrous cycle 30 min prior to the elevated plus maze (EPM). In Experiment 2, virgin (n = 25) and mother rats (n = 20) were administered fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) or vehicle for 2 weeks prior to being tested on a Pavlovian fear conditioning and extinction protocol, and the EPM. RESULTS Replicating past research, in virgin rats, the low dose of diazepam produced anxiolytic-like effects in proestrus, but only the high dose was anxiolytic-like in metestrus. In contrast, in mother rats, both doses of diazepam were anxiolytic-like irrespective of estrous phase. Fluoxetine produced anxiogenic-like effects in virgin rats during fear extinction and the EPM, but had no behavioural effects in mothers. In contrast, fluoxetine increased plasma corticosterone levels measured 30-min post-EPM in mothers, but not virgin rats. CONCLUSIONS Reproductive experience alters the dose responsivity and efficacy of common anti-anxiety medications in female rats. These findings highlight the importance of considering reproductive status in studies on anxiety and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie E Pestana
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Bronwyn M Graham
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Pace SA, Lukinic E, Wallace T, McCartney C, Myers B. Cortical-brainstem circuitry attenuates physiological stress reactivity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.19.549781. [PMID: 37502866 PMCID: PMC10370137 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.19.549781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to stressful stimuli promotes multi-system biological responses to restore homeostasis. Catecholaminergic neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) facilitate sympathetic activity and promote physiological adaptations, including glycemic mobilization and corticosterone release. While it is unclear how brain regions involved in the cognitive appraisal of stress regulate RVLM neural activity, recent studies found that the rodent ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) mediates stress appraisal and physiological stress responses. Thus, a vmPFC-RVLM connection could represent a circuit mechanism linking stress appraisal and physiological reactivity. The current study investigated a direct vmPFC-RVLM circuit utilizing genetically-encoded anterograde and retrograde tract tracers. Together, these studies found that stress-reactive vmPFC neurons project to catecholaminergic neurons throughout the ventrolateral medulla in male and female rats. Next, we utilized optogenetic terminal stimulation to evoke vmPFC synaptic glutamate release in the RVLM. Photostimulating the vmPFC-RVLM circuit during restraint stress suppressed glycemic stress responses in males, without altering the female response. However, circuit stimulation decreased corticosterone responses to stress in both sexes. Circuit stimulation did not modulate affective behavior in either sex. Further analysis indicated that circuit stimulation preferentially activated non-catecholaminergic medullary neurons in both sexes. Additionally, vmPFC terminals targeted medullary inhibitory neurons. Thus, both male and female rats have a direct vmPFC projection to the RVLM that reduces endocrine stress responses, likely through the recruitment of local RVLM inhibitory neurons. Ultimately, the excitatory/inhibitory balance of vmPFC synapses in the RVLM may regulate stress reactivity as well as stress-related health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A. Pace
- Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523
| | - Ema Lukinic
- Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523
| | - Tyler Wallace
- Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523
| | - Carlie McCartney
- Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523
| | - Brent Myers
- Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523
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Schaeuble D, Wallace T, Pace SA, Hentges ST, Myers B. Sex-specific prefrontal-hypothalamic control of behavior and stress responding. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.09.548297. [PMID: 37502938 PMCID: PMC10369879 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.09.548297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Depression and cardiovascular disease are both augmented by daily life stress. Yet, the biological mechanisms that translate psychological stress into affective and physiological outcomes are unknown. Previously, we demonstrated that stimulation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) has sexually divergent outcomes on behavior and physiology. Importantly, the vmPFC does not innervate the brain regions that initiate autonomic or neuroendocrine stress responses; thus, we hypothesized that intermediate synapses integrate cortical information to regulate stress responding. The posterior hypothalamus (PH) directly innervates stress-effector regions and receives substantial innervation from the vmPFC. In the current studies, circuit-specific approaches examined whether vmPFC synapses in the PH coordinate stress responding. Here we tested the effects of optogenetic vmPFC-PH circuit stimulation in male and female rats on social and motivational behaviors as well as physiological stress responses. Additionally, an intersectional genetic approach was used to knock down synaptobrevin in PH-projecting vmPFC neurons. Our collective results indicate that male vmPFC-PH circuitry promotes positive motivational valence and is both sufficient and necessary to reduce sympathetic-mediated stress responses. In females, the vmPFC-PH circuit does not affect social or preference behaviors but is sufficient and necessary to elevate neuroendocrine stress responses. Altogether, these data suggest cortical regulation of stress reactivity and behavior is mediated, in part, by projections to the hypothalamus that function in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Schaeuble
- Equal contribution
- Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO,
USA
| | - Tyler Wallace
- Equal contribution
- Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO,
USA
| | - Sebastian A. Pace
- Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO,
USA
| | - Shane T. Hentges
- Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State
University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Brent Myers
- Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO,
USA
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Wallace T, Myers B. Prefrontal representation of affective stimuli: importance of stress, sex, and context. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:8232-8246. [PMID: 37032618 PMCID: PMC10321111 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress-related disorders such as depression and anxiety exhibit sex differences in prevalence and negatively impact both mental and physical health. Affective illness is also frequently accompanied by changes in ventromedial prefrontal cortical (vmPFC) function. However, the neurobiology that underlies sex-specific cortical processing of affective stimuli is poorly understood. Although rodent studies have investigated the prefrontal impact of chronic stress, postmortem studies have focused largely on males and yielded mixed results. Therefore, genetically defined population recordings in behaving animals of both sexes were used to test the hypothesis that chronic variable stress (CVS) impairs the neural processing of affective stimuli in the rodent infralimbic region. Here, we targeted expression of a calcium indicator, GCaMP6s, to infralimbic pyramidal cells. In males, CVS reduced infralimbic responses to social interaction and restraint stress but increased responses to novel objects and food reward. In contrast, females did not have CVS-induced changes in infralimbic activity, which was partially dependent on the ovarian status. These results indicate that both male and female vmPFC cells encode social, stress, and reward stimuli. However, chronic stress effects are sex-dependent and behavior-specific. Ultimately, these findings extend the understanding of chronic stress-induced prefrontal dysfunction and indicate that sex is a critical factor for cortical processing of affective stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Wallace
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Brent Myers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Samaras A. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Basal and Post-Stress Circulating Cortisol Concentration in an Important Marine Aquaculture Fish Species, European Sea Bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081340. [PMID: 37106903 PMCID: PMC10135258 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND European sea bass is a species characterized by high and dispersed cortisol levels. The aim of the present study was to analyze all published data on basal and post-acute stress cortisol levels in this species. METHODS For this systematic review and meta-analysis the Web of Science and Scopus databases were searched for papers reporting plasma or serum cortisol levels in E. sea bass, without language or date restrictions. Data were extracted directly for the reported results and were analyzed separately for basal and post-acute stress levels, as well their standardized mean differences (SMD) using random-effects meta-analyses. RESULTS Of 407 unique records identified, 69 were eligible. Basal cortisol levels had a pooled effect of 88.7 ng mL-1 (n = 57), while post-acute stress levels were 385.9 ng mL-1 (n = 34). The average SMD between basal and post-stress was calculated to be 3.02 (n = 22). All analyses had a high between-study heterogeneity. Results for basal and post-stress levels were affected by the assay type and anesthesia prior to blood sampling. CONCLUSIONS Cortisol levels in E. sea bass are higher than most studied fish species and display large heterogeneity. Application of stress led to elevated cortisol levels in all studies examined. In all cases, sources of between-studies heterogeneity were identified.
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Inflammation and Treatment-Resistant Depression from Clinical to Animal Study: A Possible Link? Neurol Int 2023; 15:100-120. [PMID: 36648973 PMCID: PMC9844360 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint15010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and inflammation in humans and experimental models. For the human study, a retrospective cohort study was conducted with 206 participants; half were on antidepressants for major depressive disorder. The patients were divided into healthy and depressed groups. Inflammation was assessed based on the values of the main inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, WBC and ESR). For the animal experiments, 35 adult male Wistar rats were assigned to stressed and non-stressed groups. Inflammation and stress were induced using lipopolysaccharide and chronic unpredictable mild stress. A 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection of fluoxetine (FLX), a known antidepressant, was simultaneously administered daily for 4 weeks. Behavioral tests were performed. The plasma levels of inflammatory and stress biomarkers were measured and were significantly higher in the stressed and non-responsive groups in both studies. This study provides evidence of the link between inflammation and TRD. We further observed a possible link via the Phosphorylated Janus Kinase 2 and Phosphorylated Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (P-JAK2/P-STAT3) signaling pathway and found that chronic stress and high inflammation hinder the antidepressant effects of FLX. Thus, non-response to antidepressants could be mitigated by treating inflammation to improve the antidepressant effect in patients with TRD.
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Abdelnour SA, Metwally MGE, Bahgat LB, Naiel MAE. Pumpkin seed oil-supplemented diets promoted the growth productivity, antioxidative capacity, and immune response in heat-stressed growing rabbits. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:55. [PMID: 36715777 PMCID: PMC9886635 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress is the most major environmental element contributing to rabbit health problems and reduced production. It is proposed that essential oils be applied to alleviate heat stress-induced oxidative damage in rabbits. The purpose of this feeding trial was to determine the protective impact of pumpkin seed essential oil (PSO)-supplemented diets in reducing the threat of unambient temperature on growing rabbits. Five groups of 5-week-old rabbits were allocated randomly into separated galvanized wire battery. The first group was raised under normal conditions (18 ± 2 °C) and fed a control diet (control group; CNT), whereas the other four groups were exposed to high ambient temperature (38 ± 2 °C) and fed a control diet supplemented with 0 (PSO0.0), 0.5 (PSO0.05), 1.0 (PSO1.0), and 2.0 (PSO2.0) mL PSO/kg diet. Results indicated that all supplemented groups and the positive control have higher live body weight compared with the heat stress group (PSO0.0) at 9 weeks of age. Supplementing of PSO resulted in significant improvement in weight gain at 5-9 weeks and 9-13 weeks compared with PSO0.0 group. The highest feed intake was detected in PSO0.05 group compared with that in other groups. Both PSO2.0 and PSO2.0 groups showed the lowest feed conversion ration compared with other groups. Heat-stressed rabbits given a high dose of PSO (1 to 2 mL) had higher hemoglobin concentrations and lower white blood cell counts throughout the experiment than those given a control diet and subjected to heat stress. All hepatic and renal function parameters improved significantly in the rabbits fed a high dose of PSO as compared to the heat-stressed control group, while protein constituents were significantly higher in experimental groups fed 2 mL PSO compared with other groups. Heat-stressed rabbits administered graded amounts of PSO had the lowest plasma glucose, cortisol, thyroid, and corticosterone concentrations and were noticed to be equivalent to the control group fed unsupplemented diet and reared under normal conditions. The immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrated that rabbit groups reared under heat stress and given 2 mL PSO supplemented diets had negative caspase-3 immunoreactivity surrounding portal tract and normal structure. In conclusion, adding pumpkin seed oil up to 2 mL/kg diet for growing rabbits is indorsed to promote growth as well as antioxidant and immunological status under heat stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh A. Abdelnour
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Mohamed G. E. Metwally
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Laila B. Bahgat
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Mohammed A. E. Naiel
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
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13
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Yan L, Jayaram M, Chithanathan K, Zharkovsky A, Tian L. Sex-Specific Microglial Activation and SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Expression Induced by Chronic Unpredictable Stress. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:750373. [PMID: 34899189 PMCID: PMC8654352 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.750373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has generated a lot of stress and anxiety among not only infected patients but also the general population across the globe, which disturbs cerebral immune homeostasis and potentially exacerbates the SARS-CoV-2 virus-induced neuroinflammation, especially among people susceptible to neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we used a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mouse model to study its effects on glia-mediated neuroinflammation and expression of SARS-CoV2 viral receptors. We observed that female mice showed depressive-like behavior after CUMS, whereas male mice showed enhanced anxiety and social withdrawal. Interestingly, CUMS led to increased amounts of total and MHCII+ microglia in the hippocampi of female mice but not male mice. mRNA levels of SARS-CoV-2 viral receptors angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (Ace2) and basigin (Bsg) were also upregulated in the prefrontal cortices of stressed female mice but not male mice. Similarly, sex-specific changes in SARS-CoV-2 viral receptors FURIN and neuropilin-1 (NRP1) were also observed in monocytes of human caregivers enduring chronic stress. Our findings provided evidence on detrimental effects of chronic stress on the brain and behavior and implied potential sex-dependent susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection after chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yan
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mohan Jayaram
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Keerthana Chithanathan
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alexander Zharkovsky
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Li Tian
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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14
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Dearing C, Morano R, Ptaskiewicz E, Mahbod P, Scheimann JR, Franco-Villanueva A, Wulsin L, Myers B. Glucoregulation and coping behavior after chronic stress in rats: Sex differences across the lifespan. Horm Behav 2021; 136:105060. [PMID: 34537487 PMCID: PMC8629951 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to determine how biological sex shapes behavioral coping and metabolic health across the lifespan after chronic stress. We hypothesized that examining chronic stress-induced behavioral and endocrine outcomes would reveal sex differences in the biological basis of susceptibility. During late adolescence, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats experienced chronic variable stress (CVS). Following completion of CVS, all rats experienced a forced swim test (FST) followed 3 days later by a fasted glucose tolerance test (GTT). The FST was used to determine coping in response to a stressor. Endocrine metabolic function was evaluated in the GTT by measuring glucose and corticosterone, the primary rodent glucocorticoid. Rats then aged to 15 months when the FST and GTT were repeated. In young rats, chronically stressed females exhibited more passive coping and corticosterone release in the FST. Additionally, chronically stressed females had elevated corticosterone and impaired glucose clearance in the GTT. Aging affected all measurements as behavioral and endocrine outcomes were sex specific. Furthermore, regression analysis between hormonal and behavioral responses identified associations depending on sex and stress. Collectively, these data indicate increased female susceptibility to the effects of chronic stress during adolescence. Further, translational investigation of coping style and glucose homeostasis may identify biomarkers for stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carley Dearing
- Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Rachel Morano
- Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Elaine Ptaskiewicz
- Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Parinaz Mahbod
- Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Jessie R Scheimann
- Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Ana Franco-Villanueva
- Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Lawson Wulsin
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Brent Myers
- Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America.
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15
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Pereira GM, Santos M, Pereira SS, Borrecho G, Tortosa F, Brito J, Freitas D, de Carvalho AO, Águas A, Oliveira MJ, Oliveira P. High-intensity infrasound effects on glucose metabolism in rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17273. [PMID: 34446814 PMCID: PMC8390459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96796-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent focus has been given on the effects of high-intensity infrasound (HII) exposure, and whether it induces changes in pancreatic morphology and glucose metabolism is still unknown. As such, we have studied the impact of HII exposure on glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, pancreatic islet morphology, muscle GLUT4 and plasma insulin and corticosterone levels. Normal and glucose intolerant wild-type Wistar rats were randomly divided in two groups: one group not exposed to HII and the other continuously exposed to HII. Animals were sacrificed at three timepoints of exposure (1, 6 or 12 weeks). An intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test was performed, blood samples were collected and the pancreas and the quadriceps femoris muscle were excised. Circulating insulin and corticosterone levels were determined and pancreatic and muscular tissue were routinely processed for histochemistry and immunohistochemistry with an anti-GLUT4 antibody. Animals exposed to HII had higher corticosterone levels than animals not exposed. No differences were found on insulin concerning HII exposure or glucose intolerance. Glucose intolerant animals had pancreatic islet fibrosis and no differences were found in GLUT4 ratio concerning HII exposure. In conclusion, we found that continuous exposure to HII increases stress hormone levels without inducing glucose intolerance in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Martins Pereira
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Madalena Santos
- Department of Anatomy and UMIB-ITR (Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine - Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health), ICBAS (Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar), Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia S Pereira
- Department of Anatomy and UMIB-ITR (Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine - Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health), ICBAS (Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar), Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Borrecho
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Francisco Tortosa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511, Caparica, Portugal
| | - José Brito
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Diamantino Freitas
- Laboratory of Acoustics, Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Artur Águas
- Department of Anatomy and UMIB-ITR (Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine - Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health), ICBAS (Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar), Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Oliveira
- Department of Anatomy and UMIB-ITR (Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine - Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health), ICBAS (Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar), Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Oliveira
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511, Caparica, Portugal
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16
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Shasha L, Zhongjie L, Lingling F, Ustichenko VD, Pakhomov OV, Deng B. Comparison between slow and rapid freezing for adrenal gland cryopreservation and xenotransplantation. Cryobiology 2021; 102:68-75. [PMID: 34324838 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to examine whether slow or rapid cryopreservation of adrenal xenografts affected xenotransplant outcome. Adrenal xenografts were got from newborn piglets (<24 h after birth). Receptor rats were randomly divided into four groups: a bilateral adrenalectomy group, fresh xenotransplantation group, rapid cryopreservation xenotransplantation group, and a slow cryopreservation xenotransplantation group. 30 days after xenotransplantation, the survival rates of rats in the fresh xenotransplantation group, rapid cryopreservation xenotransplantation group and slow cryopreservation xenotransplantation group were 80 %, 60 % and 60 %, respectively, which were significantly higher than 40 % of the bilateral adrenalectomy group. In addition, the survival rate of rats in the slow cryopreservation group was consistently significantly higher than that in the rapid cryopreservation group at 29 days after xenotransplantation. Morphological observation showed that there were a few medulla cells existed in the adrenal glands in the slow cryopreservation group after 30 days of xenotransplantation, but no medulla cells were found in the rapid cryopreservation group. The plasma cortisol level of rats in the fresh xenotransplantation group and the slow xenotransplantation group 30 days after xenotransplantation was significantly higher than that of the rapid cryopreservation group and bilateral adrenalectomy group (P < 0.05). The levels of liver glycogen and cholesterol in the xenotransplantation rats were increased relative to those of the bilateral adrenalectomy rats, and close to normal level. In conclusion, compared with rapidly frozen preserved grafts, slowly frozen preserved grafts not only ensure the structural integrity of adrenal tissues, but also have corresponding physiological functions, which provid a basic research opportunities for the preservation of xenografts and the treatment of adrenal corticosteroid deficiency. Moreover, these findings can provide evidence for xenotransplantation in the treatment of Addison's disease (adrenal cortex hormone deficiency).
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shasha
- Basic Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang City, China
| | - Li Zhongjie
- Basic Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang City, China
| | - Fan Lingling
- Basic Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang City, China
| | - V D Ustichenko
- Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - O V Pakhomov
- Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Bo Deng
- Basic Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang City, China.
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17
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Juczewski K, Koussa JA, Kesner AJ, Lee JO, Lovinger DM. Stress and behavioral correlates in the head-fixed method: stress measurements, habituation dynamics, locomotion, and motor-skill learning in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12245. [PMID: 32699235 PMCID: PMC7376196 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Manual restriction of head movement, or head-fixation, of awake rodents allows for sophisticated investigation of neural circuits in vivo, that would otherwise be impossible in completely freely moving animals. While it is known that head-fixation induces stress, the scale of this stress and habituation dynamics remain unclear. We used the Mobile HomeCage system (Neurotar Ltd, Finland) where animals have their heads fixed to an aluminum frame but are otherwise freely moving in an ultralight carbon container floating above an air-dispensing base. For 25 consecutive days, mice were head-fixed while standing on the air-lifted platform for 2 h per day and blood samples were taken periodically to measure variation in the stress-related hormone, corticosterone. We showed that the initial increase in corticosterone concentration is followed by a return to control level throughout the days of head-fixed training. We also found a locomotor correlate of this drop. We conducted a battery of stress-sensitive behavioral paradigms in freely-moving mice that revealed minor differences following chronic head-fixation. Finally, we analyzed motor-skill learning in the head-fixed setup with a floating container. We believe that our results may contribute to better interpretation of past literature and future in vivo experiments using head-fixed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Juczewski
- Section on Synaptic Pharmacology and In Vivo Neural Function, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, US National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
| | - Jonathan A Koussa
- Section on Synaptic Pharmacology and In Vivo Neural Function, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, US National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Andrew J Kesner
- Section on Synaptic Pharmacology and In Vivo Neural Function, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, US National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Jeong O Lee
- Section on Synaptic Pharmacology and In Vivo Neural Function, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, US National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - David M Lovinger
- Section on Synaptic Pharmacology and In Vivo Neural Function, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, US National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
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18
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Martins Pereira G, Pereira SS, Santos M, Brito J, Freitas D, Oliveira de Carvalho A, Águas A, Oliveira MJ, Oliveira P. Effects of high-intensity infrasound on liver lipid content of rats. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04383. [PMID: 32671268 PMCID: PMC7338782 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous experimental studies show that exposure to noise with high and audible frequencies causes multiple metabolic alterations, such as increased liver glycogen and triglycerides. However, the effect of exposure to sound with lower frequencies, such as high-intensity infrasound (frequency <20 Hz and sound pressure level >90 dB), on the liver lipid content is still unclear. As such, we aimed to study the effect of exposure to high-intensity infrasound of both normal and glucose intolerant rats on the liver lipid content. For this study, 79 wild-type male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: G1, no treatment, and G2, induced glucose intolerance. Each of these two groups was randomly divided in two subgroups: s (animals kept in silence) and i (animals continuously exposed to high-intensity infrasound noise). At three noise-exposure time-points (1, 6 and 12 weeks) the rats were sacrificed, the liver was excised and hepatic lipids extracted. Data analysis was performed using a two-way ANOVA (p = 0.05). No significant effects due to interactions between the several factors exist on the liver lipid content (p=0.077). Moreover, no significant effects due to infrasound exposure (p=0.407) or glucose tolerance status (p=0.938) were observed. Our study shows that continuous exposure to high-intensity infrasound has no influence on the lipid content of the liver of both normal and glucose intolerant animals. This finding reinforces the need for further experimental studies on the physiological effects of infrasound due to its possible hazardous effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Martins Pereira
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Monte da Caparica, Portugal
- Corresponding author.
| | - Sofia S. Pereira
- Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica – UMIB, Universidade do Porto – UP, Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena Santos
- Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica – UMIB, Universidade do Porto – UP, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Brito
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Monte da Caparica, Portugal
| | - Diamantino Freitas
- Laboratory of Acoustics, Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Artur Águas
- Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica – UMIB, Universidade do Porto – UP, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Oliveira
- Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica – UMIB, Universidade do Porto – UP, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Oliveira
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Monte da Caparica, Portugal
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Zinc, but not paracetamol, prevents depressive-like behavior and sickness behavior, and inhibits interferon-gamma and astrogliosis in rats. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:489-497. [PMID: 32006614 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering all mental and addictive disorders, depression is the most responsible for years of life lost due to premature mortality and disability. Antidepressant drugs have limited effectiveness. Depression can be triggered by immune/inflammatory factors. Zinc and paracetamol interfere with immune system and have demonstrated beneficial effects on depression treatment when administered concomitant with antidepressant drugs. The objective of this study was to test zinc and/or paracetamol as treatments of depressive-like behavior, sickness behavior, and anxiety in rats, as well as to understand the central and peripheral mechanisms involved. Sickness behavior and depressive-like behavior were induced in rats with repetitive lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 mg/kg for two consecutive days) administrations. Rats received zinc and/or paracetamol for three consecutive days. Sickness behavior (daily body weight and open field general activity); anxiety (light-dark test); depressive-like/antidepressant behavior (forced swim test); plasma corticosterone and interferon (IFN)-gamma levels; and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) brain expression were evaluated. LPS induced sickness behavior and depressive-like behavior, as well as elevated IFN-gamma levels and increased GFAP expression. Zinc prevented both behavioral and biochemical impairments. Paracetamol and zinc + paracetamol association induced only slight beneficial effects. Anxiety, corticosterone, and TH do not seem be related with depression and the other behavioral and neuroimmune changes. In conclusion, zinc treatment was beneficial for sickness behavior and depressive-like behavior without concomitant administration of antidepressants. IFN-gamma and GFAP were linked with the expression of sickness behavior and depressive-like behavior and were also involved with the antidepressant effects. Therefore, zinc, IFN-gamma, and GFAP pathways should be considered for depression treatment.
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20
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The Impact of Common Recovery Blood Sampling Methods, in Mice (Mus Musculus), on Well-Being and Sample Quality: A Systematic Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10060989. [PMID: 32517144 PMCID: PMC7341276 DOI: 10.3390/ani10060989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood sampling is often performed in laboratory mice. Sampling techniques have the potential to cause pain, distress and impact on lifetime cumulative experience. In spite of institutions commonly providing guidance to researchers on these methods, and the existence of published guidelines, no systematic evaluation of the evidence on this topic exists. A systematic search of Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science was performed, identifying 27 studies on the impact of recovery blood sample techniques on mouse welfare and sample quality. Studies were appraised for quality using the SYstematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) risk of bias tool. In spite of an acceptable number of studies being located, few studies examined the same pairwise comparisons. Additionally, there was considerable heterogeneity in study design and outcomes, with many studies being at a high risk of bias. Consequently, results were synthesised using the Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM) reporting guidelines. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) was utilised for assessment of certainty in the evidence. Due to the heterogeneity and GRADE findings, it was concluded that there was not enough high-quality evidence to make any recommendations on the optimal method of blood sampling. Future high-quality studies, with standardised outcome measures and large sample sizes, are required.
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21
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Illiano P, Bigford GE, Gainetdinov RR, Pardo M. Rats Lacking Dopamine Transporter Display Increased Vulnerability and Aberrant Autonomic Response to Acute Stress. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060842. [PMID: 32486390 PMCID: PMC7356162 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is pivotal in homeostasis and presides the adaptative response to stress. Dopamine Transporter (DAT) plays a key role in the regulation of the HPA axis. We used young adult female DAT Knockout (KO) rats to assess the effects of DAT ablation (partial, heterozygous DAT+/-, or total, homozygous DAT-/-) on vulnerability to stress. DAT-/- rats show profound dysregulation of pituitary homeostasis, in the presence of elevated peripheral corticosterone, before and after acute restraint stress. During stress, DAT-/- rats show abnormal autonomic response at either respiratory and cardiovascular level, and delayed body temperature increase. DAT+/- rats display minor changes of hypophyseal homeostatic mechanisms. These rats display a similar pituitary activation to that of the control animals, albeit in the presence of higher release of peripheral corticosterone than DAT-/- after stress, and reduced temperature during stress. Our data indicate that DAT regulates the HPA axis at both the central and peripheral level, including autonomic function during stress. In particular, the partial deletion of DAT results in increased vulnerability to stress in female rats, which display central and peripheral alterations that are reminiscent of PTSD, and they might provide new insights in the pathophysiology of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Placido Illiano
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
- Correspondence: (P.I.); (M.P.)
| | - Gregory E. Bigford
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Raul R. Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7–9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- St. Petersburg University Hospital, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7–9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marta Pardo
- Department of Neurology and Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Correspondence: (P.I.); (M.P.)
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22
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Katz-Barber MW, Hollins SL, Cuskelly A, Leong AJW, Dunn A, Harms L, Hodgson DM. Investigating the gut-brain axis in a neurodevelopmental rodent model of schizophrenia. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 3:100048. [PMID: 34589838 PMCID: PMC8474551 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the aetiology of schizophrenia remains unknown, it has been suggested that it might occur in response to alterations in the gut-brain axis (GBA), the bi-directional communication system between the gut and the brain. The current study aimed to determine whether the “two-hit” animal model of neuropsychopathology (maternal immune activation combined with adolescent cannabinoid exposure), produced abnormalities in the GBA Method Pregnant Wistar rats were administered the viral mimetic polyI:C on gestational day 19 and offspring were administered the synthetic cannabinoid HU210 from postnatal days 35–48. Evidence of GBA activation was assessed in the hypothalamus, colon and fecal samples from male and female offspring at adolescence and adulthood Results Findings were sex-specific with adolescent female offspring exhibiting an increased hypothalamic inflammatory profile, increased hypothalamic CRHR1 mRNA, and decreased fecal expression of Bifidobacterium longum, however, no changes were detected in colonic inflammation or integrity. Conclusion These results indicate that the rat two-hit model, documented to produce behavioural and neuroanatomical abnormalities, also produces hypothalamic and microbiota abnormalities. The results also demonstrate significant sex differences, suggesting that this model may be useful for investigating the role of the GBA in the aetiology of neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia. Combined MIA and ACE induces sex-specific alterations in hypothalamic inflammation. Combined MIA and ACE increases hypothalamic CRHR1 expression. Combined MIA and ACE decreases fecal expression of Bifidobacterium longum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max W Katz-Barber
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon L Hollins
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Annalisa Cuskelly
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Angeline J W Leong
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Ariel Dunn
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Lauren Harms
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah M Hodgson
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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23
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Shaw GA, Dupree JL, Neigh GN. Adolescent maturation of the prefrontal cortex: Role of stress and sex in shaping adult risk for compromise. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2019; 19:e12626. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gladys A. Shaw
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyVirginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia
| | - Jeffrey L. Dupree
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyVirginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia
- Research ServiceHunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center Richmond Virginia
| | - Gretchen N. Neigh
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyVirginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia
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Hu JY, Hester PY, Xiong Y, Gates RS, Makagon MM, Cheng HW. Effect of cooled perches on the efficacy of an induced molt in White Leghorn laying hens previously exposed to heat stress. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4290-4300. [PMID: 31180124 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of water-chilled perches on hen production and physiological responses to induced molt during elevated temperatures. A total of 288White Leghorns at 82 wk of age were housed in 36 cages of 6 banks. Each bank was assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: cooled perches, air perches, and no perches. The hens were subjected to 2 heat episodes during their first laying cycle at week 21 to 35 and week 73 to 80, respectively. The hens were subjected to a 28 D nonfasted molting regimen starting at 85 wk of age. Cyclic heat of 32°C (6:00 am to 6:00 pm) was applied daily during the molting period. After molt, hens were returned to a layer diet and housed under thermoneutral condition. Two birds per cage were monitored for BW change during molt. Egg production was recorded daily. Feed utilization was measured during molt at 86 and 88 wk of age. Egg weight and eggshell traits were examined at 84 wk (pre-molt) and post-molt at 92, 96, and 104 wk of age. Rectal temperature and blood samples were collected from 2 birds per cage at the end of molt. Blood samples were used for determining heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, corticosterone, and thyroid hormones. Plumage condition was examined at 22 wk post-molt. Compared to control and air perch hens, cooled perch hens had higher feed usage and greater BW loss, lower heterophil/lymphocyte ratios (P < 0.05) with no difference in thyroid hormones and corticosterone at the end of molt. Cooled perch hens also had higher egg production beginning at 98 wk of age (Ptreatment*age < 0.0001) than control hens and sometimes the air-perch hens. Cooled perch hens had higher rectal temperature than control but not air perch hens at end of molt. Moreover, cooled perch hens had better breast feather scores than air perch hens but worse vent plumage (P ≤ 0.05) than both control and air perch hens. These results indicate that the provision of cooled perches assists hens with better adaptation to stressors, such as induced molt plus heat exposure, resulting in improved post-molt egg production.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Hu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907
| | - P Y Hester
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907
| | - Y Xiong
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - R S Gates
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - M M Makagon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907
| | - H W Cheng
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Palme R. Non-invasive measurement of glucocorticoids: Advances and problems. Physiol Behav 2018; 199:229-243. [PMID: 30468744 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs; i.e. cortisol/corticosterone) are a central component of the stress response and thus their measurement is frequently used to evaluate the impact of stressful situations. Their metabolites from faeces of various animal species are more and more taken as a non-invasive aid to assess GC release and thus adrenocortical activity. The current literature review includes an extensive collection (1327 papers) and evaluation (see also Supplementary Tables) of the literature on faecal cortisol/corticosterone metabolite (FCM) analysis published to date. It aims at giving reference for researchers interested in implementing FCM analysis into their study or seeking to improve such methods by providing background knowledge on GC metabolism and excretion, conveying insights into methodological issues and stating caveats of FCM analysis and by highlighting prerequisites for and some examples of a successful application of such methods. Collecting faecal samples and analysing FCMs may appear simple and straightforward, but researchers have to select and apply methods correctly. They also need to be aware of the many pitfalls and potentially confounding factors and, last but not least, have to carefully interpret results. Applied properly, measurement of FCMs is a powerful non-invasive tool in a variety of research areas, such as (stress) biology, ethology, ecology, animal conservation and welfare, but also biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert Palme
- Unit of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Aerts J. Quantification of a Glucocorticoid Profile in Non-pooled Samples Is Pivotal in Stress Research Across Vertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:635. [PMID: 30405537 PMCID: PMC6206410 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates are faced continuously with a variety of potential stressful stimuli and react by a highly conserved endocrine stress response. An immediate catecholamine mediated response increases plasma glucose levels in order to prepare the organism for the "fight or flight" reaction. In addition, in a matter of minutes after this (nor)adrenaline release, glucocorticoids, in particular cortisol or corticosterone depending on the species, are released through activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis in fish or hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in other vertebrates. These plasma glucocorticoids are well documented and widely used as biomarker for stress across vertebrates. In order to study the role of glucocorticoids in acute and chronic stress and gain in-depth insight in the stress axis (re)activity across vertebrates, it is pivotal to pin-point the involved molecules, to understand the mechanisms of how the latter are synthesized, regulated and excreted, and to grasp their actions on a plethora of biological processes. Furthermore, in-depth knowledge on the characteristics of the tissues as well as on the analytical methodologies available for glucocorticoid quantification is needed. This manuscript is to be situated in the multi-disciplinary research topic of glucocorticoid action across vertebrates which is linked to a wide range of research domains including but not limited to biochemistry, ecology, endocrinology, ethology, histology, immunology, morphology, physiology, and toxicology, and provides a solid base for all interested in stress, in particular glucocorticoid, related research. In this framework, internationally validated confirmation methods for quantification of a glucocorticoid profile comprising: (i) the dominant hormone; (ii) its direct precursors; (iii) its endogenously present phase I metabolites; and (iv) the most abundant more polar excreted exogenous phase I metabolites in non-pooled samples are pivotal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Aerts
- Stress Physiology Research Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ostend, Belgium
- Stress Physiology Research Group, Animal Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Ostend, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Johan Aerts
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