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Reyer A, Bazihizina N, Jaślan J, Scherzer S, Schäfer N, Jaślan D, Becker D, Müller TD, Pommerrenig B, Neuhaus HE, Marten I, Hedrich R. Sugar beet PMT5a and STP13 carriers suitable for proton-driven plasma membrane sucrose and glucose import in taproots. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:2219-2232. [PMID: 38602250 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) is the major sugar-producing crop in Europe and Northern America, as the taproot stores sucrose at a concentration of around 20%. Genome sequence analysis together with biochemical and electrophysiological approaches led to the identification and characterization of the TST sucrose transporter driving vacuolar sugar accumulation in the taproot. However, the sugar transporters mediating sucrose uptake across the plasma membrane of taproot parenchyma cells remained unknown. As with glucose, sucrose stimulation of taproot parenchyma cells caused inward proton fluxes and plasma membrane depolarization, indicating a sugar/proton symport mechanism. To decipher the nature of the corresponding proton-driven sugar transporters, we performed taproot transcriptomic profiling and identified the cold-induced PMT5a and STP13 transporters. When expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, BvPMT5a was characterized as a voltage- and H+-driven low-affinity glucose transporter, which does not transport sucrose. In contrast, BvSTP13 operated as a high-affinity H+/sugar symporter, transporting glucose better than sucrose, and being more cold-tolerant than BvPMT5a. Modeling of the BvSTP13 structure with bound mono- and disaccharides suggests plasticity of the binding cleft to accommodate the different saccharides. The identification of BvPMT5a and BvSTP13 as taproot sugar transporters could improve breeding of sugar beet to provide a sustainable energy crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Reyer
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität (JMU), Würzburg, 97082, Germany
| | - Nadia Bazihizina
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität (JMU), Würzburg, 97082, Germany
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Justyna Jaślan
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität (JMU), Würzburg, 97082, Germany
| | - Sönke Scherzer
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität (JMU), Würzburg, 97082, Germany
| | - Nadine Schäfer
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität (JMU), Würzburg, 97082, Germany
| | - Dawid Jaślan
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität (JMU), Würzburg, 97082, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Becker
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität (JMU), Würzburg, 97082, Germany
| | - Thomas D Müller
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität (JMU), Würzburg, 97082, Germany
| | - Benjamin Pommerrenig
- Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Quedlinburg, 06484, Germany
| | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Irene Marten
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität (JMU), Würzburg, 97082, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität (JMU), Würzburg, 97082, Germany
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Sun N, Liu Y, Xu T, Zhou X, Xu H, Zhang H, Zhan R, Wang L. Genome-wide analysis of sugar transporter genes in maize ( Zea mays L.): identification, characterization and their expression profiles during kernel development. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16423. [PMID: 38025667 PMCID: PMC10658905 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugar transporters (STs) play a crucial role in the development of maize kernels. However, very limited information about STs in maize is known. In this study, sixty-eight ZmST genes were identified from the maize genome and classified into eight major groups based on phylogenetic relationship. Gene structure analysis revealed that members within the same group shared similar exon numbers. Synteny analysis indicated that ZmSTs underwent 15 segmental duplication events under purifying selection. Three-dimensional structure of ZmSTs demonstrated the formation of a compact helix bundle composed of 8-13 trans-membrane domains. Various development-related cis-acting elements, enriched in promoter regions, were correlated with the transcriptional response of ZmSTs during kernel development. Transcriptional expression profiles exhibited expression diversity of various ZmST genes in roots, stems, leaves, tassels, cobs, embryos, endosperms and seeds tissues. During kernel development, the expression of 24 ZmST genes was significantly upregulated in the early stage of grain filling. This upregulation coincided with the sharply increased grain-filling rate observed in the early stage. Overall, our findings shed light on the characteristics of ZmST genes in maize and provide a foundation for further functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Sun
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- Zhaoyuan Shenghui Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd., Zhaoyuan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- Zhaoyuan Shenghui Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd., Zhaoyuan, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Xu
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Heyang Xu
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- Zhaoyuan Shenghui Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd., Zhaoyuan, Shandong, China
| | - Renhui Zhan
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Limin Wang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- Zhaoyuan Shenghui Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd., Zhaoyuan, Shandong, China
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Kamara N, Jiao Y, Huang W, Cao L, Zhu L, Zhao C, Huang X, Shivute FN, Liu X, Wu J, Shahid MQ. Comparative cytological and transcriptome analyses of ny2 mutant delayed degeneration of tapetal cells and promotes abnormal microspore development in neo-tetraploid rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1229870. [PMID: 37528969 PMCID: PMC10387629 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1229870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the genetic defects related to pollen development and infertility in NY2, a novel tetraploid rice germplasm known as Neo-tetraploid rice. This rice variety was created through the crossbreeding and selective breeding of various autotetraploid rice lines and has previously shown high fertility. Our previous research has revealed that the NY2 gene, encoding a eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit E, regulates pollen fertility. However, the underlying mechanism behind this fertility is yet to be understood. To shed light on this matter, we performed a combined cytological and transcriptome analysis of the NY2 gene. Cytological analysis indicated that ny2 underwent abnormal tapetal cells, microspore, and middle layer development, which led to pollen abortion and ultimately to male sterility. Genetic analysis revealed that the F1 plants showed normal fertility and an obvious advantage for seed setting compared to ny2. Global gene expression analysis in ny2 revealed a total of 7545 genes were detected at the meiosis stage, and 3925 and 3620 displayed upregulation and downregulation, respectively. The genes were significantly enriched for the gene ontology (GO) term "carbohydrate metabolic process. Moreover, 9 genes related to tapetum or pollen fertility showed down-regulation, such as OsABCG26 (ATP Binding Cassette G26), TMS9-1 (Thermosensitive Male Sterility), EAT1 (Programmed cell death regulatory), KIN14M (Kinesin Motor), OsMT1a (Metallothionein), and OsSTRL2 (Atypical strictosidine synthase), which were validated by qRT-PCR. Further analyses of DEGs identified nine down-regulated transcription factor genes related to pollen development. NY2 is an important regulator of the development of tapetum and microspore. The regulatory gene network described in this study may offer important understandings into the molecular processes that underlie fertility control in tetraploid rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabieu Kamara
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Crop Improvement Programme, Rokupr Agricultural Research Center, Rokupr - Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute (SLARI), Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Yamin Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weicong Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lichong Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lianjun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chongchong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fimanekeni Ndaitavela Shivute
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Multi-disciplinary Research Services, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Qasim Shahid
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Miehe W, Czempik L, Klebl F, Lohaus G. Sugar concentrations and expression of SUTs suggest active phloem loading in tall trees of Fagus sylvatica and Quercus robur. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:805-816. [PMID: 36579830 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Phloem loading and sugar distribution are key steps for carbon partitioning in herbaceous and woody species. Although the phloem loading mechanisms in herbs are well studied, less is known for trees. It was shown for saplings of Fagus sylvatica L. and Quercus robur L. that the sucrose concentration in the phloem sap was higher than in the mesophyll cells, which suggests that phloem loading of sucrose involves active steps. However, the question remains whether this also applies for tall trees. To approach this question, tissue-specific sugar and starch contents of small and tall trees of F. sylvatica and Q. robur as well as the sugar concentration in the subcellular compartments of mesophyll cells were examined. Moreover, sucrose uptake transporters (SUTs) were analyzed by heterology expression in yeast and the tissue-specific expressions of SUTs were investigated. Sugar content in leaves of the canopy (11 and 26 m height) was up to 25% higher compared with that of leaves of small trees of F. sylvatica and Q. robur (2 m height). The sucrose concentration in the cytosol of mesophyll cells from tall trees was between 120 and 240 mM and about 4- to 8-fold lower than the sucrose concentration in the phloem sap of saplings. The analyzed SUT sequences of both tree species cluster into three types, similar to SUTs from other plant species. Heterologous expression in yeast confirmed that all analyzed SUTs are functional sucrose transporters. Moreover, all SUTs were expressed in leaves, bark and wood of the canopy and the expression levels in small and tall trees were similar. The results show that the phloem loading in leaves of tall trees of F. sylvatica and Q. robur probably involves active steps, because there is an uphill concentration gradient for sucrose. SUTs may be involved in phloem loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Miehe
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal 42119, Germany
| | - Laura Czempik
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal 42119, Germany
| | - Franz Klebl
- Department of Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Gertrud Lohaus
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal 42119, Germany
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de Oliveira Dorta S, Attílio LB, Zanardi OZ, Lopes JRS, Machado MA, Freitas-Astúa J. Genetic transformation of 'Hamlin' and 'Valencia' sweet orange plants expressing the cry11A gene of Bacillus thuringiensis as another tool to the management of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae). J Biotechnol 2023; 368:60-70. [PMID: 37088156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) is the vector of Candidatus Liberibacter spp., the bacteria associated with huanglongbing (HLB), the most devastating disease of citrus worldwide. HLB management has heavily counted on insecticide applications to control the ACP, although there are efforts towards more sustainable alternatives. In previous work, our group assessed the potential bioactivity of different strains of Bacillus thuringiensis (Eubacteriales: Bacillaceae) (Bt) containing cry/cyt genes as feasible tools to control ACP nymphs. Here, we report an attempt to use the cry11A gene from Bt to produce transgenic sweet orange plants using two promoters. For the genetic transformation, 'Hamlin' and 'Valencia' sweet orange seedlings were used as sources of explants. Transgenic plants were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specific primers, and the transgene copy number was confirmed by Southern blot analyses. Transcript expression levels were determined by qPCR. Mortality assays of D. citri nymphs were carried out in a greenhouse, and the effect of the events tested ranged from 22 to 43% at the end of the five-day exposure period. To our knowledge, this is the first manuscript reporting the production of citrus plants expressing the Bt cry11A gene for the management of D. citri nymphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia de Oliveira Dorta
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz/Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), 13.418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC), 13.490-970, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lísia Borges Attílio
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC), 13.490-970, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratório de Insetos Vetores de Fitopatógenos, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz/Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), 13.418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Odimar Zanuzo Zanardi
- Departamento de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão, Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina (IFSC), 89.900-000, São Miguel do Oeste, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - João Roberto Spotti Lopes
- Laboratório de Insetos Vetores de Fitopatógenos, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz/Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), 13.418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Antonio Machado
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC), 13.490-970, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, 44.380-000, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil; Unidade Laboratorial de Referência em Biologia Molecular Aplicada/Instituto Biológico (ULRBMA/IB), 04.014-900, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Liu P, Fang Y, Tan X, Hu Z, Jin Y, Yi Z, He K, Wei C, Chen R, Zhao H. Local endocytosis of sucrose transporter 2 in duckweed reveals the role of sucrose transporter 2 in guard cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:996618. [PMID: 36352881 PMCID: PMC9638040 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.996618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The local endocytosis of membrane proteins is critical for many physiological processes in plants, including the regulation of growth, development, nutrient absorption, and osmotic stress response. Much of our knowledge on the local endocytosis of plasma membrane (PM) protein only focuses on the polar growth of pollen tubes in plants and neuronal axon in animals. However, the role of local endocytosis of PM proteins in guard cells has not yet been researched. Here, we first cloned duckweed SUT2 (sucrose transporter 2) protein and then conducted subcellular and histological localization of the protein. Our results indicated that LpSUT2 (Landoltia punctata 0202 SUT2) is a PM protein highly expressed on guard cells. In vitro experiments on WT (wild type) lines treated with high sucrose concentration showed that the content of ROS (reactive oxygen species) in guard cells increased and stomatal conductance decreased. We observed the same results in the lines after overexpression of the LpSUT2 gene with newfound local endocytosis of LpSUT2. The local endocytosis mainly showed that LpSUT2 was uniformly distributed on the PM of guard cells in the early stage of development, and was only distributed in the endomembrane of guard cells in the mature stage. Therefore, we found the phenomenon of guard cell LpSUT2 local endocytosis through the changes of duckweed stomata and concluded that LpSUT2 local endocytosis might be dependent on ROS accumulation in the development of duckweed guard cells. This paper might provide future references for the genetic improvement and water-use efficiency in other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhubin Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuolin Yi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Kaize He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Cuicui Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Bernardini C, Santi S, Mian G, Levy A, Buoso S, Suh JH, Wang Y, Vincent C, van Bel AJE, Musetti R. Increased susceptibility to Chrysanthemum Yellows phytoplasma infection in Atcals7ko plants is accompanied by enhanced expression of carbohydrate transporters. PLANTA 2022; 256:43. [PMID: 35842878 PMCID: PMC9288947 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03954-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Loss of CALS7 appears to confer increased susceptibility to phytoplasma infection in Arabidopsis, altering expression of genes involved in sugar metabolism and membrane transport. Callose deposition around sieve pores, under control of callose synthase 7 (CALS7), has been interpreted as a mechanical response to limit pathogen spread in phytoplasma-infected plants. Wild-type and Atcals7ko mutants were, therefore, employed to unveil the mode of involvement of CALS7 in the plant's response to phytoplasma infection. The fresh weights of healthy and CY-(Chrysanthemum Yellows) phytoplasma-infected Arabidopsis wild type and mutant plants indicated two superimposed effects of the absence of CALS7: a partial impairment of photo-assimilate transport and a stimulated phytoplasma proliferation as illustrated by a significantly increased phytoplasma titre in Atcal7ko mutants. Further studies solely dealt with the effects of CALS7 absence on phytoplasma growth. Phytoplasma infection affected sieve-element substructure to a larger extent in mutants than in wild-type plants, which was also true for the levels of some free carbohydrates. Moreover, infection induced a similar upregulation of gene expression of enzymes involved in sucrose cleavage (AtSUS5, AtSUS6) and transmembrane transport (AtSWEET11) in mutants and wild-type plants, but an increased gene expression of carbohydrate transmembrane transporters (AtSWEET12, AtSTP13, AtSUC3) in infected mutants only. It remains still unclear how the absence of AtCALS7 leads to gene upregulation and how an increased intercellular mobility of carbohydrates and possibly effectors contributes to a higher susceptibility. It is also unclear if modified sieve-pore structures in mutants allow a better spread of phytoplasmas giving rise to higher titre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bernardini
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze, 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Simonetta Santi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze, 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mian
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze, 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Amit Levy
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Sara Buoso
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze, 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Joon Hyuk Suh
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Christopher Vincent
- Horticultural Sciences Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Aart J E van Bel
- Institute of Phytopathology, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rita Musetti
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), Università di Padova, via dell' Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
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Wu Y, Wang L, Ansah EO, Peng W, Zhang W, Li P, An G, Xiong F. The sucrose transport regulator OsDOF11 mediates cytokinin degradation during rice development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1083-1094. [PMID: 35294037 PMCID: PMC9157086 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic tissues are dynamic structures whose homeostasis depends on the coordination of two antagonistic processes: self-maintenance and supporting sink tissues. The balance of these processes determines plant development, which might be mediated by cytokinin. However, little is known about the link between sucrose transport signaling and cytokinin. Rice (Oryza sativa) DNA BINDING WITH ONE FINGER11 (OsDOF11) is a transcription factor that mediates sucrose transport by inducing the expression of sucrose transporter genes. Here, we found that OsDOF11 loss-of-function mutants showed a semi-dwarf phenotype with a smaller cell length due to increased cytokinin content in source tissues. RNA sequencing and reverse transcription quantitative PCR analyses revealed that genes involved in cytokinin signaling and metabolism were affected in osdof11 mutants. Yeast one-hybrid, dual-luciferase reporter, and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments showed that OsDOF11 directly binds to the promoter regions of O. sativa CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE4 (OsCKX4). Moreover, mutation of osckx4 in the osdof11 osckx4 double mutant rescued the semi-dwarf phenotype of the osdof11 mutant. Interestingly, exogenous application of kinetin promoted OsDOF11 expression earlier than OsCKX4, and overexpression of O. sativa VIN3-LIKE 2 caused an increase in active cytokinin levels and induced OsDOF11 transcript levels. Taken together, our results suggest a model in which both a sucrose transport regulator (OsDOF11) and cytokinin via OsCKX4 establish a feedback loop to maintain dynamic tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture &Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Leilei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture &Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ebenezer Ottopah Ansah
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture &Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wangmenghan Peng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture &Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Weiyang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture &Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Peng Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Gynheung An
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Fei Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture &Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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9
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Integrative Physiological and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Transition Mechanism of Sugar Phloem Unloading Route in Camellia oleifera Fruit. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094590. [PMID: 35562980 PMCID: PMC9102078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sucrose phloem unloading plays a vital role in photoassimilate distribution and storage in sink organs such as fruits and seeds. In most plants, the phloem unloading route was reported to shift between an apoplasmic and a symplasmic pattern with fruit development. However, the molecular transition mechanisms of the phloem unloading pathway still remain largely unknown. In this study, we applied RNA sequencing to profile the specific gene expression patterns for sucrose unloading in C. oleifera fruits in the apo- and symplasmic pathways that were discerned by CF fluoresce labelling. Several key structural genes were identified that participate in phloem unloading, such as PDBG11, PDBG14, SUT8, CWIN4, and CALS10. In particular, the key genes controlling the process were involved in callose metabolism, which was confirmed by callose staining. Based on the co-expression network analysis with key structural genes, a number of transcription factors belonging to the MYB, C2C2, NAC, WRKY, and AP2/ERF families were identified to be candidate regulators for the operation and transition of phloem unloading. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that some important metabolism pathways such as plant hormone metabolism, starch, and sucrose metabolism altered with the change of the sugar unloading pattern. Our study provides innovative insights into the different mechanisms responsible for apo- and symplasmic phloem unloading in oil tea fruit and represents an important step towards the omics delineation of sucrose phloem unloading transition in crops.
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10
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Okooboh GO, Haferkamp I, Valifard M, Pommerrenig B, Kelly A, Feussner I, Neuhaus HE. Overexpression of the vacuolar sugar importer BvTST1 from sugar beet in Camelina improves seed properties and leads to altered root characteristics. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13653. [PMID: 35187664 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of the vacuolar sugar transporter TST1 in Arabidopsis leads to higher seed lipid levels and higher total seed yield per plant. However, effects on fruit biomass have not been observed in crop plants like melon, strawberry, cotton, apple, or tomato with increased tonoplast sugar transporter (TST) activity. Thus, it was unclear whether overexpression of TST in selected crops might lead to increased fruit yield, as observed in Arabidopsis. Here, we report that constitutive overexpression of TST1 from sugar beet in the important crop species Camelina sativa (false flax) resembles the seed characteristics observed for Arabidopsis upon increased TST activity. These effects go along with a stimulation of sugar export from source leaves and not only provoke optimised seed properties like higher lipid levels and increased overall seed yield per plant, but also modify the root architecture of BvTST1 overexpressing Camelina lines. Such mutants grew longer primary roots and showed an increased number of lateral roots, especially when developed under conditions of limited water supply. These changes in root properties result in a stabilisation of total seed yield under drought conditions. In summary, we demonstrate that increased vacuolar TST activity may lead to optimised yield of an oil-seed crop species with high levels of healthy ω3 fatty acids in storage lipids. Moreover, since BvTST1 overexpressing Camelina mutants, in addition, exhibit optimised yield under limited water availability, we might devise a strategy to create crops with improved tolerance against drought, representing one of the most challenging environmental cues today and in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria O Okooboh
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern
| | - Ilka Haferkamp
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern
| | - Marzieh Valifard
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern
| | - Benjamin Pommerrenig
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern
| | - Amélie Kelly
- Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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11
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Dinant S, Le Hir R. Delving deeper into the link between sugar transport, sugar signaling, and vascular system development. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13684. [PMID: 35396718 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and development rely on the transport and use of sugars produced during photosynthesis. Sugars have a dual function as nutrients and signal molecules in the cell. Many factors maintaining sugar homeostasis and signaling are now identified, but our understanding of the mechanisms involved in coordinating intracellular and intercellular sugar translocation is still limited. We also know little about the interplay between sugar transport and signaling and the formation of the vascular system, which controls long-distance sugar translocation. Sugar signaling has been proposed to play a role; however, evidence to support this hypothesis is still limited. Here, we exploited recent transcriptomics datasets produced in aerial organs of Arabidopsis to identify genes coding for sugar transporters or signaling components expressed in the vascular cells. We identified genes belonging to sugar transport and signaling for which no information is available regarding a role in vasculature development. In addition, the transcriptomics datasets obtained from sugar-treated Arabidopsis seedlings were used to assess the sugar-responsiveness of known genes involved in vascular differentiation. Interestingly, several key regulators of vascular development were found to be regulated by either sucrose or glucose. Especially CLE41, which controls the procambial cell fate, was oppositely regulated by sucrose or glucose in these datasets. Even if more experimental data are necessary to confirm these findings, this survey supports a link between sugar transport/signaling and vascular system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Dinant
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Versailles, France
| | - Rozenn Le Hir
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Versailles, France
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12
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Aubry E, Hoffmann B, Vilaine F, Gilard F, Klemens PAW, Guérard F, Gakière B, Neuhaus HE, Bellini C, Dinant S, Le Hir R. A vacuolar hexose transport is required for xylem development in the inflorescence stem. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1229-1247. [PMID: 34865141 PMCID: PMC8825465 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In Angiosperms, the development of the vascular system is controlled by a complex network of transcription factors. However, how nutrient availability in the vascular cells affects their development remains to be addressed. At the cellular level, cytosolic sugar availability is regulated mainly by sugar exchanges at the tonoplast through active and/or facilitated transport. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), among the genes encoding tonoplastic transporters, SUGAR WILL EVENTUALLY BE EXPORTED TRANSPORTER 16 (SWEET16) and SWEET17 expression has been previously detected in the vascular system. Here, using a reverse genetics approach, we propose that sugar exchanges at the tonoplast, regulated by SWEET16, are important for xylem cell division as revealed in particular by the decreased number of xylem cells in the swt16 mutant and the accumulation of SWEET16 at the procambium-xylem boundary. In addition, we demonstrate that transport of hexoses mediated by SWEET16 and/or SWEET17 is required to sustain the formation of the xylem secondary cell wall. This result is in line with a defect in the xylem cell wall composition as measured by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy in the swt16swt17 double mutant and by upregulation of several genes involved in secondary cell wall synthesis. Our work therefore supports a model in which xylem development partially depends on the exchange of hexoses at the tonoplast of xylem-forming cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Aubry
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
- Ecole Doctorale 567 Sciences du Végétal, Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, bat 360, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Beate Hoffmann
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Françoise Vilaine
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Françoise Gilard
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Paris Sud, Univ Evry, Univ Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 360, Rue de Noetzlin, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Patrick A W Klemens
- Universität Kaiserslautern, Pflanzenphysiologie, Postfach 3049, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Florence Guérard
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Paris Sud, Univ Evry, Univ Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 360, Rue de Noetzlin, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Bertrand Gakière
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Paris Sud, Univ Evry, Univ Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 360, Rue de Noetzlin, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Universität Kaiserslautern, Pflanzenphysiologie, Postfach 3049, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Catherine Bellini
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sylvie Dinant
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Rozenn Le Hir
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
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13
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Babst BA, Braun DM, Karve AA, Frank Baker R, Tran TM, Kenny DJ, Rohlhill J, Knoblauch J, Knoblauch M, Lohaus G, Tappero R, Scherzer S, Hedrich R, Jensen KH. Sugar loading is not required for phloem sap flow in maize plants. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:171-180. [PMID: 35194203 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phloem transport of photoassimilates from leaves to non-photosynthetic organs, such as the root and shoot apices and reproductive organs, is crucial to plant growth and yield. For nearly 90 years, evidence has been generally consistent with the theory of a pressure-flow mechanism of phloem transport. Central to this hypothesis is the loading of osmolytes, principally sugars, into the phloem to generate the osmotic pressure that propels bulk flow. Here we used genetic and light manipulations to test whether sugar import into the phloem is required as the driving force for phloem sap flow. Using carbon-11 radiotracer, we show that a maize sucrose transporter1 (sut1) loss-of-function mutant has severely reduced export of carbon from photosynthetic leaves (only ~4% of the wild type level). Yet, the mutant remarkably maintains phloem pressure at ~100% and sap flow speeds at ~50-75% of those of wild type. Potassium (K+) abundance in the phloem was elevated in sut1 mutant leaves. Fluid dynamic modelling supports the conclusion that increased K+ loading compensated for decreased sucrose loading to maintain phloem pressure, and thereby maintained phloem transport via the pressure-flow mechanism. Furthermore, these results suggest that sap flow and transport of other phloem-mobile nutrients and signalling molecules could be regulated independently of sugar loading into the phloem, potentially influencing carbon-nutrient homoeostasis and the distribution of signalling molecules in plants encountering different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Babst
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.
- Arkansas Forest Resources Center, University of Arkansas at Monticello, Monticello, AR, USA.
| | - David M Braun
- Divisions of Plant and Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Abhijit A Karve
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
- Office of Technology Commercialization, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - R Frank Baker
- Divisions of Plant and Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Thu M Tran
- Divisions of Plant and Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Douglas J Kenny
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia Rohlhill
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Jan Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Michael Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Gertrud Lohaus
- Department of Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ryan Tappero
- Photon Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Sönke Scherzer
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kaare H Jensen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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14
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Li R, Zheng W, Jiang M, Zhang H. A review of starch biosynthesis in cereal crops and its potential breeding applications in rice ( Oryza Sativa L.). PeerJ 2022; 9:e12678. [PMID: 35036154 PMCID: PMC8710062 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch provides primary storage of carbohydrates, accounting for approximately 85% of the dry weight of cereal endosperm. Cereal seeds contribute to maximum annual starch production and provide the primary food for humans and livestock worldwide. However, the growing demand for starch in food and industry and the increasing loss of arable land with urbanization emphasizes the urgency to understand starch biosynthesis and its regulation. Here, we first summarized the regulatory signaling pathways about leaf starch biosynthesis. Subsequently, we paid more attention to how transcriptional factors (TFs) systematically respond to various stimulants via the regulation of the enzymes during starch biosynthesis. Finally, some strategies to improve cereal yield and quality were put forward based on the previous reports. This review would collectively help to design future studies on starch biosynthesis in cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China.,College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenyin Zheng
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Meng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Truernit E. Sieve elements and their cell neighbours in the Arabidopsis root - Roles and relationships. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 268:153569. [PMID: 34801777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Truernit
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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16
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Yang X, Liu D, Lu H, Weston DJ, Chen JG, Muchero W, Martin S, Liu Y, Hassan MM, Yuan G, Kalluri UC, Tschaplinski TJ, Mitchell JC, Wullschleger SD, Tuskan GA. Biological Parts for Plant Biodesign to Enhance Land-Based Carbon Dioxide Removal. BIODESIGN RESEARCH 2021; 2021:9798714. [PMID: 37849951 PMCID: PMC10521660 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9798714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A grand challenge facing society is climate change caused mainly by rising CO2 concentration in Earth's atmosphere. Terrestrial plants are linchpins in global carbon cycling, with a unique capability of capturing CO2 via photosynthesis and translocating captured carbon to stems, roots, and soils for long-term storage. However, many researchers postulate that existing land plants cannot meet the ambitious requirement for CO2 removal to mitigate climate change in the future due to low photosynthetic efficiency, limited carbon allocation for long-term storage, and low suitability for the bioeconomy. To address these limitations, there is an urgent need for genetic improvement of existing plants or construction of novel plant systems through biosystems design (or biodesign). Here, we summarize validated biological parts (e.g., protein-encoding genes and noncoding RNAs) for biological engineering of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) traits in terrestrial plants to accelerate land-based decarbonization in bioenergy plantations and agricultural settings and promote a vibrant bioeconomy. Specifically, we first summarize the framework of plant-based CDR (e.g., CO2 capture, translocation, storage, and conversion to value-added products). Then, we highlight some representative biological parts, with experimental evidence, in this framework. Finally, we discuss challenges and strategies for the identification and curation of biological parts for CDR engineering in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Yang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Degao Liu
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Center for Precision Plant Genomics, and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Haiwei Lu
- Department of Academic Education, Central Community College-Hastings, Hastings, NE 68902USA
| | - David J. Weston
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Jin-Gui Chen
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Wellington Muchero
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Stanton Martin
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Md Mahmudul Hassan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Guoliang Yuan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Udaya C. Kalluri
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Timothy J. Tschaplinski
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Julie C. Mitchell
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Stan D. Wullschleger
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Gerald A. Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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17
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Wu Y, Fang W, Peng W, Jiang M, Chen G, Xiong F. Sucrose transporter in rice. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1952373. [PMID: 34269147 PMCID: PMC8525984 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1952373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant photosynthesis processes play vital roles in crop plant development. Understanding carbohydrate partitioning via sugar transport is one of the potential ways to modify crop biomass, which is tightly linked to plant architecture, such as plant height and panicle size. Based on the literature, we highlight recent findings to summarize phloem loading by sucrose transport in rice. In rice, sucrose transporters, OsSUTs (sucrose transporters) and OsSWEETs (sugars are eventually exported transporters) import sucrose and export cells between phloem parenchyma cells and companion cells. Before sucrose transporters perform their functions, several transcription factors can induce sucrose transporter gene transcription levels, such as Oryza sativa DNA binding with one finger 11 (OsDOF11) and Oryza sativa Nuclear Factor Y B1 (OsNF-YB1). In addition to native regulator genes, environmental factors, such as CO2 concentration, drought stress and increased temperature, also affect sucrose transporter gene transcription levels. However, more research work is needed on formation regulation webs. Elucidation of the phloem loading mechanism could improve our understanding of rice development under multiple conditions and facilitate its manipulation to increase crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture &agri-product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - wenchun Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture &agri-product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wangmenghan Peng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture &agri-product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture &agri-product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture &agri-product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fei Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture &agri-product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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18
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Sanden NC, Schulz A. Stationary sieve element proteins. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 266:153511. [PMID: 34537466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vascular plants use the phloem to move sugars and other molecules from source leaves to sink organs such as roots and fruits. Within the phloem, enucleate sieve elements provide the low-resistance pipe system that enable bulk flow of sap. In this review, we provide an overview of the highly specific protein machinery that localize to mature sieve elements without entering the phloem translocation stream. Generally, the proteins either maintain the flow, protect the sieve element against pathogens or transmit system wide signals. A notable exception is found in poppy, where part of the opium biosynthesis is compartmentalized in sieve elements. Biosynthesis of sieve element proteins happens either continuously in companion cell or transiently in immature sieve elements before nuclear disintegration. The latter population is translated during differentiation and stays functional without turnover during the entire lifespan of sieve elements. We discuss how protein longevity imposes some interesting restrictions on plants, especially in arborescent monocots with long living sieve elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Christian Sanden
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Section for Transport Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Alexander Schulz
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Section for Transport Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Pommerrenig B, Müdsam C, Kischka D, Neuhaus HE. Treat and trick: common regulation and manipulation of sugar transporters during sink establishment by the plant and the pathogen. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3930-3940. [PMID: 32242225 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sugar transport proteins are crucial for the coordinated allocation of sugars. In this Expert View we summarize recent key findings of the roles and regulation of sugar transporters in inter- and intracellular transport by focusing on applied approaches, demonstrating how sucrose transporter activity may alter source and sink dynamics and their identities. The plant itself alters its sugar transport activity in a developmentally dependent manner to either establish or load endogenous sinks, for example, during tuber formation and filling. Pathogens represent aberrant sinks that trigger the plant to induce the same processes, resulting in loss of carbon assimilates. We explore common mechanisms of intrinsic, developmentally dependent processes and aberrant, pathogen-induced manipulation of sugar transport. Transporter activity may also be targeted by breeding or genetic modification approaches in crop plants to alter source and sink metabolism upon the overexpression or heterologous expression of these proteins. In addition, we highlight recent progress in the use of sugar analogs to study these processes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina Müdsam
- Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik Kischka
- Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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20
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Gu J, Zeng Z, Wang Y, Lyu Y. Transcriptome Analysis of Carbohydrate Metabolism Genes and Molecular Regulation of Sucrose Transport Gene LoSUT on the Flowering Process of Developing Oriental Hybrid Lily 'Sorbonne' Bulb. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093092. [PMID: 32349427 PMCID: PMC7247698 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality of Lily cut flower was determined by the quality of bulbs. During the process of vernalization and flower bud differentiation, sugar massively accumulated in the bulb, which influenced the bulb development. However, the details of sugar genes’ regulation mechanism for these processes were not fully understood. Here, morphological physiology, transcriptomes and gene engineering technology were used to explore this physiological change. Seventy-two genes of 25 kinds of sugar metabolism-related genes were annotated after re-analyzing transcriptome data of Oriental hybrid lily ‘Sorbonne’ bulbs, which were generated on Hiseq Illumina 2000. The results showed that these genes were closely related to lily bulb vernalization and development. Combining gene expression pattern with gene co-expression network, five genes (Contig5669, Contig13319, Contig7715, Contig1420 and Contig87292) were considered to be the most potential signals, and the sucrose transporter gene (SUT) was the focus of this study. Carbohydrate transport pathway and genes’ regulation mechanism were inferred through a physiological and molecular test. SUT seemed to be the sugar sensor that could sense and regulate sugar concentration, which might have effects on other genes, such as FT, LFY and so on. LoSUT2 and LoSUT4 genes were cloned from Oriental hybrid lily ‘Sorbonne’ by RACE, which was the first time for these genes in Oriental hybrid lily ‘Sorbonne’. The physiological properties of these proteins were analyzed such as hydrophobicity and phosphorylation. In addition, secondary and tertiary structures of proteins were predicted, which indicated the two proteins were membrane proteins. Their cellular locations were verified through positioning the experiment of the fluorescent vector. They were highly expressed in cells around phloem, which illustrated the key role of these genes in sugar transport. Furthermore, transient expression assays showed that overexpressed LoSUT2 and LoSUT4 in Arabidopsis thaliana bloomed significantly earlier than the wild type and the expression of FT, SOC1 and LFY were also affected by LoSUT2 and LoSUT4, which indicated that LoSUT2 and LoSUT4 may regulate plants flowering time.
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21
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Wang D, Liu H, Wang H, Zhang P, Shi C. A novel sucrose transporter gene IbSUT4 involves in plant growth and response to abiotic stress through the ABF-dependent ABA signaling pathway in Sweetpotato. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:157. [PMID: 32293270 PMCID: PMC7157994 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02382-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To maintain sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) growth and yield, sucrose must be transported from the leaves to the roots. Sucrose transporters or carriers (SUTs or SUCs) transport sucrose and are involved in plant growth and response to abiotic stress. However, the mechanisms of SUTs in sweetpotato abiotic stress resistance remains to be determined. RESULTS In the present study, we cloned a novel IbSUT4 gene; the protein encoded by this gene is localized in the tonoplast and plasma membrane. The plant growth was promoted in the IbSUT4 transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines, with increased expression of AtFT, a regulator of flowering time in plants. Over-expression of IbSUT4 in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in higher sucrose content in the roots and lower sucrose content in the leaves, as compared to the wild-type (WT) plants, leading to improved stress tolerance during seedling growth. Moreover, we systematically analyzed the mechanisms of IbSUT4 in response to abiotic stress. The results suggest that the ABRE-motif was localized in the IbSUT4 promoter region, and the expression of the ABA signaling pathway genes (i.e., ABF2, ABF4, SnRK2.2, SnRK2.3, and PYL8/RCAR3) were induced, and the expression of ABI1 was inhibited. CONCLUSIONS Our dates provide evidence that IbSUT4 is not only involved in plant growth but also is an important positive regulator in plant stress tolerance through the ABF-dependent ABA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomic Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai' an, 271018, China
| | - Hongjuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomic Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai' an, 271018, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- National Key of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- National Key of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chunyu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomic Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai' an, 271018, China.
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Fernie AR, Bachem CWB, Helariutta Y, Neuhaus HE, Prat S, Ruan YL, Stitt M, Sweetlove LJ, Tegeder M, Wahl V, Sonnewald S, Sonnewald U. Synchronization of developmental, molecular and metabolic aspects of source-sink interactions. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:55-66. [PMID: 32042154 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0590-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a multitude of strategies to adjust their growth according to external and internal signals. Interconnected metabolic and phytohormonal signalling networks allow adaption to changing environmental and developmental conditions and ensure the survival of species in fluctuating environments. In agricultural ecosystems, many of these adaptive responses are not required or may even limit crop yield, as they prevent plants from realizing their fullest potential. By lifting source and sink activities to their maximum, massive yield increases can be foreseen, potentially closing the future yield gap resulting from an increasing world population and the transition to a carbon-neutral economy. To do so, a better understanding of the interplay between metabolic and developmental processes is required. In the past, these processes have been tackled independently from each other, but coordinated efforts are required to understand the fine mechanics of source-sink relations and thus optimize crop yield. Here, we describe approaches to design high-yielding crop plants utilizing strategies derived from current metabolic concepts and our understanding of the molecular processes determining sink development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany.
| | | | - Yrjö Helariutta
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- University of Kaiserslautern Pflanzenphysiologie, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Salomé Prat
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lee J Sweetlove
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Vanessa Wahl
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sophia Sonnewald
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Salinity Effects on Sugar Homeostasis and Vascular Anatomy in the Stem of the Arabidopsis Thaliana Inflorescence. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133167. [PMID: 31261714 PMCID: PMC6651052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of sugar metabolism and partitioning plays an essential role for a plant’s acclimation to its environment, with specific responses in autotrophic and heterotrophic organs. In this work, we analyzed the effects of high salinity on sugar partitioning and vascular anatomy within the floral stem. Stem sucrose and fructose content increased, while starch reduced, in contrast to the response observed in rosette leaves of the same plants. In the stem, the effects were associated with changes in the expression of SWEET and TMT2 genes encoding sugar transporters, SUSY1 encoding a sucrose synthase and several FRK encoding fructokinases. By contrast, the expression of SUC2, SWEET11 and SWEET12, encoding sugar transporters for phloem loading, remained unchanged in the stem. Both the anatomy of vascular tissues and the composition of xylem secondary cell walls were altered, suggesting that high salinity triggered major readjustments of sugar partitioning in this heterotrophic organ. There were changes in the composition of xylem cell walls, associated with the collapse and deformation of xylem vessels. The data are discussed regarding sugar partitioning and homeostasis of sugars in the vascular tissues of the stem.
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24
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Dobbelstein E, Fink D, Öner-Sieben S, Czempik L, Lohaus G. Seasonal changes of sucrose transporter expression and sugar partitioning in common European tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:284-299. [PMID: 30388274 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In temperate woody species, carbon transport from source to sink tissues is a striking physiological process, particularly considering seasonal changes. The functions of different tissues can also alternate across the seasons. In this regard, phloem loading and sugar distribution are important aspects of carbon partitioning, and sucrose uptake transporters (SUTs) play a key role in these processes. Therefore, the influence of seasons and different light-dark conditions on the expression of SUTs from 3-year-old Fagus sylvatica L., Quercus robur L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. trees were analyzed. In addition, tissue-specific sugar and starch contents under these different environmental conditions were determined. Putative SUTs were identified in the gymnosperms (Picea abies, Ginkgo biloba L.), here for the first time, and also in the angiosperms (Q. robur, F. sylvatica). The identified SUT sequences of the different tree species cluster into three types, similar to other SUTs from herbaceous and tree species. Furthermore, the sequences from angiosperm and those from gymnosperm species form distinct clusters within the three types of SUTs. In F. sylvatica, Q. robur and P. abies, the expression levels of the different SUTs during seasons showed marked variations. Because of the high expression levels of type I SUTs in bark, wood and leaves during active growing phases in spring and summer, it can be assumed that they are involved in phloem loading, sucrose retrieval and possibly in further physiological processes. The expression patterns also indicate a flexible expression in all tissues depending on physiological requirements and environmental conditions. Compared with type I SUTs, the seasonal variations of type II SUT expression were less pronounced, whereas the seasonal variations of the type III SUT expression patterns were partly reverse. In addition to the seasonal regulation, the expressions of the different SUTs were also regulated by light in a diurnal manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dobbelstein
- Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Daniel Fink
- Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Soner Öner-Sieben
- Clinic for General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Paediatric Cardiology, University Clinic Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura Czempik
- Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Gertrud Lohaus
- Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, Wuppertal, Germany
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25
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Aubry E, Dinant S, Vilaine F, Bellini C, Le Hir R. Lateral Transport of Organic and Inorganic Solutes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E20. [PMID: 30650538 PMCID: PMC6358943 DOI: 10.3390/plants8010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organic (e.g., sugars and amino acids) and inorganic (e.g., K⁺, Na⁺, PO₄2-, and SO₄2-) solutes are transported long-distance throughout plants. Lateral movement of these compounds between the xylem and the phloem, and vice versa, has also been reported in several plant species since the 1930s, and is believed to be important in the overall resource allocation. Studies of Arabidopsis thaliana have provided us with a better knowledge of the anatomical framework in which the lateral transport takes place, and have highlighted the role of specialized vascular and perivascular cells as an interface for solute exchanges. Important breakthroughs have also been made, mainly in Arabidopsis, in identifying some of the proteins involved in the cell-to-cell translocation of solutes, most notably a range of plasma membrane transporters that act in different cell types. Finally, in the future, state-of-art imaging techniques should help to better characterize the lateral transport of these compounds on a cellular level. This review brings the lateral transport of sugars and inorganic solutes back into focus and highlights its importance in terms of our overall understanding of plant resource allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Aubry
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Sylvie Dinant
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Françoise Vilaine
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Catherine Bellini
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90183 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Rozenn Le Hir
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
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26
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Stadler R, Sauer N. The AtSUC2 Promoter: A Powerful Tool to Study Phloem Physiology and Development. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2014:267-287. [PMID: 31197803 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9562-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The sucrose carrier AtSUC2 of Arabidopsis thaliana is localized in the phloem, where it catalyzes the uptake of sucrose from the apoplast into companion cells. Imported sucrose moves passively via plasmodesmata from the companion cells into the neighboring sieve elements that distribute this disaccharide to the different sink organs. Phloem loading of sucrose by the AtSUC2 protein is an essential process, and mutants lacking this protein stay tiny, develop no or only few flowers, and have a strongly reduced root system. The promoter of the AtSUC2 gene is active exclusively in companion cells of the phloem. Moreover, it drives very strong expression not only in Arabidopsis, but also in all plant species tested so far, including monocot species. Due to these features, the AtSUC2 promoter has become an important tool in diverse areas of plant research during the last two decades. It was used to study phloem development and function including phloem loading and unloading. Furthermore, it was helpful in analyzing the pathways of posttranscriptional silencing by RNA interference, the regulation of flowering, mechanisms of nutrient withdrawal by phloem-feeding pathogens, and other physiological functions that are related to long distance transport. The present paper gives an overview of different approaches in plant research that utilized the strong and companion cell-specific expression of own or foreign genes driven by the AtSUC2 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Stadler
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Norbert Sauer
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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27
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Babst BA, Ferrieri R, Schueller M. Detecting Rapid Changes in Carbon Transport and Partitioning with Carbon-11 ( 11C). Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2014:163-176. [PMID: 31197795 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9562-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive techniques to measure phloem transport of carbon will be crucial to efforts to engineer improved crop yields, which are highly dependent on carbon partitioning. Phloem, which is buried in the interior of the plant, is highly sensitive to tissue damage. Here we describe nondestructive methods using carbon-11, fed to leaves as 11CO2, as a tracer to track export of recently fixed carbon from leaves, transport speed through the phloem, and distribution or partitioning throughout the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Babst
- Arkansas Forest Resources Center, Monticello, AR, USA. .,University of Arkansas at Monticello, College of Forestry, Agriculture, and Natural Resources, Monticello, AR, USA.
| | - Richard Ferrieri
- Missouri Research Reactor Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Michael Schueller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Missouri Research Reactor Center, Columbia, MO, USA
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28
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Hennion N, Durand M, Vriet C, Doidy J, Maurousset L, Lemoine R, Pourtau N. Sugars en route to the roots. Transport, metabolism and storage within plant roots and towards microorganisms of the rhizosphere. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 165:44-57. [PMID: 29704246 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the root is a typical sink organ that relies exclusively on the import of sugar from the aerial parts. Sucrose is delivered by the phloem to the most distant root tips and, en route to the tip, is used by the different root tissues for metabolism and storage. Besides, a certain portion of this carbon is exuded in the rhizosphere, supplied to beneficial microorganisms and diverted by parasitic microbes. The transport of sugars toward these numerous sinks either occurs symplastically through cell connections (plasmodesmata) or is apoplastically mediated through membrane transporters (MST, mononsaccharide tranporters, SUT/SUC, H+/sucrose transporters and SWEET, Sugar will eventually be exported transporters) that control monosaccharide and sucrose fluxes. Here, we review recent progresses on carbon partitioning within and outside roots, discussing membrane transporters involved in plant responses to biotic and abiotic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Hennion
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Mickael Durand
- INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, 78026, Versailles, France
| | - Cécile Vriet
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Joan Doidy
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Laurence Maurousset
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Rémi Lemoine
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Nathalie Pourtau
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
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29
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Wu Y, Lee SK, Yoo Y, Wei J, Kwon SY, Lee SW, Jeon JS, An G. Rice Transcription Factor OsDOF11 Modulates Sugar Transport by Promoting Expression of Sucrose Transporter and SWEET Genes. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:833-845. [PMID: 29656028 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose is produced in mesophyll cells and transferred into phloem cells before it is delivered long-distance to sink tissues. However, little is known about how sucrose transport is regulated in plants. Here, we identified a T-DNA insertional mutant of Oryza sativa DNA BINDING WITH ONE FINGER 11 (OsDOF11), which is expressed in the vascular cells of photosynthetic organs and in various sink tissues. The osdof11 mutant plants are semi-dwarf and have fewer tillers and smaller panicles as compared with wild-type (WT) plants. Although sucrose enhanced root elongation in young WT seedlings, this enhancement did not occur in osdof11 seedlings due to reduced sucrose uptake. Sugar transport rate analyses revealed that less sugar was transported in osdof11 plants than in the WT. Expression of four Sucrose Transporter (SUT) genes-OsSUT1, OsSUT3, OsSUT4, and OsSUT5-as well as two Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEET) genes, OsSWEET11 and OsSWEET14, was altered in various organs of the mutant, including the leaves. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that OsDOF11 directly binds the promoter regions of SUT1, OsSWEET11, and OsSWEET14, indicating that the expression of these transporters responsible for sucrose transport via apoplastic loading is coordinately controlled by OsDOF11. We also observed that osdof11 mutant plants were less susceptible to infection by Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae, suggesting that OsDOF11 participates in sugar distribution during pathogenic invasion. Collectively, these results suggest that OsDOF11 modulates sugar transport by regulating the expression of both SUT and SWEET genes in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Wu
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Lee
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Youngchul Yoo
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Jinhuan Wei
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Suk-Yoon Kwon
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| | - Gynheung An
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
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30
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Babst BA, Coleman GD. Seasonal nitrogen cycling in temperate trees: Transport and regulatory mechanisms are key missing links. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 270:268-277. [PMID: 29576080 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient accumulation, one of the major ecosystem services provided by forests, is largely due to the accumulation and retention of nutrients in trees. This review focuses on seasonal cycling of nitrogen (N), often the most limiting nutrient in terrestrial ecosystems. When leaves are shed during autumn, much of the N may be resorbed and stored in the stem over winter, and then used for new stem and leaf growth in spring. A framework exists for understanding the metabolism and transport of N in leaves and stems during winter dormancy, but many of the underlying genes remain to be identified and/or verified. Transport of N during seasonal N cycling is a particularly weak link, since the physical pathways for loading and unloading of amino N to and from the phloem are poorly understood. Short-day photoperiod followed by decreasing temperatures are the environmental cues that stimulate dormancy induction, and nutrient remobilization and storage. However, beyond the involvement of phytochrome, very little is known about the signal transduction mechanisms that link environmental cues to nutrient remobilization and storage. We propose a model whereby nutrient transport and sensing plays a major role in source-sink transitions of leaves and stems during seasonal N cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Babst
- Arkansas Forest Resources Center, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System, Monticello, AR 71656, USA; School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Arkansas at Monticello, Monticello, AR 71656, USA.
| | - Gary D Coleman
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Durand M, Mainson D, Porcheron B, Maurousset L, Lemoine R, Pourtau N. Carbon source-sink relationship in Arabidopsis thaliana: the role of sucrose transporters. PLANTA 2018; 247:587-611. [PMID: 29138971 PMCID: PMC5809531 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The regulation of source-to-sink sucrose transport is associated with AtSUC and AtSWEET sucrose transporters' gene expression changes in plants grown hydroponically under different physiological conditions. Source-to-sink transport of sucrose is one of the major determinants of plant growth. Whole-plant carbohydrates' partitioning requires the specific activity of membrane sugar transporters. In Arabidopsis thaliana plants, two families of transporters are involved in sucrose transport: AtSUCs and AtSWEETs. This study is focused on the comparison of sucrose transporter gene expression, soluble sugar and starch levels and long distance sucrose transport, in leaves and sink organs (mainly roots) in different physiological conditions (along the plant life cycle, during a diel cycle, and during an osmotic stress) in plants grown hydroponically. In leaves, the AtSUC2, AtSWEET11, and 12 genes known to be involved in phloem loading were highly expressed when sucrose export was high and reduced during osmotic stress. In roots, AtSUC1 was highly expressed and its expression profile in the different conditions tested suggests that it may play a role in sucrose unloading in roots and in root growth. The SWEET transporter genes AtSWEET12, 13, and 15 were found expressed in all organs at all stages studied, while differential expression was noticed for AtSWEET14 in roots, stems, and siliques and AtSWEET9, 10 expressions were only detected in stems and siliques. A role for these transporters in carbohydrate partitioning in different source-sink status is proposed, with a specific attention on carbon demand in roots. During development, despite trophic competition with others sinks, roots remained a significant sink, but during osmotic stress, the amount of translocated [U-14C]-sucrose decreased for rosettes and roots. Altogether, these results suggest that source-sink relationship may be linked with the regulation of sucrose transporter gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Durand
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Dany Mainson
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Benoît Porcheron
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Laurence Maurousset
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Rémi Lemoine
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Nathalie Pourtau
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France.
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Fu Q, Niu L, Chen MS, Tao YB, Wang X, He H, Pan BZ, Xu ZF. De novo transcriptome assembly and comparative analysis between male and benzyladenine-induced female inflorescence buds of Plukenetia volubilis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 221:107-118. [PMID: 29275214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plukenetia volubilis is a promising oilseed crop due to its seeds being rich in unsaturated fatty acids, especially alpha-linolenic acid. P. volubilis is monoecious, with separate male and female flowers on the same inflorescence. We previously reported that male flowers were converted to female flowers by exogenous cytokinin (6-benzyladenine, 6-BA) treatment in P. volubilis. To identify candidate genes associated with floral sex differentiation of P. volubilis, we performed de novo transcriptome assembly and comparative analysis on control male inflorescence buds (MIB) and female inflorescence buds (FIB) induced by 6-BA using Illumina sequencing technology. A total of 57,664 unigenes with an average length of 979 bp were assembled from 104.1 million clean reads, and 45,235 (78.45%) unigenes were successfully annotated in the public databases. Notably, Gene Ontology analyses revealed that 4193 and 3880 unigenes were enriched in the categories of reproduction and reproductive processes, respectively. Differential expression analysis identified 1385 differentially expressed unigenes between MIB and FIB, of which six unigenes related to cytokinin and auxin signaling pathways and 16 important transcription factor (TF) genes including MADS-box family members were identified. In particular, several unigenes encoding important TFs, such as homologs of CRABS CLAW, RADIALIS-like 1, RADIALIS-like 2, HECATE 2, WUSCHEL-related homeobox 9, and SUPERMAN, were expressed at higher levels in FIB than in MIB. The expression patterns of the 36 selected unigenes revealed by transcriptome analysis were successfully validated by quantitative real-time PCR. This study not only provides comprehensive gene expression profiles of P. volubilis inflorescence buds, but also lays the foundation for research on the molecular mechanism of floral sex determination in P. volubilis and other monoecious plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiantang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Longjian Niu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Mao-Sheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Yan-Bin Tao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Xiulan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Huiying He
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Bang-Zhen Pan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Zeng-Fu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China.
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Ruiz Sola MA, Coiro M, Crivelli S, Zeeman SC, Schmidt Kjølner Hansen S, Truernit E. OCTOPUS-LIKE 2, a novel player in Arabidopsis root and vascular development, reveals a key role for OCTOPUS family genes in root metaphloem sieve tube differentiation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:1191-1204. [PMID: 28877333 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Protophloem and metaphloem sieve tubes are essential for transporting carbohydrates and signalling molecules towards sink tissues. OCTOPUS (OPS) was previously identified as an important regulator of protophloem differentiation in Arabidopsis roots. Here, we investigated the role of OCTOPUS-LIKE 2 (OPL2), a gene homologous to OPS. OPL2 expression patterns were analysed, and functional equivalence of OPS and OPL2 was tested. Mutant and double mutant phenotypes were investigated. OPS and OPL2 displayed overlapping expression patterns and a high degree of functional overlap. A mutation in OPL2 revealed redundant functions of OPS and OPL2 in developmental processes in which OPS was known to play a role, notably cotyledon vascular patterning and protophloem development. Moreover, we also uncovered redundant roles for OPS and OPL2 in leaf vascular patterning and, most interestingly, metaphloem sieve tube differentiation. Our results reveal a novel OPS-like protein that, together with OPS, is an important regulator of vascular patterning, root growth and phloem development. OPS and OPL2 are the first genes identified that play a role in metaphloem sieve tube differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aguila Ruiz Sola
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mario Coiro
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simona Crivelli
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Signe Schmidt Kjølner Hansen
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Truernit
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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Stanfield RC, Hacke UG, Laur J. Are phloem sieve tubes leaky conduits supported by numerous aquaporins? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2017; 104:719-732. [PMID: 28526726 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Aquaporin membrane water channels have been previously identified in the phloem of angiosperms, but currently their cellular characterization is lacking, especially in tree species. Pinpointing the cellular location will help generate new hypotheses of how membrane water exchange facilitates sugar transport in plants. METHODS We studied histological sections of balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) in leaf, petiole, and stem organs. Immuno-labeling techniques were used to characterize the distribution of PIP1 and PIP2 subfamilies of aquaporins along the phloem pathway. Confocal and super resolution microscopy (3D-SIM) was used to identify the localization of aquaporins at the cellular level. KEY RESULTS Sieve tubes of the leaf lamina, petiole, and stem were labeled with antibodies directed at PIP1s and PIP2s. While PIP2s were mostly observed in the plasma membrane, PIP1s showed both an internal membrane and plasma membrane labeling pattern. CONCLUSIONS The specificity and consistency of PIP2 labeling in sieve element plasma membranes points to high water exchange rates between sieve tubes and adjacent cells. The PIP1s may relocate between internal membranes and the plasma membrane to facilitate dynamic changes in membrane permeability of sieve elements in response to changing internal or environmental conditions. Aquaporin-mediated changes in membrane permeability of sieve tubes would also allow for some control of radial exchange of water between xylem and phloem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Stanfield
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada; ORCID id: 0000-0002-7507-7550
| | - Uwe G Hacke
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada; ORCID id: 0000-0002-7507-7550
| | - Joan Laur
- Centre de Recherche en Horticulture, Université Laval, Envirotron, Québec, QC G1V0A6, Canada
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Wang LF, Qi XX, Huang XS, Xu LL, Jin C, Wu J, Zhang SL. Overexpression of sucrose transporter gene PbSUT2 from Pyrus bretschneideri, enhances sucrose content in Solanum lycopersicum fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 105:150-161. [PMID: 27105422 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose transporters (SUTs) belong to the major facilitator superfamily. The function of SUTs has been intensively investigated in some higher plants, whereas that in pear fruit is unknown. In this study, the cloning and functional characterization of a sucrose transporter, PbSUT2, in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. cv. 'Yali') fruits are reported. PbSUT2 encoded a protein of 498 amino acid residues, and was localized in the plasma membrane of transformed onion epidermal cells and Arabidopsis protoplasts. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PbSUT2 belonged to the SUT4 clade. The phenotype of overexpression of PbSUT2 tomato plants included early flowering, higher fruit quantity and lower plant height. Overexpression of PbSUT2 in transgenic tomato plants led to increases in the net photosynthetic rate in leaves and sucrose content in mature fruit compared with wild-type tomato plants, and a decrease in the contents of glucose, fructose and total soluble sugars in mature fruits. These results suggested that PbSUT2 affected sucrose content in sinks and the flowering phase during tomato plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fen Wang
- Center of Pear Engineering & Technology Research, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Gold Mantis School of Architecture, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Qi
- Center of Pear Engineering & Technology Research, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiao-San Huang
- Center of Pear Engineering & Technology Research, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lin-Lin Xu
- Center of Pear Engineering & Technology Research, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Cong Jin
- Center of Pear Engineering & Technology Research, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Center of Pear Engineering & Technology Research, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shao-Ling Zhang
- Center of Pear Engineering & Technology Research, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Chan AC, Khan D, Girard IJ, Becker MG, Millar JL, Sytnik D, Belmonte MF. Tissue-specific laser microdissection of the Brassica napus funiculus improves gene discovery and spatial identification of biological processes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3561-71. [PMID: 27194740 PMCID: PMC4892738 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The three primary tissue systems of the funiculus each undergo unique developmental programs to support the growth and development of the filial seed. To understand the underlying transcriptional mechanisms that orchestrate development of the funiculus at the globular embryonic stage of seed development, we used laser microdissection coupled with RNA-sequencing to produce a high-resolution dataset of the mRNAs present in the epidermis, cortex, and vasculature of the Brassica napus (canola) funiculus. We identified 7761 additional genes in these tissues compared with the whole funiculus organ alone using this technology. Differential expression and enrichment analyses were used to identify several biological processes associated with each tissue system. Our data show that cell wall modification and lipid metabolism are prominent in the epidermis, cell growth and modification occur in the cortex, and vascular tissue proliferation and differentiation occur in the central vascular strand. We provide further evidence that each of the three tissue systems of the globular stage funiculus are involved in specific biological processes that all co-ordinate to support seed development. The identification of genes and gene regulators responsible for tissue-specific developmental processes of the canola funiculus now serves as a valuable resource for seed improvement research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainsley C Chan
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Deirdre Khan
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ian J Girard
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Michael G Becker
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jenna L Millar
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - David Sytnik
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Mark F Belmonte
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Duan X, Zhang W, Huang J, Hao L, Wang S, Wang A, Meng D, Zhang Q, Chen Q, Li T. PbWoxT1 mRNA from pear (Pyrus betulaefolia) undergoes long-distance transport assisted by a polypyrimidine tract binding protein. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:511-24. [PMID: 26661583 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the mechanisms by which mRNAs are transported over long distances in the phloem between the rootstock and the scion in grafted woody plants. We identified an mRNA in the pear variety 'Du Li' (Pyrus betulaefolia) that was shown to be transportable in the phloem. It contains a WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) domain and was therefore named Wox Transport 1 (PbWoxT1). A 548-bp fragment of PbWoxT1 is critical in long-distance transport. PbWoxT1 is rich in CUCU polypyrimidine domains and its mRNAs interact with a polypyrimidine tract binding protein, PbPTB3. Furthermore, the expression of PbWoxT1 significantly increased in the stems of wild-type (WT) tobacco grafted onto the rootstocks of PbWoxT1 or PbPTB3 co-overexpressing lines, but this was not the case in WT plants grafted onto PbWoxT1 overexpressing rootstocks, suggesting that PbPTB3 mediates PbWoxT1 mRNA long-distance transport. We provide novel information that adds a new mechanism with which to explain the noncell-autonomous manner of WOX gene function, which enriches our understanding of how WOX genes work in fruit trees and other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwei Duan
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenna Zhang
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li Hao
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Aide Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Dong Meng
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiulei Zhang
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiuju Chen
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tianzhong Li
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Jian H, Lu K, Yang B, Wang T, Zhang L, Zhang A, Wang J, Liu L, Qu C, Li J. Genome-Wide Analysis and Expression Profiling of the SUC and SWEET Gene Families of Sucrose Transporters in Oilseed Rape ( Brassica napus L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1464. [PMID: 0 PMCID: PMC5039336 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose is the principal transported product of photosynthesis from source leaves to sink organs. SUTs/SUCs (sucrose transporters or sucrose carriers) and SWEETs (Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters) play significant central roles in phloem loading and unloading. SUTs/SUCs and SWEETs are key players in sucrose translocation and are associated with crop yields. The SUT/SUC and SWEET genes have been characterized in several plant species, but a comprehensive analysis of these two gene families in oilseed rape has not yet been reported. In our study, 22 and 68 members of the SUT/SUCs and SWEET gene families, respectively, were identified in the oilseed rape (Brassica napus) genome through homology searches. An analysis of the chromosomal distribution, phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, motifs and the cis-acting regulatory elements in the promoters of BnSUC and BnSWEET genes were analyzed. Furthermore, we examined the expression of the 18 BnSUC and 16 BnSWEET genes in different tissues of "ZS11" and the expression of 9 BnSUC and 7 BnSWEET genes in "ZS11" under various conditions, including biotic stress (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), abiotic stresses (drought, salt and heat), and hormone treatments (abscisic acid, auxin, cytokinin, brassinolide, gibberellin, and salicylic acid). In conclusion, our study provides the first comprehensive analysis of the oilseed rape SUC and SWEET gene families. Information regarding the phylogenetic relationships, gene structure and expression profiles of the SUC and SWEET genes in the different tissues of oilseed rape helps to identify candidates with potential roles in specific developmental processes. Our study advances our understanding of the important roles of sucrose transport in oilseed rape.
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Liesche J. How regulation of phloem transport could link potassium fertilization to increased growth. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:1-5. [PMID: 26612849 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Liesche
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Öner-Sieben S, Rappl C, Sauer N, Stadler R, Lohaus G. Characterization, localization, and seasonal changes of the sucrose transporter FeSUT1 in the phloem of Fraxinus excelsior. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4807-19. [PMID: 26022258 PMCID: PMC4507781 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Trees are generally assumed to be symplastic phloem loaders. A typical feature for most wooden species is an open minor vein structure with symplastic connections between mesophyll cells and phloem cells, which allow sucrose to move cell-to-cell through the plasmodesmata into the phloem. Fraxinus excelsior (Oleaceae) also translocates raffinose family oligosaccharides in addition to sucrose. Sucrose concentration was recently shown to be higher in the phloem sap than in the mesophyll cells. This suggests the involvement of apoplastic steps and the activity of sucrose transporters in addition to symplastic phloem-loading processes. In this study, the sucrose transporter FeSUT1 from F. excelsior was analysed. Heterologous expression in baker's yeast showed that FeSUT1 mediates the uptake of sucrose. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that FeSUT1 was exclusively located in phloem cells of minor veins and in the transport phloem of F. excelsior. Further characterization identified these cells as sieve elements and possibly ordinary companion cells but not as intermediary cells. The localization and expression pattern point towards functions of FeSUT1 in phloem loading of sucrose as well as in sucrose retrieval. FeSUT1 is most likely responsible for the observed sucrose gradient between mesophyll and phloem. The elevated expression level of FeSUT1 indicated an increased apoplastic carbon export activity from the leaves during spring and late autumn. It is hypothesized that the importance of apoplastic loading is high under low-sucrose conditions and that the availability of two different phloem-loading mechanisms confers advantages for temperate woody species like F. excelsior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soner Öner-Sieben
- Molekulare Pflanzenforschung/Pflanzenbiochemie (Botanik), Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Christine Rappl
- Lehrstuhl Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie Department Biologie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Norbert Sauer
- Lehrstuhl Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie Department Biologie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ruth Stadler
- Lehrstuhl Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie Department Biologie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gertrud Lohaus
- Molekulare Pflanzenforschung/Pflanzenbiochemie (Botanik), Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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Allen DK, Bates PD, Tjellström H. Tracking the metabolic pulse of plant lipid production with isotopic labeling and flux analyses: Past, present and future. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 58:97-120. [PMID: 25773881 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism is comprised of networks of chemical transformations, organized into integrated biochemical pathways that are the basis of cellular operation, and function to sustain life. Metabolism, and thus life, is not static. The rate of metabolites transitioning through biochemical pathways (i.e., flux) determines cellular phenotypes, and is constantly changing in response to genetic or environmental perturbations. Each change evokes a response in metabolic pathway flow, and the quantification of fluxes under varied conditions helps to elucidate major and minor routes, and regulatory aspects of metabolism. To measure fluxes requires experimental methods that assess the movements and transformations of metabolites without creating artifacts. Isotopic labeling fills this role and is a long-standing experimental approach to identify pathways and quantify their metabolic relevance in different tissues or under different conditions. The application of labeling techniques to plant science is however far from reaching it potential. In light of advances in genetics and molecular biology that provide a means to alter metabolism, and given recent improvements in instrumentation, computational tools and available isotopes, the use of isotopic labeling to probe metabolism is becoming more and more powerful. We review the principal analytical methods for isotopic labeling with a focus on seminal studies of pathways and fluxes in lipid metabolism and carbon partitioning through central metabolism. Central carbon metabolic steps are directly linked to lipid production by serving to generate the precursors for fatty acid biosynthesis and lipid assembly. Additionally some of the ideas for labeling techniques that may be most applicable for lipid metabolism in the future were originally developed to investigate other aspects of central metabolism. We conclude by describing recent advances that will play an important future role in quantifying flux and metabolic operation in plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug K Allen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132, United States; Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132, United States.
| | - Philip D Bates
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, United States
| | - Henrik Tjellström
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
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Gong X, Liu M, Zhang L, Ruan Y, Ding R, Ji Y, Zhang N, Zhang S, Farmer J, Wang C. Arabidopsis AtSUC2 and AtSUC4, encoding sucrose transporters, are required for abiotic stress tolerance in an ABA-dependent pathway. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 153:119-36. [PMID: 24814155 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose transporters (SUCs or SUTs) play a central role, as they orchestrate sucrose allocation both intracellularly and at the whole plant level. Previously, we found AtSUC4 mutants changing sucrose distribution under drought and salt stresses. Here, we systematically examined the role of Arabidopsis AtSUC2 and AtSUC4 in response to abiotic stress. The results showed significant induction of AtSUC2 and AtSUC4 in salt, osmotic, low temperature and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) treatments by public microarray data and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses. The loss-of-function mutation of AtSUC2 and AtSUC4 led to hypersensitive responses to abiotic stress and ABA treatment in seed germination and seedling growth. These mutants also showed higher sucrose content in shoots and lower sucrose content in roots, as compared with that in wild-type plants, and inhibited the ABA-induced expression of many stress- and ABA-responsive genes, especially ABFs and ABF-downstream and upstream genes. The loss-of-function mutant of AtSUC3, a unique putative sucrose sensor, reduced the expression of AtSUC2 and AtSUC4 in response to abiotic stresses and ABA. These findings confirmed that AtSUC2 and AtSUC4 are important regulators in plant abiotic stress tolerance that use an ABA signaling pathway, which may be crossed with sucrose signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Gong
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China; Corn Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China
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Reuscher S, Akiyama M, Yasuda T, Makino H, Aoki K, Shibata D, Shiratake K. The sugar transporter inventory of tomato: genome-wide identification and expression analysis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:1123-41. [PMID: 24833026 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The mobility of sugars between source and sink tissues in plants depends on sugar transport proteins. Studying the corresponding genes allows the manipulation of the sink strength of developing fruits, thereby improving fruit quality for human consumption. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is both a major horticultural crop and a model for the development of fleshy fruits. In this article we provide a comprehensive inventory of tomato sugar transporters, including the SUCROSE TRANSPORTER family, the SUGAR TRANSPORTER PROTEIN family, the SUGAR FACILITATOR PROTEIN family, the POLYOL/MONOSACCHARIDE TRANSPORTER family, the INOSITOL TRANSPORTER family, the PLASTIDIC GLUCOSE TRANSLOCATOR family, the TONOPLAST MONOSACCHARIDE TRANSPORTER family and the VACUOLAR GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER family. Expressed sequence tag (EST) sequencing and phylogenetic analyses established a nomenclature for all analyzed tomato sugar transporters. In total we identified 52 genes in tomato putatively encoding sugar transporters. The expression of 29 sugar transporter genes in vegetative tissues and during fruit development was analyzed. Several sugar transporter genes were expressed in a tissue- or developmental stage-specific manner. This information will be helpful to better understand source to sink movement of photoassimilates in tomato. Identification of fruit-specific sugar transporters might be a first step to find novel genes contributing to tomato fruit sugar accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Reuscher
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601 JapanThese authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Masahito Akiyama
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601 JapanThese authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Tomohide Yasuda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Haruko Makino
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Koh Aoki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho, Sakai, 599-8531 Japan
| | - Daisuke Shibata
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, 292-0818 Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Shiratake
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
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Celton JM, Kelner JJ, Martinez S, Bechti A, Khelifi Touhami A, James MJ, Durel CE, Laurens F, Costes E. Fruit self-thinning: a trait to consider for genetic improvement of apple tree. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91016. [PMID: 24625529 PMCID: PMC3953208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In apple (Malus×domestica Borkh), as in many fruiting crops, fruit maintenance vs abscission is a major criteria for production profitability. Growers routinely make use of chemical thinning agents to control total fruit load. However, serious threats for the environment lead to the demand for new apple cultivars with self-thinning properties. In this project, we studied the genetic determinism of this trait using a F1 progeny derived from the cross between the hybrid INRA X3263, assumed to possess the self-thinning trait, and the cultivar 'Belrène'. Both counting and percentage variables were considered to capture the fruiting behaviour on different shoot types and over three consecutive years. Besides low to moderate but significant genetic effects, mixed models showed considerable effects of the year and the shoot type, as well as an interaction effect. Year effect resulted mainly from biennial fruiting. Eight Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) were detected on several linkage groups (LG), either independent or specific of the year of observation or the shoot type. The QTL with highest LOD value was located on the top third of LG10. The screening of three QTL zones for candidate genes revealed a list of transcription factors and genes involved in fruit nutrition, xylem differentiation, plant responses to starvation and organ abscission that open new avenues for further molecular investigations. The detailed phenotyping performed revealed the dependency between the self-thinning trait and the fruiting status of the trees. Despite a moderate genetic control of the self-thinning trait, QTL and candidate genes were identified which will need further analyses involving other progenies and molecular investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Celton
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1334, AGAP CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro Team «Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières», Montpellier, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS), AgroCampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Kelner
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1334, AGAP CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro Team «Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières», Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Martinez
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1334, AGAP CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro Team «Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières», Montpellier, France
| | - Abdel Bechti
- Pépinières et Roseraies G. Delbard, Commentry, France
| | - Amina Khelifi Touhami
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1334, AGAP CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro Team «Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières», Montpellier, France
| | | | - Charles-Eric Durel
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS), AgroCampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - François Laurens
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS), AgroCampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Evelyne Costes
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1334, AGAP CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro Team «Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières», Montpellier, France
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Kölling K, Müller A, Flütsch P, Zeeman SC. A device for single leaf labelling with CO2 isotopes to study carbon allocation and partitioning in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT METHODS 2013; 9:45. [PMID: 24252607 PMCID: PMC4177546 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-9-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant biomass consists primarily of carbohydrates derived from photosynthesis. Monitoring the assimilation of carbon via the Calvin-Benson cycle and its subsequent utilisation is fundamental to understanding plant growth. The use of stable and radioactive carbon isotopes, supplied to plants as CO2, allows the measurement of fluxes through the intermediates of primary photosynthetic metabolism, long-distance transport of sugars in the vasculature, and the synthesis of structural and storage components. RESULTS Here we describe the design of a system for supplying isotopically labelled CO2 to single leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. We demonstrate that the system works well using short pulses of 14CO2 and that it can be used to produce robust qualitative and quantitative data about carbon export from source leaves to the sink tissues, such as the developing leaves and the roots. Time course experiments show the dynamics of carbon partitioning between storage as starch, local production of biomass, and export of carbon to sink tissues. CONCLUSION This isotope labelling method is relatively simple to establish and inexpensive to perform. Our use of 14CO2 helps establish the temporal and spatial allocation of assimilated carbon during plant growth, delivering data complementary to those obtained in recent studies using 13CO2 and MS-based metabolomics techniques. However, we emphasise that this labelling device could also be used effectively in combination with 13CO2 and MS-based techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kölling
- Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Müller
- Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Flütsch
- Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Babst BA, Karve AA, Judt T. Radio-Metabolite Analysis of Carbon-11 Biochemical Partitioning to Non-Structural Carbohydrates for Integrated Metabolism and Transport Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 54:1016-25. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ludewig F, Flügge UI. Role of metabolite transporters in source-sink carbon allocation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:231. [PMID: 23847636 PMCID: PMC3698459 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants assimilate carbon dioxide during photosynthesis in chloroplasts. Assimilated carbon is subsequently allocated throughout the plant. Generally, two types of organs can be distinguished, mature green source leaves as net photoassimilate exporters, and net importers, the sinks, e.g., roots, flowers, small leaves, and storage organs like tubers. Within these organs, different tissue types developed according to their respective function, and cells of either tissue type are highly compartmentalized. Photoassimilates are allocated to distinct compartments of these tissues in all organs, requiring a set of metabolite transporters mediating this intercompartmental transfer. The general route of photoassimilates can be briefly described as follows. Upon fixation of carbon dioxide in chloroplasts of mesophyll cells, triose phosphates either enter the cytosol for mainly sucrose formation or remain in the stroma to form transiently stored starch which is degraded during the night and enters the cytosol as maltose or glucose to be further metabolized to sucrose. In both cases, sucrose enters the phloem for long distance transport or is transiently stored in the vacuole, or can be degraded to hexoses which also can be stored in the vacuole. In the majority of plant species, sucrose is actively loaded into the phloem via the apoplast. Following long distance transport, it is released into sink organs, where it enters cells as source of carbon and energy. In storage organs, sucrose can be stored, or carbon derived from sucrose can be stored as starch in plastids, or as oil in oil bodies, or - in combination with nitrogen - as protein in protein storage vacuoles and protein bodies. Here, we focus on transport proteins known for either of these steps, and discuss the implications for yield increase in plants upon genetic engineering of respective transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Ludewig
- *Correspondence: Frank Ludewig, Botanical Institute II, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany e-mail:
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