1
|
Nayyar D, Said JM, McCarthy H, Hryciw DH, O'Keefe L, McAinch AJ. Effect of a High Linoleic Acid Diet on Pregnant Women and Their Offspring. Nutrients 2024; 16:3019. [PMID: 39275331 PMCID: PMC11397513 DOI: 10.3390/nu16173019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2024] [Revised: 09/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Nutritional intake during pregnancy can affect gestational length, fetal development, and impact postnatal growth and health in offspring. Perturbations in maternal nutrition with either an excess or deficiency in nutrients during pregnancy may have harmful effects on the offspring's development and increase the risk of developing chronic diseases later in life. In pregnancy, nutrients transfer from the mother to the fetus via the placenta. Essential fatty acids, linoleic acid (LA) and alpha linoleic acid (ALA), can only be obtained in the diet. In Western countries, the ratio of LA and ALA in the diet has increased dramatically in recent decades. Some animal and human studies have found a correlation between maternal intake of LA and birth weight; however, the association varies. In contrast, some human studies have demonstrated inconclusive findings regarding the correlation between cord blood levels of LA and birth outcomes. In addition, high dietary LA intake in animal studies in pregnancy increased the production of inflammatory markers such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, cytokines, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. This review aims to highlight the effect of high dietary LA intake during pregnancy on birth outcomes, obesity, maternal inflammatory markers, and the transfer of fatty acids across the placenta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Nayyar
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Joanne M Said
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Joan Kirner Women's & Children's Sunshine Hospital, Western Health, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Newborn Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Helen McCarthy
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Deanne H Hryciw
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Lannie O'Keefe
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Andrew J McAinch
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Costello LA, Ziegler K, McCormack L, Akbaryan A, Vargas JC, Harris WS, Jackson KH, Barber M, Morales S, Elliott AJ, Hockett C, Shuffrey LC. Pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity moderates the association between prenatal maternal depressive symptoms and infant cord blood omega-3 levels. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:535. [PMID: 39143534 PMCID: PMC11323614 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06732-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Empirical evidence has demonstrated associations between pre-pregnancy obesity and perinatal maternal depressive symptoms. Omega-3 is an essential fatty acid derived from dietary sources that is critical for fetal brain development. Pre-pregnancy obesity is associated with higher omega-3 intake, but a weaker association between dietary intake and respective maternal and cord blood omega-3 levels. Further, lower intake of omega-3 during pregnancy has been linked to higher depressive symptoms. Yet, prior studies have not examined the interactive effects of pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity (OWOB) and prenatal maternal mental health symptoms on infant cord blood omega-3 levels. METHODS Participants included 394 maternal-infant dyads from the NIH Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) - Safe Passage Study in South Dakota. A pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) > 25 was used to dichotomize participants as OWOB (54%) vs. non-OWOB (46%). Prenatal maternal depressive symptoms were measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and prenatal maternal anxiety symptoms were measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). We implemented linear regression models to examine the interaction term between pre-pregnancy BMI category and prenatal maternal mental health symptoms on cord blood omega-3 levels. Secondary analyses were stratified by pre-pregnancy BMI category. RESULTS We observed a significant interaction between pre-pregnancy BMI category and prenatal maternal depressive symptoms with cord blood omega-3 (F(4,379) = 6.21, p < .0001, adj. R2 = 0.05). Stratified models revealed an association between prenatal maternal depressive symptoms with lower cord blood omega-3 levels only among individuals with pre-pregnancy OWOB (β = -0.06, 95% CI = -0.11, -0.02; F (2,208) = 4.00, p < .05, adj R2 = 0.03). No associations were observed among non-OWOB participants. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest maternal-placental transfer of omega-3 may represent one pathway by which maternal metabolic and mental health impacts infant development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Costello
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, One Park Avenue, 8th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Katherine Ziegler
- Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
| | - Lacey McCormack
- Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
| | - Anahid Akbaryan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, One Park Avenue, 8th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Julianna Collazo Vargas
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, One Park Avenue, 8th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - William S Harris
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
- Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, 57106, USA
| | - Kristina H Jackson
- Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, 57106, USA
- OmegaQuant Analytics, LLC, Sioux Falls, SD, 57106, USA
| | - Maria Barber
- Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
| | - Santiago Morales
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - Amy J Elliott
- Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
| | - Christine Hockett
- Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
| | - Lauren C Shuffrey
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, One Park Avenue, 8th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abou Assi A, Heude B, Plancoulaine S, Sarté C, Tafflet M, Yuan WL, Charles MA, Armand M, Bernard JY. Patterns of perinatal polyunsaturated fatty acid status and associated dietary or candidate-genetic factors. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100562. [PMID: 38762122 PMCID: PMC11231547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Perinatal exposure to omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can be characterized through biomarkers in maternal or cord blood or breast milk. Objectives were to describe perinatal PUFA status combining multiple biofluids and to investigate how it was influenced by dietary intake during pregnancy and maternal FADS and ELOVL gene polymorphisms. This study involved 1,901 mother-child pairs from the EDEN cohort, with PUFA levels measured in maternal and cord erythrocytes, and colostrum. Maternal dietary PUFA intake during the last trimester was derived from a food frequency questionnaire. Twelve single-nucleotide polymorphisms in FADS and ELOVL genes were genotyped from maternal DNA. Principal component analysis incorporating PUFA levels from the three biofluids identified patterns of perinatal PUFA status. Spearman's correlations explored associations between patterns and PUFA dietary intake, and linear regression models examined pattern associations with FADS or ELOVL haplotypes. Five patterns were retained: "High omega-3 LC-PUFAs, low omega-6 LC-PUFAs"; "Omega-6 LC-PUFAs"; "Colostrum LC-PUFAs"; "Omega-6 precursor (LA) and DGLA"; "Omega-6 precursor and colostrum ALA". Maternal omega-3 LC-PUFA intakes were correlated with "High omega-3 LC-PUFAs, low omega-6 LC-PUFAs" (r(DHA) = 0.33) and "Omega-6 LC-PUFAs" (r(DHA) = -0.19) patterns. Strong associations were found between FADS haplotypes and PUFA patterns except for "High omega-3 LC-PUFAs, low omega-6 LC-PUFAs". Lack of genetic association with the "High omega-3 LC-PUFAs, low omega-6 LC-PUFAs" pattern, highly correlated with maternal omega-3 LC-PUFA intake, emphasizes the importance of adequate omega-3 LC-PUFA intake during pregnancy and lactation. This study offers a more comprehensive assessment of perinatal PUFA status and its determinants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Abou Assi
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Paris, France
| | - Barbara Heude
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Paris, France.
| | - Sabine Plancoulaine
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Paris, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, WAKING, Bron, France
| | | | - Muriel Tafflet
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Paris, France
| | - Wen Lun Yuan
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Paris, France; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marie-Aline Charles
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Paris, France
| | - Martine Armand
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France
| | - Jonathan Y Bernard
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Oken E, Musci RJ, Westlake M, Gachigi K, Aschner JL, Barnes KL, Bastain TM, Buss C, Camargo CA, Cordero JF, Dabelea D, Dunlop AL, Ghassabian A, Hipwell AE, Hockett CW, Karagas MR, Lugo-Candelas C, Margolis AE, O’Connor TG, Shuster CL, Straughen JK, Lyall K. Demographic and health characteristics associated with fish and n-3 fatty acid supplement intake during pregnancy: results from pregnancy cohorts in the ECHO programme. Public Health Nutr 2024; 27:e94. [PMID: 38410088 PMCID: PMC10993063 DOI: 10.1017/s136898002400051x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE n-3 fatty acid consumption during pregnancy is recommended for optimal pregnancy outcomes and offspring health. We examined characteristics associated with self-reported fish or n-3 supplement intake. DESIGN Pooled pregnancy cohort studies. SETTING Cohorts participating in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) consortium with births from 1999 to 2020. PARTICIPANTS A total of 10 800 pregnant women in twenty-three cohorts with food frequency data on fish consumption; 12 646 from thirty-five cohorts with information on supplement use. RESULTS Overall, 24·6 % reported consuming fish never or less than once per month, 40·1 % less than once a week, 22·1 % 1-2 times per week and 13·2 % more than twice per week. The relative risk (RR) of ever (v. never) consuming fish was higher in participants who were older (1·14, 95 % CI 1·10, 1·18 for 35-40 v. <29 years), were other than non-Hispanic White (1·13, 95 % CI 1·08, 1·18 for non-Hispanic Black; 1·05, 95 % CI 1·01, 1·10 for non-Hispanic Asian; 1·06, 95 % CI 1·02, 1·10 for Hispanic) or used tobacco (1·04, 95 % CI 1·01, 1·08). The RR was lower in those with overweight v. healthy weight (0·97, 95 % CI 0·95, 1·0). Only 16·2 % reported n-3 supplement use, which was more common among individuals with a higher age and education, a lower BMI, and fish consumption (RR 1·5, 95 % CI 1·23, 1·82 for twice-weekly v. never). CONCLUSIONS One-quarter of participants in this large nationwide dataset rarely or never consumed fish during pregnancy, and n-3 supplement use was uncommon, even among those who did not consume fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease research across the Lifecourse, Department of
Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care
Institute, 401 Park Drive, Suite 401 East, Boston,
MA, USA
| | - Rashelle J Musci
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School
of Public Health, Baltimore, MD,
USA
| | | | - Kennedy Gachigi
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health,
Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Judy L Aschner
- Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children’s Hospital,
Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley,
NJ, USA
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx,
NY, USA
| | | | - Theresa M Bastain
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences,
University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
CA, USA
| | - Claudia Buss
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité University of
Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Development, Health, Disease Research Program, University of
California Irvine, Irvine, CA,
USA
| | - Carlos A Camargo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,
USA
| | - Jose F Cordero
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health,
University of Georgia, Athens, GA,
USA
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center,
University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus,
Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Anne L Dunlop
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Emory University
School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA,
USA
| | - Akhgar Ghassabian
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman
School of Medicine, New York, NY,
USA
| | - Alison E Hipwell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of
Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,
USA
| | | | - Margaret R Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at
Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | | | - Amy E Margolis
- Columbia University Irving Medical center, New York,
NY, USA
| | - Thomas G O’Connor
- Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, Neuroscience, Obstetrics and
Gynecology, University of Rochester, Rochester,
NY, USA
| | - Coral L Shuster
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Women and
Infants Hospital, Providence, RI,
USA
| | - Jennifer K Straughen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health
System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alfhili MA, Alsughayyir J, Basudan A, Alfaifi M, Awan ZA, Algethami MR, Al-Sheikh YA. Blood indices of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids are altered in hyperglycemia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103577. [PMID: 36816730 PMCID: PMC9932443 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may favorably influence the risk and clinical course of diabetes mellitus (DM). In particular, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and arachidonic acid (AA) alleviate oxidative injury and insulin resistance characteristic of DM. Uncertainty still remains, however, as to the composition and proportions of blood PUFAs in relation to fasting blood glucose levels. This study, thus, aims to examine the patterns of blood PUFA indices in normoglycemic (NG) and hyperglycemic (HG) Saudi subjects. Age, gender, FA profiles, and laboratory records of 143 subjects collected from September 2014 to March 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Means, prevalence rates, associations, risk measures, and the diagnostic accuracy of PUFAs were determined. HG subjects had significantly lower AA (0.70%, 95% CI: 0.59-0.80% vs 0.46%, 95% CI: 0.38-0.53%) and higher EPA/AA ratio (0.36, 95% CI: 0.30-0.42 vs 0.69, 95% CI: 0.61-0.77). Gender-wise comparisons revealed that ώ-6/ώ-3 ratio was the only PUFA index significantly elevated in HG males (0.36, 95% CI: 0.26-0.45 vs 5.68, 95% CI: 4.98-6.38) while both DHA (2.91%, 95% CI: 2.54-3.29% vs 3.37%, 95% CI: 3.13-3.60%) and ώ-3 index (3.1%, 95% CI: 2.70-3.49% vs 3.63%, 95% CI: 3.38-3.88%) were significantly elevated in HG females. Furthermore, reduced AA and elevated EPA/AA ratio were more prevalent in HG subjects (26.53 vs 28.72 and 30.61 vs 38.29, respectively) and exhibited the highest diagnostic accuracy for HG among all PUFA indices. Altogether, our study revealed that distinct, gender-specific blood PUFA indices are differentially regulated in HG subjects which may be valuable for DM management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A. Alfhili
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawaher Alsughayyir
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Basudan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alfaifi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zuhier A. Awan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Al-Borg Medical Laboratories, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Yazeed A. Al-Sheikh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fu Y, Yang Y, Zhu L, Chen J, Yu N, Sun W, Zhao M. Dietary Intake of n-6:n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids among Pregnant Chinese Women in Different Trimesters. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2022; 68:496-503. [PMID: 36596547 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.68.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) intake of pregnant Chinese women in different trimesters. We conducted a cross-sectional study for 300 singleton pregnant women in Hefei city, China. The dietary intake of pregnant women were measured by a 3-d food record. Energy and nutrient intake for the 3 d were calculated according to the Chinese food composition table (Standard Version). The ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test were performed to analyze the dietary fatty acids intake of pregnant women. In the first, second and third trimester, the intake of n-6:n-3 PUFA were 5.87±2.37, 6.03±2.89, 6.14±2.26, respectively, without significant difference (p>0.05). But it was all slightly higher than the recommendation for general population (4-6) of Chinese Nutrition Society. An adequate and balanced intake of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids, from a well-balanced diet, should be recommended for pregnant women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueqi Fu
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University
| | - Ya Yang
- Anhui No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital
| | - Liyuan Zhu
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University
| | | | | | - Mei Zhao
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fayezi S, Mehdizadeh A, Germeyer A, Strowitzki T, Fayyazpour P, Nowrouzi Z, Zarezadeh R. Maternal erythrocyte fatty acid composition as a predictive marker for pregnancy health. Biofactors 2022; 48:763-778. [PMID: 35357720 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy is accompanied by a surge in demand for fatty acids (FAs) in order to support maternal health, as well as fetal growth and development. Of particular demand is essential for long-chain polyunsaturated FAs. FAs are primarily obtained from dietary sources and are distributed in the body. In comparison with the use of self-reporting approaches, measuring the FA levels within different blood compartments can present a more accurate image of nutritional, and thus tissue, FA composition. Hence, the FA profile of plasma or serum is commonly used for physiological analyses. Nevertheless, plasma and serum FAs are not yet incorporated into cell membranes, and consequently may not be a suitable reflection of the FA status of body tissues. The evaluation of erythrocyte FA levels offers a superior possibility for the following reasons: the biological fluctuation of erythrocyte FA composition is low, phospholipids account for almost all the lipid content of erythrocytes, and the FA profiles of erythrocytes represent those of tissues. Here, we elaborate on whether the status of maternal erythrocyte FAs can serve as a prognostic biomarker for reproductive health and fetomaternal complications, including embryonic and fetoplacental development, gestational length, and preeclampsia. In addition, factors with the potential of altering the maternal erythrocyte FAs such as maternal diet, lifestyle habits, genetics, and body composition are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Fayezi
- Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Women's Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Mehdizadeh
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ariane Germeyer
- Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Women's Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Strowitzki
- Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Women's Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Parisa Fayyazpour
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Nowrouzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Zarezadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Endocrine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yu HT, Xu WH, Chen YR, Ji Y, Tang YW, Li YT, Gong JY, Chen YF, Liu GL, Xie L. Association of Prepregnancy Obesity and Remodeled Maternal-Fetal Plasma Fatty Acid Profiles. Front Nutr 2022; 9:897059. [PMID: 35651505 PMCID: PMC9149296 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.897059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), are found abundantly in the brain and are fundamental for a fetus's growth. The fatty acid profiles of mothers and fetuses may be affected by maternal prepregnancy body mass index (pre-BMI), thus affecting fetal growth and development. Methods A total of 103 mother-fetus pairs were divided into overweight/obese (OW, n = 26), normal weight (NW, n = 60), and underweight (UW, n = 17) groups according to pre-BMI. Fatty acid profiles in maternal and umbilical cord plasma were analyzed by gas chromatography. Results The infant birth BMI z-score of the OW group was higher than that of the NW and UW groups (p < 0.05). The OW mothers had significantly higher plasma n-6 PUFA and n-6/n-3, but lower docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and n-3 PUFA (p < 0.05). In cord plasma, the proportions of DHA and n-3 PUFA were lower in the OW group (p < 0.05), whereas the n-6/n-3 ratio was higher in the OW group (p < 0.05). The pre-BMI was negatively correlated with cord plasma DHA in all subjects (r = −0.303, p = 0.002), and the same negative correlation can be observed in the OW group (r = −0.561, p = 0.004), but not in the NW and UW groups (p > 0.05). The pre-BMI was positively correlated with cord plasma n-6/n-3 in all subjects (r = 0.325, p = 0.001), and the same positive correlation can be found in the OW group (r = 0.558, p = 0.004), but not in NW and UW groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions Maternal pre-BMI was associated with the maternal-fetal plasma fatty acid profiles, whereas the adverse fatty acid profiles are more noticeable in the prepregnancy OW mothers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wen-Hui Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi-Ru Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ye Ji
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi-Wei Tang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yue-Ting Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jia-Yu Gong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi-Fei Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guo-Liang Liu
- Experimental Teaching Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Demmelmair H, Koletzko B. Perinatal Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Status and Obesity Risk. Nutrients 2021; 13:3882. [PMID: 34836138 PMCID: PMC8625539 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High obesity rates in almost all regions of the world prompt an urgent need for effective obesity prevention. Very good scientific evidence from cell culture and rodent studies show that the availability of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and their long-chain polyunsaturated derivatives, namely, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, influence adipogenesis; for this reason, early life status may influence later obesity risk. The respective PUFA effects could be mediated via their eicosanoid derivatives, their influence on cell membrane properties, the browning of white adipose tissue, changes to the offspring gut microbiome, their influence on developing regulatory circuits, and gene expression during critical periods. Randomized clinical trials and observational studies show divergent findings in humans, with mostly null findings but also the positive and negative effects of an increased n-3 to n-6 PUFA ratio on BMI and fat mass development. Hence, animal study findings cannot be directly extrapolated to humans. Even though the mechanistic data basis for the effects of n-3 PUFA on obesity risk appears promising, no recommendations for humans can be derived at present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Department Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre, LMU—Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-80337 Munich, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li J, Wan Y, Zheng Z, Zhang H, Li Y, Guo X, Li K, Li D. Maternal n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids restructure gut microbiota of offspring mice and decrease their susceptibility to mammary gland cancer. Food Funct 2021; 12:8154-8168. [PMID: 34291263 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00906k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies have revealed that a maternal diet rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is associated with decreased mammary cancer risk in offspring. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the possible mechanism by which maternal n-3 PUFAs decrease the mammary cancer risk of offspring in terms of gut microbiota. C57BL/6 pregnant mice were fed a control standard chow (CON), fish oil supplemented diet (n-3 Sup-FO), flaxseed oil supplemented diet (n-3 Sup-FSO) or n-3 PUFA deficient diet (n-3 Def) (n = 10) throughout gestation and lactation. After weaning, all offspring were fed a AIN-93G diet. The tumor incidence and volume were significantly increased in n-3 Def offspring compared with the other groups. Maternal n-3 PUFA supplementation resulted in a significantly increased α-diversity of the gut microbiota in n-3 Sup-FO and n-3 Sup-FSO offspring compared with that in n-3 Def offspring. The relative abundances of Akkermansia, Lactobacillus and Mucispirillum observed in adult offspring of both the n-3 Sup-FO and n-3 Sup-FSO groups were higher than those observed in the control group, whereas the maternal n-3 Def diet was associated with decreased abundances of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Barnesiella in 7-week-old offspring. The levels of the pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly lower in n-3 PUFA supplemented offspring than in n-3 Def offspring. In addition, the abundance of Mucispirillum was positively associated with the concentration of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10, whereas the abundances of Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia were negatively associated with IL-1β and IL-6, respectively. Based on the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota, metabolites were predicted and the results showed that arachidonic acid metabolism and the MAPK signaling pathways were more enriched, while the butyric acid metabolic pathway was less enriched in offspring of the n-3 Def group than in those of the other three groups. Our findings suggest that decreased pro-inflammatory factors and changed gut microbiota are associated with the protective effects of maternal n-3 PUFAs against offspring's mammary tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaomei Li
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rahmawaty S, Meyer BJ. Stunting is a recognized problem: Evidence for the potential benefits of ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Nutrition 2020; 73:110564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.110564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
12
|
Sordillo JE, Rifas-Shiman SL, Switkowski K, Coull B, Gibson H, Rice M, Platts-Mills TAE, Kloog I, Litonjua AA, Gold DR, Oken E. Prenatal oxidative balance and risk of asthma and allergic disease in adolescence. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:1534-1541.e5. [PMID: 31437488 PMCID: PMC6900442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal oxidative balance (achieved when protective prenatal factors counteract sources of oxidative stress) might be critical for preventing asthma and allergic disease. OBJECTIVE We examined prenatal intakes of hypothesized protective nutrients (including antioxidants) in conjunction with potential sources of oxidative stress in models of adolescent asthma and allergic disease. METHODS We used data from 996 mother-child pairs in Project Viva. Exposures of interest were maternal prepregnancy body mass index and prenatal nutrients (energy-adjusted intakes of vitamins D, C, and E; β-carotene; folate; choline; and n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFAs]), air pollutant exposures (residence-specific third-trimester black carbon or particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 μm [PM2.5]), acetaminophen, and smoking. Outcomes were offspring's current asthma, allergic rhinitis, and allergen sensitization at a median age of 12.9 years. We performed logistic regression. Continuous exposures were log-transformed and modeled as z scores. RESULTS We observed protective associations for vitamin D (odds ratio [OR], 0.69 [95% CI, 0.53-0.89] for allergic rhinitis), the sum of the n-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (OR, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.66-0.99] for current asthma), and the n-3 PUFA α-linolenic acid (OR, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.64-0.95] for allergen sensitization and OR, 0.80 [95% CI 0.65-0.99] for current asthma). Black carbon and PM2.5 were associated with an approximately 30% increased risk for allergen sensitization. No multiplicative interactions were observed for protective nutrient intakes with sources of oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS We identified potential protective prenatal nutrients (vitamin D and n-3 PUFAs), as well as adverse prenatal pro-oxidant exposures that might alter the risk of asthma and allergic disease into adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne E Sordillo
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Mass.
| | - Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Mass
| | - Karen Switkowski
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Mass
| | - Brent Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - Heike Gibson
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - Mary Rice
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass
| | - Thomas A E Platts-Mills
- Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Itai Kloog
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - Augusto A Litonjua
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Diane R Gold
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Mass
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sanz N, Malpique R, Sierra C, López-Bermejo A, Bassols J, Ibáñez L. Body Composition and Circulating Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids at Age 6 Years: A Longitudinal Pilot Study. Horm Res Paediatr 2019; 90:414-418. [PMID: 30840955 DOI: 10.1159/000496988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status during pregnancy may influence birth outcomes and offspring adiposity during childhood. Cord blood PUFA levels associate positively with maternal PUFA and negatively with the newborn's abdominal adiposity. However, longitudinal, prospective studies consistently evaluating maternal and cord blood and PUFA levels in childhood and their association with the child's body composition are so far lacking. In a population of 16 apparently healthy children born appropriate for gestational age and followed longitudinally since birth, we assessed circulating PUFA (by gas chromatography) in maternal, cord, and peripheral blood at age 6 years and studied their correlation with body composition (by absorptiometry) and endocrine-metabolic variables at age 6 years. No associations were found among parameters of body composition and endocrine-metabolic variables at age 6 years and maternal, cord blood or circulating PUFA in peripheral blood. Maternal levels of n-6 linoleic acid, total n-6, and the ratio of n-6:n-3 correlated with their corresponding PUFA levels at age 6 years. In conclusion, in this pilot study, maternal, cord blood, and children's circulating PUFA do not appear to have an impact on body composition and endocrine-metabolic status at the age of 6 years. The close association between maternal PUFA and offspring PUFA at that age may reflect a similarity in nutritional habits in the mother and child.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Sanz
- Endocrinology Department, Pediatric Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Esplugues, Spain
| | - Rita Malpique
- Endocrinology Department, Pediatric Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Esplugues, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Sierra
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Esplugues, Spain
| | - Abel López-Bermejo
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona & Girona Institute for Biomedical Research, Girona, Spain
| | - Judit Bassols
- Maternal-Fetal Metabolic Research Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Salt, Spain
| | - Lourdes Ibáñez
- Endocrinology Department, Pediatric Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Esplugues, Spain, .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Monthé-Drèze C, Rifas-Shiman SL, Gold DR, Oken E, Sen S. Maternal obesity and offspring cognition: the role of inflammation. Pediatr Res 2019; 85:799-806. [PMID: 30420706 PMCID: PMC6494697 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0229-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High pre-pregnancy body mass index (ppBMI) has been linked to neurodevelopmental impairments in childhood. However, very few studies have investigated mechanisms in human cohorts. METHODS Among 1361 mother-child pairs in Project Viva, we examined associations of ppBMI categories with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test III [PPVT] and Wide Range Assessment of Visual Motor Abilities [WRAVMA] in early childhood (median 3.2y); and with the Kaufman Brief Intelligence test (KBIT) and WRAVMA in mid-childhood (7.7y). We further examined the role of maternal inflammation in these associations using the following measures from the 2nd trimester of pregnancy: plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), dietary inflammatory index (DII), and plasma omega-6 (n-6): n-3 fatty acid ratio. RESULTS Children of mothers with prenatal obesity (ppBMI ≥30 kg/m2) had WRAVMA scores that were 2.1 points lower (95% CI: -3.9, -0.2) in early childhood than children of normal weight mothers (ppBMI 18.5-<25 kg/m2), in a covariate adjusted model. This association was attenuated when we additionally adjusted for maternal CRP (β -1.8 points; 95% CI: -3.8, 0.2) but not for other inflammatory markers. PpBMI was not associated with other cognitive outcomes. CONCLUSION Maternal inflammation may modestly mediate the association between maternal obesity and offspring visual motor abilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Monthé-Drèze
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Diane R. Gold
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sarbattama Sen
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Exposure to a Farm Environment During Pregnancy Increases the Proportion of Arachidonic Acid in the Cord Sera of Offspring. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020238. [PMID: 30678238 PMCID: PMC6412650 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing up in a farm environment is protective against allergy development. Various explanations have been put forward to explain this association. Fatty acids are regulators of immune function and the composition of fatty acids in the circulation system may affect immune development. Here, we investigate whether the fatty acid composition of cord serum differs for infants born to Farm (n = 26) or non-Farm mothers (n =29) in the FARMFLORA birth-cohort. For comparison, the levels of fatty acids in the maternal diet, serum and breast milk around 1 month post-partum were recorded. The fatty acids in the cord sera from infants born to Farm mothers had higher proportions of arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6) and adrenic acid (22:4 n-6) than those from infants born to non-Farm mothers. No differences were found for either arachidonic acid or adrenic acid in the diet, samples of the serum, or breast milk from Farm and non-Farm mothers obtained around 1 month post-partum. The arachidonic and adrenic acid levels in the cord blood were unrelated to allergy outcome for the infants. The results suggest that a farm environment may be associated with the fatty acid composition to which the fetus is exposed during pregnancy.
Collapse
|
16
|
Tressou J, Buaud B, Simon N, Pasteau S, Guesnet P. Very low inadequate dietary intakes of essential n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in pregnant and lactating French women: The INCA2 survey. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2019; 140:3-10. [PMID: 30553400 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The French National survey INCA2 pointed out that the majority of the French population (children, adolescents, adults and elderly) ingest low quantities of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in the form of both precursor (alpha-linolenic acid, ALA) and long-chain (mainly docosahexaenoic acid, DHA). However, we don't know whether such inadequate n-3 PUFA consumption is also found again in pregnant and lactating women. METHODS Dietary lipid and PUFA intakes were determined from 28 pregnant and 21 lactating French women by using the most recent set of national robust data on food (National Survey INCA2 performed in 2006 and 2007), and compared with that of 742 women of childbearing age. RESULTS Main results showed that mean daily intakes of n-3 PUFA were very low in this French woman population because no pregnant and lactating women met recommended dietary intakes (RDIs). Moreover, some of them ingested quantities 4 times (ALA) to 10 times (DHA) lower than RDIs. Very similar dietary intakes were observed in women of childbearing age. CONCLUSION French pregnant and lactating women did not change their dietary habits to favor ALA and n-3 long-chain PUFA consumption via rich-ALA vegetable oils and fish and oily fish consumption, and have low n-3 PUFA dietary consumption typical of French women of childbearing age. Such PUFA intakes could have adverse impact on long-chain n-3 PUFA incorporation in brain membranes of fetus and infants, but also on cognitive and visual development of infants during the first years of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Tressou
- UMR MIA-Paris, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jackson KH, Harris WS. A Prenatal DHA Test to Help Identify Women at Increased Risk for Early Preterm Birth: A Proposal. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1933. [PMID: 30563193 PMCID: PMC6316227 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish intake and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a nutrient found in fish, have been favorably linked to several pregnancy outcomes. The risk of early preterm birth (ePT, <34 weeks gestation) is associated with low fish intake and DHA blood levels and can be reduced by supplemental DHA. Here, we summarize the evidence linking blood DHA levels with risk for ePT birth, and based on the available studies, propose that women who are pregnant or trying to become pregnant aim for a red blood cell (RBC) DHA value of at least 5% (of total RBC fatty acids). In the US, ~70% of women of childbearing age are likely below this cut-point, and dietary intake data suggest that this group, including pregnant women, consumes ~60 mg/day DHA and that >90% of this group do not take an omega-3 supplement. Since the recommendations for women to consume fish and to take a 200 mg DHA supplement during pregnancy are not being heeded generally, there is a need to motivate practitioners and pregnant women to attend to these recommendations. Having an objective prenatal blood DHA test could provide such motivation. More research is needed to test the clinical utility of this proposed target prenatal DHA level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - William S Harris
- OmegaQuant, LLC, 5009 W. 12th St., Suite 8, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Maternal BMI, Mid-pregnancy Fatty Acid Concentrations,and Perinatal Outcomes. Clin Ther 2018; 40:1659-1667.e1. [PMID: 30241686 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Maternal body mass index (BMI) and systemic fatty acid (FA) concentrations affect inflammatory balance in pregnancy and play a key role in fetal growth and well-being. Little is known about how maternal BMI may affect the association between key FA concentrations and neonatal outcomes. The objective of this study was to examine the associations between the maternal omega (n)6:n3 FA ratio and neonatal outcomes according to maternal pre-pregnancy BMI category. METHODS This study is a secondary analysis of the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network randomized controlled trial of omega-3 FA supplementation to prevent recurrent preterm birth. At consent (16-22 weeks of pregnancy), women were randomized to either the intervention arm (2g of n3 FAs) or the control arm (placebo). For the present analysis, the primary exposure was the ratio of proinflammatory to anti-inflammatory (n6:n3) FAs at 25 to 28 weeks of pregnancy. The primary outcome was fetal growth as measured by using birth-weight-for-gestational-age z score, birth-length-for-gestational-age z score, and head-circumference-for-gestational-age z score. BMI categories were defined as lean (18.5-24.9 kg/m²) and overweight/obese (OWOB) (≥25.0 kg/m²). Final analysis was stratified according to BMI and adjusted for education, race, parity, smoking status, total fish intake at the time of the blood draw, and number of days in the study at the time of delivery. FINDINGS A total of 440 participants were included in this analysis; 49% were lean, and 51% were OWOB. After adjustment for covariates, a higher maternal n6:n3 FA ratio was associated with impaired fetal growth (birth-weight-for-gestational-age z score, β = -0.04 per unit increase in n6:n3; 95% CI, -0.07 to -0.01), 1day shorter length of gestation (β = -0.14 week; 95% CI, -0.27 to -0.01), higher incidence of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (odds ratio, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.80), and increased length of neonatal hospital stay (β = 0.29 day; 95% CI, 0.003 to 0.58) in OWOB, but not lean, participants. IMPLICATIONS Higher maternal inflammation during pregnancy, as measured by using the n6:n3 FA ratio, may be a marker of adverse perinatal and neonatal outcomes, particularly among OWOB women.
Collapse
|
19
|
Maslova E, Rifas-Shiman SL, Olsen SF, Gillman MW, Oken E. Prenatal n-3 long-chain fatty acid status and offspring metabolic health in early and mid-childhood: results from Project Viva. Nutr Diabetes 2018; 8:29. [PMID: 29795533 PMCID: PMC5968023 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-018-0040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher maternal and biomarker levels of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) have been associated with improved perinatal outcomes and may also influence offspring metabolic health. Past studies were not powered to examine metabolic outcomes and few have specifically targeted metabolically vulnerable populations. We examined the associations of prenatal n-3 LCPUFA status with markers of metabolic health in early and mid-childhood in the full population as well as stratified by maternal glucose tolerance. Our data consisted of 1418 mother-child dyads from Project Viva, a longitudinal, prospective pre-birth cohort enrolled in eastern Massachusetts. We assessed maternal dietary intake of fish and n-3 LCPUFA in mid-pregnancy using a validated food frequency questionnaire. N-3 LCPUFA levels were quantified in maternal second trimester and umbilical cord plasma using liquid-gas chromatography. We assessed offspring anthropometry, adiposity, and blood pressure at early (median age: 3.2 years) and mid-childhood (median age: 7.7 years); and assayed blood samples collected at these visits for metabolic biomarkers. We report here multivariable effect estimates and 95% CI. Early childhood BMI z-score was on average 0.46 (1.03) units and waist circumference 51.3 (3.7) cm. At mid-childhood these measures were 0.39 (1.00) units and 60.0 (8.3) cm, respectively. Higher cord plasma DHA levels were associated with lower BMI z-score ((Q)uartile 4 vs. Q1: -0.21, 95% CI: -0.38, -0.03), waist circumference (Q4 vs. Q1: -0.63, 95% CI: -1.27, 0.00 cm), and leptin levels (Q4 vs. Q1: -0.36, 95% CI: -0.77, 0.05 ng/mL) in early childhood. These associations were strongest and reached significance in offspring of women with isolated hyperglycemia vs. better or worse glycemic status. Higher maternal DHA + EPA (Q4 vs. Q1: -1.59, 95% CI: -2.80, -0.38 μg/mL) and fish (≥3 vs. 0 portions/week: -2.18, 95% CI: -3.90, -0.47 μg/mL) intake was related to lower adiponectin in early childhood. None of these associations persisted with mid-childhood outcomes. We did not find associations with any of the other outcomes. This study supports early and possibly transient effects of prenatal n-3 LCPUFA status on anthropometric measures and adipokine levels. It also raises the possibility that offspring of women with isolated hyperglycemia derive the most benefits from higher n-3 LCPUFA status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Maslova
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. .,Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sjurdur F Olsen
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew W Gillman
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Robertson RC, Kaliannan K, Strain CR, Ross RP, Stanton C, Kang JX. Maternal omega-3 fatty acids regulate offspring obesity through persistent modulation of gut microbiota. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:95. [PMID: 29793531 PMCID: PMC5968592 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early-life gut microbiota plays a critical role in host metabolism in later life. However, little is known about how the fatty acid profile of the maternal diet during gestation and lactation influences the development of the offspring gut microbiota and subsequent metabolic health outcomes. RESULTS Here, using a unique transgenic model, we report that maternal endogenous n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) production during gestation or lactation significantly reduces weight gain and markers of metabolic disruption in male murine offspring fed a high-fat diet. However, maternal fatty acid status appeared to have no significant effect on weight gain in female offspring. The metabolic phenotypes in male offspring appeared to be mediated by comprehensive restructuring of gut microbiota composition. Reduced maternal n-3 PUFA exposure led to significantly depleted Epsilonproteobacteria, Bacteroides, and Akkermansia and higher relative abundance of Clostridia. Interestingly, offspring metabolism and microbiota composition were more profoundly influenced by the maternal fatty acid profile during lactation than in utero. Furthermore, the maternal fatty acid profile appeared to have a long-lasting effect on offspring microbiota composition and function that persisted into adulthood after life-long high-fat diet feeding. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide novel evidence that weight gain and metabolic dysfunction in adulthood is mediated by maternal fatty acid status through long-lasting restructuring of the gut microbiota. These results have important implications for understanding the interaction between modern Western diets, metabolic health, and the intestinal microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruairi C Robertson
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kanakaraju Kaliannan
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Conall R Strain
- Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jing X Kang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gaitán AV, Drewery ML, Thaxton CA, Carabante KM, Seidemann E, Elkind-Hirsch K, Lammi-Keefe CJ. Dietary Intake and Omega-3 DHA Status in Pregnant Women Who Are Overweight. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2017; 47:438-450. [PMID: 29040821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogn.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate dietary intake of pregnant women who are overweight, assess their omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) status, and compare results between Black and White women. DESIGN Cross-sectional study with a longitudinal component (dietary assessment). SETTING Outpatient clinics at Woman's Hospital, Baton Rouge, Louisiana and telephone calls. PARTICIPANTS Pregnant women (N = 21) who were overweight (body mass index = 25.0-29.9 kg/m2). METHODS Repeated 24-hour dietary recalls using the University of Minnesota Nutrition Data System for Research were conducted to determine nutrient intakes. Red blood cell fatty acids were analyzed with gas chromatography to determine omega-3 DHA status. Descriptive statistics, one- and two-sample t tests, Fisher's exact tests, chi-square test, and analysis of covariance were used to analyze data. RESULTS On average, participants consumed 72 ± 63 mg omega-3 DHA/day. Age, race, and socioeconomic status did not affect the probability of achieving recommended omega-3 DHA dietary intake (p > .05). Black women had lower omega-3 DHA status (7.98 ± 0.94 weight percentage) than White women (9.29 ± 1.68 weight percentage; p ≤ .05). CONCLUSION Analysis of our data suggests a need for nutrition education regarding the benefits of omega-3 DHA consumption during pregnancy for women of childbearing age. The current finding warrants further exploration.
Collapse
|
22
|
Kawabata T, Kagawa Y, Kimura F, Miyazawa T, Saito S, Arima T, Nakai K, Yaegashi N. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels in Maternal Erythrocytes of Japanese Women during Pregnancy and after Childbirth. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030245. [PMID: 28272345 PMCID: PMC5372908 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The transport of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), to the fetus from maternal stores increases depending on the fetal requirements for PUFA during the last trimester of pregnancy. Therefore, maternal blood PUFA changes physiologically with gestational age. However, the changes in PUFA levels in maternal blood erythrocytes during pregnancy and after childbirth have not been fully investigated in a fish-eating population. Objective: To examine the changes of ARA and DHA levels in maternal erythrocytes with the progress of pregnancy and the relationship between maternal and umbilical cord erythrocyte PUFA levels in pregnant Japanese women who habitually eat fish and shellfish. Design: This study was performed as a part of the adjunct study of the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS). The participants were 74 pregnant women. The maternal blood samples were collected at 27, 30, and 36 weeks of pregnancy, and 2 days and 1 month after delivery, and umbilical cord blood was collected at delivery. The fatty acid levels of erythrocytes in these blood samples were determined. Results: ARA and DHA levels in maternal erythrocytes tended to decrease with the progress of pregnancy. While the DHA level decreased further after delivery, the ARA level returned to the value at 27 weeks of pregnancy within 1 month after delivery. The n-3 and n-6 PUFA levels in maternal erythrocytes at 27, 30, and 36 weeks of pregnancy were significantly positively correlated with the corresponding fatty acid levels in umbilical cord erythrocytes. Conclusion: The present findings showed a significant change in erythrocyte PUFA levels during pregnancy and after childbirth in a fish-eating population. The PUFA levels of maternal blood after the second trimester may be a reliable marker for predicting PUFA levels in infants’ circulating blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terue Kawabata
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Kagawa
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan.
| | - Fumiko Kimura
- Faculty of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Shokei Gakuin University, 4-10-1 Yurigaoka, Natori, Miyagi 981-1295, Japan.
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, 468-1 aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan.
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, 468-1 aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan.
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, 6-6-10 aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Shoji Saito
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryomachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamagata Prefectural Central Hospital, 1800 Ooaza-Aoyagi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-2292, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Arima
- Department of Informative Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Kunihiko Nakai
- Department of Development and Environmental Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Nobuo Yaegashi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryomachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
trans Fatty Acids in Colostrum, Mature Milk and Diet of Lactating Adolescents. Lipids 2016; 51:1363-1373. [PMID: 27830423 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the trans fatty acids (TFA) content and distribution in colostrum, mature milk, and diet of adolescent mothers, after TFA declaration in food labels became mandatory in Brazil. Participants were healthy adolescents (n 54, 15-19 years, 1-90 days postpartum) practicing exclusive breastfeeding. Milk samples were collected 3 days after delivery (colostrum) and in the third month postpartum (mature milk) by hand expression. The fatty acid composition of the milk samples was determined by gas chromatography. TFA intake corresponded to 1.23 % of total energy value. Total 18:2 TFA accounted for less than 0.5 % of the energy intake. The amount of total 18:1 TFA (mean ± SEM) was 1.9 % ± 0.14 in colostrum and 1.5 % ± 0.2 in mature milk. The total content of n-3 PUFA was inversely correlated with the total content of 18:1 TFA in colostrum. Both in colostrum and in mature milk, vaccenic acid (11t-18:1) was found to be the most abundant 18:1 trans isomer, followed by elaidic acid (9t-18:1), whereas rumenic acid (9c,11t-18:2 CLA) was the predominant 18:2 trans isomer. In conclusion, the levels of TFA of industrial sources found in the mother's diet and breast milk (colostrum and mature milk) showed a decrease in relation to those observed in studies conducted prior to the TFA labeling resolution in Brazil. However, the current low intake levels of n-3 LCPUFA and DHA content in the milk of lactating adolescents may be insufficient for supporting adequate neurological development of the infants.
Collapse
|
24
|
Huang CW, Chien YS, Chen YJ, Ajuwon KM, Mersmann HM, Ding ST. Role of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Ameliorating the Obesity-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Animal Models and Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101689. [PMID: 27735847 PMCID: PMC5085721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of obesity and its comorbidities, such as insulin resistance and type II diabetes, are increasing dramatically, perhaps caused by the change in the fatty acid composition of common human diets. Adipose tissue plays a role as the major energy reservoir in the body. An excess of adipose mass accumulation caused by chronic positive energy balance results in obesity. The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) exert numerous beneficial effects to maintain physiological homeostasis. In the current review, the physiology of n-3 PUFA effects in the body is delineated from studies conducted in both human and animal experiments. Although mechanistic studies in human are limited, numerous studies conducted in animals and models in vitro provide potential molecular mechanisms of the effects of these fatty acids. Three aspects of n-3 PUFA in adipocyte regulation are discussed: (1) lipid metabolism, including adipocyte differentiation, lipolysis and lipogenesis; (2) energy expenditure, such as mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation; and (3) inflammation, including adipokines and specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators. Additionally, the mechanisms by which n-3 PUFA regulate gene expression are highlighted. The beneficial effects of n-3 PUFA may help to reduce the incidence of obesity and its comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Wei Huang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Shan Chien
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Kolapo M Ajuwon
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA.
| | - Harry M Mersmann
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Torng Ding
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of maternal diet and erythrocyte phospholipid status in Chilean pregnant women. Nutrients 2014; 6:4918-34. [PMID: 25386693 PMCID: PMC4245572 DOI: 10.3390/nu6114918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chilean diets are characterized by a low supply of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), which are critical nutrients during pregnancy and lactation, because of their role in brain and visual development. DHA is the most relevant n-3 PUFA in this period. We evaluated the dietary n-3 PUFA intake and erythrocyte phospholipids n-3 PUFA in Chilean pregnant women. Eighty healthy pregnant women (20-36 years old) in the 3rd-6th month of pregnancy were included in the study. Dietary assessment was done applying a food frequency questionnaire, and data were analyzed through the Food Processor SQL® software. Fatty acids of erythrocyte phospholipids were assessed by gas-liquid chromatography. Diet composition was high in saturated fat, low in mono- and PUFA, high in n-6 PUFA (linoleic acid) and low in n-3 PUFA (alpha-linolenic acid and DHA), with imbalance in the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio. Similar results were observed for fatty acids from erythrocyte phospholipids. The sample of Chilean pregnant women showed high consumption of saturated fat and low consumption of n-3 PUFA, which is reflected in the low DHA content of erythrocyte phospholipids. Imbalance between n-6/n-3 PUFA could negatively affect fetal development. New strategies are necessary to improve n-3 PUFA intake throughout pregnancy and breast feeding periods. Furthermore, it is necessary to develop dietary interventions to improve the quality of consumed foods with particular emphasis on n-3 PUFA.
Collapse
|
26
|
Elaidic, vaccenic, and rumenic acid status during pregnancy: association with maternal plasmatic LC-PUFAs and atopic manifestations in infants. Pediatr Res 2014; 76:470-6. [PMID: 25119335 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2014.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have explored whether fetal exposure to trans fatty acids (TFAs) influences the inception of atopic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the concentration of specific TFAs (elaidic, vaccenic, and rumenic acids) in maternal plasma and the risk of developing atopic manifestations in the first year of life. METHODS A subsample from a population-based pregnancy cohort of the INMA Project was analyzed. Maternal intake of fatty acids was assessed by a food-frequency questionnaire (75.5% of the cohort). TFAs and n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids were measured in samples of plasmatic phospholipids at 12 wk of pregnancy. Information regarding eczema and wheeze in offspring was obtained through questionnaires at ages 6 and 14 mo. RESULTS Elaidic acid correlated negatively with n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (total, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid), and rumenic acid positively with both n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in maternal plasma. Neither of these two fatty acids was associated with the risk of atopic eczema or wheeze in offspring in the first year of life. However, a higher vaccenic acid level was found to be linked to a lower risk of atopic eczema. CONCLUSION High vaccenic acid concentrations in maternal plasma may protect offspring against atopic eczema in infancy.
Collapse
|
27
|
Muhlhausler BS, Gibson RA, Yelland LN, Makrides M. Heterogeneity in cord blood DHA concentration: towards an explanation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 91:135-40. [PMID: 25123061 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper aimed to identify the dietary and non-dietary determinants of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels in umbilical cord blood at delivery. DHA was measured in cord blood plasma phospholipids of 1571 participants from the DOMInO (DHA to Optimize Mother Infant Outcome) randomized controlled trial. Socioeconomic, lifestyle and clinical data relating to the mother and current pregnancy were obtained from all women and their relationships with cord blood DHA assessed. DHA concentrations in the cord plasma phospholipids at delivery covered a 3-4 fold range in both control and DHA groups. The total number of DHA-rich intervention supplement capsules consumed over the course of pregnancy and gestational age at delivery individually explained 21% and 16% respectively of the variation in DHA abundance in the cord blood plasma phospholipids at delivery, but no other clinical or life-style factors explored in this study could account for >2% of the variation. Indeed, more than 65% of the variation remained unaccounted for even when all factors were included in the analysis. These data suggest that factors other than maternal DHA intake have an important role in determining cord blood DHA concentrations at delivery, and may at least partially explain the variation in the response of infants to maternal DHA supplementation reported in published trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B S Muhlhausler
- FOODplus Research Centre, School of Agriculture Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Child Nutrition Research Centre, Women׳s and Children׳s Health Research Institute, Women׳s and Children׳s Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide SA 5006, Australia
| | - R A Gibson
- FOODplus Research Centre, School of Agriculture Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Child Nutrition Research Centre, Women׳s and Children׳s Health Research Institute, Women׳s and Children׳s Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide SA 5006, Australia
| | - L N Yelland
- Child Nutrition Research Centre, Women׳s and Children׳s Health Research Institute, Women׳s and Children׳s Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide SA 5006, Australia; School of Population Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - M Makrides
- Child Nutrition Research Centre, Women׳s and Children׳s Health Research Institute, Women׳s and Children׳s Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide SA 5006, Australia; School of Pediatrics & Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Oken E, Guthrie LB, Bloomingdale A, Gillman MW, Olsen SF, Amarasiriwardena CJ, Platek DN, Bellinger DC, Wright RO. Assessment of dietary fish consumption in pregnancy: comparing one-, four- and thirty-six-item questionnaires. Public Health Nutr 2014; 17:1949-59. [PMID: 23883550 PMCID: PMC4325983 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980013001985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fish consumption influences a number of health outcomes. Few studies have directly compared dietary assessment methods to determine the best approach to estimating intakes of fish and its component nutrients, including DHA, and toxicants, including methylmercury. Our objective was to compare three methods of assessing fish intake. DESIGN We assessed 30 d fish intake using three approaches: (i) a single question on total fish consumption; (ii) a brief comprehensive FFQ that included four questions about fish; and (iii) a focused FFQ with thirty-six questions about different finfish and shellfish. SETTING Obstetrics practices in Boston, MA, USA. SUBJECTS Fifty-nine pregnant women who consumed ≤2 monthly fish servings. RESULTS Estimated intakes of fish, DHA and Hg were lowest with the one-question screener and highest with the thirty-six-item fish questionnaire. Estimated intake of DHA with the thirty-six-item questionnaire was 4·4-fold higher (97 v. 22 mg/d), and intake of Hg was 3·8-fold higher (1·6 v. 0·42 μg/d), compared with the one-question screener. Plasma DHA concentration was correlated with fish intake assessed with the one-question screener (Spearman r = 0·27, P = 0·04), but not with the four-item FFQ (r = 0·08, P = 0·54) or the thirty-six-item fish questionnaire (r = 0·01, P = 0·93). In contrast, blood and hair Hg concentrations were similarly correlated with fish and Hg intakes regardless of the assessment method (r = 0·35 to 0·52). CONCLUSIONS A longer questionnaire provides no advantage over shorter questionnaires in ranking intakes of fish, DHA and Hg compared with biomarkers, but estimates of absolute intakes can vary by as much as fourfold across methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Oken
- 1Department of Population Medicine,Harvard Medical School and the Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute,133 Brookline Avenue,Boston,MA 02215,USA
| | - Lauren B Guthrie
- 1Department of Population Medicine,Harvard Medical School and the Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute,133 Brookline Avenue,Boston,MA 02215,USA
| | - Arienne Bloomingdale
- 1Department of Population Medicine,Harvard Medical School and the Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute,133 Brookline Avenue,Boston,MA 02215,USA
| | - Matthew W Gillman
- 1Department of Population Medicine,Harvard Medical School and the Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute,133 Brookline Avenue,Boston,MA 02215,USA
| | - Sjurdur F Olsen
- 2Department of Nutrition,Harvard School of Public Health,Boston,MA,USA
| | | | - Deborah N Platek
- 4Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates,Boston,MA,USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kalish BT, Rifas-Shiman SL, Wright RO, Amarasiriwardena CJ, Jayawardene I, Gillman MW, Lipshultz SE, Oken E. Associations of prenatal maternal blood mercury concentrations with early and mid-childhood blood pressure: a prospective study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 133:327-33. [PMID: 25019468 PMCID: PMC4364915 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood blood pressure (BP) is an important determinant of adult cardiovascular disease. Prenatal exposure to methylmercury through maternal fish consumption has been reported to increase the BP of children years later. METHODS Mother-child pairs were enrolled from Project Viva, a prospective cohort study in Massachusetts. From second trimester maternal blood samples, we measured erythrocyte mercury concentration. Systolic BP in children, measured up to 5 times per visit in early and mid-childhood (median ages 3.2 and 7.7 years), was the primary outcome. We used mixed-effect regression models to account for variation in the number of BP measurements and to average effects over both time points. RESULTS Among 1103 mother-child pairs, mean (SD) second trimester total erythrocyte mercury concentration was 4.0 (3.9)ng/g among mothers whose children were assessed in early childhood and 4.0 (4.0)ng/g for children assessed in mid-childhood. Mean (SD) offspring systolic BP was 92.1 (10.4)mm Hg in early childhood and 94.3 (8.4)mm Hg in mid-childhood. After adjusting for mother and infant characteristics, mean second trimester blood mercury concentration was not associated with child systolic BP (regression coefficient, 0.1mm Hg; 95% CI, -1.3 to 1.5 for quartile 4 vs. quartile 1) at either time period. Further adjusting for second trimester maternal fish consumption, as well as docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid consumption, did not substantially change the estimates. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate an absence of association between childhood blood pressure and low-level mercury exposure typical of the general US population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robert O Wright
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Chitra J Amarasiriwardena
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Innocent Jayawardene
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matthew W Gillman
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Steven E Lipshultz
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Children׳s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Emily Oken
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Validity and Reliability of Self-Reported Measures of Foods and Nutrients in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review. Curr Nutr Rep 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13668-014-0090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
31
|
Standl M, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B, Heinrich J. Cord blood LC-PUFA composition and allergic diseases during the first 10 yr. Results from the LISAplus study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2014; 25:344-50. [PMID: 24576150 PMCID: PMC4238817 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that n-6 and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) in blood are associated with risk of allergic diseases, although results are inconclusive. Low levels of n-6 LC-PUFA and high levels of n-3 LC-PUFA are anticipated to have beneficial effects. Pregnancy is considered a critical time period for imprinting the developing immune system. We examined whether n-6 LC-PUFA, n-3 LC-PUFA concentrations or the n-6/n-3 ratio in cord blood (CB) serum are associated with allergic diseases up to the age of 10 yr. METHODS This analysis included 436 children from the Munich LISAplus birth cohort study. Information on doctor-diagnosed asthma, hay fever/allergic rhinitis, and eczema was collected using questionnaires completed at the ages 6 and 10 yr, and for eczema additionally at 2 yr. Specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) against inhalant allergens was measured at 6 and 10 yr. Fatty acid composition was measured by gas chromatography in serum from CB and from blood collected at 2, 6, and 10 yr. Associations between n-3, n-6 LC-PUFA concentrations, and the n-6/n-3 ratio in CB serum and allergic diseases or atopy were assessed using generalized estimating equations (GEE) considering the longitudinal structure. Models were adjusted for LC-PUFA concentrations at follow-up and potential confounding factors. RESULTS There was no significant association between n-3 LC-PUFA, n-6 LC-PUFA, or the n-6/n-3 ratio in CB serum with eczema, asthma, hay fever/allergic rhinitis, or aeroallergen sensitization. CONCLUSIONS There is no indication of a beneficial effect of increased n-3 LC-PUFA in CB serum on the development of any of the disease entities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Age-dependent effects of cord blood long-chain PUFA composition on BMI during the first 10 years of life. Br J Nutr 2014; 111:2024-31. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated whether n-6 and n-3 long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) concentrations in cord blood (CB) serum are associated with BMI up to 10 years of age, after accounting for LC-PUFA composition at 2, 6 and 10 years. The study was based on 388 participants of the German LISAplus (Influence of Lifestyle-Related Factors on the Immune System and the Development of Allergies in Childhood Plus the Influence of Traffic Emissions and Genetics) birth cohort study carried out in Munich. BMI was measured at 2, 6 and 10 years of age. Serum phospholipid fatty acid concentrations were measured by GC in CB and in blood collected at 2, 6 and 10 years of age. The association between n-3 LC-PUFA and n-6 LC-PUFA concentrations and n-6:n-3 LC-PUFA ratio in CB serum glycerophospholipids and BMI z-scores was assessed using linear mixed models adjusted for LC-PUFA composition at follow-up and potential confounders. Interaction terms between time of follow-up and LC-PUFA concentrations in CB were included. There was no consistent association between n-6 and n-3 LC-PUFA concentrations in CB and BMI over time. However, there was a significant interaction between n-6:n-3 LC-PUFA ratio in CB and time of follow-up with respect to BMI (P= 0·0415): a negative effect at 2 years; no effect at 6 years; a positive effect at 10 years. BMI up to 10 years of age may be influenced by the n-6:n-3 ratio in CB serum glycerophospholipids in a time-varying fashion. The present results thereby highlight the importance of considering age when examining associations between fatty acid concentrations and BMI.
Collapse
|
33
|
Boeke CE, Gillman MW, Hughes MD, Rifas-Shiman SL, Villamor E, Oken E. Choline intake during pregnancy and child cognition at age 7 years. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 177:1338-47. [PMID: 23425631 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kws395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models indicate that exposure to choline in utero improves visual memory through cholinergic transmission and/or epigenetic mechanisms. Among 895 mothers in Project Viva (eastern Massachusetts, 1999-2002 to 2008-2011), we estimated the associations between intakes of choline, vitamin B12, betaine, and folate during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy and offspring visual memory (measured by the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning, Second Edition (WRAML2), Design and Picture Memory subtests) and intelligence (measured using the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, Second Edition (KBIT-2)) at age 7 years. Mean second-trimester intakes were 328 (standard deviation (SD), 63) mg/day for choline, 10.5 (SD, 5.1) µg/day for vitamin B12, 240 (SD, 104) mg/day for betaine, and 1,268 (SD, 381) µg/day for folate. Mean age 7 test scores were 17.2 (SD, 4.4) points on the WRAML 2 Design and Picture Memory subtests, 114.3 (SD, 13.9) points on the verbal KBIT-2, and 107.8 (SD, 16.5) points on the nonverbal KBIT-2. In a model adjusting for maternal characteristics, the other nutrients, and child's age and sex, the top quartile of second-trimester choline intake was associated with a child WRAML2 score 1.4 points higher (95% confidence interval: 0.5, 2.4) than the bottom quartile (P-trend = 0.003). Results for first-trimester intake were in the same direction but weaker. Intake of the other nutrients was not associated with the cognitive tests administered. Higher gestational choline intake was associated with modestly better child visual memory at age 7 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Boeke
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Laird BD, Goncharov AB, Egeland GM, Chan HM. Dietary advice on Inuit traditional food use needs to balance benefits and risks of mercury, selenium, and n3 fatty acids. J Nutr 2013; 143:923-30. [PMID: 23616502 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.173351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of mercury (Hg) are commonly found in the traditional foods, including fish and marine mammals, of Inuit living in Canada's Arctic. As a result, Inuit often have higher dietary Hg intake and elevated Hg blood concentrations. However, these same traditional foods are excellent sources of essential nutrients. The goals of this study were 1) to identify the traditional food sources of Hg exposure for Inuit, 2) to estimate the percentage of Inuit who meet specific nutrient Dietary Reference Intakes and/or exceed the Toxicological Reference Values (TRVs), and 3) to evaluate options that maximize nutrient intake while minimizing contaminant exposure. A participatory cross-sectional survey was designed in consultation with Inuit in 3 Canadian Arctic jurisdictions (Nunatsiavut, Nunavut, and the Inuvialuit Settlement Region). Estimated intakes for EPA (20:5n3) and DHA (22:6n3) met suggested dietary targets, and estimated selenium (Se) intake fell within the Acceptable Range of Oral Intake. Estimated intakes of Hg (rs = 0.41, P < 0.001), Se (rs = 0.44, P < 0.001), EPA (rs = 0.32, P < 0.001), and DHA (rs = 0.28, P < 0.001) were correlated with their respective blood concentrations. Mean estimated Hg intake (7.9 μg · kg(-1) · wk(-1)) exceeded the TRV of 5.0 μg · kg(-1) · wk(-1), with 35% of the population above this guideline. Because the estimated intakes of each of the nutrients were strongly correlated (Se: rs = 0.92, P < 0.001; EPA: rs = 0.82, P < 0.001; DHA: rs = 0.81, P < 0.001) with estimated Hg intake, efforts to decrease Hg exposure must emphasize the overall healthfulness of traditional foods and be designed to prevent concomitant harm to the nutrient intakes of Inuit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Laird
- Community Health Science Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Montes R, Chisaguano AM, Castellote AI, Morales E, Sunyer J, López-Sabater MC. Fatty-acid composition of maternal and umbilical cord plasma and early childhood atopic eczema in a Spanish cohort. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013; 67:658-63. [PMID: 23549201 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Fatty-acid status during in-utero development might influence the risk of atopic diseases in early childhood. The aim of this work was to identify the relationship between maternal plasma and cord blood fatty acid (FA) composition and the risk of atopic eczema in the offspring at 14 months of age. SUBJECTS/METHODS Two hundred and eleven non-atopic mothers and their children were studied. Mothers were recruited in their first trimester of gestation and children were monitored until 14 months of age. Samples of maternal plasma and cord blood plasma were analyzed to determine the FA profile of total lipids. Presence of atopic eczema in the infants was documented through questionnaires at 6 and 14 months of age. RESULTS Higher concentrations of total long-chain polyunsaturated FA (LC-PUFA) were found in maternal plasma of non-atopic children in relation to atopic group. Moreover, this maternal plasma LC-PUFA content was negatively correlated with the atopic eczema (odds ratios (OR)=0.83, P=0.04) in infants. Regarding cord blood samples, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA C22:6n3) and the sum of total n-3 and of LC-PUFA n-3 showed a negative correlation with the prevalence of the disease (OR=0.50, 0.49 and 0.49, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the fatty-acid status of the fetus during pregnancy has an important role in the development of atopic eczema in early childhood. The prevalence of this atopic disorder is related to lower cord blood plasma levels of FA belonging to n-3 series, especially DHA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Montes
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Moon RJ, Harvey NC, Robinson SM, Ntani G, Davies JH, Inskip HM, Godfrey KM, Dennison EM, Calder PC, Cooper C. Maternal plasma polyunsaturated fatty acid status in late pregnancy is associated with offspring body composition in childhood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:299-307. [PMID: 23162098 PMCID: PMC3604685 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-2482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Maternal diet during pregnancy has been linked to offspring adiposity, but it is unclear whether maternal polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status during pregnancy affects offspring body composition. OBJECTIVE We investigated the associations between maternal plasma n-3 and n-6 PUFA status at 34 wk gestation and offspring body composition. DESIGN AND SETTING A prospective United Kingdom population-based mother-offspring cohort, the Southampton Women's Survey (SWS), was studied. PARTICIPANTS A total of 12,583 nonpregnant women were recruited into the SWS, among whom 1987 delivered a baby before December 31, 2003; 293 mother-child pairs had complete measurements of maternal plasma PUFA concentrations in late pregnancy and offspring body composition at both ages 4 and 6 yr. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURED We measured offspring body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, yielding fat mass, lean mass, percentage fat mass, and percentage lean mass. Results are presented as β-coefficients for standardized variables, therefore reflecting the sd change of the outcome for every 1 sd of the predictor. RESULTS After adjustment for maternal factors and child factors including height and duration of breast-feeding, maternal plasma n-6 PUFA concentration positively predicted offspring fat mass at 4 yr (β = 0.14 SD/SD; P = 0.01) and 6 yr (β = 0.11 SD/SD; P = 0.04), but there was no association with offspring lean mass at either age (β = 0.005 SD/SD, P = 0.89; and β = 0.008 SD/SD, P = 0.81, respectively). Maternal plasma n-3 PUFA concentration was not associated with offspring fat mass at 4 yr (β = 0.057 SD/SD; P = 0.34) or 6 yr (β = 0.069 SD/SD; P = 0.21). Maternal plasma n-3 PUFA status was positively associated with offspring lean mass on univariate analysis (4 yr, β = 0.11, P = 0.06; 6 yr, β = 0.14; P = 0.02); however, this was confounded by a positive association with offspring height. CONCLUSIONS This observational study suggests that maternal n-6 PUFA status during pregnancy might influence offspring adiposity in childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Moon
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kremmyda LS, Tvrzicka E, Stankova B, Zak A. Fatty acids as biocompounds: their role in human metabolism, health and disease: a review. part 2: fatty acid physiological roles and applications in human health and disease. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2012; 155:195-218. [PMID: 22286806 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2011.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is the second of two review parts aiming at describing the major physiological roles of fatty acids, as well as their applications in specific conditions related to human health. RESULTS The review included the current literature published in Pubmed up to March 2011. In humans, fatty acids are a principle energy substrate and structural components of cell membranes (phospholipids) and second messengers. Fatty acids are also ligands of nuclear receptors affecting gene expression. Longer-chain (LC) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and arachidonic acid are precursors of lipid mediators such as eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes), resolvins and neuroprotectins. Lipid mediators produced by EPA and DHA (LC n-3 PUFA; mainly found in oily fish) are considered as inflammation-resolving, and thus, fish oil has been characterised as antiinflammatory. Recommendations for EPA plus DHA intake from oily fish vary between 250-450 mg/day. Dietary reference values for fat vary between nutrition bodies, but mainly agree on a low total and saturated fat intake. The existing literature supports the protective effects of LC n-3 PUFA (as opposed to n-6 PUFA and saturated fat) in maternal and offspring health, cardiovascular health, insulin sensitivity, the metabolic syndrome, cancer, critically ill patients, and immune system disorders. CONCLUSION Fatty acids are involved in multiple pathways and play a major role in health. Further investigation and a nutrigenomics approach to the effects of these biocompounds on health and disease development are imperative and highlight the importance of environmental modifications on disease outcome.
Collapse
|
38
|
Automated high-throughput fatty acid analysis of umbilical cord serum and application to an epidemiological study. Lipids 2012; 47:527-39. [PMID: 22430941 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-012-3661-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Large population studies show that polyunsaturated fatty acids are important for human health, but determining relationships between the health benefits and the fatty acid content has been hampered by the unavailability of labor-effective high-throughput technologies. An automated high throughput fatty acid analysis was developed from a previous procedure based on direct transesterification including the automation of chemical procedures, data acquisition and automatic data processing. The method was validated and applied to umbilical cord serum samples in an epidemiological study. The method was linear in the range of 1-600 μg/mL serum with r² ≥ 0.99. The within-run CV was <5.4% for 23 fatty acids and a range of recoveries over three concentrations were 76-119% in a low-lipid matrix with the exception of 14:0. The fatty acid concentration as measured by the robotic method for human plasma was in good agreement with the Lepage & Roy method. The fatty acid profile in umbilical cord serum from American subjects (n = 287) showed an average of 38.0, 24.9, 32.0 and 4.6% of total fatty acids for saturates, monounsaturates, n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturates, respectively. This is the first report of a complete, validated, cost-effective, automated, high throughput fatty acid measurement method along with application to a population-based study. Automated fatty acid analysis coupled with automated data processing greatly facilitates the high throughput, 72 samples transesterified in 6 h, required for large population-based studies.
Collapse
|
39
|
Decsi T, Campoy C, Demmelmair H, Szabó E, Marosvölgyi T, Escolano M, Marchal G, Krauss-Etschmann S, Cruz M, Koletzko B. Inverse association between trans isomeric and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnant women and their newborns: data from three European countries. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2011; 59:107-16. [PMID: 22142767 DOI: 10.1159/000332912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND trans unsaturated fatty acids are thought to interfere with essential fatty acid metabolism. To extend our knowledge of this phenomenon, we investigated the relationship between trans isomeric and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) in mothers during pregnancy and in their infants at birth. METHODS Fatty acid composition of erythrocyte phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was determined in Spanish (n = 120), German (n = 78) and Hungarian (n = 43) women at the 20th and 30th week of gestation, at delivery and in their newborns. RESULTS At the 20th week of gestation, the sum of trans fatty acids in PE was significantly (p < 0.01) lower in Hungarian [0.73 (0.51), % wt/wt, median (IQR)] than in Spanish [1.42 (1.36)] and German [1.30 (1.21)] women. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) values in PE were significantly (p < 0.01) higher in Hungarian [5.65 (2.09)] than in Spanish [4.37 (2.60)] or German [4.39 (3.3.2)] women. The sum of trans fatty acids significantly inversely correlated to DHA in PCs in Spanish (r = -0.37, p < 0.001), German (n = -0.77, p < 0.001) and Hungarian (r = -0.35, p < 0.05) women, and in PEs in Spanish (r = -0.67, p < 0.001) and German (r = -0.71, p < 0.001), but not in Hungarian (r = -0.02) women. Significant inverse correlations were seen between trans fatty acids and DHA in PEs at the 30th week of gestation (n = 241, r = -0.52, p < 0.001), at delivery (n = 241, r = -0.40, p < 0.001) and in cord lipids (n = 218, r = -0.28, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Because humans cannot synthesize trans isomeric fatty acids, the data obtained in the present study support the concept that high maternal trans isomeric fatty acid intake may interfere with the availability of LCPUFA both for the mother and the fetus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Decsi
- University of Pécs, Department of Paediatrics, Pécs, Hungary.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cohen JFW, Rifas-Shiman SL, Rimm EB, Oken E, Gillman MW. Maternal trans fatty acid intake and fetal growth. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:1241-7. [PMID: 21918217 PMCID: PMC3192475 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.014530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear from previous studies whether total or common subtypes of trans fatty acids are associated with fetal growth. OBJECTIVE We examined associations of maternal trans fatty acid intake during pregnancy with fetal growth. DESIGN We studied 1369 mother-child pairs participating in Project Viva-a prospective cohort study of pregnant women and their offspring. We assessed trans fatty acid consumption by using a validated semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire in each of the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. We estimated fetal growth as the birth-weight-for-gestational-age (BW/GA) z value in infants born at term. RESULTS We observed no associations of first-trimester trans fatty acid consumption with fetal growth. In the second trimester, the estimated mean (±SD) total trans fatty acid intake was 2.35 ± 1.07 g/d, of which 0.11 g was 16:1(n-7t), 1.78 g was 18:1(n-9t), 0.13 g was 18:2(n-6tt), 0.33 g was 18:2(n-6tc), and 0.12 g was 18:2(n-6ct). The mean (±SD) BW/GA was 0.24 ± 0.95 z score units. Total trans fatty acid consumption during the second trimester was positively associated with the fetal growth z score (0.29 units; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.51 units) for each 1% increment in energy from trans fatty acids as a replacement for carbohydrates. The associations were limited to the trans fatty acids 16:1t (0.12 units; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.22 units) and 18:2tc (0.53 units; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.96 units). CONCLUSION A higher maternal intake of trans fatty acids, especially 16:1t and 18:2tc, during the second trimester of pregnancy was associated with greater fetal growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana F W Cohen
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Luxwolda MF, Kuipers RS, Smit EN, Velzing-Aarts FV, Dijck-Brouwer DAJ, Muskiet FAJ. The relation between the omega-3 index and arachidonic acid is bell shaped: synergistic at low EPA+DHA status and antagonistic at high EPA+DHA status. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011; 85:171-8. [PMID: 21715149 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The relation between docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) vs. arachidonic acid (AA) seems characterized by both synergism and antagonism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Investigate the relation between EPA+DHA and AA in populations with a wide range of EPA+DHA status and across the life cycle. EPA+DHA and AA were determined in erythrocytes (RBC; n=1979), umbilical arteries (UA; n=789) and umbilical veins (UV; n=785). RESULTS In all compartments, notably RBC, the relation between EPA+DHA and AA appeared bell-shaped. Populations with low RBC-EPA+DHA (<2g%) exhibited positive relationships; those with high RBC-EPA+DHA (>8g%) negative relationships. Antagonism in UA and UV could not be demonstrated. CONCLUSION Both synergism and antagonism might aim at a balance between ω6 and ω3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCP) to maintain homeostasis. Synergism might be a feature of low LCPω3 status. AA becomes suppressed by antagonism from an RBC-EPA+DHA >8g%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martine F Luxwolda
- Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Affiliation(s)
- Frank H. Bloomfield
- Liggins Institute and Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142 and the National Research Centre for Growth and Development, New Zealand;
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Umbilical venous–arterial plasma composition differences suggest differential incorporation of fatty acids in NEFA and cholesteryl ester pools. Br J Nutr 2011; 106:463-7. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511000377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The developing fetus requires an adequate supply of fatty acids, in particular PUFA, for optimal growth and development. Little is known about the transfer of fatty acids by the placenta into the fetal circulation. However, the molecular form in which fatty acids are transferred into the fetal circulation may influence their metabolism and hence their availability to specific tissues. The aim of the present study was to determine which lipid pools in the fetal circulation become enriched in fatty acids from the placenta by comparing the fatty acid compositions of individual lipid pools between umbilical venous (UV) and umbilical arterial (UA) plasma. Plasma from the UV and UA was collected after delivery from ten uncomplicated pregnancies, and the fatty acid composition of each lipid class was determined by GC. Total NEFA concentration in the UV was twofold higher than in the UA (P < 0·05) due to enrichment in 16 : 0, 16 : 1n-7, 18 : 1n-9, 18 : 1n-7, 18 : 2n-6, 20 : 3n-6, 20 : 4n-6, 24 : 0 and 22 : 6n-3. Total cholesteryl ester concentration was twofold higher in the UV than in the UA (P < 0·05) due to enrichment in 16 : 0, 16 : 1n-7, 18 : 0, 18 : 1n-9, 18 : 1n-7, 18 : 2n-6 and 20 : 4n-6. There were no significant UV–UA differences in the total concentration or composition of TAG or phosphatidylcholine. The present study demonstrates differential enrichment across the placenta of fatty acids into specific lipid pools in the fetal circulation. Such partitioning may facilitate supply of individual fatty acids to specific fetal tissues.
Collapse
|
44
|
Donahue SMA, Rifas-Shiman SL, Gold DR, Jouni ZE, Gillman MW, Oken E. Prenatal fatty acid status and child adiposity at age 3 y: results from a US pregnancy cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 93:780-8. [PMID: 21310834 PMCID: PMC3057547 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.005801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in early life may influence adiposity development. OBJECTIVE We examined the extent to which prenatal n-3 (omega-3) and n-6 (omega-6) PUFA concentrations were associated with childhood adiposity. DESIGN In mother-child pairs in the Project Viva cohort, we assessed midpregnancy fatty acid intakes (n = 1120), maternal plasma PUFA concentrations (n = 227), and umbilical cord plasma PUFA concentrations (n = 302). We performed multivariable regression analyses to examine independent associations of n-3 PUFAs, including docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids (DHA + EPA), n-6 PUFAs, and the ratio of n-6:n-3 PUFAs, with child adiposity at age 3 y measured by the sum of subscapular and triceps skinfold thicknesses (SS + TR) and risk of obesity (body mass index ≥95th percentile for age and sex). RESULTS Mean (±SD) DHA + EPA intake was 0.15 ± 0.14 g DHA + EPA/d, maternal plasma concentration was 1.9 ± 0.6%, and umbilical plasma concentration was 4.6 ± 1.2%. In children, SS + TR was 16.7 ± 4.3 mm, and 9.4% of children were obese. In the adjusted analysis, there was an association between each SD increase in DHA + EPA and lower child SS + TR [-0.31 mm (95% CI: -0.58, -0.04 mm) for maternal diet and -0.91 mm (95% CI: -1.63, -0.20 mm) for cord plasma] and lower odds of obesity [odds ratio (95% CI): 0.68 (0.50, 0.92) for maternal diet and 0.09 (0.02, 0.52) for cord plasma]. Maternal plasma DHA + EPA concentration was not significantly associated with child adiposity. A higher ratio of cord plasma n-6:n-3 PUFAs was associated with higher SS + TR and odds of obesity. CONCLUSION An enhanced maternal-fetal n-3 PUFA status was associated with lower childhood adiposity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M A Donahue
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Maternal fish consumption, fetal growth and the risks of neonatal complications: the Generation R Study. Br J Nutr 2011; 105:938-49. [PMID: 21266095 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510004460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Maternal fish consumption during pregnancy has been suggested to affect birth outcomes. Previous studies mainly focused on birth outcomes and did not study fetal growth during pregnancy. In a prospective cohort study from early pregnancy onwards in The Netherlands, we assessed the associations of first-trimester maternal total-fish, lean-fish, fatty-fish and shellfish consumption with fetal growth characteristics in the second and third trimesters, growth characteristics at birth and the risks of neonatal complications, including pre-term birth, low birth weight and small for gestational age. In total, 3380 mothers completed a 293-item semi-quantitative FFQ to obtain information about fish consumption during the first trimester of pregnancy. Head circumference, femur length and fetal weight were estimated in the second and third trimesters by ultrasound. Information about birth anthropometrics and neonatal complications was available from hospital and midwife registries. Maternal older age, higher educational level, folic acid supplement use, alcohol use and not smoking were associated with higher fish consumption (P < 0·01). After adjustment, we observed no consistent associations of maternal total-fish consumption or specific consumption of lean fish, fatty fish or shellfish with fetal growth characteristics in the second and third trimesters and at birth. Likewise, total-fish consumption or specific consumption of any type of fish was not consistently associated with the risks of neonatal complications. These findings suggest that in a population with a relatively low fish intake, consumption of lean fish, fatty fish or shellfish in the first trimester is not associated with fetal growth or the risks of neonatal complications.
Collapse
|
46
|
Jacques C, Levy E, Muckle G, Jacobson SW, Bastien C, Dewailly É, Ayotte P, Jacobson JL, Saint-Amour D. Long-term effects of prenatal omega-3 fatty acid intake on visual function in school-age children. J Pediatr 2011; 158:83-90, 90.e1. [PMID: 20797725 PMCID: PMC2992831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the long-term effect on visual development of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) intake during gestation. STUDY DESIGN Using visual evoked potentials (VEPs), the long-term effects on visual development were evaluated in 136 school-age Inuit children exposed to high levels of n-3 PUFAs during gestation. VEP protocols using color and motion stimuli were used to assess parvocellular and magnocellular responses. Concentrations of the two major n-3 PUFAs (docosahexaenoic acid [DHA] and eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA]) were measured in umbilical cord and child plasma phospholipids, reflecting prenatal and postnatal exposure, respectively. RESULTS After adjustment for confounders, cord plasma DHA level was found to be associated with shorter latencies of the N1 and P1 components of the color VEPs. No effects were found for current n-3 PUFA body burden or motion-onset VEPs. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates beneficial effects of DHA intake during gestation on visual system function at school age. DHA is particularly important for the early development and long-term function of the visual parvocellular pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Jacques
- Centre de recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175, Chemin de la Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3T 1C5
,Département de nutrition, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Liliane-de-Stewart, 2405, Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Québec, Canada, 2405, H3T 1A8
| | - Emile Levy
- Centre de recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175, Chemin de la Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3T 1C5
,Département de nutrition, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Liliane-de-Stewart, 2405, Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Québec, Canada, 2405, H3T 1A8
| | - Gina Muckle
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada, G1K 7P4
,Axe de recherche en santé des populations et environnementale, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, 2875 boul. Laurier, Québec, Canada, G1V 2M2
| | - Sandra W. Jacobson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 2751 E. Jefferson, Suite 460, Detroit, Michigan, MI 48207, United States
| | - Célyne Bastien
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada, G1K 7P4
,Laboratoire de neurosciences comportementales humaines, Centre de recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard (CRULRG), Beauport, Québec, Canada
| | - Éric Dewailly
- Axe de recherche en santé des populations et environnementale, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, 2875 boul. Laurier, Québec, Canada, G1V 2M2
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- Axe de recherche en santé des populations et environnementale, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, 2875 boul. Laurier, Québec, Canada, G1V 2M2
| | - Joseph L. Jacobson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 2751 E. Jefferson, Suite 460, Detroit, Michigan, MI 48207, United States
| | - Dave Saint-Amour
- Centre de recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175, Chemin de la Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3T 1C5
,Département d’ophtalmologie, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175, Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3T 1C5
,Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case postale 8888, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Steer CD, Davey Smith G, Emmett PM, Hibbeln JR, Golding J. FADS2 polymorphisms modify the effect of breastfeeding on child IQ. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11570. [PMID: 20644632 PMCID: PMC2903485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breastfeeding is important for child cognitive development. A study by Caspi et al has suggested that rs174575 within the FADS2 gene moderates this effect so that children homozygous in the minor allele (GG genotype) have similar IQs irrespective of feeding method. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In our study of 5934 children aged 8 years, no genetic main effect with IQ was found for rs174575. However, an interaction with this polymorphism was observed such that breastfed GG children performed better than their formula fed counterparts by an additional 5.8 points [1.4, 10.1] (interaction p = 0.0091). Interaction results were attenuated by about 10% after adjustment for 7 factors. This study also investigated rs1535, another FADS2 polymorphism in linkage disequilibrium with rs174575, together with performance and verbal IQ, finding similar results although effect sizes were generally reduced. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE This study did not replicate the findings of Caspi et al. In contrast to their study, GG children exhibited the greatest difference between feeding methods such that breastfed children performed similarly irrespective of child genotype whereas formula fed GG children performed worse than other children on formula milk. Further studies are required to replicate these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin D Steer
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Community Based Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|