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Ríos JA, Bórquez JC, Godoy JA, Zolezzi JM, Furrianca MC, Inestrosa NC. Emerging role of Metformin in Alzheimer's disease: A translational view. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 100:102439. [PMID: 39074563 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) constitutes a major public-health issue of our time. Regrettably, despite our considerable understanding of the pathophysiological aspects of this disease, current interventions lead to poor outcomes. Furthermore, experimentally promising compounds have continuously failed when translated to clinical trials. Along with increased population ageing, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has become an extremely common condition, mainly due to unbalanced dietary habits. Substantial epidemiological evidence correlates T2DM with cognitive impairment as well. Considering that brain insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and amyloidogenesis are common phenomena, further approaching the common features among these pathological conditions. Metformin constitutes the first-choice drug to preclude insulin resistance in T2DM clinical management. Experimental evidence suggests that its functions might include neuroprotective effects, in addition to its hypoglycemic activity. This review aims to summarize and discuss current knowledge of experimental data on metformin on this path towards translational medicine. Finally, we discuss the controversial data of responses to metformin in vitro, and in vivo, animal models and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juvenal A Ríos
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Bórquez
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Juan A Godoy
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan M Zolezzi
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | | | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.
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2
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Hosseini L, Babaie S, Shahabi P, Fekri K, Shafiee-Kandjani AR, Mafikandi V, Maghsoumi-Norouzabad L, Abolhasanpour N. Klotho: molecular mechanisms and emerging therapeutics in central nervous system diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:913. [PMID: 39153108 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09862-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Klotho is recognized as an aging-suppressor protein that is implicated in a variety of processes and signaling pathways. The anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant, and anti-tumor bioactivities of klotho have extended its application in neurosciences and made the protein popular for its lifespan-extending capacity. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that klotho levels would reduce with aging and numerous pathologies, particularly those related to the central nervous system (CNS). Evidence supports the idea that klotho can be a key therapeutic target in CNS diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease. Reviewing the literature suggests that the upregulation of klotho expression regulates various signaling pathways related to autophagy, oxidative stress, inflammation, cognition, and ferroptosis in neurological disorders. Therefore, it has been of great interest to develop drugs or agents that boost or restore klotho levels. In this regard, the present review was designed and aimed to gather the delegated documents regarding the therapeutic potential of Klotho in CNS diseases focusing on the molecular and cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Hosseini
- Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Soraya Babaie
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parviz Shahabi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kiarash Fekri
- Department of Paramedicine, Amol School of Paramedicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Preclinical Department, Amol Campus of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Shafiee-Kandjani
- Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vida Mafikandi
- Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Nasrin Abolhasanpour
- Research Center for Evidence‑Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Pellegrino A, Coppola G, Santopaolo F, Gasbarrini A, Ponziani FR. Role of Akkermansia in Human Diseases: From Causation to Therapeutic Properties. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081815. [PMID: 37111034 PMCID: PMC10142179 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a critical role in the modulation of host metabolism and immune response, and its impairment has been implicated in many gastrointestinal and extraintestinal diseases. Current evidence shows the well-documented role of A. muciniphila in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier, modulating the host immune response, and improving several metabolic pathways, making it a key element in the pathogenesis of several human diseases. In this scenario, A. muciniphila is the most promising next-generation probiotic and one of the first microbial species suitable for specific clinical use when compared with traditional probiotics. Further studies are needed to provide more accurate insight into its mechanisms of action and to better elucidate its properties in several major areas, paving the way for a more integrated and personalized therapeutic approach that finally makes the most of our knowledge of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pellegrino
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology-Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino, Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gaetano Coppola
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology-Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino, Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Santopaolo
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology-Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino, Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology-Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino, Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento Universitario di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Ponziani
- Dipartimento Universitario di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Jo D, Yoon G, Lim Y, Kim Y, Song J. Profiling and Cellular Analyses of Obesity-Related circRNAs in Neurons and Glia under Obesity-like In Vitro Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076235. [PMID: 37047207 PMCID: PMC10094513 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, is associated with metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity. Various circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been found in brain tissues and recent studies have suggested that circRNAs are related to neuropathological mechanisms in the brain. However, there is a lack of interest in the involvement of circRNAs in metabolic imbalance-related neuropathological problems until now. Herein we profiled and analyzed diverse circRNAs in mouse brain cell lines (Neuro-2A neurons, BV-2 microglia, and C8-D1a astrocytes) exposed to obesity-related in vitro conditions (high glucose, high insulin, and high levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 6, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, and cholesterol). We observed that various circRNAs were differentially expressed according to cell types with many of these circRNAs conserved in humans. After suppressing the expression of these circRNAs using siRNAs, we observed that these circRNAs regulate genes related to inflammatory responses, formation of synaptic vesicles, synaptic density, and fatty acid oxidation in neurons; scavenger receptors in microglia; and fatty acid signaling, inflammatory signaling cyto that may play important roles in metabolic disorders associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danbi Jo
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwangho Yoon
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonghwan Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (J.S.)
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Novoa C, Salazar P, Cisternas P, Gherardelli C, Vera-Salazar R, Zolezzi JM, Inestrosa NC. Inflammation context in Alzheimer's disease, a relationship intricate to define. Biol Res 2022; 55:39. [PMID: 36550479 PMCID: PMC9784299 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-022-00404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau protein aggregates. Importantly, Aβ and tau species are able to activate astrocytes and microglia, which release several proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β), together with reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS), triggering neuroinflammation. However, this inflammatory response has a dual function: it can play a protective role by increasing Aβ degradation and clearance, but it can also contribute to Aβ and tau overproduction and induce neurodegeneration and synaptic loss. Due to the significant role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of AD, several inflammatory mediators have been proposed as AD markers, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, Iba-1, GFAP, NF-κB, TLR2, and MHCII. Importantly, the use of anti-inflammatory drugs such as NSAIDs has emerged as a potential treatment against AD. Moreover, diseases related to systemic or local inflammation, including infections, cerebrovascular accidents, and obesity, have been proposed as risk factors for the development of AD. In the following review, we focus on key inflammatory processes associated with AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Novoa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda Bernardo O'Higgins 340, P.O. Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Salazar
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda Bernardo O'Higgins 340, P.O. Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro Cisternas
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Camila Gherardelli
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda Bernardo O'Higgins 340, P.O. Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Vera-Salazar
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Escuela de Kinesiología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan M Zolezzi
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda Bernardo O'Higgins 340, P.O. Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile.
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.
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Manandhar S, Priya K, Mehta CH, Nayak UY, Kabekkodu SP, Pai KSR. Repositioning of antidiabetic drugs for Alzheimer's disease: possibility of Wnt signaling modulation by targeting LRP6 an in silico based study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:9577-9591. [PMID: 34080526 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1930583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common, irreversible and progressive form of dementia for which the exact pathology and cause are still not clear. At present, we are only confined to symptomatic treatment, and the lack of disease-modifying therapeutics is worrisome. Alteration of Wnt signaling has been linked to metabolic diseases as well as AD. The crosstalk between Canonical Wnt signaling and insulin signaling pathway has been widely studied and accepted from several clinical and preclinical studies that have proven the beneficial effect of antidiabetic medications in the case of memory and cognition loss. This structure-based in silico study was focused on exploring the link between the currently available FDA approved antidiabetic drugs and the Wnt signaling pathway. The library of antidiabetics was obtained from drug bank and was screened for their binding affinity with protein (PDB ID: 3S2K) LRP6, a coreceptor of the Wnt signaling pathway using GLIDE module of Schrodinger. The top molecules, with higher docking score, binding energy and stable interactions, were subjected to energy-based calculation using MMGBSA, followed by a molecular dynamics-based simulation study. Drugs of class α-glucosidase inhibitors and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) agonists were found to have a strong affinity towards LRP6 proteins, highlighting the possibility of the modulation of Wnt signaling by antidiabetics as one of the possible mechanisms for use in AD. However, further experimental based in vitro and in vivo studies are warranted for verification and support.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Manandhar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Keerthi Priya
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Chetan H Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Usha Y Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Shama Prasada Kabekkodu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - K Sreedhara Ranganath Pai
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Reich N, Hölscher C. The neuroprotective effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease: An in-depth review. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:970925. [PMID: 36117625 PMCID: PMC9475012 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.970925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no disease-modifying treatment available for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease (AD and PD) and that includes the highly controversial approval of the Aβ-targeting antibody aducanumab for the treatment of AD. Hence, there is still an unmet need for a neuroprotective drug treatment in both AD and PD. Type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for both AD and PD. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a peptide hormone and growth factor that has shown neuroprotective effects in preclinical studies, and the success of GLP-1 mimetics in phase II clinical trials in AD and PD has raised new hope. GLP-1 mimetics are currently on the market as treatments for type 2 diabetes. GLP-1 analogs are safe, well tolerated, resistant to desensitization and well characterized in the clinic. Herein, we review the existing evidence and illustrate the neuroprotective pathways that are induced following GLP-1R activation in neurons, microglia and astrocytes. The latter include synaptic protection, improvements in cognition, learning and motor function, amyloid pathology-ameliorating properties (Aβ, Tau, and α-synuclein), the suppression of Ca2+ deregulation and ER stress, potent anti-inflammatory effects, the blockage of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis pathways, enhancements in the neuronal insulin sensitivity and energy metabolism, functional improvements in autophagy and mitophagy, elevated BDNF and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) synthesis as well as neurogenesis. The many beneficial features of GLP-1R and GLP-1/GIPR dual agonists encourage the development of novel drug treatments for AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Reich
- Biomedical and Life Sciences Division, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Neurology Department, Second Associated Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhengzhou, China
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Nahalka J. 1-L Transcription in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:3533-3551. [PMID: 36005139 PMCID: PMC9406503 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44080243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a very complex disease and better explanations and models are needed to understand how neurons are affected and microglia are activated. A new model of Alzheimer's disease is presented here, the β-amyloid peptide is considered an important RNA recognition/binding peptide. 1-L transcription revealed compatible sequences with AAUAAA (PAS signal) and UUUC (class III ARE rich in U) in the Aβ peptide, supporting the peptide-RNA regulatory model. When a hypothetical model of fibril selection with the prionic character of amyloid assemblies is added to the peptide-RNA regulatory model, the downregulation of the PI3K-Akt pathway and the upregulation of the PLC-IP3 pathway are well explained. The model explains why neurons are less protected from inflammation and why microglia are activated; why mitochondria are destabilized; why the autophagic flux is destabilized; and why the post-transcriptional attenuation of the axonal signal "noise" is interrupted. For example, the model suggests that Aβ peptide may post-transcriptionally control ELAVL2 (ELAV-like RNA binding protein 2) and DCP2 (decapping mRNA protein 2), which are known to regulate RNA processing, transport, and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Nahalka
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre of Excellence for White-Green Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Trieda Andreja Hlinku 2, SK-94976 Nitra, Slovakia
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Cheng P, Liao HY, Zhang HH. The role of Wnt/mTOR signaling in spinal cord injury. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2022; 25:101760. [PMID: 35070684 PMCID: PMC8762069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2022.101760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is the most common disabling spinal injury, a complex pathologic process that can eventually lead to severe neurological dysfunction. The Wnt/mTOR signaling pathway is a pervasive signaling cascade that regulates a wide range of physiological processes during embryonic development, from stem cell pluripotency to cell fate. Numerous studies have reported that Wnt/mTOR signaling pathway plays an important role in neural development, synaptogenesis, neuron growth, differentiation and survival after the central nervous system (CNS) is damaged. Wnt/mTOR also plays an important role in regulating various pathophysiological processes after spinal cord injury (SCI). After SCI, Wnt/mTOR signal regulates the physiological and pathological processes of neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation, neuronal axon regeneration, neuroinflammation and pain through multiple pathways. Due to the characteristics of the Wnt signal in SCI make it a potential therapeutic target of SCI. In this paper, the characteristics of Wnt/mTOR signal, the role of Wnt/mTOR pathway on SCI and related mechanisms are reviewed, and some unsolved problems are discussed. It is hoped to provide reference value for the research field of the role of Wnt/mTOR pathway in SCI, and provide a theoretical basis for biological therapy of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, LanZhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Hai-Yang Liao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, 342800, PR China
| | - Hai-Hong Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, LanZhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
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Villaseca P, Cisternas P, Inestrosa NC. Menopause and development of Alzheimer's disease: Roles of neural glucose metabolism and Wnt signaling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1021796. [PMID: 36339406 PMCID: PMC9627150 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1021796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Late onset Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with gender differences in its onset and progression, being the prevalence predominant in women and at an earlier age than in men. The pathophysiology of the menopausal condition has been associated to this dementia, playing major roles regarding both endocrine and glucose metabolism changes, amongst other mechanisms. In the current review we address the role of estrogen deficiency in the processes involved in the development of AD, including amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing to form senile plaques, Tau phosphorylation forming neurofibrillary tangles, Wnt signaling and AD neuropathology, the role of glucose brain metabolism, Wnt signaling and glucose transport in the brain, and our research contribution to these topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Villaseca
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Pedro Cisternas
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O´Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C. Inestrosa
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE UC), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Nibaldo C. Inestrosa,
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Kumar M, Bansal N. A Revisit to Etiopathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 23:486-512. [PMID: 34792002 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666211118125233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dementia is a cluster of brain abnormalities that trigger progressive memory deficits and other cognitive abilities such as skills, language, or executive function. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the foremost type of age-associated dementia that involves progressive neurodegeneration accompanied by profound cognitive deficits in advanced stages that severely hamper social or occupational abilities with or without the involvement of any other psychiatric condition. The last two decades witnessed a sharp increase (~123%) in mortality due to AD type dementia, typically owing to a very low disclosure rate (~45%) and hence, the prophylactic, as well as the therapeutic cure of AD, has been a huge challenge. Although understanding of AD pathogenesis has witnessed a remarkable growth (e.g., tauopathy, oxidative stress, lipid transport, glucose uptake, apoptosis, synaptic dysfunction, inflammation, and immune system), still a dearth of an effective therapeutic agent in the management of AD prompts the quest for newer pharmacological targets in the purview of its growing epidemiological status. Most of the current therapeutic strategies focus on modulation of a single target, e.g., inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, glutamate excitotoxicity (memantine), or nootropics (piracetam), even though AD is a multifaceted neurological disorder. There is an impedance urgency to find not only symptomatic but effective disease-modifying therapies. The present review focuses on the risk / protective factors and pathogenic mechanisms involved in AD. In addition to the existing symptomatic therapeutic approach, a diverse array of possible targets linked to pathogenic cascades have been re-investigated to envisage the pharmacotherapeutic strategies in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab. India
| | - Nitin Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University (CBLU), Bhiwani, Haryana 127021. India
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12
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Ding Y, Chen Q. mTOR pathway: A potential therapeutic target for spinal cord injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112430. [PMID: 34800780 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is the most common disabling spinal injury, and the complex pathological process can eventually lead to severe neurological dysfunction. Many studies have reported that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway plays an important role in synaptogenesis, neuron growth, differentiation, and survival after central nervous system injury. It is also involved in various traumatic and central nervous system diseases, including traumatic brain injury, neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cerebral apoplexy. mTOR has also been reported to play an important regulatory role in various pathophysiological processes following SCI. Activation of mTOR signals after SCI can regulate physiological and pathological processes, such as proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells, regeneration of nerve axons, neuroinflammation, and glial scar formation, through various pathways. Inhibition of mTOR activity has been confirmed to promote repair in SCI. At present, many studies have reported that Chinese herbal medicine can inhibit the SCI-activated mTOR pathway to improve the microenvironment and promote nerve repair after SCI. Due to the role of the mTOR pathway in SCI, it may be a potential therapeutic target for SCI. This review is focused on the pathophysiological process of SCI, characteristics of the mTOR pathway, role of the mTOR pathway in SCI, role of inhibition of mTOR on SCI, and role and significance of inhibition of mTOR by related Chinese herbal medicine inhibitors in SCI. In addition, the review discusses the deficiencies and solutions to mTOR and SCI research shortcomings. This study hopes to provide reference for mTOR and SCI research and a theoretical basis for SCI biotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou 342800, PR China; The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, Ganzhou 342800, PR China.
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou 342800, PR China; The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, Ganzhou 342800, PR China.
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Czapski GA, Strosznajder JB. Glutamate and GABA in Microglia-Neuron Cross-Talk in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111677. [PMID: 34769106 PMCID: PMC8584169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological balance between excitation and inhibition in the brain is significantly affected in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Several neuroactive compounds and their signaling pathways through various types of receptors are crucial in brain homeostasis, among them glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Activation of microglial receptors regulates the immunological response of these cells, which in AD could be neuroprotective or neurotoxic. The novel research approaches revealed the complexity of microglial function, including the interplay with other cells during neuroinflammation and in the AD brain. The purpose of this review is to describe the role of several proteins and multiple receptors on microglia and neurons, and their involvement in a communication network between cells that could lead to different metabolic loops and cell death/survival. Our review is focused on the role of glutamatergic, GABAergic signaling in microglia–neuronal cross-talk in AD and neuroinflammation. Moreover, the significance of AD-related neurotoxic proteins in glutamate/GABA-mediated dialogue between microglia and neurons was analyzed in search of novel targets in neuroprotection, and advanced pharmacological approaches.
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14
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Wang Y, Dykes GA. Direct modulation of the gut microbiota as a therapeutic approach for Alzheimer's disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:14-25. [PMID: 34365962 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210806165751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive decline in memory and cognitive functions. It is a multifactorial disease involving a wide range of pathological factors that are not fully understood. As supported by a growing amount of evidence in recent years, the gut microbiota plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease through the brain-gut-microbiota axis. This suggests that direct modulation of the gut microbiota can be a potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. This review summarizes recent research findings on the modulation of the gut microbiota by probiotic therapies and faecal microbiota transplantation for controlling the pathologies of Alzheimer's disease. Current limitations and future research directions of this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, the University of Queensland, Keyhole Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4072. Australia
| | - Gary A Dykes
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, the University of Queensland, Keyhole Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4072. Australia
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15
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Chow H, Sun JK, Hart RP, Cheng KK, Hung CHL, Lau T, Kwan K. Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 6 Cell Surface Availability Regulates Fuel Metabolism in Astrocytes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2004993. [PMID: 34180138 PMCID: PMC8373092 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Early changes in astrocyte energy metabolism are associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. A previous study suggested an association between a synonymous SNP (rs1012672, C→T) in LRP6 gene and LOAD; and that is indeed correlated with diminished LRP6 gene expression in the frontal cortex region. The authors show that LRP6 is a unique Wnt coreceptor on astrocytes, serving as a bimodal switch that modulates their metabolic landscapes. The Wnt-LRP6 mediated mTOR-AKT axis is essential for sustaining glucose metabolism. In its absence, Wnt switches to activate the LRP6-independent Ca2+ -PKC-NFAT axis, resulting in a transcription network that favors glutamine and branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) catabolism over glucose metabolism. Exhaustion of these raw materials essential for neurotransmitter biosynthesis and recycling results in compromised synaptic, cognitive, and memory functions; priming for early changes that are frequently found in LOAD. The authors also highlight that intranasal supplementation of glutamine and BCAAs is effective in preserving neuronal integrity and brain functions, proposing a nutrient-based method for delaying cognitive and memory decline when LRP6 cell surface levels and functions are suboptimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hei‐Man Chow
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of ScienceThe Chinese University of Hong Kong999077Hong Kong
| | - Jacquelyne Ka‐Li Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of ScienceThe Chinese University of Hong Kong999077Hong Kong
| | - Ronald P. Hart
- Department of Cell Biology and NeuroscienceRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ08854USA
| | - Kenneth King‐Yip Cheng
- Department of Health Technology and InformaticsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University999077Hong Kong
| | - Clara H. L. Hung
- The University Research Facility in Life SciencesThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University999077Hong Kong
| | - Tsun‐Ming Lau
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of ScienceThe Chinese University of Hong Kong999077Hong Kong
| | - Kin‐Ming Kwan
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of ScienceThe Chinese University of Hong Kong999077Hong Kong
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Dong G, Feng J, Sun F, Chen J, Zhao XM. A global overview of genetically interpretable multimorbidities among common diseases in the UK Biobank. Genome Med 2021; 13:110. [PMID: 34225788 PMCID: PMC8258962 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00927-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multimorbidities greatly increase the global health burdens, but the landscapes of their genetic risks have not been systematically investigated. METHODS We used the hospital inpatient data of 385,335 patients in the UK Biobank to investigate the multimorbid relations among 439 common diseases. Post-GWAS analyses were performed to identify multimorbidity shared genetic risks at the genomic loci, network, as well as overall genetic architecture levels. We conducted network decomposition for the networks of genetically interpretable multimorbidities to detect the hub diseases and the involved molecules and functions in each module. RESULTS In total, 11,285 multimorbidities among 439 common diseases were identified, and 46% of them were genetically interpretable at the loci, network, or overall genetic architecture levels. Multimorbidities affecting the same and different physiological systems displayed different patterns of the shared genetic components, with the former more likely to share loci-level genetic components while the latter more likely to share network-level genetic components. Moreover, both the loci- and network-level genetic components shared by multimorbidities converged on cell immunity, protein metabolism, and gene silencing. Furthermore, we found that the genetically interpretable multimorbidities tend to form network modules, mediated by hub diseases and featuring physiological categories. Finally, we showcased how hub diseases mediating the multimorbidity modules could help provide useful insights for the genetic contributors of multimorbidities. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a systematic resource for understanding the genetic predispositions of multimorbidities and indicate that hub diseases and converged molecules and functions may be the key for treating multimorbidities. We have created an online database that facilitates researchers and physicians to browse, search, or download these multimorbidities ( https://multimorbidity.comp-sysbio.org ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiying Dong
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Fengzhu Sun
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Jingqi Chen
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Xing-Ming Zhao
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Shanghai, 200433 China
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17
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Integrative genomics analysis identifies five promising genes implicated in insomnia risk based on multiple omics datasets. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:226183. [PMID: 32830860 PMCID: PMC7468094 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20201084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, many genome-wide association studies on insomnia have reported numerous genes harboring multiple risk variants. Nevertheless, the molecular functions of these risk variants conveying risk to insomnia are still ill-studied. In the present study, we integrated GWAS summary statistics (N=386,533) with two independent brain expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) datasets (N=329) to determine whether expression-associated SNPs convey risk to insomnia. Furthermore, we applied numerous bioinformatics analyses to highlight promising genes associated with insomnia risk. By using Sherlock integrative analysis, we detected 449 significant insomnia-associated genes in the discovery stage. These identified genes were significantly overrepresented in six biological pathways including Huntington’s disease (P=5.58 × 10−5), Alzheimer’s disease (P=5.58 × 10−5), Parkinson’s disease (P=6.34 × 10−5), spliceosome (P=1.17 × 10−4), oxidative phosphorylation (P=1.09 × 10−4), and wnt signaling pathways (P=2.07 × 10−4). Further, five of these identified genes were replicated in an independent brain eQTL dataset. Through a PPI network analysis, we found that there existed highly functional interactions among these five identified genes. Three genes of LDHA (P=0.044), DALRD3 (P=5.0 × 10−5), and HEBP2 (P=0.032) showed significantly lower expression level in brain tissues of insomnic patients than that in controls. In addition, the expression levels of these five genes showed prominently dynamic changes across different time points between behavioral states of sleep and sleep deprivation in mice brain cortex. Together, the evidence of the present study strongly suggested that these five identified genes may represent candidate genes and contributed risk to the etiology of insomnia.
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18
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Wang X, Ji L, Tang Z, Ding G, Chen X, Lv J, Chen Y, Li D. The association of metabolic syndrome and cognitive impairment in Jidong of China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Endocr Disord 2021; 21:40. [PMID: 33663435 PMCID: PMC7934472 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-021-00705-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (Mets) is prevalent in the general population and has been reported to be an independent risk factor for cognitive impairment. This study aimed to investigate the association of Mets with the risk of cognitive impairment. METHODS We studied 5854 participants from the Jidong community. Cognitive function was assessed by the Mini-Mental State of Examination (MMSE) scale. Mets was diagnosed according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria. We used logistic regression analysis to investigate the association of metabolic syndrome with the risk of cognitive impairment. RESULT Among the 5854 adults included in the study, the age mean (SD) of age was 44 (13.57) years, and 2916 (50.34%) were male. There was a higher (56.03%) cognitive impairment incidence rate among participants with Mets than among those without Mets. In addition, there was a significant association between Mets and cognitive impairment (OR: 2.39, 95% CI: 2.00-2.86, P < 0.05) after adjusting for potential confounders, including age, gender, education level, marital status, smoking and alcohol consumption status. Regarding the 5 Mets components, abdominal obesity and elevated blood pressure were associated with the risk of Mets (OR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.09-1.70, P < 0.001; OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.07-1.63, P < 0.05). Moreover, the strongest statistical correlation (adjusted OR: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.22-2.83, P < 0.05) was found when the number of Mets components was three. CONCLUSION Our study suggested that Mets was associated with cognitive impairment and that abdominal obesity and hypertension were associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016, P.R. China
| | - Long Ji
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyang Tang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016, P.R. China
| | - Guoyong Ding
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016, P.R. China
| | - Xueyu Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016, P.R. China
| | - Jian Lv
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016, P.R. China
| | - Yanru Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016, P.R. China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016, P.R. China.
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, 706 Taisan Street, Taian, 271000, China.
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Deo P, Dhillon VS, Chua A, Thomas P, Fenech M. APOE ε4 Carriers Have a Greater Propensity to Glycation and sRAGE Which Is Further Influenced by RAGE G82S Polymorphism. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 75:1899-1905. [PMID: 31677348 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
APOE ε4 allele is an established risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and hypercholesterolemia. However, its association with metabolic and genetic risk factors related to glycation is not clear. We tested the hypothesis that, apart from high plasma cholesterol, APOE ε4 carriers may also have higher advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and total soluble extracellular domain of RAGE (sRAGE) and that these biomarkers may be modified by the common Gly82Ser (G82S) polymorphism (rs2070600) in the RAGE gene. To test this, we measured these biomarkers in 172 healthy cognitively normal individuals, of which 32 were APOE ε4 carriers and 140 noncarriers. APOE ε4 carriers showed higher levels of cholesterol (p < .001), glyoxal (p < .001), fluorescent AGEs (p < .001), Nε-carboxymethyllysine (p < .001) and sRAGE (p = .018) when compared to noncarriers. Furthermore, sRAGE was also higher in those that did not carry the A allele of the RAGE gene that codes for serine instead of glycine (p = .034). Our study indicates that APOE ε4 carriers have a greater propensity to glycation than noncarriers which may further increase their risk for diabetes and dementia. The increased sRAGE levels in APOE ε4 carriers suggests a defensive response against AGEs that may be further influenced by the RAGE G82S polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Permal Deo
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide
| | - Varinderpal S Dhillon
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide.,CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ann Chua
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Adelaide, Australia.,Student and Academic Services, University of South Australia, Adelaide
| | | | - Michael Fenech
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide.,CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Adelaide, Australia.,Genome Health Foundation, North Brighton, Australia
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20
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Kshirsagar V, Thingore C, Juvekar A. Insulin resistance: a connecting link between Alzheimer's disease and metabolic disorder. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:67-83. [PMID: 32986168 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00622-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is closely linked with insulin resistance, as seen in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Insulin signaling is impaired in AD brains due to insulin resistance, ultimately resulting in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). AD and T2DM are connected at molecular, clinical, and epidemiological levels making it imperative to understand the contribution of T2DM, and other metabolic disorders, to AD pathogenesis. In this review, we have discussed various modalities involved in the pathogenesis of these two diseases and explained the contributing parameters. Insulin is vital for maintaining glucose homeostasis and it plays an important role in regulating inflammation. Here, we have discussed the roles of various contributing factors like miRNA, leptin hormone, neuroinflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and gangliosides in insulin impairment both in AD and T2DM. Understanding these mechanisms will be a big step forward for making molecular therapies that may help maintain or prevent both AD and T2DM, thus reducing the burden of both these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viplav Kshirsagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Near Khalsa college, Matunga, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India
| | - Chetan Thingore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Near Khalsa college, Matunga, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India
| | - Archana Juvekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Near Khalsa college, Matunga, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India.
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21
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Octodon degus: a natural model of multimorbidity for ageing research. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 64:101204. [PMID: 33152453 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Integrating the multifactorial processes co-occurring in both physiological and pathological human conditions still remains one of the main challenges in translational investigation. Moreover, the impact of age-associated disorders has increased, which underlines the urgent need to find a feasible model that could help in the development of successful therapies. In this sense, the Octodon degus has been indicated as a 'natural' model in many biomedical areas, especially in ageing. This rodent shows complex social interactions and high sensitiveness to early-stressful events, which have been used to investigate neurodevelopmental processes. Interestingly, a high genetic similarity with some key proteins implicated in human diseases, such as apolipoprotein-E, β-amyloid or insulin, has been demonstrated. On the other hand, the fact that this animal is diurnal has provided important contribution in the field of circadian biology. Concerning age-related diseases, this rodent could be a good model of multimorbidity since it naturally develops cognitive decline, neurodegenerative histopathological hallmarks, visual degeneration, type II diabetes, endocrinological and metabolic dysfunctions, neoplasias and kidneys alterations. In this review we have collected and summarized the studies performed on the Octodon degus through the years that support its use as a model for biomedical research, with a special focus on ageing.
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Suresh J, Khor IW, Kaur P, Heng HL, Torta F, Dawe GS, Tai ES, Tolwinski NS. Shared signaling pathways in Alzheimer’s and metabolic disease may point to new treatment approaches. FEBS J 2020; 288:3855-3873. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ing Wei Khor
- Department of Medicine Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of Singapore
| | - Prameet Kaur
- Science Division Yale‐ NUS College Singapore Singapore
| | - Hui Li Heng
- Department of Pharmacology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore, and Neurobiology Programme
- Life Sciences Institute National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Federico Torta
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator Department of Biochemistry Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Gavin S. Dawe
- Department of Pharmacology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore, and Neurobiology Programme
- Life Sciences Institute National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Department of Medicine Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of Singapore
- Division of Endocrinology National University HospitalNational University Health System
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Ko Y, Chye SM. Lifestyle intervention to prevent Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2020; 31:/j/revneuro.ahead-of-print/revneuro-2020-0072/revneuro-2020-0072.xml. [PMID: 32804681 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease that leads to significant morbidities in elderly. The major pathological hallmark of AD is beta-amyloid plaques (Aβ) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) deposition in hippocampus of the brain. These abnormal protein deposition damages neuronal cells resulting in neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. As a result of limited treatment options available for this disease, there is huge economic burden for patients and social health care system. Thus, alternative approaches (lifestyle intervention) to prevent this disease are extremely important. In this systemic review, we summarized epidemiological evidence of lifestyle intervention and the mechanisms involved in delaying and/or preventing AD. Lifestyle interventions include education, social engagement and cognitive stimulation, smoking, exercise, depression and psychological stress, cerebrovascular disease (CVD), hypertension (HTN), dyslipidaemia, diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity and diet. The methods are based on a literature review of available sources found on the research topic in four acknowledged databases: Web of Science, Scopus, Medline and PubMed. Results of the identified original studies revealed that lifestyle interventions have significant effects and our conclusion is that combination of early lifestyle interventions can decrease the risk of developing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ko
- School of Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, University Rd, Belfast, BT7 1NN,Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Soi Moi Chye
- School of Health Science, Division of Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, 57000,Malaysia
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24
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Interleukin-6 Treatment Results in GLUT4 Translocation and AMPK Phosphorylation in Neuronal SH-SY5Y Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051114. [PMID: 32365859 PMCID: PMC7290332 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that can be released from the brain during prolonged exercise. In peripheral tissues, exercise induced IL-6 can result in GLUT4 translocation and increased glucose uptake through AMPK activation. GLUT4 is expressed in the brain and can be recruited to axonal plasma membranes with neuronal activity through AMPK activation. The aim of this study is to examine if IL-6 treatment: (1) results in AMPK activation in neuronal cells, (2) increases the activation of proteins involved in GLUT4 translocation, and (3) increases neuronal glucose uptake. Retinoic acid was used to differentiate SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. Treatment with 100 nM of insulin increased the phosphorylation of Akt and AS160 (p < 0.05). Treatment with 20 ng/mL of IL-6 resulted in the phosphorylation of STAT3 at Tyr705 (p ≤ 0.05) as well as AS160 (p < 0.05). Fluorescent Glut4GFP imaging revealed treatment with 20ng/mL of IL-6 resulted in a significant mobilization towards the plasma membrane after 5 min until 30 min. There was no difference in GLUT4 mobilization between the insulin and IL-6 treated groups. Importantly, IL-6 treatment increased glucose uptake. Our findings demonstrate that IL-6 and insulin can phosphorylate AS160 via different signaling pathways (AMPK and PI3K/Akt, respectively) and promote GLUT4 translocation towards the neuronal plasma membrane, resulting in increased neuronal glucose uptake in SH-SY5Y cells.
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25
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Ou Z, Deng L, Lu Z, Wu F, Liu W, Huang D, Peng Y. Protective effects of Akkermansia muciniphila on cognitive deficits and amyloid pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Nutr Diabetes 2020; 10:12. [PMID: 32321934 PMCID: PMC7176648 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-020-0115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a global health problem without effective methods to alleviate the disease progression. Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) is widely accepted as a key biomarker for AD. Metabolic syndromes, including obesity and insulin resistance, are key high risk factors for AD. Akkermansia muciniphila (Akk), the only representative human gut microbe in the genus Verrucomicrobia, can prevent the weight gain caused by a high-fat diet, repair the damaged integrity of the intestinal epithelium barrier, reduce endotoxin levels in blood and improve insulin resistance. The aim of this study is to explore the impact of Akk administration in AD model mice in different diets. Methods APP/PS1 mice were fed either a normal chow diet or a high-fat diet and were treated with Akk by gavage each day for 6 months. The impacts of Akk on glucose metabolism, intestinal barrier and lipid metabolism in the mouse model of AD were determined. Changes in brain pathology and neuroethology were also analyzed. Results Akk effectively reduced the fasting blood glucose and serum diamine oxidase levels, and alleviated the reduction of colonic mucus cells in APP/PS1 mice. After treatment with Akk, the APP/PS1 mice showed obviously reduced blood lipid levels, improved hepatic steatosis and scapular brown fat whitening. Moreover, Akk promoted the reduction of Aβ 40–42 levels in the cerebral cortex of APP/PS1 mice, shortened the study time and improved the completion rate in Y-maze tests. Conclusion Akk effectively improved glucose tolerance, intestine barrier dysfunction and dyslipidemia in AD model mice. Our study results suggested that Akk could delay the pathological changes in the brain and relieve impairment of spatial learning and memory in AD model mice, which provides a new strategy for prevention and treatment of AD. APP/PS1 mice display alterations in physiological processes after treated with Akk. It is showed that the damaged integrity of the intestinal epithelium barrier is repaired, leading to obviously reduced blood glucose and lipid levels, improved hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance and scapular brown fat whitening, which are beneficial to reduce Aβ 40–42 levels in the brain of APP/PS1 mice. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Ou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhu Jiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510282, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lulu Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhu Jiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510282, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhu Jiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510282, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Feifan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhu Jiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510282, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 529000, Jangmen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wanting Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhu Jiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510282, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongquan Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhu Jiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510282, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongzheng Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhu Jiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510282, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,Transfusion Medicine, Zhu Jiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510282, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Sanna GD, Nusdeo G, Piras MR, Forteleoni A, Murru MR, Saba PS, Dore S, Sotgiu G, Parodi G, Ganau A. Cardiac Abnormalities in Alzheimer Disease: Clinical Relevance Beyond Pathophysiological Rationale and Instrumental Findings? JACC-HEART FAILURE 2020; 7:121-128. [PMID: 30704603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This case control study sought to assess the presence and characteristics of cardiac abnormalities in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). BACKGROUND Protein misfolding is involved in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders such as AD. Recently, amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregates were identified within the cardiomyocytes and interstitium of patients with AD, suggesting that Aβ oligomers may reach and damage the heart. METHODS The authors studied 32 patients with AD and 34 controls matched by age and sex, all of whom were free from cardiac or systemic diseases. A clinical evaluation, an electrocardiogram, and an echocardiogram were performed in all subjects. Furthermore, patients with AD underwent genetic analyses (of the PSEN1, PSEN2, APP, and APOE genes). RESULTS Compared to the control group, patients with AD had a higher prevalence of low-voltage electrocardiographic QRS complexes (28% vs. 3%, respectively; p = 0.004), a lower voltage/mass ratio (p = 0.05), a greater echocardiographic interventricular septum (10.1 ± 1.3 mm vs. 9.3 ± 1.1 mm, respectively; p = 0.01), a greater maximum wall thickness (10.8 ± 1.7 mm vs. 9.3 ± 1.1 mm, respectively; p = 0.0001), and a 2-fold higher prevalence of diastolic dysfunction (70% vs. 35%, respectively; p = 0.007). Symptoms and signs of heart failure were absent in all patients with AD. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that electrocardiographic and echocardiographic abnormalities, including diastolic dysfunction, are present in patients with AD and that these studies reproduce the pattern of cardiac amyloidosis. These findings suggest that, in AD, there may be subclinical cardiac involvement likely associated with Aβ amyloid deposition. The clinical relevance of these cardiac abnormalities should be evaluated in larger prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe D Sanna
- Clinical and Interventional Cardiology, Sassari University Hospital, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Nusdeo
- Clinical and Interventional Cardiology, Sassari University Hospital, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Piras
- Unità di valutazione Alzheimer, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sassari, Ospedale San Camillo, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Maria Rita Murru
- Laboratorio Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pier Sergio Saba
- Clinical and Interventional Cardiology, Sassari University Hospital, Sassari, Italy
| | - Simone Dore
- Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sotgiu
- Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Martinez M, Torres VI, Vio CP, Inestrosa NC. Canonical Wnt Signaling Modulates the Expression of Pre- and Postsynaptic Components in Different Temporal Patterns. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:1389-1404. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01785-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Grünblatt E, Nemoda Z, Werling AM, Roth A, Angyal N, Tarnok Z, Thomsen H, Peters T, Hinney A, Hebebrand J, Lesch K, Romanos M, Walitza S. The involvement of the canonical Wnt-signaling receptor LRP5 and LRP6 gene variants with ADHD and sexual dimorphism: Association study and meta-analysis. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2019; 180:365-376. [PMID: 30474181 PMCID: PMC6767385 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Wnt-signaling is one of the most abundant pathways involved in processes such as cell-proliferation, -polarity, and -differentiation. Altered Wnt-signaling has been linked with several neurodevelopmental disorders including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as well as with cognitive functions, learning and memory. Particularly, lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) or LRP6 coreceptors, responsible in the activation of the canonical Wnt-pathway, were associated with cognitive alterations in psychiatric disorders. Following the hypothesis of Wnt involvement in ADHD, we investigated the association of genetic variations in LRP5 and LRP6 genes with three independent child and adolescent ADHD (cADHD) samples (total 2,917 participants), followed by a meta-analysis including previously published data. As ADHD is more prevalent in males, we stratified the analysis according to sex and compared the results with the recent ADHD Psychiatric Genomic Consortium (PGC) GWAS. Meta-analyzing our data including previously published cADHD studies, association of LRP5 intronic rs4988319 and rs3736228 (Ala1330Val) with cADHD was observed among girls (OR = 1.80 with 95% CI = 1.07-3.02, p = .0259; and OR = 2.08 with 95% CI = 1.01-4.46, p = .0026, respectively), whereas in boys association between LRP6 rs2302685 (Val1062Ile) and cADHD was present (OR = 1.66, CI = 1.20-2.31, p = .0024). In the PGC-ADHD dataset (using pooled data of cADHD and adults) tendency of associations were observed only among females with OR = 1.09 (1.02-1.17) for LRP5 rs3736228 and OR = 1.18 (1.09-1.25) for LRP6 rs2302685. Together, our findings suggest a potential sex-specific link of cADHD with LRP5 and LRP6 gene variants, which could contribute to the differences in brain maturation alterations in ADHD affected boys and girls, and suggest possible therapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Grünblatt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human PhysiologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Zsofia Nemoda
- Institute of Medical ChemistryMolecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- Molecular Psychiatry Research GroupMTA‐SE NAP‐B, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapestHungary
| | - Anna Maria Werling
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Alexander Roth
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Nora Angyal
- Institute of Medical ChemistryMolecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Zsanett Tarnok
- Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric HospitalBudapestHungary
| | - Hauke Thomsen
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology (C050)German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Triinu Peters
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryPsychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg‐Essen, University Hospital EssenEssenGermany
| | - Anke Hinney
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryPsychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg‐Essen, University Hospital EssenEssenGermany
| | - Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryPsychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg‐Essen, University Hospital EssenEssenGermany
| | - Klaus‐Peter Lesch
- Division of Molecular PsychiatryCenter of Mental Health, University of WuezburgWuerzburgGermany
- Laboratory of Psychiatric NeurobiologyInstitute of Molecular Medicine, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityMoscowRussia
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Romanos
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryPsychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of WuerzburgWuerzburgGermany
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human PhysiologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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Cisternas P, Oliva CA, Torres VI, Barrera DP, Inestrosa NC. Presymptomatic Treatment With Andrographolide Improves Brain Metabolic Markers and Cognitive Behavior in a Model of Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:295. [PMID: 31379502 PMCID: PMC6657419 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia. The onset and progression of this pathology are correlated with several changes in the brain, including the formation of extracellular aggregates of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide and the intracellular accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. In addition, dysregulated neuronal plasticity, synapse loss, and a reduction in cellular energy metabolism have also been described. Canonical Wnt signaling has also been shown to be downregulated in AD. Remarkably, we showed previously that the in vivo inhibition of Wnt signaling accelerates the appearance of AD markers in transgenic (Tg) and wild-type (WT) mice. Additionally, we found that Wnt signaling stimulates energy metabolism, which is critical for the ability of Wnt to promote the recovery of cognitive function in AD. Therefore, we hypothesized that activation of canonical Wnt signaling in a presymptomatic transgenic animal model of AD would improve some symptoms. To explore the latter, we used a transgenic mouse model (J20 Tg) with mild AD phenotype expression (high levels of amyloid aggregates) and studied the effect of andrographolide (ANDRO), an activator of canonical Wnt signaling. We found that presymptomatic administration of ANDRO in J20 Tg mice prevented the reduction in cellular energy metabolism markers. Moreover, treated animals showed improvement in cognitive performance. At the synaptic level, J20 Tg animals showed severe deficiencies in presynaptic function as determined by electrophysiological parameters, all of which were completely restored to normal by ANDRO administration. Finally, an analysis of hippocampal synaptosomes by electron microscopy revealed that the length of synapses was restored with ANDRO treatment. Altogether, these data support the idea that the activation of canonical Wnt signaling during presymptomatic stages could represent an interesting pharmacological strategy to delay the onset of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cisternas
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina A. Oliva
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Viviana I. Torres
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela P. Barrera
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C. Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
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Cisternas P, Zolezzi JM, Martinez M, Torres VI, Wong GW, Inestrosa NC. Wnt-induced activation of glucose metabolism mediates the in vivo neuroprotective roles of Wnt signaling in Alzheimer disease. J Neurochem 2019; 149:54-72. [PMID: 30300917 PMCID: PMC7680578 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated Wnt signaling is linked to major neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease (AD). In mouse models of AD, activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway improves learning/memory, but the mechanism for this remains unclear. The decline in brain function in AD patients correlates with reduced glucose utilization by neurons. Here, we test whether improvements in glucose metabolism mediate the neuroprotective effects of Wnt in AD mouse model. APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice were used to model AD, Andrographolide or Lithium was used to activate Wnt signaling, and cytochalasin B was used to block glucose uptake. Cognitive function was assessed by novel object recognition and memory flexibility tests. Glucose uptake and the glycolytic rate were determined using radiotracer glucose. The activities of key enzymes of glycolysis such as hexokinase and phosphofructokinase, Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)/Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) levels and the pentose phosphate pathway and activity of glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase were measured. Wnt activators significantly improved brain glucose utilization and cognitive performance in transgenic mice. Wnt signaling enhanced glucose metabolism by increasing the expression and/or activity of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and AMP-activated protein kinase. Inhibiting glucose uptake partially abolished the beneficial effects of Wnt signaling on learning/memory. Wnt activation also enhanced glucose metabolism in cortical and hippocampal neurons, as well as brain slices derived from APPswe/PS1E9 transgenic mice. Combined, these data provide evidence that the neuroprotective effects of Wnt signaling in AD mouse models result, at least in part, from Wnt-mediated improvements in neuronal glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cisternas
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan M. Zolezzi
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Milka Martinez
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Viviana. I. Torres
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - G. William Wong
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nibaldo C. Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
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Kontari P, Smith KJ. Risk of dementia associated with cardiometabolic abnormalities and depressive symptoms: a longitudinal cohort study using the English longitudinal study of ageing. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2019; 34:289-298. [PMID: 30370546 PMCID: PMC6587526 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Depression and cardiometabolic abnormalities are independently associated with a high risk of dementia. This study aimed to examine the association of comorbid depressive symptoms and cardiometabolic abnormalities with risk of dementia. METHODS The sample comprised 4859 participants aged 50 or older without baseline dementia who took part in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (waves 2-7). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression tool. Cardiometabolic abnormalities were defined as three or more cardiometabolic risk factors (inflammation, central obesity, raised triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, hypertension, and hyperglycaemia or diabetes). Participants were classified into four groups based on presence of depressive symptoms and cardiometabolic abnormalities. Results were analysed using the Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for covariates. RESULTS A total of 216 cases of incident dementia were reported over 10 years of follow-up. The group with high depressive symptoms only had an increased hazard of developing incident dementia during follow-up (HR = 2.68; 95%CI, 1.70-4.23), which was attenuated after adjustment for baseline cognition. No evidence was found for an association of overall cardiometabolic abnormalities with incident dementia; though hyperglycaemia, hypertension, and abdominal obesity with depressive symptoms had an unadjusted association with incident dementia. Only low-HDL cholesterol with depressive symptoms had an adjusted association with incident dementia (HR = 0.18; 95%CI, 0.04-0.75). CONCLUSIONS This work confirms depressive symptoms as a risk factor for incident dementia. However, low HDL-cholesterol with depressive symptoms may be protective against dementia, though more work is required to confirm this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Kontari
- Department of Psychological Sciences, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and MedicineUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
| | - Kimberley J. Smith
- Department of Psychological Sciences, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and MedicineUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
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Zheng H, Cai A, Shu Q, Niu Y, Xu P, Li C, Lin L, Gao H. Tissue-Specific Metabolomics Analysis Identifies the Liver as a Major Organ of Metabolic Disorders in Amyloid Precursor Protein/Presenilin 1 Mice of Alzheimer's Disease. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:1218-1227. [PMID: 30592618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is regarded as a metabolic disorder, and more attention has been paid to brain metabolism. However, AD may also affect metabolism in the peripheral organs beyond the brain. In this study, therefore, we investigated metabolic changes in the liver, kidney, and heart of amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 (APP/PS1) mice at 1, 5, and 10 months of age by using 1H NMR-based metabolomics and chemometrics. Metabolomic results reveal that the liver was the earliest affected organ in APP/PS1 mice during amyloid pathology progression, followed by the kidney and heart. Moreover, a hypometabolic state was found in the liver of APP/PS1 mice at 5 months of age, and the disturbed metabolites were mainly involved in energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, nucleic acid metabolism, as well as ketone and fatty acid metabolism. In conclusion, our results suggest that AD is a systemic metabolic dysfunction, and hepatic metabolic abnormality may reflect amyloid pathology progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zheng
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035 , China
| | - Aimin Cai
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035 , China
| | - Qi Shu
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035 , China
| | - Yan Niu
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035 , China
| | - Pengtao Xu
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035 , China
| | - Chen Li
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035 , China
| | - Li Lin
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035 , China
| | - Hongchang Gao
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035 , China
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Modulation of Glucose Metabolism in Hippocampal Neurons by Adiponectin and Resistin. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3024-3037. [PMID: 30076527 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obese individuals exhibit altered circulating levels of adipokines, the proteins secreted by adipose tissue to mediate tissue cross-talk and regulate appetite and energy expenditure. The effect of adipokines on neuronal glucose metabolism, however, remains largely unknown. Two adipokines produced in adipose tissue, adiponectin and resistin, can gain access to the central nervous system (CNS), and their levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are altered in obesity. We hypothesized that dysregulated adipokines in the CNS may underlie the reported link between obesity and higher risk of neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD), by affecting glucose metabolism in hippocampal neurons. Using cultured primary rat hippocampal neurons and mouse hippocampus slices, we show that recombinant adiponectin and resistin, at a concentration found in the CSF, have opposing effects on glucose metabolism. Adiponectin enhanced glucose uptake, glycolytic rate, and ATP production through an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent mechanism; inhibiting AMPK abrogated the effects of adiponectin on glucose uptake and utilization. In contrast, resistin reduced glucose uptake, glycolytic rate, and ATP production, in part, by inhibiting hexokinase (HK) activity in hippocampal neurons. These data suggest that altered CNS levels of adipokines in the context of obesity may impact glucose metabolism in hippocampal neurons, brain region involved in learning and memory functions.
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Athari Nik Azm S, Djazayeri A, Safa M, Azami K, Ahmadvand B, Sabbaghziarani F, Sharifzadeh M, Vafa M. Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria ameliorate memory and learning deficits and oxidative stress in β-amyloid (1–42) injected rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:718-726. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbiota affects brain function, including memory and learning. In this study we investigated the effects of probiotics on memory and oxidative stress biomarkers in an experimental model of Alzheimer’s disease. Sixty rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: control; control-probiotics, which received probiotics for 8 weeks; sham operation, which received an intrahippocampal injection of phosphate-buffered saline; Alzheimer, which received an intrahippocampal injection of β-amyloid (Aβ1–42); and Alzheimer-probiotics, which in addition to being injected with Aβ1–42, received 2 g (1 × 1010 CFU/g) of probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. fermentum, Bifidobacterium lactis, and B. longum) for 8 weeks. Memory and learning were measured using the Morris water maze, and oxidative stress biomarkers in the hippocampus were measured using ELISA kits. Morris water maze results indicated that compared with the Alzheimer group, the Alzheimer-probiotics group had significantly improved spatial memory, including shorter escape latency and travelled distance and greater time spent in the target quadrant. There was also improvement in oxidative stress biomarkers such as increased malondialdehyde levels and superoxide dismutase activity following the β-amyloid injection. Overall, it seems that probiotics play a role in improving memory deficit and inhibiting the pathological mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease by modifying microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Athari Nik Azm
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolghassem Djazayeri
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Safa
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre and Hematology Department, School of Allied Medical Science, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kian Azami
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Ahmadvand
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar Branch, Garmsar, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sabbaghziarani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Vafa
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Rivera DS, Lindsay CB, Codocedo JF, Carreño LE, Cabrera D, Arrese MA, Vio CP, Bozinovic F, Inestrosa NC. Long-Term, Fructose-Induced Metabolic Syndrome-Like Condition Is Associated with Higher Metabolism, Reduced Synaptic Plasticity and Cognitive Impairment in Octodon degus. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:9169-9187. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0969-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ríos JA, Godoy JA, Inestrosa NC. Wnt3a ligand facilitates autophagy in hippocampal neurons by modulating a novel GSK-3β-AMPK axis. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:15. [PMID: 29642895 PMCID: PMC5896060 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the adult central nervous system (CNS), Wnt signaling regulates dendritic structure and synaptic plasticity. The Wnt signaling pathway can be divided into the canonical (β-catenin-dependent) and non-canonical pathways. In the canonical pathway, the binding of canonical ligands such as Wnt3a to the Frizzled receptor induces inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), which stabilizes β-catenin and allows its translocation to the nucleus. However, to date, few studies have focused on β-catenin-independent Wnt signaling or explained the underlying mechanisms connecting Wnt signaling to cellular energy metabolism. A recent study demonstrated negative regulation of 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a major target of GSK-3β that regulates cellular metabolism under diverse conditions. Mainly based on these observations, we evaluated whether Wnt3a ligand modulates autophagy by regulating the GSK-3β/AMPK axis. Methods Cultured primary hippocampal neurons and slices of the CA1 region of rat hippocampus were used. GSK-3β inhibition, AMPK activation, PP2Ac expression, and LC3 processing were examined by western blotting. Autophagic compartments were studied using the CYTO-ID® fluorescent probe, and mature autophagosomes were observed via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results Wnt3a ligand, acting through the Frizzled receptor, promotes the rapid activation of AMPK by inactivating GSK-3β. Biochemical analysis of downstream targets indicated that Wnt3a ligand modulates autophagy in hippocampal neurons. Conclusions Our results revealed new aspects of Wnt signaling in neuronal metabolism. First, AMPK is an additional target downstream of the Wnt cascade, suggesting a molecular mechanism for the metabolic effects previously observed for Wnt signaling. Second, this mechanism is independent of β-catenin, suggesting a relevant role for non-genomic activity of the Wnt pathway in cellular metabolism. Finally, these results have new implications regarding the role of Wnt signaling in the modulation of autophagy in neurons, with a possible role in the removal of accumulated intracellular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juvenal A Ríos
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración UC (CARE UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, PO Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan A Godoy
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración UC (CARE UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, PO Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Experimentales y de la Salud, Universidad Pompeu de Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración UC (CARE UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, PO Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile. .,Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. .,Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.
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Inflammation as a Possible Link Between Dyslipidemia and Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuroscience 2018; 376:127-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Wang Y, Chen S, Xu Z, Chen S, Yao W, Gao X. GLP-1 receptor agonists downregulate aberrant GnT-III expression in Alzheimer's disease models through the Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling. Neuropharmacology 2018; 131:190-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Tapia-Rojas C, Inestrosa NC. Wnt signaling loss accelerates the appearance of neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease in J20-APP transgenic and wild-type mice. J Neurochem 2018; 144:443-465. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheril Tapia-Rojas
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE UC); Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Nibaldo C. Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE UC); Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing; School of Psychiatry; Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA); Universidad de Magallanes; Punta Arenas Chile
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Wilkins JM, Trushina E. Application of Metabolomics in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurol 2018; 8:719. [PMID: 29375465 PMCID: PMC5770363 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress toward the development of efficacious therapies for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is halted by a lack of understanding early underlying pathological mechanisms. Systems biology encompasses several techniques including genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. Metabolomics is the newest omics platform that offers great potential for the diagnosis and prognosis of neurodegenerative diseases as an individual’s metabolome reflects alterations in genetic, transcript, and protein profiles and influences from the environment. Advancements in the field of metabolomics have demonstrated the complexity of dynamic changes associated with AD progression underscoring challenges with the development of efficacious therapeutic interventions. Defining systems-level alterations in AD could provide insights into disease mechanisms, reveal sex-specific changes, advance the development of biomarker panels, and aid in monitoring therapeutic efficacy, which should advance individualized medicine. Since metabolic pathways are largely conserved between species, metabolomics could improve the translation of preclinical research conducted in animal models of AD into humans. A summary of recent developments in the application of metabolomics to advance the AD field is provided below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Maximillian Wilkins
- Mitochondrial Neurobiology and Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Eugenia Trushina
- Mitochondrial Neurobiology and Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Tanshinone IIA decreases the levels of inflammation induced by Aβ1-42 in brain tissues of Alzheimer's disease model rats. Neuroreport 2018; 27:883-93. [PMID: 27348015 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
To study the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and explore the possible anti-inflammatory mechanism of tanshinone IIA (TanIIA), we evaluated the quantity of neurons and the expression levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, glial fibrillary acidic protein, CD11b, C1q, C3c, and C3d in brain tissues of AD rats treated with TanIIA. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into three groups: sham group, TanIIA treatment group, and Aβ1-42 group. Aβ1-42 treatment was performed by injecting Aβ into the hippocampus of rats and then tagged position. Brain tissue morphological structure has been observed with HE staining and the staining of exogenously injected Aβ1-42 was observed by immunohistochemistry, which confirms the success of the Aβ1-42 group. After TanIIA treatment, levels of IL-1β, IL-6, glial fibrillary acidic protein, CD11b, C1q, C3c, and C3d were measured in paraffinized brain tissue sections from all groups by immunohistochemistry staining. The results showed that no 6E10 was detected in the control group, and the difference in the expression levels of 6E10 between the Aβ1-42 group and the TanIIA treatment group was not significant (P>0.05), suggesting that both the Aβ1-42 group and the TanIIA treatment group received the same amount of Aβ. The Aβ1-42 group showed a significant increase in the expression levels of inflammatory markers compared with the sham group (P<0.05) and the TanIIA treatment group showed a partial improvement in reducing inflammation. Therefore, Aβ triggered brain inflammation and activated the complement system. TanIIA treatment reduced the number of astrocytes and microglial cells, and induced a partial decrease in complement molecules in the brain of AD rats. These findings suggested that TanIIA may represent a potential therapeutic treatment in neurodegenerative diseases such as AD to support the survival of neurons by reducing expression levels of inflammatory factors.
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Polis B, Samson AO. Arginase as a Potential Target in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/aad.2018.74009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Athari Nik Azm S, Djazayeri A, Safa M, Azami K, Djalali M, Sharifzadeh M, Vafa M. Probiotics improve insulin resistance status in an experimental model of Alzheimer's disease. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2017; 31:103. [PMID: 29951404 PMCID: PMC6014785 DOI: 10.14196/mjiri.31.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nowadays, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered as Type 3 diabetes in which insulin resistance is the common cause of both diseases. Disruption of insulin signaling cascade and insulin resistance can induce AD; and central insulin resistance causes systemic alterations in serum insulin, FBS levels, and lipid profile. Studies have shown that probiotics (Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species) can be used as a nutritional approach to improve these metabolic changes. We assessed the probiotic effect (4 species of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium) on insulin resistance biomarkers in an experimental model of AD. Methods: A total of 60 rats were divided into 5 groups: (1) a control group without surgical and dietary intervention; (2) a controlprobiotics group receiving probiotics for 8 weeks, but not receiving any surgical intervention; (3) a group receiving a sham operation in which PBS was injected intrahippocampus but without dietary intervention; (4) an Alzheimer group for which Amyloid-ß (Aß) 1- 42 was injected intrahippocampus but without dietary intervention; (5) and an Alzheimer-probiotics group for which Aß1-42 was injected intrahippocampus and given 2g probiotics for 8 weeks. The FBS levels and lipid profile were measured by a calorimetric method, insulin levels were detected by an ELISA kit, and HOMA-IR was calculated using a formula. ANOVA (one way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni comparisons post hoc) was used to compare all the variables between groups. Results: Serum glucose, insulin levels, and HOMA-IR index increased in the Alzheimer group compared to the control (p<0.001), while probiotics decreased only insulin level and HOMA-IR index in AP group compared to Alzheimer group (p<0.001). Also, TG levels increased in the Alzheimer group (p<0.001), but no significant difference was detected between Alzheimer and Alzheimerprobiotics group. Conclusion: It seems that probiotics play an effective role in controlling glycemic status of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Athari Nik Azm
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolghassem Djazayeri
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Safa
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center and Hematology Department, School of Allied Medical Science, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kian Azami
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Djalali
- Department of Cellular-Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Vafa
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Intracranial IL-17A overexpression decreases cerebral amyloid angiopathy by upregulation of ABCA1 in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 65:262-273. [PMID: 28526436 PMCID: PMC5537015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a pervasive feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and characterized by activated microglia, increased proinflammatory cytokines and/or infiltrating immune cells. T helper 17 (Th17) cells are found in AD brain parenchyma and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is identified around deposits of aggregated amyloid β protein (Aβ). However, the role of IL-17A in AD pathogenesis remains elusive. We overexpressed IL-17A in an AD mouse model via recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (rAAV5)-mediated intracranial gene delivery. AD model mice subjected to injection of a vehicle (PBS) or rAAV5 carrying the lacZ gene served as controls. IL-17A did not exacerbate neuroinflammation in IL-17A-overexpressing mice. We found that IL-17A overexpression markedly improved glucose metabolism, decreased soluble Aβ levels in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, drastically reduced cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and modestly but significantly improved anxiety and learning deficits. Moreover, the ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1), which can transport Aβ from the brain into the blood circulation, significantly increased in IL-17A-overexpressing mice. In vitro treatment of brain endothelial bEnd.3 cells with IL-17A induced a dose-dependent increase in protein expression of ABCA1 through ERK activation. Our study suggests that IL-17A may decrease Aβ levels in the brain by upregulating ABCA1 in blood-brain barrier endothelial cells.
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The protection of novel 2-arylethenylquinoline derivatives against impairment of associative learning memory induced by neural Aβ in C. elegans Alzheimer’s disease model. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:3061-3072. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2339-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Cisternas P, Inestrosa NC. Brain glucose metabolism: Role of Wnt signaling in the metabolic impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017. [PMID: 28624434 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The brain is an organ that has a high demand for glucose. In the brain, glucose is predominantly used in energy production, with almost 70% of the energy used by neurons. The importance of the energy requirement in neurons is clearly demonstrated by the fact that all neurodegenerative disorders exhibit a critical metabolic impairment that includes decreased glucose uptake/utilization and decreased mitochondrial activity, with a consequent diminution in ATP production. In fact, in Alzheimer's disease, the measurement of the general metabolic rate of the brain has been reported to be an accurate tool for diagnosis. Additionally, the administration of metabolic activators such as insulin/glucagon-like peptide 1 can improve memory/learning performance. Despite the importance of energy metabolism in the brain, little is known about the cellular pathways involved in the regulation of this process. Several reports postulate a role for Wnt signaling as a general metabolic regulator. Thus, in the present review, we discuss the antecedents that support the relationship between Wnt signaling and energy metabolism in the Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cisternas
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; Center for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes(CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.
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Mazza E, Fava A, Ferro Y, Moraca M, Rotundo S, Colica C, Provenzano F, Terracciano R, Greco M, Foti D, Gulletta E, Russo D, Bosco D, Pujia A, Montalcini T. Impact of legumes and plant proteins consumption on cognitive performances in the elderly. J Transl Med 2017; 15:109. [PMID: 28532453 PMCID: PMC5440936 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have investigated the role of the dietary factors in the prevention of cognitive decline but the short-term effects of foods choice on cognitive performances in the elderly are poorly explored. Our aim was to investigate the choice of foods among elderly Italian individuals and the association with cognitive function. METHODS In this longitudinal study, the participants were 214 individuals aged ≥65 years with a score >20 at the Mini Mental State Examination. The cognitive sub-test of ADAScale was used to detect cognitive decline progression over 12 months. Food choices was measured by a combination of a 24-h recall and a seven-day diet record and Principal Components Analysis. RESULTS The Principal Components Analysis identified four food and four nutrient patterns. MMSE and ADAS-cog score after 1 year were found to be associated with legumes pattern (B = 0.25, p = 0.007; 95% CI 0.07/0.44; and B = -0.10, p = 0.006; CI -0.79/-0.30, respectively). A dietary pattern including plant proteins was independently associated with an improved ADAS-cog after 1 year (B = 0.584, p = 0.04; OR 1.79, CI 0.04-0.42). CONCLUSIONS The Principal Components Analysis is useful to investigate the choice of foods and nutrients in the elderly. We demonstrated an association between legumes pattern with cognitive performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Mazza
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Nutrition Unit, University Magna Grecia, Viale S. Venuta, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonietta Fava
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Nutrition Unit, University Magna Grecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Yvelise Ferro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Nutrition Unit, University Magna Grecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marta Moraca
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Nutrition Unit, University Magna Grecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefania Rotundo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Nutrition Unit, University Magna Grecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carmela Colica
- Department of Pharmacology, CNR, ISN, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Provenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Nutrition Unit, University Magna Grecia, Viale S. Venuta, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosa Terracciano
- Department of Health Science, Laboratory Unit, University Magna Grecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marta Greco
- Department of Health Science, Laboratory Unit, University Magna Grecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Daniela Foti
- Department of Health Science, Laboratory Unit, University Magna Grecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Elio Gulletta
- Department of Health Science, Laboratory Unit, University Magna Grecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Diego Russo
- Department of Health Science, Laboratory Unit, University Magna Grecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Domenico Bosco
- Neurology Unit, S. Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Crotone, Italy
| | - Arturo Pujia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Nutrition Unit, University Magna Grecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Tiziana Montalcini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Nutrition Unit, University Magna Grecia, Viale S. Venuta, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
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Campos-Peña V, Toral-Rios D, Becerril-Pérez F, Sánchez-Torres C, Delgado-Namorado Y, Torres-Ossorio E, Franco-Bocanegra D, Carvajal K. Metabolic Syndrome as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease: Is Aβ a Crucial Factor in Both Pathologies? Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:542-560. [PMID: 27368351 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Recently, chronic degenerative diseases have become one of the main health problems worldwide. That is the case of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS), whose expression can be influenced by different risk factors. Recent Advances: In recent decades, it has been widely described that MetS increases the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. MetS pathogenesis involves several vascular risk factors such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance (I/R). CRITICAL ISSUES Reported evidence shows that vascular risk factors are associated with AD, particularly in the development of protein aggregation, inflammation, oxidative stress, neuronal dysfunction, and disturbances in signaling pathways, with insulin receptor signaling being a common alteration between MetS and AD. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Insulin signaling has been involved in tau phosphorylation and amyloid β (Aβ) metabolism. However, it has also been demonstrated that Aβ oligomers can bind to insulin receptors, triggering their internalization, decreasing neuron responsiveness to insulin, and promoting insulin I/R. Thus, it could be argued that Aβ could be a convergent factor in the development of both pathologies. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 542-560.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danira Toral-Rios
- 2 Departamento de Fisiología Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Carmen Sánchez-Torres
- 4 Departamento of Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Elimar Torres-Ossorio
- 6 Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Karla Carvajal
- 7 Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría , Mexico City, Mexico
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Zolezzi JM, Santos MJ, Bastías-Candia S, Pinto C, Godoy JA, Inestrosa NC. PPARs in the central nervous system: roles in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 92:2046-2069. [PMID: 28220655 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over 25 years have passed since peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors (PPARs), were first described. Like other members of the nuclear receptors superfamily, PPARs have been defined as critical sensors and master regulators of cellular metabolism. Recognized as ligand-activated transcription factors, they are involved in lipid, glucose and amino acid metabolism, taking part in different cellular processes, including cellular differentiation and apoptosis, inflammatory modulation and attenuation of acute and chronic neurological damage in vivo and in vitro. Interestingly, PPAR activation can simultaneously reprogram the immune response, stimulate metabolic and mitochondrial functions, promote axonal growth, induce progenitor cells to differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes, and improve brain clearance of toxic molecules such as β-amyloid peptide. Although the molecular mechanisms and cross-talk with different molecular pathways are still the focus of intense research, PPARs are considered potential therapeutic targets for several neuropathological conditions, including degenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease. This review considers recent advances regarding PPARs, as well as new PPAR agonists. We focus on the mechanisms behind the neuroprotective effects exerted by PPARs and summarise the roles of PPARs in different pathologies of the central nervous system, especially those associated with degenerative and inflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Zolezzi
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), P. Catholic University of Chile, PO Box 114-D, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel J Santos
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sussy Bastías-Candia
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Tarapacá, Gral. Velásquez 1775, 1000007, Arica, Chile
| | - Claudio Pinto
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), P. Catholic University of Chile, PO Box 114-D, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan A Godoy
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), P. Catholic University of Chile, PO Box 114-D, 8331150, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), P. Catholic University of Chile, PO Box 114-D, 8331150, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Avoca Street Randwick NSW 2031, Sydney, Australia.,Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, PO Box 113-D, Avenida Bulnes 01855, 6210427, Punta Arenas, Chile
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50
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Dingova D, Fazekas T, Okuliarova P, Strbova J, Kucera M, Hrabovska A. Low Plasma Cholinesterase Activities are Associated with Deficits in Spatial Orientation, Reduced Ability to Perform Basic Activities of Daily Living, and Low Body Mass Index in Patients with Progressed Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 51:801-13. [PMID: 26890780 DOI: 10.3233/jad-151060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a central cholinergic deficit. Non-neuronal cholinergic changes are, however, described as well. Here we focused on possible changes in the activity of the plasma cholinesterases, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), in hospitalized AD patients. We analyzed plasma AChE and BChE activities with regards to age, gender, body mass index (BMI), cognitive functions, and ability to perform activities of daily living in AD patients in comparison to healthy subjects. We observed lower AChE activity and trend toward lower BChE activity in AD patients, which both correlated with low BMI. AD patients unable to perform basic activities of daily living (feeding, bathing, dressing, and grooming) showed reduced plasma AChE activities, while worse spatial orientation was linked to lower BChE activities. Three out of four AD patients with the lowest BChE activities died within one year. In conclusion, progressed AD was accompanied by lower plasma AChE activity and trend toward lower BChE activity, which correlated with BMI and deficits in different components of the AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Dingova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomas Fazekas
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Okuliarova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Matej Kucera
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anna Hrabovska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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