Adipose tissue NAD+-homeostasis, sirtuins and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases -important players in mitochondrial metabolism and metabolic health

Perivascular Adipose Tissue and Perivascular Adipose Tissue-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: New Insights in Vascular Disease

Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is a special deposit of fat tissue surrounding the vasculature. Previous studies suggest that PVAT modulates the vasculature function in physiological conditions and is implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Understanding how PVAT influences vasculature function and vascular disease progression is important. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are novel mediators of intercellular communication. EVs encapsulate molecular cargo such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. EVs can influence cellular functions by transferring the carried bioactive molecules. Emerging evidence indicates that PVAT-derived EVs play an important role in vascular functions under health and disease conditions. This review will focus on the roles of PVAT and PVAT-EVs in obesity, diabetic, and metabolic syndrome-related vascular diseases, offering novel insights into therapeutic targets for vascular diseases.

The significance of caloric restriction mimetics as anti-aging drugs

Aging is an intricate process characterized by the gradual deterioration of the physiological integrity of a living organism. This unfortunate phenomenon inevitably leads to a decline in functionality and a heightened susceptibility to the ultimate fate of mortality. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to implement interventions that possess the capability to reverse or preempt age-related pathology. Caloric restriction mimetics (CRMs) refer to a class of molecules that have been observed to elicit advantageous outcomes on both health and longevity in various model organisms and human subjects. Notably, these compounds offer a promising alternative to the arduous task of adhering to a caloric restriction diet and mitigate the progression of the aging process and extend the duration of life in laboratory animals and human population. A plethora of molecular signals have been linked to the practice of caloric restriction, encompassing Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF1), Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR), the Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) pathway, and Sirtuins, with particular emphasis on SIRT1. Therefore, this review will center its focus on several compounds that act as CRMs, highlighting their molecular targets, chemical structures, and mechanisms of action. Moreover, this review serves to underscore the significant relationship between post COVID-19 syndrome, antiaging, and importance of utilizing CRMs. This particular endeavor will serve as a comprehensive guide for medicinal chemists and other esteemed researchers, enabling them to meticulously conceive and cultivate novel molecular entities with the potential to function as efficacious antiaging pharmaceutical agents.

Obesity under the moonlight of c-MYC

The moonlighting protein c-Myc is a master regulator of multiple biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, apoptosis and metabolism. It is constitutively and aberrantly expressed in more than 70% of human cancers. Overwhelming evidence suggests that c-Myc dysregulation is involved in several inflammatory, autoimmune, metabolic and other non-cancerous diseases. In this review, we addressed the role of c-Myc in obesity. Obesity is a systemic disease, accompanied by multi-organ dysfunction apart from white adipose tissue (WAT), such as the liver, the pancreas, and the intestine. c-Myc plays a big diversity of functions regulating cellular proliferation, the maturation of progenitor cells, fatty acids (FAs) metabolism, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Moreover, c-Myc drives the expression of a wide range of metabolic genes, modulates the inflammatory response, induces insulin resistance (IR), and contributes to the regulation of intestinal dysbiosis. Altogether, c-Myc is an interesting diagnostic tool and/or therapeutic target in order to mitigate obesity and its consequences.

Cold-stimulated brown adipose tissue activation is related to changes in serum metabolites relevant to NAD+ metabolism in humans

Cold-induced brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation is considered to improve metabolic health. In murine BAT, cold increases the fundamental molecule for mitochondrial function, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), but limited knowledge of NAD+ metabolism during cold in human BAT metabolism exists. We show that cold increases the serum metabolites of the NAD+ salvage pathway (nicotinamide and 1-methylnicotinamide) in humans. Additionally, individuals with cold-stimulated BAT activation have decreased levels of metabolites from the de novo NAD+ biosynthesis pathway (tryptophan, kynurenine). Serum nicotinamide correlates positively with cold-stimulated BAT activation, whereas tryptophan and kynurenine correlate negatively. Furthermore, the expression of genes involved in NAD+ biosynthesis in BAT is related to markers of metabolic health. Our data indicate that cold increases serum tryptophan conversion to nicotinamide to be further utilized by BAT. We conclude that NAD+ metabolism is activated upon cold in humans and is probably regulated in a coordinated fashion by several tissues.

Gene coexpression network analysis reveals perirenal adipose tissue as an important target of prenatal malnutrition in sheep

We have previously demonstrated that pre- and early postnatal malnutrition in sheep induced depot- and sex-specific changes in adipose morphological features, metabolic outcomes, and transcriptome in adulthood, with perirenal (PER) as the major target followed by subcutaneous (SUB) adipose tissue. We aimed to identify coexpressed and hub genes in SUB and PER to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms contributing to the early nutritional programming of adipose-related phenotypic outcomes. Transcriptomes of SUB and PER of male and female adult sheep with different pre- and early postnatal nutrition histories were used to construct networks of coexpressed genes likely to be functionally associated with pre- and early postnatal nutrition histories and phenotypic traits using weighted gene coexpression network analysis. The modules from PER showed enrichment of cell cycle regulation, gene expression, transmembrane transport, and metabolic processes associated with both sexes' prenatal nutrition. In SUB (only males), a module of enriched adenosine diphosphate metabolism and development correlated with prenatal nutrition. Sex-specific module enrichments were found in PER, such as chromatin modification in the male network but histone modification and mitochondria- and oxidative phosphorylation-related functions in the female network. These sex-specific modules correlated with prenatal nutrition and adipocyte size distribution patterns. Our results point to PER as a primary target of prenatal malnutrition compared to SUB, which played only a minor role. The prenatal programming of gene expression and cell cycle, potentially through epigenetic modifications, might be underlying mechanisms responsible for observed changes in PER expandability and adipocyte-size distribution patterns in adulthood in both sexes.

NAMPT inhibition relieves intestinal inflammation by regulating macrophage activation in experimental necrotizing enterocolitis

Nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT) is associated with various NAD+ -consuming enzymatic reactions. The precise role in intestinal mucosal immunity in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is not well defined. Here, we examined whether NAMPT inhibition by the highly specific inhibitor FK866 could alleviate intestinal inflammation during the pathogenesis of NEC. In the present study, we showed that NAMPT expression was upregulated in the human terminal ileum of human infants with NEC. FK866 administration attenuated M1 macrophage polarization and relieved the symptoms of experimental NEC pups. FK866 inhibited intercellular NAD+ levels, macrophage M1 polarization, and the expression of NAD+ -dependent enzymes, such as poly (ADP ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) and Sirt6. Consistently, the capacity of macrophages to phagocytose zymosan particles, as well as antibacterial activity, were impaired by FK866, whereas NMN supplementation to restore NAD+ levels reversed the changes in phagocytosis and antibacterial activity. In conclusion, FK866 reduced intestinal macrophage infiltration and skewed macrophage polarization, which is implicated in intestinal mucosal immunity, thereby promoting the survival of NEC pups.

HDAC-an important target for improving tumor radiotherapy resistance

Radiotherapy is an important means of tumor treatment, but radiotherapy resistance has been a difficult problem in the comprehensive treatment of clinical tumors. The mechanisms of radiotherapy resistance include the repair of sublethal damage and potentially lethal damage of tumor cells, cell repopulation, cell cycle redistribution, and reoxygenation. These processes are closely related to the regulation of epigenetic modifications. Histone deacetylases (HDACs), as important regulators of the epigenetic structure of cancer, are widely involved in the formation of tumor radiotherapy resistance by participating in DNA damage repair, cell cycle regulation, cell apoptosis, and other mechanisms. Although the important role of HDACs and their related inhibitors in tumor therapy has been reviewed, the relationship between HDACs and radiotherapy has not been systematically studied. This article systematically expounds for the first time the specific mechanism by which HDACs promote tumor radiotherapy resistance in vivo and in vitro and the clinical application prospects of HDAC inhibitors, aiming to provide a reference for HDAC-related drug development and guide the future research direction of HDAC inhibitors that improve tumor radiotherapy resistance.

Nicotinamide Riboside Preserves Ovarian Injury in Experimental Sepsis Model in Rats

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the study is to investigate the protective effects of nicotinamide riboside on oxidative stress in an experimental sepsis model created by cecal ligation and puncture.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Rats were divided into 3 groups randomly: sham-operated (control) group, sep- sis group, and nicotinamide riboside-treated group. Sepsis model-induced cecal ligation and puncture was applied to sepsis group rats. Animals in the nicotinamide riboside-treated group were administered nicotin- amide riboside intraperitoneally (500 mg/kg). Tissue specimens from rats were biochemically calculated for their activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, myeloperoxidase, and malondialde- hyde levels. Ovarian tissues of all rats were histopathologically evaluated.

RESULTS

Catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were lower in the sepsis group compared to the sham-operated (control) group. Superoxide dismutase activity was significantly higher in the nicotinamide riboside-treated group than in control and sepsis group (P <.05). Myeloperoxidase activi- ties and mean malondialdehyde concentration of ovarian tissue were lower in nicotinamide riboside-treated group than in sepsis group (P<.05). The light microscopic assessment revealed that ovarian tissue was protected, and inflammation and interstitial edema decreased in nicotinamide riboside-treated group. The follicular damage findings were notably decreased in nicotinamide riboside-treated group in comparison to sepsis group (P<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicated that nicotinamide riboside diminished ovarian injury in sepsis via inhibiting tissue infiltration and increasing endogenous antioxidant capacity. Nicotinamide riboside administration may represent a new treatment approach for the prevention of sepsis-induced ovarian injury.

Oleic acid abomasal infusion limits lipolysis and improves insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue from periparturient dairy cows

Excessive adipose tissue (AT) lipolysis around parturition in dairy cows is associated with impaired AT insulin sensitivity and increased incidence of metabolic diseases. Supplementing cows with oleic acid (OA) reduces circulating biomarkers of lipolysis and improves energy balance. Nevertheless, it is unclear if OA alters lipid trafficking in AT. In the liver and skeletal muscle, OA improves mitochondrial function and promotes lipid droplet formation by activating perilipin 5 (PLIN5) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). However, it is unknown if this mechanism occurs in AT. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of OA on AT lipolysis, systemic and AT insulin sensitivity, and AT mitochondrial function in periparturient dairy cows. Twelve rumen-cannulated Holstein cows were infused abomasally following parturition with ethanol (CON) or OA (60 g/d) for 14 d. Subcutaneous AT samples were collected at 11 ± 3.6 d before calving (-12 d), and 6 ± 1.0 d (7 d) and 13 ± 1.4 d (14 d) after parturition. An intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed on d 14. Adipocyte morphometry was performed on hematoxylin and eosin-stained AT sections. The antilipolytic effect of insulin (1 μg/L) was evaluated using an ex vivo explant culture following lipolysis stimulation. PLIN5 and PPARα transcription and translation were determined by real-time quantitative PCR and capillary electrophoresis, respectively. RNA sequencing was used to evaluate the transcriptomic profile of mitochondrial gene networks. In CON cows, postpartum lipolysis increased the percentage of smaller (<3,000 µm²) adipocytes at 14 d compared with -12 d. However, OA limited adipocyte size reduction at 14 d. Likewise, OA decreased lipolysis plasma markers nonesterified free fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate at 5 and 7 d. Over the 14-d period, compared with CON, OA increased the concentration of plasma insulin and decreased plasma glucose. During the glucose tolerance test, OA decreased circulating glucose concentration (at 10, 20, 30, 40 min) and the glucose clearance rate. Moreover, OA increased insulin at 10 and 20 min and tended to increase it at 30 min. Following lipolysis stimulation, OA improved the antilipolytic effect of insulin in the AT at 14 d. PLIN5 and PPARA gene expression decreased postpartum regardless of treatment. However, OA increased PLIN5 protein expression at 14 d and increased PPARA at 7 and 14 d. Immunohistochemical analysis of AT and RNA sequencing data showed that OA increased the number of mitochondria and improved mitochondrial function. However, OA had no effect on production and digestibility. Our results demonstrate that OA limits AT lipolysis, improves systemic and AT insulin sensitivity, and is associated with markers of mitochondrial function supporting a shift to lipogenesis in AT of periparturient dairy cows.

Interactions between Intestinal Homeostasis and NAD+ Biology in Regulating Incretin Production and Postprandial Glucose Metabolism

The intestine has garnered attention as a target organ for developing new therapies for impaired glucose tolerance. The intestine, which produces incretin hormones, is the central regulator of glucose metabolism. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) production, which determines postprandial glucose levels, is regulated by intestinal homeostasis. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT)-mediated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) biosynthesis in major metabolic organs such as the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle plays a crucial role in obesity- and aging-associated organ derangements. Furthermore, NAMPT-mediated NAD⁺ biosynthesis in the intestines and its upstream and downstream mediators, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and NAD⁺-dependent deacetylase sirtuins (SIRTs), respectively, are critical for intestinal homeostasis, including gut microbiota composition and bile acid metabolism, and GLP-1 production. Thus, boosting the intestinal AMPK-NAMPT-NAD⁺-SIRT pathway to improve intestinal homeostasis, GLP-1 production, and postprandial glucose metabolism has gained significant attention as a novel strategy to improve impaired glucose tolerance. Herein, we aimed to review in detail the regulatory mechanisms and importance of intestinal NAMPT-mediated NAD⁺ biosynthesis in regulating intestinal homeostasis and GLP-1 secretion in obesity and aging. Furthermore, dietary and molecular factors regulating intestinal NAMPT-mediated NAD⁺ biosynthesis were critically explored to facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies for postprandial glucose dysregulation.

Auts2 regulated autism-like behavior, glucose metabolism and oxidative stress in mice

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by abnormal social behavior and communication. The autism susceptibility candidate 2 (AUTS2) gene has been associated with multiple neurological diseases, including ASD. Glucose metabolism plays an important role in social behaviors associated with ASD, but the potential role of AUTS2 in glucose metabolism has not been studied. Here, we generated Auts2^flox/flox; Emx1^Cre+ conditional knockout mice with Auts2 deletion specifically in Exm1-positive neurons in the brain (Auts2-cKO mice) to evaluate the effects of Auts2 knockdown on social behaviors and metabolic pathways. Auts2-cKO mice exhibited ASD-like behaviors, including impaired social interactions and repetitive grooming behaviors. At the molecular level, we found that Auts2 knockdown reduced brain glucose uptake and inhibited the pentose phosphate pathway. Auts2 knockdown also resulted in signs of oxidative stress, and we documented increased levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde as well as decreased levels of antioxidant molecules, including glutathione and superoxide dismutases in Auts2-cKO mouse brains compared to controls. Finally, Auts2 knockdown significantly disrupted mitochondrial homeostasis and inhibited activity of the SIRT1-SIRT3 axis. Taken together, our findings indicate that loss of AUTS2 expression in Emx1-expressing cells induces multiple changes in metabolic pathways that have been linked to the pathology of ASD. Further characterization of the role of AUTS2 in Emx1-expressing cells in regulating the metabolism of brain neurons may identify opportunities to treat ASD and AUTS2-deficiency disorders with metabolism-targeted therapies.

Nicotinamide riboside improves muscle mitochondrial biogenesis, satellite cell differentiation, and gut microbiota in a twin study

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) precursor nicotinamide riboside (NR) has emerged as a promising compound to improve obesity-associated mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic syndrome in mice. However, most short-term clinical trials conducted so far have not reported positive outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether long-term NR supplementation boosts mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic health in humans. Twenty body mass index (BMI)-discordant monozygotic twin pairs were supplemented with an escalating dose of NR (250 to 1000 mg/day) for 5 months. NR improved systemic NAD+ metabolism, muscle mitochondrial number, myoblast differentiation, and gut microbiota composition in both cotwins. NR also showed a capacity to modulate epigenetic control of gene expression in muscle and adipose tissue in both cotwins. However, NR did not ameliorate adiposity or metabolic health. Overall, our results suggest that NR acts as a potent modifier of NAD+ metabolism, muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and stem cell function, gut microbiota, and DNA methylation in humans irrespective of BMI.

Nicotinamide mononucleotide attenuates HIF-1α activation and fibrosis in hypoxic adipose tissue via NAD+/SIRT1 axis

BACKGROUND

Fibrosis is increasingly considered as a major contributor in adipose tissue dysfunction. Hypoxic activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) induces a profibrotic transcription, leading to adipose fibrosis. Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a member of the vitamin B₃ family, has been shown to relieve hepatic and cardiac fibrosis, but its effects on hypoxic adipose fibrosis and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. We aimed to elucidate the roles of NMN in regulating HIF-1α and fibrosis in hypoxic adipose tissue.

METHODS

Mice were placed in a hypobaric chamber for four weeks to induce adipose fibrosis. NMN (500 mg/kg, every three days) was administered by intraperitoneal injection. In vitro, Stromal vascular fractions (SVF) cells were treated by hypoxia with or without NMN (200μM), sirtinol (25μM, a SIRT1 inhibitor) and CoCl₂ (100μM, a HIF1α enhancer). The effects of NMN on hypoxia-associated adipose fibrosis, inflammation, NAD⁺/SIRT1 axis alteration, and HIF-1α activation were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), western blots, immunohistochemistry staining, immunoprecipitation, and assay kits.

RESULTS

Mice placed in a hypoxic chamber for four weeks showed obvious adipose fibrosis and inflammation, which were attenuated by NMN. NMN also restore the compromised NAD⁺/SIRT1 axis and inhibited the activation of HIF-1α induced by hypoxia. In hypoxia-induced SVFs, the SIRT1 inhibitor sirtinol blocked the anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects of NMN, upregulated the HIF-1α and its acetylation level. The HIF1α stabilizer CoCl₂ showed similar effects as sirtinol.

CONCLUSION

NMN effectively attenuated HIF-1α activation-induced adipose fibrosis and inflammation by restoring the compromised NAD⁺/SIRT1 axis.

Sirtuins: Key players in obesity-associated adipose tissue remodeling

Obesity, a complex disease involving an excessive amount of body fat and a major threat to public health all over the world, is the determining factor of the onset and development of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Long-term overnutrition results in excessive expansion and dysfunction of adipose tissue, inflammatory responses and over-accumulation of extracellular matrix in adipose tissue, and ectopic lipid deposit in other organs, termed adipose tissue remodeling. The mammalian Sirtuins (SIRT1-7) are a family of conserved NAD⁺-dependent protein deacetylases. Mounting evidence has disclosed that Sirtuins and their prominent substrates participate in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including cell cycle regulation, mitochondrial biogenesis and function, glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin action, inflammatory responses, and energy homeostasis. In this review, we provided up-to-date and comprehensive knowledge about the roles of Sirtuins in adipose tissue remodeling, focusing on the fate of adipocytes, lipid mobilization, adipose tissue inflammation and fibrosis, and browning of adipose tissue, and we summarized the clinical trials of Sirtuin activators and inhibitors in treating metabolic diseases, which might shed light on new therapeutic strategies for obesity and its associated metabolic diseases.

Polymorphisms of CRELD1 and DNAJC30 and their relationship with chicken carcass traits

Carcass traits play important roles in the broiler industry and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) can be efficient molecular markers for marker-assisted breeding of chicken carcass traits. Based on our previous RNA-seq data (accession number GSE58755), cysteine rich with epidermal growth factor like domains 1 (CRELD1) and DnaJ heat shock protein family member C30 (DNAJC30) are differentially expressed in breast muscle between white recessive rock chicken (WRR) and Xinghua chicken (XH). In this study, we further characterize the potential function and SNP mutation of CRELD1 and DNAJC30 in chicken for the first time. According to protein interaction network and enrichment analysis, CRELD1 and DNAJC30 may play some roles in chicken muscle development and fat deposition. In WRR and XH, the results of the relative tissue expression pattern demonstrated that CRELD1 and DNAJC30 are not only differentially expressed in breast muscle but also leg muscle and abdominal fat. Therefore, we identified 5 SNP sites of CRELD1 and 7 SNP sites of DNAJC30 and genotyped them in an F₂ chicken population. There are 4 sites of CRELD1 and 3 sites of DNAJC30 are associated with chicken carcass traits like breast muscle weight, body weight, dressed weight, leg weight percentage, eviscerated weight with giblet percentage, intermuscular adipose width, shank length, and girth. These results suggest that the SNP sites of CRELD1 and DNAJC30 can be potential molecular markers to improve the chicken carcass traits and lay the foundation for marker-assisted selection.

Browning of the white adipose tissue regulation: new insights into nutritional and metabolic relevance in health and diseases

Adipose tissues are dynamic tissues that play crucial physiological roles in maintaining health and homeostasis. Although white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue are currently considered key endocrine organs, they differ functionally and morphologically. The existence of the beige or brite adipocytes, cells displaying intermediary characteristics between white and brown adipocytes, illustrates the plastic nature of the adipose tissue. These cells are generated through white adipose tissue browning, a process associated with augmented non-shivering thermogenesis and metabolic capacity. This process involves the upregulation of the uncoupling protein 1, a molecule that uncouples the respiratory chain from Adenosine triphosphate synthesis, producing heat. β-3 adrenergic receptor system is one important mediator of white adipose tissue browning, during cold exposure. Surprisingly, hyperthermia may also induce beige activation and white adipose tissue beiging. Physical exercising copes with increased levels of specific molecules, including Beta-Aminoisobutyric acid, irisin, and Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), which induce adipose tissue browning. FGF21 is a stress-responsive hormone that interacts with beta-klotho. The central roles played by hormones in the browning process highlight the relevance of the individual lifestyle, including circadian rhythm and diet. Circadian rhythm involves the sleep-wake cycle and is regulated by melatonin, a hormone associated with UCP1 level upregulation. In contrast to the pro-inflammatory and adipose tissue disrupting effects of the western diet, specific food items, including capsaicin and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and dietary interventions such as calorie restriction and intermittent fasting, favor white adipose tissue browning and metabolic efficiency. The intestinal microbiome has also been pictured as a key factor in regulating white tissue browning, as it modulates bile acid levels, important molecules for the thermogenic program activation. During embryogenesis, in which adipose tissue formation is affected by Bone morphogenetic proteins that regulate gene expression, the stimuli herein discussed influence an orchestra of gene expression regulators, including a plethora of transcription factors, and chromatin remodeling enzymes, and non-coding RNAs. Considering the detrimental effects of adipose tissue browning and the disparities between adipose tissue characteristics in mice and humans, further efforts will benefit a better understanding of adipose tissue plasticity biology and its applicability to managing the overwhelming burden of several chronic diseases.

Nicotinamide-riboside shifts the differentiation of human primary white adipocytes to beige adipocytes impacting substrate preference and uncoupling respiration through SIRT1 activation and mitochondria-derived reactive species production

Beige adipocytes play key roles in organismal energy and metabolic balance. In this study, we assessed whether the supplementation of human white adipocytes, differentiated from human adipose tissue-derived stem cells, with nicotinamide riboside (NR), a potent NAD + precursor, can shift differentiation to beige adipocytes (beiging). NR induced mitochondrial biogenesis and the expression of beige markers (TBX1 and UCP1) in white adipocytes demonstrating that NR can declutch beiging. NR did not induce PARP activity but supported SIRT1 induction, which plays a key role in beiging. NR induced etomoxir-resistant respiration, suggesting increases in the oxidation of carbohydrates, carbohydrate breakdown products, or amino acids. Furthermore, NR boosted oligomycin-resistant respiration corresponding to uncoupled respiration. Enhanced etomoxir and oligomycin-resistant respiration were dependent on mitochondrial reactive-species production. Taken together, NR supplementation can induce beiging and uncoupled respiration, which are beneficial for combatting metabolic diseases.

Niacin Status Indicators and Their Relationship with Metabolic Parameters in Dairy Cows during Early Lactation

Simple Summary

The active forms of niacin that represent niacin status are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) and the NAD:NADP ratio. Previous studies have shown metabolic changes in the function of niacin form and dose, but it has not been determined whether there are changes in the function of active form of niacin that indicate the vitamin status in the body. In this study, we examined differences in NAD, NADP and NAD:NADP concentration in blood and their relationship with metabolic parameters in cows receiving and not receiving additional niacin in food. We concluded that NAD and NADP are good indicators of the ability of an additional niacin source to create functional cofactors due to their concentration changes, while the NAD:NADP ratio is a good indicator of the biological effects of additional niacin due to correlation with many metabolites.

Abstract

Previous experimental models on cows have examined the difference in the metabolic adaptation in cows after niacin administration, without identifying the most important mediators between niacin administration and its biological effects, namely active forms of niacin. All tissues in the body convert absorbed niacin into its main metabolically active form, the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). The aim of this study was to determine the influence of niacin administration in periparturient period on NAD, NADP and the NAD:NADP ratio and to determine relationship between these indicators of an active form of niacin with metabolic parameters in cow blood. The study included 90 healthy cows: 45 cows receiving niacin and 45 cows were negative control. The niacin group was treated with nicotinic acid for two weeks before, as well as two weeks after parturition. Nicotinic acid was applied per os with feed. In cows receiving niacin, there was a significantly higher concentration of NAD and NADP, but the NAD:NADP ratio did not differ compared with control. All three indicators were able to separate cows who received and who did not receive additional niacin. NAD and NADP are good indicators of the availability of niacin from additional sources. The NAD:NADP ratio is a good indicator of the biological effect of applied niacin on metabolites in cows due to its correlation with a number of metabolites: positive correlation with glucose, insulin, glucose to insulin ratio and the revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (RQUICKIBHB) of insulin resistance, triglycerides and cholesterol, and a negative correlation with nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), beta hydroxybutyrate (BHB), gamma-glutamyltranspherase (GGT) and urea in cows receiving niacin. The same amount of added niacin in feed can produce different concentrations of NAD, NADP and NAD:NADP in the blood, and this was not related to their concentration before the addition of niacin. The change in the concentration of the active form of niacin (NAD, NADP and NAD:NADP) further correlates with the concentration of metabolic parameters, which indicates that the intensity of the biological effect of additional niacin can be accurately determined only if we know the concentrations of its active forms in blood. Under basal conditions (without additional niacin), active forms of niacin that already exist in the blood do not show significant correlations with metabolic parameters.

Nicotinamide riboside relieves the severity of experimental necrotizing enterocolitis by regulating endothelial function via eNOS deacetylation

BACKGROUND

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is involved in regulating oxidative stress. Although NAD+ is associated with various health issues, its role in the intestinal microcirculation in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) remains to be confirmed. In the current study, we explored whether nicotinamide riboside (NR), a natural NAD + precursor, ameliorates the severity of NEC through endothelial nitric oxide synthase(eNOS) signaling.

METHODS

A mouse experimental NEC model was induced by formula gavage and hypoxia in full-term mouse pups. Intestinal endothelial cells (MIMECs) were isolated and subjected to stress using tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. NR was administered to assess the intestinal microcirculation and lipid peroxidation levels and to explore the involved signaling pathways.

RESULTS

NAD + levels were reduced after induction of NEC stress, which was associated with intestinal injury. NR administration promoted NAD + levels, attenuated oxidative stress and relieved the symptoms of experimental NEC, which were relevant to increased intestinal microcirculatory perfusion through the sirtuin (SIRT) 1 pathway in experimental NEC mice. However, this improvement was not found in eNOS-knockout mice. Consistently, MIMECs exposed to TNFα showed decreased SIRT1 activity associated with increased eNOS acetylation, which could bring about endothelial dysfunction due to limited nitric oxide production. NR administration increased the NAD + content and repressed the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MIMECs under TNFα stress. NR also promoted SIRT1 activity and accordingly suppressed the eNOS acetylation levels under TNFα stress.

CONCLUSION

The current data indicate that NR administration improves the survival of experimental NEC mice via SIRT1-associated eNOS acetylation/deacetylation modulation, which is implicated in endothelial dysfunction. Although NR is commonly found in the human diet, it may also be a promising strategy for NEC treatment because of its pathogenic association with NEC.

Overexpression of NMNAT3 improves mitochondrial function and enhances anti-oxidative stress of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via the NAD+-Sirt3 pathway

Oxidative stress damage is a common problem in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) transplantation. Under stress conditions, the mitochondrial function of BMSCs is disrupted, which accelerates senescence and apoptosis of BMSCs, ultimately leading to poor efficacy. Therefore, improving mitochondrial function and enhancing the anti-oxidative stress capacity of BMSCs may be an effective way of improving the survival rate and curative effect of BMSCs. In this study, we have confirmed that overexpression of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferase 3 (NMNAT3) improves mitochondrial function and resistance to stress-induced apoptosis in BMSCs. We further revealed the mechanism of NMNAT3-mediated resistance to stress-induced apoptosis in BMSCs. We increased the level of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) by overexpressing NMNAT3 in BMSCs and found that it could significantly increase the activity of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 3 (Sirt3) and significantly decrease the acetylation levels of Sirt3-dependent deacetylation-related proteins isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (Idh2) and Forkhead-box protein O3a (FOXO3a). These findings show that NMNAT3 may increase the activity of Sirt3 by increasing NAD+ levels. Our results confirm that the NMNAT3-NAD+-Sirt3 axis is a potential mechanism for improving mitochondrial function and enhancing anti-oxidative stress of BMSCs. In this study, we take advantage of the role of NMNAT3 in inhibiting stress-induced apoptosis of BMSCs and provide new methods and ideas for breaking through the bottleneck of transplantation efficacy of BMSCs in the clinic.

Mechanotransduction regulates inflammation responses of epicardial adipocytes in cardiovascular diseases

Adipose tissue is a crucial regulator in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis by secreting various bioactive products to mediate the physiological function of the cardiovascular system. Accumulating evidence shows that adipose tissue disorders contribute to several kinds of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Furthermore, the adipose tissue would present various biological effects depending on its tissue localization and metabolic statuses, deciding the individual cardiometabolic risk. Crosstalk between adipose and myocardial tissue is involved in the pathophysiological process of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), cardiac fibrosis, heart failure, and myocardial infarction/atherosclerosis. The abnormal distribution of adipose tissue in the heart might yield direct and/or indirect effects on cardiac function. Moreover, mechanical transduction is critical for adipocytes in differentiation, proliferation, functional maturity, and homeostasis maintenance. Therefore, understanding the features of mechanotransduction pathways in the cellular ontogeny of adipose tissue is vital for underlining the development of adipocytes involved in cardiovascular disorders, which would preliminarily contribute positive implications on a novel therapeutic invention for cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we aim to clarify the role of mechanical stress in cardiac adipocyte homeostasis and its interplay with maintaining cardiac function.

Obesity and Maternal-Placental-Fetal Immunology and Health

Obesity rates in women of childbearing age is now at 29%, according to recent CDC reports. It is known that obesity is associated with oxidative stress and inflammation, including disruptions in cellular function and cytokine levels. In pregnant women who are obese, associated placental dysfunction can lead to small for gestational age (SGA) infants. More frequently, however, maternal obesity is associated with large for gestational age (LGA) newborns, who also have higher incidence of metabolic disease and asthma due to elevated levels of inflammation. In addition, anthropogenic environmental exposures to "endocrine disrupting" and "forever" chemicals affect obesity, as well as maternal physiology, the placenta, and fetal development. Placental function is intimately associated with the control of inflammation during pregnancy. There is a large amount of literature examining the relationship of placental immunology, both cellular and humoral, with pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Cells such as placental macrophages and NK cells have been implicated in spontaneous miscarriage, preeclampsia, preterm birth, perinatal neuroinflammation, and other post-natal conditions. Differing levels of placental cytokines and molecular inflammatory mediators also have known associations with preeclampsia and developmental outcomes. In this review, we will specifically examine the literature regarding maternal, placental, and fetal immunology and how it is altered by maternal obesity and environmental chemicals. We will additionally describe the relationship between placental immune function and clinical outcomes, including neonatal conditions, autoimmune disease, allergies, immunodeficiency, metabolic and endocrine conditions, neurodevelopment, and psychiatric disorders.

Genome Profiling of H3k4me3 Histone Modification in Human Adipose Tissue during Obesity and Insulin Resistance

Background: Adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction is involved in obesity-related comorbidities. Epigenetic alterations have been recently associated with AT deterioration in obesity conditions. In this work, we profiled the H3K4me3 histone mark in human AT, with special emphasis on the changes in the pattern of histone modification in obesity and insulin resistance (IR). Visceral AT (VAT) was collected and subjected to chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) using anti-H3K4me3 antibody and then sequenced to obtain the H3K4me3 genome profile. Results: We found that most of the H3K4me3 enriched regions were located in gene promoters of pathways related to AT biology and function. H3K4me3 enrichment at gene promoters was strongly related to higher mRNA levels. Differentially expressed genes in AT of patients classified as non-obese, obese with low IR, and obese with high IR could be regulated by differentially enriched H3K4me3; these genes encoded for pathways that could in part explain AT functioning during obesity and insulin resistance (e.g., extracellular matrix organization, PPARG signaling or inflammation). Conclusions: In conclusion, we emphasize the importance of the epigenetic mark H3K4me3 in VAT dysfunction in obesity and IR. The understanding of such mechanisms could give rise to the development of new epigenetic-based pharmacological strategies to ameliorate obesity-related comorbidities.

PARPs in lipid metabolism and related diseases

PARPs and tankyrases (TNKS) represent a family of 17 proteins. PARPs and tankyrases were originally identified as DNA repair factors, nevertheless, recent advances have shed light on their role in lipid metabolism. To date, PARP1, PARP2, PARP3, tankyrases, PARP9, PARP10, PARP14 were reported to have multi-pronged connections to lipid metabolism. The activity of PARP enzymes is fine-tuned by a set of cholesterol-based compounds as oxidized cholesterol derivatives, steroid hormones or bile acids. In turn, PARPs modulate several key processes of lipid homeostasis (lipotoxicity, fatty acid and steroid biosynthesis, lipoprotein homeostasis, fatty acid oxidation, etc.). PARPs are also cofactors of lipid-responsive nuclear receptors and transcription factors through which PARPs regulate lipid metabolism and lipid homeostasis. PARP activation often represents a disruptive signal to (lipid) metabolism, and PARP-dependent changes to lipid metabolism have pathophysiological role in the development of hyperlipidemia, obesity, alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, type II diabetes and its complications, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular aging and skin pathologies, just to name a few. In this synopsis we will review the evidence supporting the beneficial effects of pharmacological PARP inhibitors in these diseases/pathologies and propose repurposing PARP inhibitors already available for the treatment of various malignancies.

Codonopsis pilosula Polysaccharides Alleviate Aβ 1-40-Induced PC12 Cells Energy Dysmetabolism via CD38/NAD+ Signaling Pathway

Background

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia and has a complex pathogenesis with no effective treatment. Energy metabolism disorders, as an early pathological event of AD,have attracted attention as a promising area of AD research. Codonopsis pilosula Polysaccharides are the main effective components of Codonopsis pilosula, which have been demonstrated to regulate energy metabolism.

Methods

In order to further study the roles and mechanisms of Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides in AD, this study used an Aβ_1-40-induced PC12 cells model to study the protective effects of Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides and their potential mechanisms in improving energy metabolism dysfunction.

Results

The results showed that Aβ_1-40 induced a decrease in PC12 cells viability, energy metabolism molecules (ATP, NAD+, and NAD+/NADH) and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) and an increase in ROS. Additionally, it was found that Aβ_1-40 increased CD38 expression related to NAD+ homeostasis, whereas Silent Information Regulation 2 homolog1 (SIRT1, SIRT3), Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α) and SIRT3 activity were decreased. Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides increased NAD+, NAD+/NADH, SIRT3, SIRT1, and PGC-1α related to NAD+, thus partially recovering ATP.

Conclusion

Our findings reveal that Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides protected PC12 cells from Aβ_1-40-induced damage, suggesting that these components of the Codonopsis pilosula herb may represent an early treatment option for AD patients.

Oxidative stress induces cell death partially by decreasing both mRNA and protein levels of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase in differentiated PC12 cells

Background.

Multiple studies have indicated crucial roles of NAD⁺ deficiency in several neurological diseases and aging. It is critical to discover the mechanisms underlying the NAD⁺ deficiency. A decreased level of Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt)—an important enzyme in the salvage pathway of NAD⁺ synthesis—has been found under certain pathological conditions, while the mechanisms underlying the Nampt decrease are unclear. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that oxidative stress can produce decreased Nampt, and to investigate the biological effects of Nampt on NAD⁺ synthesis and cell survival under both basal and oxidative stress conditions.

Methods.

We used differentiated PC12 cells as a cellular model to investigate the effects of oxidative stress on the levels of Nampt. Multiple assays, including flow cytometry-based cell death assays and NAD⁺ assays were conducted.

Results.

First, oxidative stress can decrease the levels of Nampt mRNA and Nampt protein; second, Nampt plays significant roles in NAD⁺ synthesis under both basal conditions and oxidative stress conditions; third, Nampt plays critical roles in cell survival under both basal conditions and oxidative stress conditions; and fourth, oxidative stress produced decreased NAD⁺ levels and cell survival partially by decreasing Nampt. Collectively, our study has indicated that oxidative stress is a pathological factor leading to decreased Nampt, which plays important roles in oxidative stress-produced decreases in NAD⁺ levels and cell survival. Our findings have indicated major roles of Nampt in maintaining NAD⁺ levels and cell survival under both basal and oxidative stress conditions.

SIRT5 Inhibition Induces Brown Fat-Like Phenotype in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity plays a key role in regulating systemic energy. The activation of BAT results in increased energy expenditure, making this tissue an attractive pharmacological target for therapies against obesity and type 2 diabetes. Sirtuin 5 (SIRT5) affects BAT function by regulating adipogenic transcription factor expression and mitochondrial respiration. We analyzed the expression of SIRT5 in the different adipose depots of mice. We treated 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and mouse primary preadipocyte cultures with the SIRT5 inhibitor MC3482 and investigated the effects of this compound on adipose differentiation and function. The administration of MC3482 during the early stages of differentiation promoted the expression of brown adipocyte and mitochondrial biogenesis markers. Upon treatment with MC3482, 3T3-L1 adipocytes showed an increased activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is known to stimulate brown adipocyte differentiation. This effect was paralleled by an increase in autophagic/mitophagic flux and a reduction in lipid droplet size, mediated by a higher lipolytic rate. Of note, MC3482 increased the expression and the activity of adipose triglyceride lipase, without modulating hormone-sensitive lipase. Our findings reveal that SIRT5 inhibition stimulates brown adipogenesis in vitro, supporting this approach as a strategy to stimulate BAT and counteract obesity.

New Crystalline Salts of Nicotinamide Riboside as Food Additives

NR⁺ is a highly effective vitamin B₃ type supplement due to its unique ability to replenish NAD⁺ levels. While NR⁺ chloride is already on the market as a nutritional supplement, its synthesis is challenging, expensive, and low yielding, making it cumbersome for large-scale industrial production. Here we report the novel crystalline NR⁺ salts, d/l/dl-hydrogen tartrate and d/l/dl-hydrogen malate. Their high-yielding, one-pot manufacture does not require specific equipment and is suitable for multi-ton scale production. These new NR⁺ salts seem ideal for nutritional applications due to their bio-equivalence compared to the approved NR⁺ chloride. In addition, the crystal structures of all stereoisomers of NR⁺ hydrogen tartrate and NR⁺ hydrogen malate and a comparison to the known NR⁺ halogenides are presented.

Overview of how N32 and N34 elovanoids sustain sight by protecting retinal pigment epithelial cells and photoreceptors

The essential fatty acid DHA (22:6, omega-3 or n-3) is enriched in and required for the membrane biogenesis and function of photoreceptor cells (PRCs), synapses, mitochondria, etc. of the CNS. PRC DHA becomes an acyl chain at the sn-2 of phosphatidylcholine, amounting to more than 50% of the PRC outer segment phospholipids, where phototransduction takes place. Very long chain PUFAs (n-3, ≥ 28 carbons) are at the sn-1 of this phosphatidylcholine molecular species and interact with rhodopsin. PRC shed their tips (DHA-rich membrane disks) daily, which in turn are phagocytized by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), where DHA is recycled back to PRC inner segments to be used for the biogenesis of new photoreceptor membranes. Here, we review the structures and stereochemistry of novel elovanoid (ELV)-N32 and ELV-N34 to be ELV-N32: (14Z,17Z,20R,21E,23E,25Z,27S,29Z)-20,27-dihydroxydo-triaconta-14,17,21,23,25,29-hexaenoic acid; ELV-N34: (16Z,19Z,22R,23E,25E,27Z,29S,31Z)-22,29-dihydroxytetra-triaconta-16,19,23,25,27,31-hexaenoic acid. ELVs are low-abundance, high-potency, protective mediators. Their bioactivity includes enhancing of antiapoptotic and prosurvival protein expression with concomitant downregulation of proapoptotic proteins when RPE is confronted with uncompensated oxidative stress. ELVs also target PRC/RPE senescence gene programming, the senescence secretory phenotype in the interphotoreceptor matrix, as well as inflammaging (chronic, sterile, low-grade inflammation). An important lesson on neuroprotection is highlighted by the ELV mediators that target the terminally differentiated PRC and RPE, sustaining a beautifully synchronized renewal process. The role of ELVs in PRC and RPE viability and function uncovers insights on disease mechanisms and the development of therapeutics for age-related macular degeneration, Alzheimer's disease, and other pathologies.

Pleiotropic effects of alpha-ketoglutarate as a potential anti-ageing agent

An intermediate of tricarboxylic acid cycle alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) is involved in pleiotropic metabolic and regulatory pathways in the cell, including energy production, biosynthesis of certain amino acids, collagen biosynthesis, epigenetic regulation of gene expression, regulation of redox homeostasis, and detoxification of hazardous substances. Recently, AKG supplement was found to extend lifespan and delay the onset of age-associated decline in experimental models such as nematodes, fruit flies, yeasts, and mice. This review summarizes current knowledge on metabolic and regulatory functions of AKG and its potential anti-ageing effects. Impact on epigenetic regulation of ageing via being an obligate substrate of DNA and histone demethylases, direct antioxidant properties, and function as mimetic of caloric restriction and hormesis-induced agent are among proposed mechanisms of AKG geroprotective action. Due to influence on mitochondrial respiration, AKG can stimulate production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mitochondria. According to hormesis hypothesis, moderate stimulation of ROS production could have rather beneficial biological effects, than detrimental ones, because of the induction of defensive mechanisms that improve resistance to stressors and age-related diseases and slow down functional senescence. Discrepancies found in different models and limitations of AKG as a geroprotective drug are discussed.

Role of NAD+ in regulating cellular and metabolic signaling pathways

Background

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺), a critical coenzyme present in every living cell, is involved in a myriad of metabolic processes associated with cellular bioenergetics. For this reason, NAD⁺ is often studied in the context of aging, cancer, and neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders.

Scope of review

Cellular NAD⁺ depletion is associated with compromised adaptive cellular stress responses, impaired neuronal plasticity, impaired DNA repair, and cellular senescence. Increasing evidence has shown the efficacy of boosting NAD⁺ levels using NAD⁺ precursors in various diseases. This review provides a comprehensive understanding into the role of NAD⁺ in aging and other pathologies and discusses potential therapeutic targets.

Major conclusions

An alteration in the NAD⁺/NADH ratio or the NAD⁺ pool size can lead to derailment of the biological system and contribute to various neurodegenerative disorders, aging, and tumorigenesis. Due to the varied distribution of NAD⁺/NADH in different locations within cells, the direct role of impaired NAD⁺-dependent processes in humans remains unestablished. In this regard, longitudinal studies are needed to quantify NAD⁺ and its related metabolites. Future research should focus on measuring the fluxes through pathways associated with NAD⁺ synthesis and degradation.

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NAD⁺ regulates energy metabolism, DNA damage repair, gene expression, and stress response.

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NAD⁺ deterioration contributes to the progression of multiple metabolic disorders, cancers, and neurodegenerative diseases.

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Nicotinamide mononucleotide and nicotinamide riboside raise NAD⁺ levels in different tissues in preclinical models.

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Imaging studies on genetic models can illustrate the pathways of NAD⁺metabolism and their downstream functional effects.

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Human clinical trials to determine benefits of restoration of NAD⁺ by using NAD precursors are in progress.

Healthy Lifestyle Recommendations: Do the Beneficial Effects Originate from NAD+ Amount at the Cellular Level?

In this review, we describe the role of oxidized forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) as a molecule central to health benefits as the result from observing selected healthy lifestyle recommendations. Namely, NAD⁺ level can be regulated by lifestyle and nutrition approaches such as fasting, caloric restriction, sports activity, low glucose availability, and heat shocks. NAD⁺ is reduced with age at a cellular, tissue, and organismal level due to inflammation, defect in NAMPT-mediated NAD⁺ biosynthesis, and the PARP-mediated NAD⁺ depletion. This leads to a decrease in cellular energy production and DNA repair and modifies genomic signalling leading to an increased incidence of chronic diseases and ageing. By implementing healthy lifestyle approaches, endogenous intracellular NAD⁺ levels can be increased, which explains the molecular mechanisms underlying health benefits at the organismal level. Namely, adherence to here presented healthy lifestyle approaches is correlated with an extended life expectancy free of major chronic diseases.

Melatonin ameliorates PM2.5 -induced cardiac perivascular fibrosis through regulating mitochondrial redox homeostasis

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) exposure is correlated with the risk of developing cardiac fibrosis. Melatonin is a major secretory product of the pineal gland that has been reported to prevent fibrosis. However, whether melatonin affects the adverse health effects of PM2.5 exposure has not been investigated. Thus, this study was aimed to investigate the protective effect of melatonin against PM2.5 -accelerated cardiac fibrosis. The echocardiography revealed that PM2.5 had impaired both systolic and diastolic cardiac function in ApoE-/- mice. Histopathological analysis demonstrated that PM2.5 induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis, particularly perivascular fibrosis, while the melatonin administration was effective in alleviating PM2.5 -induced cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis in mice. Results of electron microscopy and confocal scanning laser microscope confirmed that melatonin had restorative effects against impaired mitochondrial ultrastructure and augmented mitochondrial ROS generation in PM2.5 -treated group. Further investigation revealed melatonin administration could significantly reverse the PM2.5 -induced phenotypic modulation of cardiac fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. For the first time, our study found that melatonin effectively alleviates PM2.5 -induced cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis via inhibiting mitochondrial oxidative injury and regulating SIRT3-mediated SOD2 deacetylation. Our findings indicate that melatonin could be a therapy medicine for prevention and treatment of air pollution-associated cardiac diseases.

Ketogenesis and SIRT1 as a tool in managing obesity

Obesity is a serious chronic disease and a public health concern in both developing and developed countries. Managing obesity has been a great challenge for both health care professionals and patients alike. Among the various diet programs aimed at promoting weight loss, the ketogenic diet, a diet high in fat and low in carbohydrates, has been at the forefront recently and its mechanism in weight loss is much debated. Activation of Sirtuin 1 or SIRT1 is able to circumvent various diseases, including metabolic syndrome and obesity and is thought to be a potentially reliable treatment target for both of them. Augmentation of SIRT1 may be carried out using dietary means such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) supplementation and/or ketogenic diet. Although ketogenic diet may augment SIRT1 activation in people affected by obesity, recent studies have indicated that the relationship between SIRT1 and ketogenesis is unpredictable. The exact circumstances and mechanisms of SIRT1, NAD and ketogenesis in the clinical setting as an intervention tool in managing obesity remained uncertain. Although several recent literatures have documented significant weight-loss following ketogenic diet interventions, there were limitations with regards to duration of trial, choice and the number of trial subjects. Studies investigating the safety of ketogenic diet in the long term, beyond 46 weeks and related mechanism and pathways are still lacking and the sustainability of this diet remains to be determined. This review explores the recent progress on ketogenic diet and its relationships with SIRT1 as a tool in managing obesity and relevant clinical implications.

Postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins-induced premature senescence of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells via the SIRT1/p53/Ac-p53/p21 axis through oxidative mechanism

The accumulation of senescent adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) is the main cause for the deterioration of WAT and the subsequent age-related disorders in obesity. The number of AMSCs staining positively for senescence-associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) increased significantly after incubation with postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL), accompanied by an impaired cell proliferation capacity and increased expression of inflammatory factors. Besides, the expression of anti-aging protein, silent mating-type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1), was downregulated significantly, while those of acetylated p53 (Ac-p53), total p53, and p21 proteins were upregulated significantly during postprandial TRL-induced premature senescence of AMSCs. Furthermore, the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the TRL group increased significantly, while pretreatment with the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine effectively attenuated the premature senescence of AMSCs by decreasing ROS production and upregulating SIRT1 level. Thus, postprandial TRL induced premature senescence of AMSCs through the SIRT1/p53/Ac-p53/p21 axis, partly through increased oxidative stress.

Adipose depot-specific upregulation of Ucp1 or mitochondrial oxidative complex proteins are early consequences of genetic insulin reduction in mice

Hyperinsulinemia plays a causal role in adipose tissue expansion. Mice with reduced insulin have increased energy expenditure, but the mechanisms remained unclear. Here we investigated the effects of genetically reducing insulin production on uncoupling and oxidative mitochondrial proteins in liver, skeletal muscle, white adipose tissue (WAT), and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Male Ins1^+/+ or Ins1^+/- littermates were fed either a low-fat diet (LFD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 wk, starting at 8 wk of age. Replicating our previous observations, HFD increased fasting hyperinsulinemia, and Ins1^+/- mice had significantly lower circulating insulin compared with Ins1^+/+ littermates. Fasting glucose and body weight were not different between genotypes. We did not observe robust significant differences in liver or skeletal muscle. In mesenteric WAT, Ins1^+/- mice had reduced Ndufb8 and Sdhb, while Ucp1 was increased in the context of HFD. HFD alone had a dramatic inhibitory effect on Pparg abundance. In inguinal WAT, Ins1^+/- mice exhibited significant increases in oxidative complex proteins, independent of diet, without affecting Ucp1, Pparg, or Prdm16:Pparg association. In BAT, lowered insulin increased Sdhb protein levels that had been reduced by HFD. Ucp1 protein, Prdm16:Pparg association, and Sirt3 abundance were all increased in the absence of diet-induced hyperinsulinemia. Our data show that reducing insulin upregulates oxidative proteins in inguinal WAT without affecting Ucp1, whereas in mesenteric WAT and BAT, reducing insulin upregulates Ucp1 in the context of HFD. Preventing hyperinsulinemia has early depot-specific effects on adipose tissue metabolism and helps explain the increased energy expenditure previously reported in Ins1^+/- mice.

Factors Influencing Mitochondrial Function as a Key Mediator of Glucose-Induced Insulin Release: Highlighting Nicotinamide Nucleotide Transhydrogenase

Pancreatic β-cells recognize blood glucose changes and release insulin that is a peptide hormone responsible for stable glycemia. Diabetes, a chronic disorder of insulin insufficiency, leads to disturbed glucose homeostasis and multi-organ problems. Glucose and insulin are key markers in the follow-up and control of this disease. Mitochondrial metabolism of pancreatic beta cells is a crucial part of glucose-stimulated cascade of insulin secretion. Effective factors on β-cells mitochondrial function in production of compounds such as tricarboxylic acid intermediates, glutamate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and reactive oxygen species can have great effects on the secretion of insulin under diabetes. This review enhances our knowledge of factors influencing mitochondrial function as a key mediator of glucose-induced insulin release that accordingly will be helpful to further our understanding of the mechanisms implicated in the progressive beta cell failure that results in diabetes.

Quercetin metabolites from Hibiscus sabdariffa contribute to alleviate glucolipotoxicity-induced metabolic stress in vitro

Polyphenols from Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) alleviate obesity-related metabolic complications but the metabolites responsible for such effects are unknown. We aimed to elucidate which of the potential plasma metabolites from a polyphenol-enriched HS (PEHS) extract contributed for the reversion of glucolipotoxicity-induced metabolic stress using 3T3-L1 adipocyte and INS 832/13 pancreatic β-cell models under glucolipotoxic conditions. PEHS extract, quercetin (Q) and quercetin-3-O-glucuronide (Q3GA) showed stronger capacity to decrease glucolipotoxicity-induced ROS generation than ascorbic acid or chlorogenic acid. PEHS extract, Q and Q3GA decreased secretion of cytokines (leptin, TNF-α, IGF-1, IL-6, VEGF, IL-1α, IL-1β and CCL2) and reduced CCL2 expression at transcriptional level. In addition, PEHS extract, Q and Q3GA reduced triglyceride accumulation, which occurred through fatty acid synthase (FASN) downregulation, AMPK activation and mitochondrial mass and biogenesis restoration via PPARα upregulation. Electron microscopy confirmed that PEHS extract and Q3GA decreased mitochondrial remodeling and mitophagy. Virtual screening leads us to postulate that Q and Q3GA might act as agonists of these protein targets at specific sites. These data suggest that Q and Q3GA may be the main responsible compounds for the capacity of PEHS extract to revert glucolipotoxicity-induced metabolic stress through AMPK-mediated decrease in fat storage and increase in fatty acid oxidation, though other compounds of the extract may contribute to this capacity.

Review on multifaceted involvement of perivascular adipose tissue in vascular pathology

Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is a fat tissue deposit that encircles the vasculature. PVAT is traditionally known to protect the vasculature from external stimuli that could cause biological stress. In addition to the protective role of PVAT, it secretes certain biologically active substances known as adipokines that induce paracrine effects on proximate blood vessels. These adipokines influence vascular tones. There are different types of PVAT and they are phenotypically and functionally distinct. These are the white and brown PVATs. Under certain conditions, white PVAT could undergo phenotypic switch to attain a brown PVAT-like phenotype. This type of PVAT is referred to as Beige PVAT. The morphology of adipose tissue is influenced by species, age, and sex. These factors play significant roles in adipose tissue mass, functionality, paracrine activity, and predisposition to vascular diseases. The difficulty that is currently experienced in extrapolating animal models to human physiology could be traceable to these factors. Up till now, the involvement of PVAT in the development of vascular pathology is still not well understood. Brown and white PVAT contribute differently to vascular pathology. Thus, the PVAT could be a therapeutic target in curbing certain vascular diseases. In this review, knowledge would be updated on the multifaceted involvement of PVAT in vascular pathology and also explore its vascular therapeutic potential.

Muscle NAD+ depletion and Serpina3n as molecular determinants of murine cancer cachexia-the effects of blocking myostatin and activins

Objective

Cancer cachexia and muscle loss are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. In preclinical animal models, blocking activin receptor (ACVR) ligands has improved survival and prevented muscle wasting in cancer cachexia without an effect on tumour growth. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. This study aimed to identify cancer cachexia and soluble ACVR (sACVR) administration-evoked changes in muscle proteome.

Methods

Healthy and C26 tumour-bearing (TB) mice were treated with recombinant sACVR. The sACVR or PBS control were administered either prior to the tumour formation or by continued administration before and after tumour formation. Muscles were analysed by quantitative proteomics with further examination of mitochondria and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) metabolism. To complement the first prophylactic experiment, sACVR (or PBS) was injected as a treatment after tumour cell inoculation.

Results

Muscle proteomics in TB cachectic mice revealed downregulated signatures for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and increased acute phase response (APR). These were accompanied by muscle NAD⁺ deficiency, alterations in NAD⁺ biosynthesis including downregulation of nicotinamide riboside kinase 2 (Nrk2), and decreased muscle protein synthesis. The disturbances in NAD⁺ metabolism and protein synthesis were rescued by treatment with sACVR. Across the whole proteome and APR, in particular, Serpina3n represented the most upregulated protein and the strongest predictor of cachexia. However, the increase in Serpina3n expression was associated with increased inflammation rather than decreased muscle mass and/or protein synthesis.

Conclusions

We present evidence implicating disturbed muscle mitochondrial OXPHOS proteome and NAD⁺ homeostasis in experimental cancer cachexia. Treatment of TB mice with a blocker of activin receptor ligands restores depleted muscle NAD⁺ and Nrk2, as well as decreased muscle protein synthesis. These results indicate putative new treatment therapies for cachexia and that although acute phase protein Serpina3n may serve as a predictor of cachexia, it more likely reflects a condition of elevated inflammation.

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Cachectic muscle proteome shows decreased OXPHOS and increased acute phase response.

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Cancer cachexia is characterized by lowered muscle Nrk2 expression and NAD⁺ levels.

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Blocking activin receptor 2B ligands rescues muscle NAD⁺ homeostasis in cachexia.

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Blocking activin receptor 2B ligands prevents affected protein synthesis in cachexia.

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Serpina3n predicts cachexia and cancer-induced APR independently from muscle atrophy.

Transcriptional Regulation of CCL2 by PARP1 Is a Driver for Invasiveness in Breast Cancer

BACKGROUND

PolyADP ribosylation (PARylation) by PARP1 is a significant post-translational modification affecting protein function in various cancers. However, PARP1 mediated cellular processes in the context of breast cancer are not fully understood.

METHOD

To identify potential targets of PARP1, we carried out whole transcriptome sequencing with shRNA mediated PARP1 knockdown in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line and inhibited PARP1 with a known PARP1 inhibitor, PJ34.

RESULTS

Analysis of the transcriptomics data revealed that PARP1 is involved in regulating multiple chemokines under basal conditions, including the chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2). PARP1 knockdown and PJ34 mediated inhibition showed reduced CCL2 transcript levels in breast cancer cells, corroborating the findings from the sequencing data. We further showed that PARP1 interacts with the NFκB P65 subunit to regulate transcription of CCL2. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we confirm that both PARP1 and P65 localize to the promoter of CCL2, suggesting direct regulation of CCL2 promoter activity. CCL2, in turn, can positively affect the PARP1 pathway, as global PARylation levels increased upon CCL2 treatment.

CONCLUSION

Our results indicate crosstalk between PARP1 and CCL2, which is critical for maintaining CCL2 levels in breast cancer cells and subsequently drives cellular invasiveness.

Synergistic effect of Lactobacillus gasseri and Cudrania tricuspidata on the modulation of body weight and gut microbiota structure in diet-induced obese mice

High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity has been associated with alteration of gut microbiota alongside body weight gain. In this study, the synbiotic effect of Lactobacillus gasseri 505 (LG) and Cudrania tricuspidata (CT) in HFD-induced mice was revealed. After feeding mice with high-fat diet for 10 weeks, combination of LG and CT (LG_CT) exhibited the greatest reduction in the final body weight (11.9%). Moreover, microbial diversity significantly increased, and Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) revealed that the LG_CT group showed closer cluster to NORM. At phylum level, the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio increased in HFD, and the abundance of Bacteroidetes was restored by LG and CT. At genus level, notable changes in Alistipes, Desulfovibrio, Bilophila, and Acetatifactor were observed. Helicobacter elevated to 16.2% in HFD and diminished dramatically to less than 0.01% in LG and/or CT. At species level, L. gasseri increased after the administration of LG (0.54%) and LG_CT (1.14%), suggesting that LG may grow and colonize in the gut and CT can function as a prebiotic. Finally, functional analysis revealed certain metabolic factors correlated with body weight and gut microbiota. This study serves as a potential basis for the application of L. gasseri 505 and C. tricuspidata in the prevention and treatment of diet-induced obesity.Key Points • Combination of L. gasseri (LG) and C. tricuspidata (CT) reduced body weight gain.• Microbial diversity significantly increased in LG_CT treatment.• Abundance of microorganisms involved with leanness increased in LG, CT, and LG_CT.• Body weight is associated with some metabolic functions of gut microbiota.

Depot-specific regulation of NAD+/SIRTs metabolism identified in adipose tissue of mice in response to high-fat diet feeding or calorie restriction

Deteriorated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺)/sirtuins (SIRTs) metabolism in adipose tissue is implicated in diet-induced obesity, while calorie restriction (CR)-induced beneficial effects require sufficient NAD⁺ biosynthesis. Mechanistic links have not been defined. This study aims to identify changes of specific components of NAD⁺/SIRTs system in white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) of mice upon energy imbalance, focusing on key enzymes in NAD⁺ salvage (Nampt, Nmnat1, Nrk1), clearance (Nnmt, Aox1, Cyp2e1) and consumption pathways (Sirt1, Sirt2, Sirt3, Sirt6, Parp1). Male C57BL/6J mice were fed ad libitum with the standard laboratory chow diet, high-fat diet (HFD) or 40% CR diet, respectively. The epididymal and inguinal WAT (eWAT and iWAT) and interscapular BAT (iBAT) were harvested for histological, NAD⁺ assay, gene and protein expression analysis after 16 weeks of dietary regimen. HFD decreased, while CR increased, the NAD⁺ and NADH levels in eWAT, iWAT and iBAT. NAD⁺ content negatively correlated with plasma cholesterol, TNF-α levels and calorie intake, while it positively correlated with plasma adiponectin level. The change trend of SIRT1 is quite the same as that of NAD⁺/NADH ratio. Nmnat1 gene is sensitive to energy imbalance in WAT but not in BAT. Nrk1 gene expression was decreased in eWAT and iWAT but increased in iBAT of HFD mice. Nnmt mRNA and protein abundance was increased in iWAT of HFD mice. Nampt, Cyp2e1 and Sirt3 were the most robust genes responding to energy imbalance. In summary, adipose tissue responds to long-term energy excess or shortage with depot-specific transcriptional activation or repression of NAD⁺/SIRTs metabolic components.

Modulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and the NAD+-consuming enzyme CD38: Searches of therapeutic options for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) has been characterized as multifunctional, ligand-activated transcription factor. Recently, evidence has been obtained that AHR is involved in NAD⁺ and energy homeostasis in cooperation with NAD⁺-consuming enzymes including CD38, TiPARP and sirtuins. AHR and CD38 may adversely or beneficially modulate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) which is associated with obesity, a worldwide major health problem. Although nutritional status and lifestyle are the major factors involved in the prevalence of obesity and NAFLD, modulation of AHR and CD38 has been demonstrated to provide therapeutic options. For example, inhibition of hepatic CD38 and activation of AHR, e.g., by dietary flavonoids may beneficially affect NAFLD. In addition, NAFLD-associated decrease of NAD⁺ may be restored by administration of the NAD⁺ precursor nicotinamide riboside.

Sirt5 Attenuates Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury through Regulation of Nrf2/HO-1 and Bcl-2

Cisplatin- (CDDP) induced acute kidney injury (AKI) limits the clinical use of cisplatin. Several sirtuin (SIRT) family proteins are involved in AKI, while the roles of Sirt5 in cisplatin-induced AKI remain unknown. In the present study, we characterized the role and mechanism of Sirt5 in cisplatin-induced apoptosis using the human kidney 2 (HK-2) cell line. CDDP treatment decreased Sirt5 expression of HK-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, Sirt5 overexpression enhanced the metabolic activity in CDDP-treated HK-2 cells while Sirt5 siRNA attenuated it. Forced expression of Sirt5 inhibited CDDP-induced apoptosis while Sirt5 siRNA showed the opposite effects. Accordingly, Sirt5 overexpression inhibited the level of caspase 3 cleavage and cytochrome c levels. Furthermore, we found that Sirt5 increased mitochondrial membrane potentials and ameliorated intracellular ROS production. Mitotracker Red staining indicated that Sirt5 overexpression was able to maintain the mitochondrial density during CDDP treatment. We also investigated possible downstream targets of Sirt5 and found that Sirt5 increased Nrf2, HO-1, and Bcl-2 while it decreased Bax protein expression. Sirt5 siRNA showed the opposite effect on these proteins. The levels of Nrf2, HO-1, and Bcl-2 proteins in HK-2 cells were also decreased after CDDP treatment. Moreover, Nrf2 and Bcl-2 siRNA partly abolished the protecting effect of Sirt5 on CDDP-induced apoptosis and cytochrome c release. Catalase inhibitor 3-AT also abolished the cytoprotective effect of Sirt5. Together, the results demonstrated that Sirt5 attenuated cisplatin-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial injury in human kidney HK-2 cells, possibly through the regulation of Nrf2/HO-1 and Bcl-2.

Regulation of UCP1 and Mitochondrial Metabolism in Brown Adipose Tissue by Reversible Succinylation

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is rich in mitochondria and plays important roles in energy expenditure, thermogenesis, and glucose homeostasis. We find that levels of mitochondrial protein succinylation and malonylation are high in BAT and subject to physiological and genetic regulation. BAT-specific deletion of Sirt5, a mitochondrial desuccinylase and demalonylase, results in dramatic increases in global protein succinylation and malonylation. Mass spectrometry-based quantification of succinylation reveals that Sirt5 regulates the key thermogenic protein in BAT, UCP1. Mutation of the two succinylated lysines in UCP1 to acyl-mimetic glutamine and glutamic acid significantly decreases its stability and activity. The reduced function of UCP1 and other proteins in Sirt5KO BAT results in impaired mitochondria respiration, defective mitophagy, and metabolic inflexibility. Thus, succinylation of UCP1 and other mitochondrial proteins plays an important role in BAT and in regulation of energy homeostasis.

LATS2 overexpression attenuates the therapeutic resistance of liver cancer HepG2 cells to sorafenib-mediated death via inhibiting the AMPK-Mfn2 signaling pathway

Background

Effective therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is currently an imperative issue, and sorafenib is a first-line drug for the treatment of HCC. However, the clinical benefit of sorafenib is often impaired by drug resistance. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to investigate the molecular mechanisms involving sorafenib resistance, with a focus on large tumor suppressor 2 (LATS2) and mitophagy.

Methods

HepG2 liver cancer cells were treated with sorafenib and infected with adenovirus-loaded LATS2 (Ad-LATS2). Cell death, proliferation and migration were measured via western blotting analysis, immunofluorescence and qPCR. Mitochondrial function and mitophagy were determined via western blotting and immunofluorescence.

Results

Our data indicated that LATS2 expression was repressed by sorafenib treatment, and overexpression of LATS2 could further enhance sorafenib-mediated apoptosis in HepG2 liver cancer cells. At the molecular level, mitochondrial stress was triggered by sorafenib treatment, as evidenced by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, increased mitochondrial ROS production, more cyc-c release into the nucleus, and elevated mitochondrial pro-apoptotic proteins. However, in response to mitochondrial damage, mitophagy was activated by sorafenib treatment, whereas LATS2 overexpression effectively inhibited mitophagy activity and thus augmented sorafenib-mediated mitochondrial stress. Subsequently, we also demonstrated that the AMPK–MFN2 signaling pathway was involved in mitophagy regulation after exposure to sorafenib treatment and/or LATS2 overexpression. Inhibition of the AMPK pathway interrupted mitophagy and thus enhanced the antitumor property of sorafenib, similar to the results obtained via overexpression of LATS2.

Conclusions

Altogether, our findings revealed the importance of the LATS2/AMPK/MFN2/mitophagy axis in understanding sorafenib resistance mechanisms, with a potential application to increase the sensitivity response of sorafenib in the treatment of liver cancer.

Sirtuin 3 inhibition induces mitochondrial stress in tongue cancer by targeting mitochondrial fission and the JNK-Fis1 biological axis

Sirtuin 3 (Sirt3)-modified mitochondrial fission participates in the progression of several types of cancers. However, its role in tongue cancer requires investigation. The aim of our study is to determine whether Sirt3 knockdown regulates the viability of tongue cancer cells via modulating mitochondrial fission. Two types of tongue cancer cells were used in the present study, and siRNA was transfected into the cells to suppress Sirt3 expression. Mitochondrial function and cell apoptosis were determined via immunofluorescence, Western blotting, ELISA, and qPCR assays. A pathway blocker was applied to verify the role of the JNK-Fis1 signaling pathway in regulation of mitochondrial fission. The present study showed that loss of Sirt3 promoted tongue cancer cell death in a manner dependent on mitochondrial apoptosis. Mitochondrial oxidative stress, energy metabolism disorder, mitochondrial cyt-c liberation, and mitochondrial apoptosis activation were observed after Sirt3 silencing. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Sirt3 knockdown activated mitochondrial stress via triggering Fis1-related mitochondrial fission and that inhibition of Fis1-related mitochondrial fission abrogated the pro-apoptotic effect of Sirt3 knockdown on tongue cancer cells. To this end, we found that Sirt3 modulated Fis1 expression via the c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) signaling pathway and that blockade of the JNK pathway attenuated mitochondrial stress and repressed apoptosis in Sirt3 knockdown cells. Altogether, our results identified a tumor-suppressive role for Sirt3 deficiency in tongue cancer via activation of the JNK-Fis1 axis and subsequent initiation of fatal mitochondrial fission. Given these findings, strategies to repress Sirt3 activity and enhance the JNK-Fis1-mitochondrial fission cascade have clinical benefits for patients with tongue cancer.

NAD+ Deficiency Is a Common Central Pathological Factor of a Number of Diseases and Aging: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications

Increasing evidence has indicated critical roles of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized form (NAD⁺) in various biological functions. NAD⁺ deficiency has been found in models of a number of diseases such as cerebral ischemia, myocardial ischemia, and diabetes, and in models of aging. Applications of NAD⁺ or other approaches that can restore NAD⁺ levels are highly protective in these models of diseases and aging. NAD⁺ produces its beneficial effects by targeting at multiple pathological pathways, including attenuating mitochondrial alterations, DNA damage, and oxidative stress, by modulating such enzymes as sirtuins, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and AP endonuclease. These findings have suggested great therapeutic and nutritional potential of NAD⁺ for diseases and senescence. Recent Advances: Approaches that can restore NAD⁺ levels are highly protective in the models of such diseases as glaucoma. The NAD⁺ deficiency in the diseases and aging results from not only poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) activation but also decreased nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) activity and increased CD38 activity. Significant biological effects of extracellular NAD⁺ have been found. Increasing evidence has suggested that NAD⁺ deficiency is a common central pathological factor in a number of diseases and aging. Critical Issues and Future Directions: Future studies are required for solidly establishing the concept that "NAD⁺ deficiency is a common central pathological factor in a number of disease and aging." It is also necessary to further investigate the mechanisms underlying the NAD⁺ deficiency in the diseases and aging. Preclinical and clinical studies should be conducted to determine the therapeutic potential of NAD⁺ for the diseases and aging.