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Annarumma L, Reda F, Scarpelli S, D'Atri A, Alfonsi V, Salfi F, Viselli L, Pazzaglia M, De Gennaro L, Gorgoni M. Spatiotemporal EEG dynamics of the sleep onset process in preadolescence. Sleep Med 2024; 119:438-450. [PMID: 38781667 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2024.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During preadolescence the sleep electroencephalography undergoes massive qualitative and quantitative modifications. Despite these relevant age-related peculiarities, the specific EEG pattern of the wake-sleep transition in preadolescence has not been exhaustively described. METHODS The aim of the present study is to characterize regional and temporal electrophysiological features of the sleep onset (SO) process in a group of 23 preadolescents (9-14 years) and to compare the topographical pattern of slow wave activity and delta/beta ratio of preadolescents with the EEG pattern of young adults. RESULTS Results showed in preadolescence the same dynamics known for adults, but with peculiarities in the delta and beta activity, likely associated with developmental cerebral modifications: the delta power showed a widespread increase during the SO with central maxima, and the lower bins of the beta activity showed a power increase after SO. Compared to adults, preadolescents during the SO exhibited higher delta power only in the slowest bins of the band: before SO slow delta activity was higher in prefrontal, frontal and occipital areas in preadolescents, and, after SO the younger group had higher slow delta activity in occipital areas. In preadolescents delta/beta ratio was higher in more posterior areas both before and after the wake-sleep transition and, after SO, preadolescents showed also a lower delta/beta ratio in frontal areas, compared to adults. CONCLUSION Results point to a general higher homeostatic drive for the developing areas, consistently with plastic-related maturational modifications, that physiologically occur during preadolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Annarumma
- Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Flaminia Reda
- SIPRE, Società Italiana di psicoanalisi Della Relazione, Italy
| | - Serena Scarpelli
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Aurora D'Atri
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Valentina Alfonsi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Salfi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Viselli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Mariella Pazzaglia
- Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy; Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi De Gennaro
- Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy; Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Gorgoni
- Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy; Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Herrera CG, Tarokh L. A Thalamocortical Perspective on Sleep Spindle Alterations in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. CURRENT SLEEP MEDICINE REPORTS 2024; 10:103-118. [PMID: 38764858 PMCID: PMC11096120 DOI: 10.1007/s40675-024-00284-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of conditions that affect the development and function of the nervous system, typically arising early in life. These disorders can have various genetic, environmental, and/or neural underpinnings, which can impact the thalamocortical system. Sleep spindles, brief bursts of oscillatory activity that occur during NREM sleep, provide a unique in vivo measure of the thalamocortical system. In this manuscript, we review the development of the thalamocortical system and sleep spindles in rodent models and humans. We then utilize this as a foundation to discuss alterations in sleep spindle activity in four of the most pervasive neurodevelopmental disorders-intellectual disability, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, and schizophrenia. Recent Findings Recent work in humans has shown alterations in sleep spindles across several neurodevelopmental disorders. Simultaneously, rodent models have elucidated the mechanisms which may underlie these deficits in spindle activity. This review merges recent findings from these two separate lines of research to draw conclusions about the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders. Summary We speculate that deficits in the thalamocortical system associated with neurodevelopmental disorders are exquisitely reflected in sleep spindle activity. We propose that sleep spindles may represent a promising biomarker for drug discovery, risk stratification, and treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gutierrez Herrera
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Rosenbühlgasse 25, Bern, Switzerland
- Center for Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Rosenbühlgasse 17, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research (DBMR), Inselspital University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 24 CH-3008 Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Leila Tarokh
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111, Haus A, 3000, Bern, Switzerland
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111, Haus A, 3000, Bern, Switzerland
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3
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Özbudak P, Özaslan A, Temel EÜ, Güney E, Serdaroğlu A, Arhan E. New Electrographic Marker? Evaluation of Sleep Spindles in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Clin EEG Neurosci 2024; 55:4-10. [PMID: 36259661 DOI: 10.1177/15500594221134025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common developmental disorders in childhood which lasts lifelong. Sleep structure and sleep spindle features are disorganized in ADHD. In this study, we aimed to look for a new, simple, inexpensive, and an easily detectable electrographic marker in the diagnosis of ADHD by using electroencephalography (EEG). Method: We included treatment free 35 patients with ADHD and 32 healthy children (HC) who were examined by polysomnography (PSG) and EEG for sleep disorders. The ADHD group were separated into three groups according to predominant presentations of ADHD. We determined the sleep staging and slow and fast sleep spindles, calculated each spindle's amplitude, frequency, activity, duration and density at non rapid eye movement (REM) sleep stage 2. Results: Slow sleep spindle's amplitude, duration, density and activity are significantly higher in ADHD group (most significant in ADHD-I) than the HC group (p < 0,05). Sleep spindle's features are not statistically significant between in ADHD subgroups. Conclusions: In children with ADHD, slow sleep spindles showed higher amplitude, activity, density and duration in the frontal regions. These results indicate that slow sleep spindles in children with ADHD may reflect executive dysfunction and slow frontal spindles may be useful as a new electrographic marker in children with ADHD. This is the first study of its kind evaluating all aspects of sleep spindles in ADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Özbudak
- Department of Child Neurology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Özaslan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Ülgen Temel
- Department of Child Neurology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Güney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Serdaroğlu
- Department of Child Neurology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ebru Arhan
- Department of Child Neurology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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4
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A failure of sleep-dependent consolidation of visuoperceptual procedural learning in young adults with ADHD. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:499. [PMID: 36460644 PMCID: PMC9718731 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02239-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
ADHD has been associated with cortico-striatal dysfunction that may lead to procedural memory abnormalities. Sleep plays a critical role in consolidating procedural memories, and sleep problems are an integral part of the psychopathology of ADHD. This raises the possibility that altered sleep processes characterizing those with ADHD could contribute to their skill-learning impairments. On this basis, the present study tested the hypothesis that young adults with ADHD have altered sleep-dependent procedural memory consolidation. Participants with ADHD and neurotypicals were trained on a visual discrimination task that has been shown to benefit from sleep. Half of the participants were tested after a 12-h break that included nocturnal sleep (sleep condition), whereas the other half were tested after a 12-h daytime break that did not include sleep (wakefulness condition) to assess the specific contribution of sleep to improvement in task performance. Despite having a similar degree of initial learning, participants with ADHD did not improve in the visual discrimination task following a sleep interval compared to neurotypicals, while they were on par with neurotypicals during the wakefulness condition. These findings represent the first demonstration of a failure in sleep-dependent consolidation of procedural learning in young adults with ADHD. Such a failure is likely to disrupt automatic control routines that are normally provided by the non-declarative memory system, thereby increasing the load on attentional resources of individuals with ADHD.
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Sleep Fosters Odor Recognition in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder but Not in Typically Developing Children. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12091182. [PMID: 36138918 PMCID: PMC9496889 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior experience represents a prerequisite for memory consolidation across various memory systems. In the context of olfaction, sleep was found to enhance the consolidation of odors in adults but not in typically developing children (TDC), likely due to differences in pre-experience. Interestingly, unmedicated children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental condition related to dopamine dysfunction, showed lower perceptive thresholds for odors, potentially allowing for more odor experience compared to TDC. We investigated sleep-associated odor memory consolidation in ADHD. Twenty-eight children with ADHD and thirty age-matched TDC participated in an incidental odor recognition task. For the sleep groups (ADHD: n = 14, TDC: n = 15), the encoding of 10 target odorants took place in the evening, and the retention of odorants was tested with 10 target odorants and 10 distractor odorants the next morning. In the wake groups (ADHD: n = 14, TDC: n = 15), the time schedule was reversed. Odor memory consolidation was superior in the ADHD sleep group compared to the TDC sleep and the ADHD wake groups. Intensity and familiarity ratings during encoding were substantially higher in ADHD compared to TDC. Sleep-associated odor memory consolidation in ADHD is superior to TDC. Abundant pre-experience due to lower perceptive thresholds is suggested as a possible explanation. Olfaction might serve as a biomarker in ADHD.
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6
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Bondopadhyay U, Diaz-Orueta U, Coogan AN. A Systematic Review of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:149-224. [PMID: 33402013 DOI: 10.1177/1087054720978556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children and adults with ADHD often report sleep disturbances that may form part of the etiology and/or symptomatology of ADHD. We review the evidence for sleep changes in children with ADHD. METHODS Systematic review with narrative synthesis assessing sleep and circadian function in children aged 5 to 13 years old with a diagnosis of ADHD. RESULTS 148 studies were included for review, incorporating data from 42,353 children. We found that sleep disturbances in ADHD are common and that they may worsen behavioral outcomes; moreover, sleep interventions may improve ADHD symptoms, and pharmacotherapy for ADHD may impact sleep. CONCLUSION Sleep disturbance may represent a clinically important feature of ADHD in children, which might be therapeutically targeted in a useful way. There are a number of important gaps in the literature. We set out a manifesto for future research in the area of sleep, circadian rhythms, and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Bondopadhyay
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth
| | - Unai Diaz-Orueta
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth
| | - Andrew N Coogan
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth
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7
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Darweesh AEDM, El Beh KA, Hashem MM, Nagy NES. Shorter rapid eye movement sleep duration in children with attention-deficit /hyperactivity disorder: the impact on quality of life. Sleep Med 2021; 87:77-84. [PMID: 34534746 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The relationship of sleep with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) remains complex and unclear. The current study aimed to compare the subjective and objective sleep parameters among children with and without ADHD. Moreover, to address the effect of sleep parameters on the quality of life (QoL). METHODS We assessed 42 participants who were children with ADHD (aged 6-12 years), with predominant combined presentation (23), compared to 42 healthy children, who underwent a sleep study assessment subjectively (the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire), and objectively (one-night Polysomnographic recording). Also, parents completed the pediatric quality of life inventory (PedsQL-P). RESULTS Children with ADHD had more subjective sleep problems. ADHD patients also had a significant decrease in total sleep time and sleep efficiency, spending more time in wake and N1 sleep stages. Moreover, they had significantly lower rapid eye movement (REM)sleep duration and less duration of deep sleep stages. Multivariate regression analysis showed that REM sleep duration was the most contributing and predictive factor to QoL and school function impairment. CONCLUSION Children with ADHD have a significantly lower sleep quantity and poor sleep quality. In addition, short REM sleep duration independently contributes to further deterioration in different areas of QoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa El-Din M Darweesh
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Khaled A El Beh
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mustafa M Hashem
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Nahla El-Sayed Nagy
- Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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8
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Biancardi C, Sesso G, Masi G, Faraguna U, Sicca F. Sleep EEG microstructure in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep 2021; 44:6081934. [PMID: 33555021 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is commonly associated with sleep problems, possibly due to shared pathophysiology. Microstructural sleep electroencephalographic (EEG) alterations may likely represent markers of disordered cortical maturation in ADHD, although literature data are still conflicting, deserving further assessment. After having systematically reviewed the literature, we included 11 studies from 598 abstracts, and assessed 23 parameters of cyclic alternating pattern (CAP), four parameters of sleep EEG power and one parameter of sleep graphoelements through 29 meta-analyses and, when possible, univariate meta-regressions. Slow wave activity (SWA) in ADHD was significantly higher in early childhood and lower in late childhood/adolescence compared to controls, with an inversion point at 10 years. Total CAP rate and CAP A1 index in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) stage 2 sleep, and CAP A1 rate in NREM sleep were significantly lower in ADHD patients than controls. SWA and CAP A1 changes are therefore possible markers of altered cortical maturation in ADHD, consistently with the neuropsychological deficits characterizing the disorder, likely fostering earlier detection of at-risk/milder conditions, and more tailored therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Biancardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sesso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Masi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ugo Faraguna
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Translational Research and New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Sicca
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
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9
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Saravanapandian V, Nadkarni D, Hsu SH, Hussain SA, Maski K, Golshani P, Colwell CS, Balasubramanian S, Dixon A, Geschwind DH, Jeste SS. Abnormal sleep physiology in children with 15q11.2-13.1 duplication (Dup15q) syndrome. Mol Autism 2021; 12:54. [PMID: 34344470 PMCID: PMC8336244 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-021-00460-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep disturbances in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) represent a common and vexing comorbidity. Clinical heterogeneity amongst these warrants studies of the mechanisms associated with specific genetic etiologies. Duplications of 15q11.2-13.1 (Dup15q syndrome) are highly penetrant for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as intellectual disability and ASD, as well as sleep disturbances. Genes in the 15q region, particularly UBE3A and a cluster of GABAA receptor genes, are critical for neural development, synaptic protein synthesis and degradation, and inhibitory neurotransmission. During awake electroencephalography (EEG), children with Dup15q syndrome demonstrate increased beta band oscillations (12-30 Hz) that likely reflect aberrant GABAergic neurotransmission. Healthy sleep rhythms, necessary for robust cognitive development, are also highly dependent on GABAergic neurotransmission. We therefore hypothesized that sleep physiology would be abnormal in children with Dup15q syndrome. METHODS To test the hypothesis that elevated beta oscillations persist in sleep in Dup15q syndrome and that NREM sleep rhythms would be disrupted, we computed: (1) beta power, (2) spindle density, and (3) percentage of slow-wave sleep (SWS) in overnight sleep EEG recordings from a cohort of children with Dup15q syndrome (n = 15) and compared them to age-matched neurotypical children (n = 12). RESULTS Children with Dup15q syndrome showed abnormal sleep physiology with elevated beta power, reduced spindle density, and reduced or absent SWS compared to age-matched neurotypical controls. LIMITATIONS This study relied on clinical EEG where sleep staging was not available. However, considering that clinical polysomnograms are challenging to collect in this population, the ability to quantify these biomarkers on clinical EEG-routinely ordered for epilepsy monitoring-opens the door for larger-scale studies. While comparable to other human studies in rare genetic disorders, a larger sample would allow for examination of the role of seizure severity, medications, and developmental age that may impact sleep physiology. CONCLUSIONS We have identified three quantitative EEG biomarkers of sleep disruption in Dup15q syndrome, a genetic condition highly penetrant for ASD. Insights from this study not only promote a greater mechanistic understanding of the pathophysiology defining Dup15q syndrome, but also lay the foundation for studies that investigate the association between sleep and cognition. Abnormal sleep physiology may undermine healthy cognitive development and may serve as a quantifiable and modifiable target for behavioral and pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Saravanapandian
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA. .,Neuroscience Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Divya Nadkarni
- Division of Pediatric Epilepsy, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital Medical Center of Akron, Akron, OH, 44308, USA
| | - Sheng-Hsiou Hsu
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, UC San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Shaun A Hussain
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kiran Maski
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peyman Golshani
- Department of Neurology and Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, 11301 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA
| | - Christopher S Colwell
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - Amos Dixon
- Undergraduate Interdepartmental Program for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
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Mason GM, Lokhandwala S, Riggins T, Spencer RMC. Sleep and human cognitive development. Sleep Med Rev 2021; 57:101472. [PMID: 33827030 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging studies across learning domains have shed light on mechanisms underlying sleep's benefits during numerous developmental periods. In this conceptual review, we survey recent studies of sleep and cognition across infancy, childhood, and adolescence. By summarizing recent findings and integrating across studies with disparate approaches, we provide a novel understanding of sleep's role in human cognitive function. Collectively, these studies point to an interrelation between brain development, sleep, and cognition. Moreover, we point to gaps in our understanding, which inform the agenda for future research in developmental and sleep science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Mason
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, USA; Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA
| | | | - Tracy Riggins
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, USA
| | - Rebecca M C Spencer
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, USA; Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA; Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA.
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Luongo A, Lukowski A, Protho T, Van Vorce H, Pisani L, Edgin J. Sleep's role in memory consolidation: What can we learn from atypical development? ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 60:229-260. [PMID: 33641795 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Research conducted over the last century has suggested a role for sleep in the processes guiding healthy cognition and development, including memory consolidation. Children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) tend to have higher rates of sleep disturbances, which could relate to behavior issues, developmental delays, and learning difficulties. While several studies examine whether sleep exacerbates daytime difficulties and attention deficits in children with IDDs, this chapter focuses on the current state of knowledge regarding sleep and memory consolidation in typically developing (TD) groups and those at risk for learning difficulties. In particular, this chapter summarizes the current literature on sleep-dependent learning across developmental disabilities, including Down syndrome, Williams syndrome, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Learning Disabilities (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Dyslexia). We also highlight the gaps in the current literature and identify challenges in studying sleep-dependent memory in children with different IDDs. This burgeoning new field highlights the importance of considering the role of sleep in memory retention across long delays when evaluating children's memory processes. Further, an understanding of typical and atypical development can mutually inform recent theories of sleep's role in memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Luongo
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, Unites States
| | - A Lukowski
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - T Protho
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, Unites States
| | - H Van Vorce
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, Unites States
| | - L Pisani
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, Unites States
| | - J Edgin
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, Unites States; University of Arizona Sonoran UCEDD, Tucson, AZ, United States.
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Ruiz-Herrera N, Guillén-Riquelme A, Díaz-Román A, Buela-Casal G. Sleep, academic achievement, and cognitive performance in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A polysomnographic study. J Sleep Res 2021; 30:e13275. [PMID: 33410226 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the influence of parent-reported and polysomnography (PSG)-measured sleep patterns on the academic and cognitive performance of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We assessed 91 children (18 girls) diagnosed with ADHD aged 7-11 years (29 ADHD-Inattentive, 32 ADHD-Hyperactive/Impulsive, and 31 ADHD-Combined). The Paediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) and Paediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale (PDSS) were used to assess subjective sleep quality, as perceived by parents, and objective sleep variables were assessed by PSG. Cognitive performance was evaluated using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), and the final average grade of the last school year was used as a measure of academic performance. Academic performance was predicted by the following sleep variables: Sleep time, time in bed, night awakenings, and daytime sleepiness. The best predictors of cognitive performance in children with ADHD were rapid eye movement latency, light sleep, periodic limb movements index (PLMs), awakenings, and daytime sleepiness. In conclusion, sleep parameters are closely associated with the academic and cognitive functioning of children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Ruiz-Herrera
- Sleep and Health Promotion Laboratory, Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Amparo Díaz-Román
- Sleep and Health Promotion Laboratory, Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Gualberto Buela-Casal
- Sleep and Health Promotion Laboratory, Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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13
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Sanjeevan T, Cardy RE, Anagnostou E. Procedural Sequence Learning in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol 2020; 11:560064. [PMID: 33192824 PMCID: PMC7655644 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.560064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous literature proposes that the motor deficits in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) may be attributed to impairments of the procedural memory network, a long-term memory system involved in sensorimotor and cognitive skill development. A handful of studies have explored procedural sequence learning in ADHD, but findings have been inconsistent. A meta-analysis was conducted to begin to establish whether procedural sequence learning deficits exist in ADHD. The results of seven studies comprising 213 participants with ADHD and 257 participants with typical development (TD) generated an average standardized mean difference of 0.02 (CI95 -0.35, 0.39) that was not significant. Heterogeneity was significant across studies and could be partially attributed to the age of participants. We argue that procedural sequence learning appears to be preserved in ADHD and discuss potential explanations for and against this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teenu Sanjeevan
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robyn E. Cardy
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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14
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Solomonova E, Dubé S, Blanchette-Carrière C, Sandra DA, Samson-Richer A, Carr M, Paquette T, Nielsen T. Different Patterns of Sleep-Dependent Procedural Memory Consolidation in Vipassana Meditation Practitioners and Non-meditating Controls. Front Psychol 2020; 10:3014. [PMID: 32038390 PMCID: PMC6989470 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and sleep spindles are all implicated in the consolidation of procedural memories. Relative contributions of sleep stages and sleep spindles were previously shown to depend on individual differences in task processing. However, no studies to our knowledge have focused on individual differences in experience with Vipassana meditation as related to sleep. Vipassana meditation is a form of mental training that enhances proprioceptive and somatic awareness and alters attentional style. The goal of this study was to examine a potential role for Vipassana meditation experience in sleep-dependent procedural memory consolidation. Methods Groups of Vipassana meditation practitioners (N = 22) and matched meditation-naïve controls (N = 20) slept for a daytime nap in the laboratory. Before and after the nap they completed a procedural task on the Wii Fit balance platform. Results Meditators performed slightly better on the task before the nap, but the two groups improved similarly after sleep. The groups showed different patterns of sleep-dependent procedural memory consolidation: in meditators, task learning was positively correlated with density of slow occipital spindles, while in controls task improvement was positively associated with time in REM sleep. Sleep efficiency and sleep architecture did not differ between groups. Meditation practitioners, however, had a lower density of occipital slow sleep spindles than controls. Conclusion Results suggest that neuroplastic changes associated with meditation practice may alter overall sleep microarchitecture and reorganize sleep-dependent patterns of memory consolidation. The lower density of occipital spindles in meditators may mean that meditation practice compensates for some of the memory functions of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Solomonova
- Dream and Nightmare Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS NÎM - HSCM, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Culture, Mind and Brain Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Dubé
- Dream and Nightmare Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS NÎM - HSCM, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cloé Blanchette-Carrière
- Dream and Nightmare Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS NÎM - HSCM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Dasha A Sandra
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Arnaud Samson-Richer
- Dream and Nightmare Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS NÎM - HSCM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Michelle Carr
- Dream and Nightmare Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS NÎM - HSCM, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Sleep Laboratory, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Tyna Paquette
- Dream and Nightmare Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS NÎM - HSCM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tore Nielsen
- Dream and Nightmare Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS NÎM - HSCM, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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15
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Prehn-Kristensen A, Ngo HVV, Lentfer L, Berghäuser J, Brandes L, Schulze L, Göder R, Mölle M, Baving L. Acoustic closed-loop stimulation during sleep improves consolidation of reward-related memory information in healthy children but not in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Sleep 2020; 43:5731400. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study Objectives
Slow oscillations (SO) during slow-wave sleep foster the consolidation of declarative memory. Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) display deficits in the sleep-associated consolidation of declarative memory, possibly due to an altered function of SO. The present study aimed at enhancing SO activity using closed-looped acoustic stimulation during slow-wave sleep in children with ADHD.
Methods
A total of 29 male children (14 with ADHD; aged 8–12 years) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study trial. Children spent two experimental nights in a sleep lab, one stimulation night and one sham night. A declarative learning task (word-pair learning) with a reward condition was used as a primary outcome. Secondary outcome variables were a procedural memory (serial reaction time) and working memory (WM; n-back) task. Encoding of declarative and procedural memory took place in the evening before sleep. After sleep, the retrieval took place followed by the n-back task.
Results
The stimulation successfully induced SO activity during sleep in children with and without ADHD. After stimulation, only healthy children performed better on high-rewarded memory items (primary outcome). In contrast, there were indications that only children with ADHD benefitted from the stimulation with respect to procedural as well as WM performance (secondary outcome).
Conclusions
We were able to show that the acoustic closed-loop stimulation can be applied to enhance SO activity in children with and without ADHD. Our data indicate that SO activity during sleep interacts with subsequent memory performance (primary outcome: rewarded declarative memory; secondary outcome: procedural and WM) in children with and without ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Prehn-Kristensen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hong-Viet V Ngo
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Luisa Lentfer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Julia Berghäuser
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lena Brandes
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Larissa Schulze
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Robert Göder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Mölle
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lioba Baving
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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16
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Capri T, Santoddi E, Fabio RA. Multi-Source Interference Task paradigm to enhance automatic and controlled processes in ADHD. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2020; 97:103542. [PMID: 31812886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2019.103542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of automatic and controlled processes in children with Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has recently been debated. Most theories on ADHD assume that core deficits are related to controlled processes and executive function. AIMS The main aim of the present study is to examine automatic and controlled attention in children with ADHD, compared to TD subjects. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Twenty ADHD-I children, 20 with ADHD-C and 20 typical developing children performed the Block-Formed Multi-Source Interference Task (MSIT) both in incongruent and congruent conditions. OUTCOME AND RESULTS Results show that clinical groups had a poorer performance than the TD group in both conditions. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study demonstrated that children with ADHD exhibit a deficit both in automatic and controlled processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tindara Capri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Bivona, 98100, Messina, Italy.
| | - Erika Santoddi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Bivona, 98100, Messina, Italy.
| | - Rosa Angela Fabio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Bivona, 98100, Messina, Italy.
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17
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Gilad R, Shapiro C. Sleep and Development. Health (London) 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2020.126049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Reyes S, Algarín C, Lozoff B, Peigneux P, Peirano P. Sleep and motor sequence learning consolidation in former iron deficient anemic adolescents. Sleep Med 2019; 64:116-122. [PMID: 31704427 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron deficiency is the most prevalent micronutrient deficiency worldwide. There is evidence that iron deficiency produces alterations in the developing brain, eventually leading to long-lasting effects on various cognitive functions. METHODS Here, we investigated motor learning and its consolidation after sleep in adolescents who sustained iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in infancy, compared to healthy controls, in the context of a long-term follow-up Chilean research project. Fifty-three adolescents who formerly had iron deficiency anemia as infants and 40 control adolescents practiced a sequential motor finger tapping task, before and after a night of sleep. Performance was measured at the end of learning, 30 min later (boost effect), and the next morning. RESULTS Revealed slower learning in subjects with infant iron deficiency anemia than control subjects, followed by a proportionally similar performance boost at 30 min. Performance remained stable overnight in healthy controls but further improved in infant IDA adolescents, suggesting a beneficial effect of post-training sleep on the consolidation of incompletely learned motor skills. In particular, overnight gains in performance were observed in female, but not male infant iron deficiency anemic subjects, suggesting a gender effect. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate long-lasting motor learning deficits in infant IDA adolescents and provide support to the hypothesis that post-training sleep might, to some extent, compensate for hampered motor learning during wakefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sussanne Reyes
- Sleep and Functional Neurobiology Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Algarín
- Sleep and Functional Neurobiology Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Betsy Lozoff
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Disease, University of Michigan, North Ingalls Building, 10th Floor, 300 N. Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5406, USA
| | - Philippe Peigneux
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group, CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences, UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 avenue F.D. Roosevelt CP191 B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Patricio Peirano
- Sleep and Functional Neurobiology Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago, Chile.
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19
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Associations between cognitive performance and sigma power during sleep in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, healthy children, and healthy adults. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224166. [PMID: 31648258 PMCID: PMC6812820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sigma power during sleep is associated with cognitive abilities in healthy humans. We examined the relationship between sigma power in sleep EEG and intelligence and alertness in schoolchildren with ADHD (n = 17) in comparison to mentally healthy children (n = 16) and adults (n = 23). We observed a positive correlation between sigma power in sleep stage 2 and IQ in healthy adults but a negative correlation in children with ADHD. Furthermore, children with ADHD showed slower reaction times in alertness testing than both control groups. In contrast, only healthy children displayed a positive correlation between sigma power and reaction times. These data suggest that the associations between sigma power and cognitive performance underlie distinct developmental processes. A negative association between IQ and sigma power indicates a disturbed function of sleep in cognitive functions in ADHD, whereas the function of sleep appears to be matured early in case of motor-related alertness performance.
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20
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Scarpelli S, Gorgoni M, D'Atri A, Reda F, De Gennaro L. Advances in Understanding the Relationship between Sleep and Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1737. [PMID: 31635095 PMCID: PMC6832299 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Starting from the consolidated relationship between sleep and cognition, we reviewed the available literature on the association between Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and sleep. This review analyzes the macrostructural and microstructural sleep features, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses criteria (PRISMA). We included the polysomnographic studies published in the last 15 years. The results of macrostructural parameters are mixed. Almost half of the 18 selected investigations did not find differences between sleep architecture of children with ADHD and controls. Five studies observed that children with ADHD show a longer Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep duration than controls. Eight studies included microstructural measures. Remarkable alterations in sleep microstructure of ADHD are related to slow wave activity (SWA) and theta oscillations, respectively, during Non-REM (NREM) and REM sleep. Specifically, some studies found higher SWA in the ADHD group than controls. Similarly, higher theta activity appears to be detrimental for memory performance and inhibitory control in ADHD. These patterns could be interpreted as a maturational delay in ADHD. Also, the increased amount of these activities would be consistent with the hypothesis that the poor sleep could imply a chronic sleep deprivation in children with ADHD, which in turn could affect their cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Scarpelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Gorgoni
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Aurora D'Atri
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Flaminia Reda
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Luigi De Gennaro
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome 00185, Italy.
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21
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Miano S, Amato N, Garbazza C, Abbafati M, Foderaro G, Pezzoli V, Ramelli GP, Manconi M. Shooting a high-density electroencephalographic picture on sleep in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Sleep 2019; 42:5540162. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study Objectives
Sleep-related slow-wave activity (SWA) has been recognized as a marker of synaptic plasticity. In children affected by attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), SWA is mainly located in the central rather than frontal regions, reflecting a maturational delay. A detailed subjective and objective sleep investigation, including a full night video-polysomnography (PSG-HD-EEG), was performed on 30 consecutive drug naïve outpatients with a diagnosis of ADHD. They received a diagnosis of sleep disorders in 29/30 cases, and most of them had a past history of sleep problems. They had a higher apnea–hypopnea index at PSG, and slept less than 9 hr at actigraphy. We aimed to describe the SWA behavior in the same group of children with ADHD.
Materials and Methods
The full-night PSG-HD EEG of children with ADHD was compared with the one of the 25 healthy controls. The scalp SWA mapping, the decrease of SWA during the night, and the EEG source of SWA were analyzed.
Results
At scalp topography, the focus of SWA was observed over the centro–parietal–occipital regions in participants with ADHD (p < 0.01), which remained significant in the subgroups divided between subgroups according to the sleep diagnosis (p < 0.01). The physiological decrease in SWA was more evident in control participants. The source analysis revealed a greater delta power over the posterior cingulate in participants with ADHD (p < 0.01).
Conclusions
Our results confirm static and dynamic changes in SWA behavior in children with ADHD, which may reflect a maturational delay occurring at a vulnerable age, as a consequence of chronic sleep deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Miano
- Sleep Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital of Lugano (EOC), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Ninfa Amato
- Sleep Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital of Lugano (EOC), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Corrado Garbazza
- Sleep Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital of Lugano (EOC), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Abbafati
- Sleep Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital of Lugano (EOC), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Foderaro
- Department of Pediatrics, Civic Hospital of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Valdo Pezzoli
- Department of Pediatrics, Civic Hospital of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Gian Paolo Ramelli
- Department of Pediatrics, San Giovanni Hospital, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Manconi
- Sleep Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital of Lugano (EOC), Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Southern Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
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22
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ADHD symptoms are associated with decreased activity of fast sleep spindles and poorer procedural overnight learning during adolescence. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 157:106-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Prehn-Kristensen A, Göder R. [Sleep and cognition in children and adolescents]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDER-UND JUGENDPSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2018; 46:405-422. [PMID: 30141742 DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sleep and cognition in children and adolescents Abstract. In this review, one of the most important functions of sleep was described: Its role in promoting cognitive processes in children and adolescents. Particularly, studies of older children and adolescents revealed that sleep interacts in a complex manner with cognitive performance. Moreover, it was shown that sleep supports long-term memory even in young children. This is true for many different long-term memory systems such as memory of factual information (declarative memory), language acquisition, and for reward-related learning, but less so for learning motor skills. Clinical implications arise from observing the consequences of sleep deficits in children and adolescents due to early school hours or due to clinical conditions like attention deficits hyperactive disorder (ADHD), sleep apnea syndrome or other sleep disturbances. Current research has only partially shown that the treatment of sleep problems also benefits cognitive and memory performance. Filling this gap remains an opportunity for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Prehn-Kristensen
- 1 Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und -psychotherapie, Zentrum für Integrative Psychiatrie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, UKSH, Campus Kiel
| | - Robert Göder
- 2 Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Zentrum für Integrative Psychiatrie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, UKSH, Campus Kiel
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Marchand-Krynski MÈ, Morin-Moncet O, Bélanger AM, Beauchamp MH, Leonard G. Shared and differentiated motor skill impairments in children with dyslexia and/or attention deficit disorder: From simple to complex sequential coordination. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177490. [PMID: 28542319 PMCID: PMC5438138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslexia and Attention deficit disorder (AD) are prevalent neurodevelopmental conditions in children and adolescents. They have high comorbidity rates and have both been associated with motor difficulties. Little is known, however, about what is shared or differentiated in dyslexia and AD in terms of motor abilities. Even when motor skill problems are identified, few studies have used the same measurement tools, resulting in inconstant findings. The present study assessed increasingly complex gross motor skills in children and adolescents with dyslexia, AD, and with both Dyslexia and AD. Our results suggest normal performance on simple motor-speed tests, whereas all three groups share a common impairment on unimanual and bimanual sequential motor tasks. Children in these groups generally improve with practice to the same level as normal subjects, though they make more errors. In addition, children with AD are the most impaired on complex bimanual out-of-phase movements and with manual dexterity. These latter findings are examined in light of the Multiple Deficit Model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Ève Marchand-Krynski
- Research center in neuropsychology and cognition (CERNEC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Ste-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Olivier Morin-Moncet
- Research center in neuropsychology and cognition (CERNEC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Miriam H. Beauchamp
- Research center in neuropsychology and cognition (CERNEC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Ste-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gabriel Leonard
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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25
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Feedback-based probabilistic category learning is selectively impaired in attention/hyperactivity deficit disorder. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 142:200-208. [PMID: 28478078 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is closely linked to executive function deficits, it has recently been attributed to procedural learning impairments that are quite distinct from the former. These observations challenge the ability of the executive function framework solely to account for the diverse range of symptoms observed in ADHD. A recent neurocomputational model emphasizes the role of striatal dopamine (DA) in explaining ADHD's broad range of deficits, but the link between this model and procedural learning impairments remains unclear. Significantly, feedback-based procedural learning is hypothesized to be disrupted in ADHD because of the involvement of striatal DA in this type of learning. In order to test this assumption, we employed two variants of a probabilistic category learning task known from the neuropsychological literature. Feedback-based (FB) and paired associate-based (PA) probabilistic category learning were employed in a non-medicated sample of ADHD participants and neurotypical participants. In the FB task, participants learned associations between cues and outcomes initially by guessing and subsequently through feedback indicating the correctness of the response. In the PA learning task, participants viewed the cue and its associated outcome simultaneously without receiving an overt response or corrective feedback. In both tasks, participants were trained across 150 trials. Learning was assessed in a subsequent test without a presentation of the outcome or corrective feedback. Results revealed an interesting disassociation in which ADHD participants performed as well as control participants in the PA task, but were impaired compared with the controls in the FB task. The learning curve during FB training differed between the two groups. Taken together, these results suggest that the ability to incrementally learn by feedback is selectively disrupted in ADHD participants. These results are discussed in relation to both the ADHD dopaminergic dysfunction model and recent findings implicating procedural learning impairments in those with ADHD.
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26
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Saletin JM, Coon WG, Carskadon MA. Stage 2 Sleep EEG Sigma Activity and Motor Learning in Childhood ADHD: A Pilot Study. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2017; 46:188-197. [PMID: 27267670 PMCID: PMC5802965 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2016.1157756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with deficits in motor learning and sleep. In healthy adults, overnight improvements in motor skills are associated with sleep spindle activity in the sleep electroencephalogram (EEG). This association is poorly characterized in children, particularly in pediatric ADHD. Polysomnographic sleep was monitored in 7 children with ADHD and 14 typically developing controls. All children were trained on a validated motor sequence task (MST) in the evening with retesting the following morning. Analyses focused on MST precision (speed-accuracy trade-off). NREM Stage 2 sleep EEG power spectral analyses focused on spindle-frequency EEG activity in the sigma (12-15 Hz) band. The ADHD group demonstrated a selective decrease in power within the sigma band. Evening MST precision was lower in ADHD, yet no difference in performance was observed following sleep. Moreover, ADHD status moderated the association between slow sleep spindle activity (12-13.5 Hz) and overnight improvement; spindle-frequency EEG activity was positively associated with performance improvements in children with ADHD but not in controls. These data highlight the importance of sleep in supporting next-day behavior in ADHD while indicating that differences in sleep neurophysiology may contribute to deficits in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared M Saletin
- a Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior , Alpert Medical School of Brown University
- b Sleep for Science Research Laboratory , E.P. Bradley Hospital
| | - William G Coon
- b Sleep for Science Research Laboratory , E.P. Bradley Hospital
- c National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies , New York State Department of Health
| | - Mary A Carskadon
- a Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior , Alpert Medical School of Brown University
- b Sleep for Science Research Laboratory , E.P. Bradley Hospital
- d Centre for Sleep Research , University of South Australia
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Memory consolidation of socially relevant stimuli during sleep in healthy children and children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder: What you can see in their eyes. Biol Psychol 2016; 123:196-204. [PMID: 28049026 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) display deficits in sleep-dependent memory consolidation, and being comorbid with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), results in deficits in face processing. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of sleep in recognizing faces in children with ADHD+ODD. Sixteen healthy children and 16 children diagnosed with ADHD+ODD participated in a sleep and a wake condition. During encoding (sleep condition at 8p.m.; wake condition at 8a.m.) pictures of faces were rated according to their emotional content; the retrieval session (12h after encoding session) contained a recognition task including pupillometry. Pupillometry and behavioral data revealed that healthy children benefited from sleep compared to wake with respect to face picture recognition; in contrast recognition performance in patients with ADHD+ODD was not improved after sleep compared to wake. It is discussed whether in patients with ADHD+ODD social stimuli are preferentially consolidated during daytime.
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Zinke K, Wilhelm I, Bayramoglu M, Klein S, Born J. Children's initial sleep-associated changes in motor skill are unrelated to long-term skill levels. Dev Sci 2016; 20. [PMID: 27747974 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is considered to support the formation of skill memory. In juvenile but not adult song birds learning a tutor's song, a stronger initial deterioration of song performance over night-sleep predicts better song performance in the long run. This and similar observations have stimulated the view of sleep supporting skill formation during development in an unsupervised off-line learning process that, in the absence of external feedback, can initially also enhance inaccuracies in skill performance. Here we explored whether in children learning a motor sequence task, as in song-learning juvenile birds, changes across sleep after initial practice predict performance levels achieved in the long run. The task was a serial reaction time task (SRTT) where subjects had to press buttons which were lighted up in a repeating eight-element sequence as fast as possible. Twenty-five children (8-12 years) practised the task in the evening before nocturnal sleep which was recorded polysomnographically. Retrieval was tested on the following morning and again 1 week later after daily training on the SRTT. As expected, changes in response speed over the initial night of sleep were negatively correlated with final performance speed after the 1-week training. However, unlike in song birds, this correlation was driven by the baseline speed level achieved before sleep. Baseline-corrected changes in speed or variability over the initial sleep period did not predict final performance on the trained SRTT sequence, or on different sequences introduced to assess generalization of the trained behaviour. The lack of correlation between initial sleep-dependent changes and long-term performance might reflect that the children were too experienced for the simple SRTT, possibly also favouring ceiling effects in performance. A consistent association found between sleep spindle activity and explicit sequence knowledge alternatively suggests that the expected correlation was masked by explicit memory systems interacting with skill memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Zinke
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ines Wilhelm
- Children's Hospital, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Müge Bayramoglu
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Klein
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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Baglioni C, Nanovska S, Regen W, Spiegelhalder K, Feige B, Nissen C, Reynolds CF, Riemann D. Sleep and mental disorders: A meta-analysis of polysomnographic research. Psychol Bull 2016; 142:969-990. [PMID: 27416139 PMCID: PMC5110386 DOI: 10.1037/bul0000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Investigating sleep in mental disorders has the potential to reveal both disorder-specific and transdiagnostic psychophysiological mechanisms. This meta-analysis aimed at determining the polysomnographic (PSG) characteristics of several mental disorders. Relevant studies were searched through standard strategies. Controlled PSG studies evaluating sleep in affective, anxiety, eating, pervasive developmental, borderline and antisocial personality disorders, attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and schizophrenia were included. PSG variables of sleep continuity, depth, and architecture, as well as rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep were considered. Calculations were performed with the "Comprehensive Meta-Analysis" and "R" software. Using random effects modeling, for each disorder and each variable, a separate meta-analysis was conducted if at least 3 studies were available for calculation of effect sizes as standardized means (Hedges' g). Sources of variability, that is, sex, age, and mental disorders comorbidity, were evaluated in subgroup analyses. Sleep alterations were evidenced in all disorders, with the exception of ADHD and seasonal affective disorders. Sleep continuity problems were observed in most mental disorders. Sleep depth and REM pressure alterations were associated with affective, anxiety, autism and schizophrenia disorders. Comorbidity was associated with enhanced REM sleep pressure and more inhibition of sleep depth. No sleep parameter was exclusively altered in 1 condition; however, no 2 conditions shared the same PSG profile. Sleep continuity disturbances imply a transdiagnostic imbalance in the arousal system likely representing a basic dimension of mental health. Sleep depth and REM variables might play a key role in psychiatric comorbidity processes. Constellations of sleep alterations may define distinct disorders better than alterations in 1 single variable. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Baglioni
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Center for Mental Disorders, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Svetoslava Nanovska
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Center for Mental Disorders, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Wolfram Regen
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Center for Mental Disorders, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Kai Spiegelhalder
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Center for Mental Disorders, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Bernd Feige
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Center for Mental Disorders, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Christoph Nissen
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Center for Mental Disorders, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | | | - Dieter Riemann
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychophysiology, Center for Mental Disorders, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
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Sleep Spindle Characteristics in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Their Relation to Cognition. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:4724792. [PMID: 27478646 PMCID: PMC4958463 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4724792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Empirical evidence indicates that sleep spindles facilitate neuroplasticity and “off-line” processing during sleep, which supports learning, memory consolidation, and intellectual performance. Children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) exhibit characteristics that may increase both the risk for and vulnerability to abnormal spindle generation. Despite the high prevalence of sleep problems and cognitive deficits in children with NDD, only a few studies have examined the putative association between spindle characteristics and cognitive function. This paper reviews the literature regarding sleep spindle characteristics in children with NDD and their relation to cognition in light of what is known in typically developing children and based on the available evidence regarding children with NDD. We integrate available data, identify gaps in understanding, and recommend future research directions. Collectively, studies are limited by small sample sizes, heterogeneous populations with multiple comorbidities, and nonstandardized methods for collecting and analyzing findings. These limitations notwithstanding, the evidence suggests that future studies should examine associations between sleep spindle characteristics and cognitive function in children with and without NDD, and preliminary findings raise the intriguing question of whether enhancement or manipulation of sleep spindles could improve sleep-dependent memory and other aspects of cognitive function in this population.
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Urbain C, De Tiège X, Op De Beeck M, Bourguignon M, Wens V, Verheulpen D, Van Bogaert P, Peigneux P. Sleep in children triggers rapid reorganization of memory-related brain processes. Neuroimage 2016; 134:213-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Um YH, Jeong JH, Hong SC, Kim TW, Lim HK, Seo HJ, Han JH. Association between sleep parameters and cognitive function in drug-naïve children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a polysomnographic study. Sleep Med 2016; 21:165-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Desmottes L, Meulemans T, Maillart C. Later learning stages in procedural memory are impaired in children with Specific Language Impairment. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2016; 48:53-68. [PMID: 26540297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the Procedural Deficit Hypothesis (PDH), difficulties in the procedural memory system may contribute to the language difficulties encountered by children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI). Most studies investigating the PDH have used the sequence learning paradigm; however these studies have principally focused on initial sequence learning in a single practice session. AIMS The present study sought to extend these investigations by assessing the consolidation stage and longer-term retention of implicit sequence-specific knowledge in 42 children with or without SLI. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Both groups of children completed a serial reaction time task and were tested 24h and one week after practice. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Results showed that children with SLI succeeded as well as children with typical development (TD) in the early acquisition stage of the sequence learning task. However, as training blocks progressed, only TD children improved their sequence knowledge while children with SLI did not appear to evolve any more. Moreover, children with SLI showed a lack of the consolidation gains in sequence knowledge displayed by the TD children. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Overall, these results were in line with the predictions of the PDH and suggest that later learning stages in procedural memory are impaired in SLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Desmottes
- Department of Psychology: Cognition and Behavior, University of Liege, B38, rue de l'Aunaie, 30, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Thierry Meulemans
- Department of Psychology: Cognition and Behavior, University of Liege, B33, Boulevard du Rectorat, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Christelle Maillart
- Department of Psychology: Cognition and Behavior, University of Liege, B38, rue de l'Aunaie, 30, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Munz MT, Prehn-Kristensen A, Thielking F, Mölle M, Göder R, Baving L. Slow oscillating transcranial direct current stimulation during non-rapid eye movement sleep improves behavioral inhibition in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:307. [PMID: 26321911 PMCID: PMC4531340 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioral inhibition, which is a later-developing executive function (EF) and anatomically located in prefrontal areas, is impaired in attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). While optimal EFs have been shown to depend on efficient sleep in healthy subjects, the impact of sleep problems, frequently reported in ADHD, remains elusive. Findings of macroscopic sleep changes in ADHD are inconsistent, but there is emerging evidence for distinct microscopic changes with a focus on prefrontal cortical regions and non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) slow-wave sleep. Recently, slow oscillations (SO) during non-REM sleep were found to be less functional and, as such, may be involved in sleep-dependent memory impairments in ADHD. OBJECTIVE By augmenting slow-wave power through bilateral, slow oscillating transcranial direct current stimulation (so-tDCS, frequency = 0.75 Hz) during non-REM sleep, we aimed to improve daytime behavioral inhibition in children with ADHD. METHODS Fourteen boys (10-14 years) diagnosed with ADHD were included. In a randomized, double-blind, cross-over design, patients received so-tDCS either in the first or in the second experimental sleep night. Inhibition control was assessed with a visuomotor go/no-go task. Intrinsic alertness was assessed with a simple stimulus response task. To control for visuomotor performance, motor memory was assessed with a finger sequence tapping task. RESULTS SO-power was enhanced during early non-REM sleep, accompanied by slowed reaction times and decreased standard deviations of reaction times, in the go/no-go task after so-tDCS. In contrast, intrinsic alertness, and motor memory performance were not improved by so-tDCS. CONCLUSION Since behavioral inhibition but not intrinsic alertness or motor memory was improved by so-tDCS, our results suggest that lateral prefrontal slow oscillations during sleep might play a specific role for executive functioning in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel T. Munz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University KielKiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Prehn-Kristensen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University KielKiel, Germany
| | - Frederieke Thielking
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University KielKiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Mölle
- Institute of Neuroendocrinology, School of Medicine, University of LübeckLübeck, Germany
| | - Robert Göder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University KielKiel, Germany
| | - Lioba Baving
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University KielKiel, Germany
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Abstract
In the past 30 years, much research has been conducted elucidating the role of sleep in memory and learning; however, the interaction between sleep and cognitive functioning may be unknown in clinical realms. This article serves to provide a primer on sleep-dependent memory consolidation, a process in which memory is stabilized or even enhanced over a period of sleep. Given the increased amounts of sleep needed in infancy and childhood, the link between sleep and neuronal plasticity is highlighted in this article. Furthermore, sleep disruptions are common to children with neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; thus, recent studies showing direct relationships between sleep and memory functioning in such vulnerable groups are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran P Maski
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children׳s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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36
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Prehn-Kristensen A, Munz M, Göder R, Wilhelm I, Korr K, Vahl W, Wiesner CD, Baving L. Transcranial oscillatory direct current stimulation during sleep improves declarative memory consolidation in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder to a level comparable to healthy controls. Brain Stimul 2014; 7:793-9. [PMID: 25153776 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Slow oscillations (<1 Hz) during slow wave sleep (SWS) promote the consolidation of declarative memory. Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been shown to display deficits in sleep-dependent consolidation of declarative memory supposedly due to dysfunctional slow brain rhythms during SWS. OBJECTIVE Using transcranial oscillating direct current stimulation (toDCS) at 0.75 Hz, we investigated whether an externally triggered increase in slow oscillations during early SWS elevates memory performance in children with ADHD. METHODS 12 children with ADHD underwent a toDCS and a sham condition in a double-blind crossover study design conducted in a sleep laboratory. Memory was tested using a 2D object-location task. In addition, 12 healthy children performed the same memory task in their home environment. RESULTS Stimulation enhanced slow oscillation power in children with ADHD and boosted memory performance to the same level as in healthy children. CONCLUSION These data indicate that increasing slow oscillation power during sleep by toDCS can alleviate declarative memory deficits in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Prehn-Kristensen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany.
| | - Manuel Munz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Robert Göder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Ines Wilhelm
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany; Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Korr
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Wiebke Vahl
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian D Wiesner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Lioba Baving
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
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Huang-Pollock CL, Maddox WT, Tam H. Rule-based and information-integration perceptual category learning in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology 2014; 28:594-604. [PMID: 24635709 PMCID: PMC4104575 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Suboptimal functioning of the basal ganglia is implicated in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These structures are important to the acquisition of associative knowledge, leading some to theorize that associative learning deficits might be expected, despite the fact that most extant research in ADHD has focused on effortful control. We present 2 studies that examined the acquisition of explicit rule-based (RB) and associative information integration (II) category learning among school-age children with ADHD. METHOD AND RESULTS In Study 1, we found deficits in both RB and II category learning tasks among children with ADHD (n = 81) versus controls (n = 42). Children with ADHD tended to sort by the more salient but irrelevant dimension (in the RB paradigm) and were unable to acquire a consistent sorting strategy (in the II paradigm). To disentangle whether the deficit was localized to II category learning versus a generalized inability to consider more than 1 stimulus dimension, in Study 2 children completed a conjunctive RB paradigm that required consideration of 2 stimulus dimensions. Children with ADHD (n = 50) continued to underperform controls (n = 33). CONCLUSIONS Results provide partial support for neurocognitive developmental theories of ADHD that suggest that associative learning deficits should be found, and highlight the importance of using analytic approaches that go beyond asking whether an ADHD-related deficit exists to why such deficits exist.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - W Todd Maddox
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mental Health Research
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Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:63. [PMID: 24782698 PMCID: PMC3986529 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a strong correlation between signature EEG frequency patterns and the relative levels of distinct neuromodulators. These associations become particularly evident during the sleep-wake cycle. The monoamine-acetylcholine balance hypothesis is a theory of neurophysiological markers of the EEG and a detailed description of the findings that support this proposal are presented in this paper. According to this model alpha rhythm reflects the relative predominance of cholinergic muscarinic signals and delta rhythm that of monoaminergic receptor effects. Both high voltage synchronized rhythms are likely mediated by inhibitory Gαi/o-mediated transduction of inhibitory interneurons. Cognitively, alpha and delta EEG measures are proposed to indicate automatic and flexible strategies, respectively. Sleep is associated with marked changes in relative neuromodulator levels corresponding to EEG markers of distinct stages. Sleep studies on memory consolidation present some of the strongest evidence yet for the respective roles of monoaminergic and cholinergic projections in declarative and non-declarative memory processes, a key theoretical premise for understanding the data. Affective dysregulation is reflected in altered EEG patterns during sleep.
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Abstract
Sleep problems are common in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to the extent that they mimic or exacerbate daytime symptoms expression. In this review, we advocate the need for a better understanding of sleep alterations in youths with ADHD and their impact on neurobehavioral functions including learning, memory and emotional regulation. An in-depth exploration of existing data showed that although extensively studied, the actual nature of sleep problems in ADHD and their effects on daytime behavior are still less well understood. Important issues, among which developmental changes in sleep architecture and role of subtle sleep electroencephalogram signatures, are generally neglected. Future research of sleep effects on behavior in ADHD would benefit from considering developmental aspects and links between brain activation patterns during sleep and wake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roumen Kirov
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. 23, 1113 Sofua, Bulgaria
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40
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Huber R, Born J. Sleep, synaptic connectivity, and hippocampal memory during early development. Trends Cogn Sci 2014; 18:141-52. [PMID: 24462334 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sleep, specifically sleep slow-wave activity (SWA), contributes to global synaptic homeostasis in neocortical networks by downscaling synaptic connections that were potentiated during prior wakefulness. In parallel, SWA supports the consolidation of hippocampus-dependent episodic memory, a process linked to local increases in synaptic connectivity. During development, both SWA and episodic memory show parallel time courses: distinct SWA and capabilities to form episodic memory become established during infancy and then profoundly increase across childhood until puberty. We propose that the parallel increases across childhood reflect an imbalance in the underlying regulation of synaptic connectivity during sleep; although memory consolidation favoring synaptic potentiation is enhanced, global synaptic downscaling during sleep SWA does not attain complete recovery of homeostatic baseline levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Huber
- University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Born
- University of Tübingen, Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; University of Tübingen, Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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41
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Urbain C, Galer S, Van Bogaert P, Peigneux P. Pathophysiology of sleep-dependent memory consolidation processes in children. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 89:273-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Prehn-Kristensen A, Munz M, Molzow I, Wilhelm I, Wiesner CD, Baving L. Sleep promotes consolidation of emotional memory in healthy children but not in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65098. [PMID: 23734235 PMCID: PMC3667133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Fronto-limbic brain activity during sleep is believed to support the consolidation of emotional memories in healthy adults. Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is accompanied by emotional deficits coincidently caused by dysfunctional interplay of fronto-limbic circuits. This study aimed to examine the role of sleep in the consolidation of emotional memory in ADHD in the context of healthy development. 16 children with ADHD, 16 healthy children, and 20 healthy adults participated in this study. Participants completed an emotional picture recognition paradigm in sleep and wake control conditions. Each condition had an immediate (baseline) and delayed (target) retrieval session. The emotional memory bias was baseline–corrected, and groups were compared in terms of sleep-dependent memory consolidation (sleep vs. wake). We observed an increased sleep-dependent emotional memory bias in healthy children compared to children with ADHD and healthy adults. Frontal oscillatory EEG activity (slow oscillations, theta) during sleep correlated negatively with emotional memory performance in children with ADHD. When combining data of healthy children and adults, correlation coefficients were positive and differed from those in children with ADHD. Since children displayed a higher frontal EEG activity than adults these data indicate a decline in sleep-related consolidation of emotional memory in healthy development. In addition, it is suggested that deficits in sleep-related selection between emotional and non-emotional memories in ADHD exacerbate emotional problems during daytime as they are often reported in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Prehn-Kristensen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany.
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Ettinger U, Corr PJ, Mofidi A, Williams SCR, Kumari V. Dopaminergic basis of the psychosis-prone personality investigated with functional magnetic resonance imaging of procedural learning. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:130. [PMID: 23596404 PMCID: PMC3626071 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous evidence shows a reliable association between psychosis-prone (especially schizotypal) personality traits and performance on dopamine (DA)-sensitive tasks (e.g., prepulse inhibition and antisaccade). Here, we used blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI and an established procedural learning (PL) task to examine the dopaminergic basis of two aspects of psychosis-proneness (specific schizotypy and general psychoticism). Thirty healthy participants (final N = 26) underwent fMRI during a blocked, periodic sequence-learning task which, in previous studies, has been shown to reveal impaired performance in schizophrenia patients given drugs blocking the DA D2 receptor subtype (DRD2), and to correspond with manipulation of DA activity and elicit fronto-striatal-cerebellar activity in healthy people. Psychosis-proneness was indexed by the Psychoticism (P) scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQ-R; 1991) and the Schizotypal Personality Scale (STA; 1984). EPQ-R Extraversion and Neuroticism scores were also examined to establish discriminant validity. We found a positive correlation between the two psychosis-proneness measures (r = 0.43), and a robust and unique positive association between EPQ-R P and BOLD signal in the putamen, caudate, thalamus, insula, and frontal regions. STA schizotypy score correlated positively with activity in the right middle temporal gyrus. As DA is a key transmitter in the basal ganglia, and the thalamus contains the highest levels of DRD2 receptors of all extrastriatal regions, our results support a dopaminergic basis of psychosis-proneness as measured by the EPQ-R Psychoticism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Ettinger
- Department of Psychology, University of BonnBonn, Germany
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College LondonLondon, UK
| | | | - Ardeshier Mofidi
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Steven C. R. Williams
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Veena Kumari
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College LondonLondon, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, The Institute of Psychiatry, South London and Maudsley NHS TrustLondon, UK
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Abstract
Over more than a century of research has established the fact that sleep benefits the retention of memory. In this review we aim to comprehensively cover the field of "sleep and memory" research by providing a historical perspective on concepts and a discussion of more recent key findings. Whereas initial theories posed a passive role for sleep enhancing memories by protecting them from interfering stimuli, current theories highlight an active role for sleep in which memories undergo a process of system consolidation during sleep. Whereas older research concentrated on the role of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, recent work has revealed the importance of slow-wave sleep (SWS) for memory consolidation and also enlightened some of the underlying electrophysiological, neurochemical, and genetic mechanisms, as well as developmental aspects in these processes. Specifically, newer findings characterize sleep as a brain state optimizing memory consolidation, in opposition to the waking brain being optimized for encoding of memories. Consolidation originates from reactivation of recently encoded neuronal memory representations, which occur during SWS and transform respective representations for integration into long-term memory. Ensuing REM sleep may stabilize transformed memories. While elaborated with respect to hippocampus-dependent memories, the concept of an active redistribution of memory representations from networks serving as temporary store into long-term stores might hold also for non-hippocampus-dependent memory, and even for nonneuronal, i.e., immunological memories, giving rise to the idea that the offline consolidation of memory during sleep represents a principle of long-term memory formation established in quite different physiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Rasch
- Division of Biopsychology, Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Sleep-dependent memory consolidation – What can be learnt from children? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:1718-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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