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Yusuf IO, Parsi S, Ostrow LW, Brown RH, Thompson PR, Xu Z. PAD2 dysregulation and aberrant protein citrullination feature prominently in reactive astrogliosis and myelin protein aggregation in sporadic ALS. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 192:106414. [PMID: 38253209 PMCID: PMC11003460 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Alteration in protein citrullination (PC), a common posttranslational modification (PTM), contributes to pathogenesis in various inflammatory disorders. We previously reported that PC and protein arginine deiminase 2 (PAD2), the predominant enzyme isoform that catalyzes this PTM in the central nervous system (CNS), are altered in mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We now demonstrate that PAD2 expression and PC are altered in human postmortem ALS spinal cord and motor cortex compared to controls, increasing in astrocytes while trending lower in neurons. Furthermore, PC is enriched in protein aggregates that contain the myelin proteins PLP and MBP in ALS. These results confirm our findings in ALS mouse models and suggest that altered PAD2 and PC contribute to neurodegeneration in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa O Yusuf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sepideh Parsi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02110, USA
| | - Lyle W Ostrow
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Robert H Brown
- Department of Neurology, RNA Therapeutic Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Zuoshang Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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Tian S, Ren L, Liu C, Wang Z. Atractylenolide II Suppresses Glycolysis and Induces Apoptosis by Blocking the PADI3-ERK Signaling Pathway in Endometrial Cancer Cells. Molecules 2024; 29:939. [PMID: 38474453 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29050939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Atractylenolide II (AT-II), the major bioactive compound of Atractylodes macrocephala, exhibits anti-cancer activity against many types of tumors, but the roles and the potential mechanisms in endometrial cancer remain unclear. In the present study, AT-II treatment was found to significantly suppress RL95-2 and AN3CA cell proliferation and glycolysis, and induced their apoptosis by inactivating the ERK signaling pathway, accompanied by the changing expression of the glycolytic key enzymes and apoptotic-related proteins. Peptidyl arginine deiminase 3 (PADI3), as the candidate target gene of AT-II, was highly expressed in the endometrial cancer tissues and associated with a poor prognosis according to bioinformatics analysis. PADI3 knockdown inhibited proliferation and glycolysis in endometrial cancer cells and induced cell apoptosis. Furthermore, AT-II negatively regulated the expression of PADI3, and PADI3 overexpression reversed the effects of AT-II on endometrial cancer cells. Our findings suggested that the anti-cancer function of AT-II is associated with the suppression of glycolysis and induction of apoptosis by blocking the PADI3-ERK signaling pathway. Thus, AT-II represents a novel therapeutic target for endometrial cancer and targeting AT-II may serve as a potential strategy for the clinical therapy of endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Tian
- Department of Pathology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medical, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110847, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Basic Medical College, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Lili Ren
- Department of Neurobiology, Basic Medical College, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Basic Medical College, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Pathology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medical, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110847, China
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3
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Baz AA, Hao H, Lan S, Li Z, Liu S, Chen S, Chu Y. Neutrophil extracellular traps in bacterial infections and evasion strategies. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1357967. [PMID: 38433838 PMCID: PMC10906519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1357967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are innate immune cells that have a vital role in host defense systems. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are one of neutrophils' defense mechanisms against pathogens. NETs comprise an ejected lattice of chromatin associated with histones, granular proteins, and cytosolic proteins. They are thought to be an efficient strategy to capture and/or kill bacteria and received intensive research interest in the recent years. However, soon after NETs were identified, it was observed that certain bacteria were able to evade NET entrapment through many different mechanisms. Here, we outline the recent progress of NETs in bacterial infections and the strategies employed by bacteria to evade or withstand NETs. Identifying the molecules and mechanisms that modulate NET release will improve our understanding of the functions of NETs in infections and provide new avenues for the prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Adel Baz
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Huafang Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shimei Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhangcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shengli Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuefeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
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Zhao J, Li Y, Gao C, Zhao Z, Zhang S, Dong J, Zuo H, Chen X, Xie B, Guo Z, Wang Y, Li H, Bian Y. Screening of natural inhibitors against peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 from herbal extracts by a high-performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet-visible based method. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1716:464643. [PMID: 38232639 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is an important biocatalytic enzymes involved in the conversion of protein arginine to citrulline, its dysregulation has a great impact on many physiological processes. Recently, PAD4 has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of various diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs), also known as herbal plants, have gained great attention by the scientific community due to their good therapeutic performance and far fewer side effects observed in the clinical treatment. However, limited researches have been reported to screen natural PAD4 inhibitors from herbal plants. The color developing reagent (COLDER) or fluorescence based methods have been widely used in PAD4 activity assay and inhibitor screening. However, both methods measure the overall absorbance or fluorescence in the reaction solution, which are easy to be affected by the background interference due to colorful extracts from herbal plants. In this study, a simple, and robust high-performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet-visible (HPLC-UV) based method was developed to determine PAD4 activity. The proposed strategy was established based on COLDER principle, while used hydrophilic l-arginine instead of hydrophobic N-benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) as a new substrate to determine PAD4 inhibition activity of herbal extracts. The herbal extracts and PAD4 generated hydrophobic l-citrulline were successfully separated by the HPLC, and the developed method was optimized and validated with a known PAD4 inhibitor (GSK484) in comparison with COLDER assay. The IC50 value of GSK484 measured by HPLC-UV method was 153 nM, and the detection limit of the citrulline was 0.5 nmol, respectively, with a linear range of 0.5 nmol to 20 nmol. The IC50 value of the HPLC-UV method was improved by nearly three times compared with COLDER assay (527 nM), and the results indicated the reliability of PAD4 inhibition via HPLC-UV method. The inhibitory effect against PAD4 were fast and accurately screened for the twenty-four extracts from eight herbs. Among them, Ephedra Herba extracts showed significant inhibitory activity against the PAD4 with the IC50 values of three extracts (ethanol, ethyl acetate and water) ranging from 29.11 μg/mL to 41.36 μg/mL, which may help researchers to discover novel natural compounds holding high PAD4 inhibition activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Chunli Gao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Zeyuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Shengxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Jianhui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Haiyue Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Xufei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Binxi Xie
- Chongqing Cigarette Factory, China Tobacco Chongqing Industrial Co, Ltd, Chongqing 400060, PR China
| | - Zhengwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475000, PR China
| | - Yanming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475000, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street 2, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China.
| | - Yangyang Bian
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 TaiBai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China.
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Green RM, Thompson PR. Current insights into the role of citrullination in thrombosis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 75:102313. [PMID: 37148643 PMCID: PMC10523988 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein citrullination is a post-translational modification of arginine that controls a diverse array of cellular processes, including gene regulation, protein stability, and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. Histone citrullination promotes chromatin decondensation and NET formation, a pro-inflammatory form of cell death that is aberrantly increased in numerous immune disorders. This review will provide insights into NETosis and how this novel form of cell death contributes to inflammatory diseases, with a particular emphasis on its role in thrombosis. We will also discuss recent efforts to develop PAD-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Madison Green
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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Moustakas AK, Nguyen H, James EA, Papadopoulos GK. Autoimmune susceptible HLA class II motifs facilitate the presentation of modified neoepitopes to potentially autoreactive T cells. Cell Immunol 2023; 390:104729. [PMID: 37301094 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), type 1 diabetes (T1D), and celiac disease (CD), are strongly associated with susceptible HLA class II haplotypes. The peptide-binding pockets of these molecules are polymorphic, thus each HLA class II protein presents a distinct set of peptides to CD4+ T cells. Peptide diversity is increased through post-translational modifications, generating non-templated sequences that enhance HLA binding and/or T cell recognition. The high-risk HLA-DR alleles that confer susceptibility to RA are notable for their ability to accommodate citrulline, promoting responses to citrullinated self-antigens. Likewise, HLA-DQ alleles associated with T1D and CD favor the binding of deamidated peptides. In this review, we discuss structural features that promote modified self-epitope presentation, provide evidence supporting the relevance of T cell recognition of such antigens in disease processes, and make a case that interrupting the pathways that generate such epitopes and reprogramming neoepitope-specific T cells are key strategies for effective therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis K Moustakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Ionian University, GR26100 Argostoli, Cephalonia, Greece
| | - Hai Nguyen
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eddie A James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - George K Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Biochemistry, Bioprocessing and Bioproducts, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, GR47100 Arta, Greece
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Chen H, Wei L, Luo M, Wang X, Zhu C, Huang H, Liu X, Lu H, Zhong Y. LINC00324 suppresses apoptosis and autophagy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma through upregulation of PAD4 and activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Cell Biol Toxicol 2022; 38:995-1011. [PMID: 34322788 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has high incidence in Southern China and is derived from the mucosal epithelium of the nasopharynx. Accumulating evidence has revealed that peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) exerts carcinogenic effect on certain cancers. We designed this study to probe the specific role that PAD4 plays in NPC and its molecular mechanism. METHODS PAD4 expression in NPC cells was detected by RT-qPCR analysis. MTT, colony formation, flow cytometry, TUNEL staining, and LC3-II punctuation experiments were done to probe into the biological functions of PAD4 on NPC cellular behaviors in vitro. Subsequently, the upstream regulatory mechanism of PAD4 was investigated by luciferase reporter, RNA pull-down, and RIP assays. The impact of PAD4 on NPC tumor growth in mice was assessed by in vivo xenograft tumor assay. RESULTS PAD4 was upregulated in NPC cells. PAD4 knockdown suppressed proliferative ability and promoted apoptosis and autophagy in NPC cells. Additionally, PAD4 expression was negatively regulated by microRNA 3164 (miR-3164). LINC00324 positively upregulated PAD4 expression by interacting with miR-3164 and recruiting HuR protein. The LINC00324/miR-3164/PAD4 axis modulated the PI3K/AKT pathway in NPC cells. Moreover, PAD4 upregulation countervailed the influences of LINC00324 deficiency on NPC cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy and on NPC tumor growth in mice. CONCLUSION LINC00324 promoted NPC malignancy by upregulation of PAD4 to activate the PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, No. 6 Taoyuan Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Lining Wei
- Department of Endoscopy, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Min Luo
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530031, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530031, Guangxi, China
| | - Chaohua Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, No. 6 Taoyuan Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Huixian Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, No. 6 Taoyuan Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, No. 6 Taoyuan Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Heming Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, No. 6 Taoyuan Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Yahua Zhong
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China.
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Rappu P, Suwal U, Siljamäki E, Heino J. Inflammation-related citrullination of matrisome proteins in human cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1035188. [PMID: 36531007 PMCID: PMC9753687 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1035188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protein arginine deiminases (PADs) are intracellular enzymes that may, especially in pathological conditions, also citrullinate extracellular substrates, including matrisome proteins such as structural proteins in extracellular matrix (ECM). PADs are abundantly expressed in human cancer cells. Citrullination of matrisome proteins has been reported in colon cancer but the phenomenon has never been systematically studied. METHODS To gain a broader view of citrullination of matrisome proteins in cancer, we analyzed cancer proteomics data sets in 3 public databases for citrullinated matrisome proteins. In addition, we used three-dimensional cell cocultures of fibroblasts and cancer cells and analyzed citrullination of ECM. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Our new analysis indicate that citrullination of ECM occurs in human cancer, and there is a significant variation between tumors. Most frequently citrullinated proteins included fibrinogen and fibronectin, which are typically citrullinated in rheumatoid inflammation. We also detected correlation between immune cell marker proteins, matrix metalloproteinases and ECM citrullination, which suggests that in cancer, citrullination of matrisome proteins is predominantly an inflammation-related phenomenon. This was further supported by our analysis of three-dimensional spheroid co-cultures of nine human cancer cell lines and fibroblasts by mass spectrometry, which gave no evidence that cancer cells or fibroblasts could citrullinate matrisome proteins in tumor stroma. It also appears that in the spheroid cultures, matrisome proteins are protected from citrullination.
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Zhu D, Lu Y, Wang Y, Wang Y. PAD4 and Its Inhibitors in Cancer Progression and Prognosis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2414. [PMID: 36365233 PMCID: PMC9699117 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The systemic spread of malignancies and the risk of cancer-associated thrombosis are major clinical challenges in cancer therapy worldwide. As an important post-translational modification enzyme, peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) could mediate the citrullination of protein in different components (including nucleus and cytoplasm, etc.) of a variety of cells (tumor cells, neutrophils, macrophages, etc.), thus participating in gene regulation, neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) and macrophage extracellular trap (MET). Thereby, PAD4 plays an important role in enhancing the growth of primary tumors and facilitating the distant metastasis of cancer cells. In addition, it is related to the formation of cancer-associated thrombosis. Therefore, the development of PAD4-specific inhibitors may be a promising strategy for treating cancer, and it may improve patient prognosis. In this review, we describe PAD4 involvement in gene regulation, protein citrullination, and NET formation. We also discuss its potential role in cancer and cancer-associated thrombosis, and we summarize the development and application of PAD4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yanming Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yuji Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing 100069, China
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10
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Yusuf IO, Qiao T, Parsi S, Tilvawala R, Thompson PR, Xu Z. Protein citrullination marks myelin protein aggregation and disease progression in mouse ALS models. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:135. [PMID: 36076282 PMCID: PMC9458309 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased protein citrullination (PC) and dysregulated protein arginine deiminase (PAD) activity have been observed in several neurodegenerative diseases. PC is a posttranslational modification catalyzed by the PADs. PC converts peptidyl-arginine to peptidyl-citrulline, thereby reducing the positive charges and altering structure and function of proteins. Of the five PADs, PAD2 is the dominant isoform in the central nervous system (CNS). Abnormal PC and PAD dysregulation are associated with numerous pathological conditions, including inflammatory diseases and neurodegeneration. Animal model studies have shown therapeutic efficacy from inhibition of PADs, thus suggesting a role of PC in pathogenesis. To determine whether PC contribute to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a deadly neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of motor neurons, paralysis, and eventual death, we investigated alterations of PC and PAD2 in two different transgenic mouse models of ALS expressing human mutant SOD1G93A and PFN1C71G, respectively. PC and PAD2 expression are altered dynamically in the spinal cord during disease progression in both models. PC and PAD2 increase progressively in astrocytes with the development of reactive astrogliosis, while decreasing in neurons. Importantly, in the spinal cord white matter, PC accumulates in protein aggregates that contain the myelin proteins PLP and MBP. PC also accumulates progressively in insoluble protein fractions during disease progression. Finally, increased PC and PAD2 expression spatially correlate with areas of the CNS with the most severe motor neuron degeneration. These results suggest that altered PC is an integral part of the neurodegenerative process and potential biomarkers for disease progression in ALS. Moreover, increased PC may contribute to disease-associated processes such as myelin protein aggregation, myelin degeneration, and astrogliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa O. Yusuf
- grid.168645.80000 0001 0742 0364Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Tao Qiao
- grid.168645.80000 0001 0742 0364Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA ,grid.423286.90000 0004 0507 1326Present Address: Astellas Pharma, 33 Locke Dr, Marlborough, MA 01752 USA
| | - Sepideh Parsi
- grid.168645.80000 0001 0742 0364Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XPresent Address: Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Ronak Tilvawala
- grid.168645.80000 0001 0742 0364Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA ,grid.509226.aPresent Address: Scorpion Therapeutics, 1 Winthrop Square, Boston, MA 02110 USA
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- grid.168645.80000 0001 0742 0364Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA ,grid.168645.80000 0001 0742 0364Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Zuoshang Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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11
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Citrullination: A modification important in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Clin Immunol 2022; 245:109134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Zhao H, Shan A, Liang Y, Wu H, He Y, Chen H, Zeng J, Gu J, Song JP, Qiu H, Zhang J. Boron-Assisted Selective Citrulline Modification under Mild Conditions. Org Lett 2022; 24:6351-6355. [PMID: 35997298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein citrullination is one type of protein post-translational modification. Previous methods entail the use of a strongly acidic condition (pH <1), which impedes its exploration under physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we developed a biocompatible method based on o-boron-assisted citrulline modification. We demonstrated that this method enables selective and mainly irreversible modification of citrulline residues under neutral conditions. We expect that it will provide a valuable tool for the study of protein citrullination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Zhao
- Artemisinin Research Center and The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Aidong Shan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yunshi Liang
- Artemisinin Research Center and The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Haiting Wu
- Artemisinin Research Center and The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Yiting He
- Artemisinin Research Center and The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Huihong Chen
- Artemisinin Research Center and The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Jiaxin Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China
| | - Jiangyong Gu
- Research Centre for Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jian-Ping Song
- Artemisinin Research Center and The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Hong Qiu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Artemisinin Research Center and The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
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13
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Steckel A, Révész Á, Papp D, Uray K, Drahos L, Schlosser G. Stepwise Collision Energy-Resolved Tandem Mass Spectrometric Experiments for the Improved Identification of Citrullinated Peptides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1176-1186. [PMID: 35621259 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is a fundamental prerequisite of reliable protein identification and quantification in mass-spectrometry-based proteomics. In bottom-up and middle-down proteomics, proteins are identified by the characteristic fragments of their constituting peptides. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) often further complicate proteome analyses. Citrullination is an increasingly studied PTM converting arginines to citrullines (Cit, X) and is implicated in several autoimmune and neurological diseases as well as different types of cancer. Confirmation of citrullination is known to be very challenging since it results in the same molecular mass change as Asn/Gln deamidation. In this study, we explore which MS/MS characteristics can be used for the reliable identification of citrullination. We synthesized several peptides incorporating Cit residues that model enzymatic cleavages of different proteins with verified or putative citrullination. Collision-induced dissociation was used to investigate the energy dependence of Byonic and Mascot scores and confirmed sequence coverage (CSC) along with the neutral loss of HNCO characteristic to citrulline side chains. We found that although the recommended values (19-45 V) for ramped collision energy settings cover the optimal Mascot, Byonic, or %CSC scores effectively, the diagnostic HNCO loss from precursors and fragments may reach their maximum intensities at lower and higher collision energies, respectively. Therefore, we suggest broadening the ramp range to ∼5-60 V to obtain more favorable identification rates for citrullinated peptides. We also found that Byonic was more successful in correctly identifying citrullinated peptides with deamidated residues than Mascot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Steckel
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Research Group, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Révész
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, MS Proteomics Research Group, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Papp
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Research Group, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Uray
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Drahos
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, MS Proteomics Research Group, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gitta Schlosser
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Research Group, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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14
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Sarnik J, Makowska J. Citrullination good or bad guy? Immunobiology 2022; 227:152233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Maronek M, Gardlik R. The Citrullination-Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Axis in Chronic Diseases. J Innate Immun 2022; 14:393-417. [PMID: 35263752 PMCID: PMC9485962 DOI: 10.1159/000522331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrullination of proteins is crucial for the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) − strands of nuclear DNA expulsed in the extracellular environment along with antimicrobial proteins in order to halt the spread of pathogens. Paradoxically, NETs may be immunogenic and contribute to inflammation. It is known that for the externalization of DNA, a group of enzymes called peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADs) is required. Current research often looks at citrullination, NET formation, PAD overexpression, and extracellular DNA (ecDNA) accumulation in chronic diseases as separate events. In contrast, we propose that citrullination can be viewed as the primary mechanism of autoimmunity, for instance by the formation of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) but also as a process contributing to chronic inflammation. Therefore, citrullination could be at the center, connecting and impacting multiple inflammatory diseases in which ACPAs, NETs, or ecDNA have already been documented. In this review, we aimed to highlight the importance of citrullination in the etiopathogenesis of a number of chronic diseases and to explore the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential of the citrullination-NET axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Maronek
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Roman Gardlik
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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16
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Ma Q, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Yu S, Huang J, Liu Y, Gong T, Li Y, Zou J. Post-translational Modifications in Oral Bacteria and Their Functional Impact. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:784923. [PMID: 34925293 PMCID: PMC8674579 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.784923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral bacteria colonize the oral cavity, surrounding complex and variable environments. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are an efficient biochemical mechanism across all domains of life. Oral bacteria could depend on PTMs to quickly regulate their metabolic processes in the face of external stimuli. In recent years, thanks to advances in enrichment strategies, the number and variety of PTMs that have been identified and characterized in oral bacteria have increased. PTMs, covalently modified by diverse enzymes, occur in amino acid residues of the target substrate, altering the functions of proteins involved in different biological processes. For example, Ptk1 reciprocally phosphorylates Php1 on tyrosine residues 159 and 161, required for Porphyromonas gingivalis EPS production and community development with the antecedent oral biofilm constituent Streptococcus gordonii, and in turn Php1 dephosphorylates Ptk1 and rapidly causes the conversion of Ptk1 to a state of low tyrosine phosphorylation. Protein acetylation is also widespread in oral bacteria. In the acetylome of Streptococcus mutans, 973 acetylation sites were identified in 445 proteins, accounting for 22.7% of overall proteins involving virulence factors and pathogenic processes. Other PTMs in oral bacteria include serine or threonine glycosylation in Cnm involving intracerebral hemorrhage, arginine citrullination in peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), leading to inflammation, lysine succinylation in P. gingivalis virulence factors (gingipains, fimbriae, RagB, and PorR), and cysteine glutathionylation in thioredoxin-like protein (Tlp) in response to oxidative stress in S. mutans. Here we review oral bacterial PTMs, focusing on acetylation, phosphorylation, glycosylation, citrullination, succinylation, and glutathionylation, and corresponding modifying enzymes. We describe different PTMs in association with some examples, discussing their potential role and function in oral bacteria physiological processes and regulatory networks. Identification and characterization of PTMs not only contribute to understanding their role in oral bacterial virulence, adaption, and resistance but will open new avenues to treat oral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuxing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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17
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Ahmed D, Puthussery H, Basnett P, Knowles JC, Lange S, Roy I. Controlled Delivery of Pan-PAD-Inhibitor Cl-Amidine Using Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) Microspheres. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312852. [PMID: 34884657 PMCID: PMC8658019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study deals with the process of optimization and synthesis of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) microspheres with encapsulated Cl-amidine. Cl-amidine is an inhibitor of peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), a group of calcium-dependent enzymes, which play critical roles in a number of pathologies, including autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as cancer. While Cl-amidine application has been assessed in a number of in vitro and in vivo models; methods of controlled release delivery remain to be investigated. P(3HB) microspheres have proven to be an effective delivery system for several compounds applied in antimicrobial, wound healing, cancer, and cardiovascular and regenerative disease models. In the current study, P(3HB) microspheres with encapsulated Cl-amidine were produced in a size ranging from ~4–5 µm and characterized for surface morphology, porosity, hydrophobicity and protein adsorption, in comparison with empty P(3HB) microspheres. Cl-amidine encapsulation in P(3HB) microspheres was optimized, and these were found to be less hydrophobic, compared with the empty microspheres, and subsequently adsorbed a lower amount of protein on their surface. The release kinetics of Cl-amidine from the microspheres were assessed in vitro and expressed as a function of encapsulation efficiency. There was a burst release of ~50% Cl-amidine in the first 24 h and a zero order release from that point up to 16 days, at which time point ~93% of the drug had been released. As Cl-amidine has been associated with anti-cancer effects, the Cl-amidine encapsulated microspheres were assessed for the inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in the mammalian breast cancer cell line SK-BR-3, including in the presence of the anti-proliferative drug rapamycin. The cytotoxicity of the combinatorial effect of rapamycin with Cl-amidine encapsulated P(3HB) microspheres was found to be 3.5% more effective within a 24 h period. The cells treated with Cl-amidine encapsulated microspheres alone, were found to have 36.5% reduction in VEGF expression when compared with untreated SK-BR-3 cells. This indicates that controlled release of Cl-amidine from P(3HB) microspheres may be effective in anti-cancer treatment, including in synergy with chemotherapeutic agents. Using controlled drug-delivery of Cl-amidine encapsulated in Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) microspheres may be a promising novel strategy for application in PAD-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Ahmed
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6XH, UK;
| | - Hima Puthussery
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6XH, UK; (H.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Pooja Basnett
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6XH, UK; (H.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Jonathan C. Knowles
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK;
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6XH, UK;
- Correspondence: emails: (S.L.); (I.R.); Tel.: +44-(0)207-911-5000 (ext. 64832) (S.L.); +44-(0)114-222-5962 (ext. 64096) (I.R.)
| | - Ipsita Roy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Correspondence: emails: (S.L.); (I.R.); Tel.: +44-(0)207-911-5000 (ext. 64832) (S.L.); +44-(0)114-222-5962 (ext. 64096) (I.R.)
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18
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Novel Cytoskeleton-Associated Proteins in Trypanosoma brucei Are Essential for Cell Morphogenesis and Cytokinesis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112234. [PMID: 34835360 PMCID: PMC8625193 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosome brucei, the causative agent of African sleeping sickness, harbours a highly ordered, subpellicular microtubule cytoskeleton that defines many aspects of morphology, motility and virulence. This array of microtubules is associated with a large number of proteins involved in its regulation. Employing proximity-dependent biotinylation assay (BioID) using the well characterised cytoskeleton-associated protein CAP5.5 as a probe, we identified CAP50 (Tb927.11.2610). This protein colocalises with the subpellicular cytoskeleton microtubules but not with the flagellum. Depletion by RNAi results in defects in cytokinesis, morphology and partial disorganisation of microtubule arrays. Published proteomics data indicate a possible association of CAP50 with two other, yet uncharacterised, cytoskeletal proteins, CAP52 (Tb927.6.5070) and CAP42 (Tb927.4.1300), which were therefore included in our analysis. We show that their depletion causes phenotypes similar to those described for CAP50 and that they are essential for cellular integrity.
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19
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Maurais AJ, Salinger AJ, Tobin M, Shaffer SA, Weerapana E, Thompson PR. A Streamlined Data Analysis Pipeline for the Identification of Sites of Citrullination. Biochemistry 2021; 60:2902-2914. [PMID: 34491035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Citrullination is an enzyme-catalyzed post-translational modification (PTM) that is essential for a host of biological processes, including gene regulation, programmed cell death, and organ development. While this PTM is required for normal cellular functions, aberrant citrullination is a hallmark of autoimmune disorders as well as cancer. Although aberrant citrullination is linked to human pathology, the exact role of citrullination in disease remains poorly characterized, in part because of the challenges associated with identifying the specific arginine residues that are citrullinated. Tandem mass spectrometry is the most precise method for uncovering sites of citrullination; however, due to the small mass shift (+0.984 Da) that results from citrullination, current database search algorithms commonly misannotate spectra, leading to a high number of false-positive assignments. To address this challenge, we developed an automated workflow to rigorously and rapidly mine proteomic data to unambiguously identify the sites of citrullination from complex peptide mixtures. The crux of this streamlined workflow is the ionFinder software program, which classifies citrullination sites with high confidence on the basis of the presence of diagnostic fragment ions. These diagnostic ions include the neutral loss of isocyanic acid, which is a dissociative event that is unique to citrulline residues. Using the ionFinder program, we have mapped the sites of autocitrullination on purified protein arginine deiminases (PAD1-4) and mapped the global citrullinome in a PAD2-overexpressing cell line. The ionFinder algorithm is a highly versatile, user-friendly, and open-source program that is agnostic to the type of instrument and mode of fragmentation that are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Maurais
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Ari J Salinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB 826, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Micaela Tobin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB 826, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Scott A Shaffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB 826, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States.,Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts 01545, United States
| | - Eranthie Weerapana
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB 826, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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20
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Tilvawala R, Nemmara VV, Reyes AC, Sorvillo N, Salinger AJ, Cherpokova D, Fukui S, Gutch S, Wagner D, Thompson PR. The role of SERPIN citrullination in thrombosis. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:1728-1739.e5. [PMID: 34352225 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant protein citrullination is associated with many pathologies; however, the specific effects of this modification remain unknown. We have previously demonstrated that serine protease inhibitors (SERPINs) are highly citrullinated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. These citrullinated SERPINs include antithrombin, antiplasmin, and t-PAI, which regulate the coagulation and fibrinolysis cascades. Notably, citrullination eliminates their inhibitory activity. Here, we demonstrate that citrullination of antithrombin and t-PAI impairs their binding to their cognate proteases. By contrast, citrullination converts antiplasmin into a substrate. We recapitulate the effects of SERPIN citrullination using in vitro plasma clotting and fibrinolysis assays. Moreover, we show that citrullinated antithrombin and antiplasmin are increased and decreased in a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) model, accounting for how SERPIN citrullination shifts the equilibrium toward thrombus formation. These data provide a direct link between increased citrullination and the risk of thrombosis in autoimmunity and indicate that aberrant SERPIN citrullination promotes pathological thrombus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Tilvawala
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB 826, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Venkatesh V Nemmara
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB 826, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Chemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Archie C Reyes
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB 826, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Nicoletta Sorvillo
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ari J Salinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB 826, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Deya Cherpokova
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Saeko Fukui
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarah Gutch
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Denisa Wagner
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB 826, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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21
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Osaka M, Deushi M, Aoyama J, Funakoshi T, Ishigami A, Yoshida M. High-Fat Diet Enhances Neutrophil Adhesion in LDLR-Null Mice Via Hypercitrullination of Histone H3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 6:507-523. [PMID: 34222722 PMCID: PMC8246031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil adhesion on the atheroprone femoral artery of high-fat diet-fed low-density lipoprotein receptor-null mice was enhanced more than in wild-type mice. The inhibition of histone H3 citrullination of neutrophils reversed the enhancement of neutrophil adhesion, suggesting that hypercitrullination contributes to enhanced neutrophil adhesion. Furthermore, pemafibrate reduced the citrullination of histone H3 in these mice. Therefore, the hypercitrullination of histone H3 in neutrophils contributes to atherosclerotic vascular inflammation.
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Key Words
- BM, bone marrow
- BW, body weight
- DNaseI, deoxyribonuclease I
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- HFD, high-fat diet
- HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- IVM, intravital microscopy
- LDLR, low-density lipoprotein receptor
- LysM, lysosome M
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- NC, normal chow
- NE, neutrophil elastase
- NET, neutrophil extracellular trap
- PAD4, peptidylarginine deiminase 4
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- TC, total cholesterol
- TDFA, N-acetyl-l-threonyl-l-α-aspartyl-N5-(2-fluoro-1-iminoethyl)-l-ornithinamide trifluoroacetate salt
- TG, triglyceride
- citrullination
- cxcl1
- eGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- in vivo imaging
- neutrophil
- vascular inflammation
- wt, wild type
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuko Osaka
- Department of Life Science and Bioethics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Nutrition and Metabolism in Cardiovascular Disease, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiyo Deushi
- Department of Life Science and Bioethics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiro Aoyama
- Department of Life Science and Bioethics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Funakoshi
- Research Team for Functional Biogerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Research Team for Functional Biogerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yoshida
- Department of Life Science and Bioethics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Galan C, Serra RW, Sun F, Rinaldi VD, Conine CC, Rando OJ. Stability of the cytosine methylome during post-testicular sperm maturation in mouse. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009416. [PMID: 33661909 PMCID: PMC7963034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond the haploid genome, mammalian sperm carry a payload of epigenetic information with the potential to modulate offspring phenotypes. Recent studies show that the small RNA repertoire of sperm is remodeled during post-testicular maturation in the epididymis. Epididymal maturation has also been linked to changes in the sperm methylome, suggesting that the epididymis might play a broader role in shaping the sperm epigenome. Here, we characterize the genome-wide methylation landscape in seven germ cell populations from throughout the male reproductive tract. We find very few changes in the cytosine methylation landscape between testicular germ cell populations and cauda epididymal sperm, demonstrating that the sperm methylome is stable throughout post-testicular maturation. Although our sequencing data suggested that caput epididymal sperm exhibit a highly unusual methylome, follow-up studies revealed that this resulted from contamination of caput sperm by extracellular DNA. Extracellular DNA formed web-like structures that ensnared sperm, and was present only in sperm samples obtained from the caput epididymis and vas deferens of virgin males. Curiously, contaminating extracellular DNA was associated with citrullinated histone H3, potentially resulting from a PAD-driven genome decondensation process. Taken together, our data emphasize the stability of cytosine methylation in mammalian sperm, and identify a surprising, albeit transient, period during which sperm are associated with extracellular DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Galan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ryan W. Serra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fengyun Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vera D. Rinaldi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Colin C. Conine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Oliver J. Rando
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
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23
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Zhang Y, Yang Y, Hu X, Wang Z, Li L, Chen P. PADs in cancer: Current and future. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188492. [PMID: 33321174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein arginine deiminases (PADs), is a group of calcium-dependent enzymes, which play crucial roles in citrullination, and can catalyze arginine residues into citrulline. This chemical reaction induces citrullinated proteins formation with altered structure and function, leading to numerous pathological diseases, including inflammation and autoimmune diseases. To date, multiple studies have provided solid evidence that PADs are implicated in cancer progression. Nevertheless, the findings on PADs functions in tumors are too complex to understand due to its involvements in variable signaling pathways. The increasing interest in PADs has heightened the need for a comprehensive description for its role in cancer. The present study aims to identify the gaps in present knowledge, including its structures, biological substrates and tissue distribution. Since several irreversible inhibitors for PADs with good potency and selectivity have been explored, the mechanisms on the dysregulation in tumors remain poorly understood. The present study discusses the relationship between PADs and tumor apoptosis, EMT formation and metastasis as well as the implication of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in tumorigenesis. In addition, the potential uses of citrullinated antigens for immunotherapy were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Yiqiong Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Xiuxiu Hu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Pingsheng Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China.
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24
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Neutrophils as a Novel Target of Modified Low-Density Lipoproteins and an Accelerator of Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218312. [PMID: 33167592 PMCID: PMC7664187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) significantly contribute to various pathophysiological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases. NET formation in the vasculature exhibits inflammatory and thrombogenic activities on the endothelium. NETs are induced by various stimulants such as exogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) has been physiologically defined as a subpopulation of LDL that comprises various oxidative modifications in the protein components and oxidized lipids, which could act as DAMPs. oxLDL has been recognized as a crucial initiator and accelerator of atherosclerosis through foam cell formation by macrophages; however, recent studies have demonstrated that oxLDL stimulates neutrophils to induce NET formation and enhance NET-mediated inflammatory responses in vascular endothelial cells, thereby suggesting that oxLDL may be involved in cardiovascular diseases through neutrophil activation. As NETs comprise myeloperoxidase and proteases, they have the potential to mediate oxidative modification of LDL. This review summarizes recent updates on the analysis of NETs, their implications for cardiovascular diseases, and prospects for a possible link between NET formation and oxidative modification of lipoproteins.
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25
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Chen H, Zhao H, Xiang L, Wu H, Liang Y, Huang XA, Zhang J. Aldol sensor-inspired fluorescent probes for measuring protein citrullination. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:5120-5124. [PMID: 32598414 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02737h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein citrullination is an important posttranslational modification on an arginine residue. However, high quality fluorescent probes for measuring the citrullination level and capturing citrullinated proteins are quite limited. Inspired by the similarity between acid-promoted citrulline-labeling reaction and aldol reaction, here we present "turn-on" and "turn-off" fluorescent probes for measuring citrulline levels based on the scaffold of aldol sensors. Further application of the modified probe showed great potential to simultaneously monitor and capture citrullinated peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihong Chen
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou 510405, China.
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26
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Li M, Lin C, Deng H, Strnad J, Bernabei L, Vogl DT, Burke JJ, Nefedova Y. A Novel Peptidylarginine Deiminase 4 (PAD4) Inhibitor BMS-P5 Blocks Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Delays Progression of Multiple Myeloma. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1530-1538. [PMID: 32371579 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell malignancy, which grows in the bone marrow (BM). The major population of cells in the BM is represented by neutrophils and they can form neutrophil extracellular traps (NET). Here, we investigated whether multiple myeloma cells induce NET formation and whether targeting this process would delay multiple myeloma progression. We demonstrated that murine and human multiple myeloma cells stimulate citrullination of histone H3 and NET formation by neutrophils and that this process is abrogated by pharmacological targeting of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) with a novel-specific small molecule inhibitor BMS-P5. Administration of BMS-P5 to multiple myeloma-bearing mice delays appearance of symptoms and disease progression. Taken together, our data demonstrate that targeting PAD4 may be beneficial for treatment of multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Li
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cindy Lin
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hui Deng
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Luca Bernabei
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dan T Vogl
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Yulia Nefedova
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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27
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Salinger AJ, Dubuke ML, Carmona-Rivera C, Maurais AJ, Shaffer SA, Weerapana E, Thompson PR, Kaplan MJ. Technical comment on "Synovial fibroblast-neutrophil interactions promote pathogenic adaptive immunity in rheumatoid arthritis". Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/43/eaax5672. [PMID: 32005680 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aax5672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reassessment of citrullinome cargo in neutrophil extracellular traps confirms the presence of citrullinated peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Salinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - M L Dubuke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.,Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Shrewsbury, MA 01545, USA
| | - C Carmona-Rivera
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - S A Shaffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.,Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Shrewsbury, MA 01545, USA
| | - E Weerapana
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - P R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - M J Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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28
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Alghamdi M, Al Ghamdi KA, Khan RH, Uversky VN, Redwan EM. An interplay of structure and intrinsic disorder in the functionality of peptidylarginine deiminases, a family of key autoimmunity-related enzymes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4635-4662. [PMID: 31342121 PMCID: PMC11105357 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Citrullination is a post-translation modification of proteins, where the proteinaceous arginine residues are converted to non-coded citrulline residues. The immune tolerance to such citrullinated protein can be lost, leading to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Citrullination is a chemical reaction mediated by peptidylarginine deiminase enzymes (PADs), which are a family of calcium-dependent cysteine hydrolase enzymes that includes five isotypes: PAD1, PAD2, PAD3, PAD4, and PAD6. Each PAD has specific substrates and tissue distribution, where it modifies the arginine to produce a citrullinated protein with altered structure and function. All mammalian PADs have a sequence similarity of about 70-95%, whereas in humans, they are 50-55% homologous in their structure and amino acid sequences. Being calcium-dependent hydrolases, PADs are inactive under the physiological level of calcium, but could be activated due to distortions in calcium homeostasis, or when the cellular calcium levels are increased. In this article, we analyze some of the currently available data on the structural properties of human PADs, the mechanisms of their calcium-induced activation, and show that these proteins contain functionally important regions of intrinsic disorder. Citrullination represents an important trigger of multiple physiological and pathological processes, and as a result, PADs are recognized to play a number of important roles in autoimmune diseases, cancer, and neurodegeneration. Therefore, we also review the current state of the art in the development of PAD inhibitors with good potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alghamdi
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory Department, University Medical Services Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled A Al Ghamdi
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rizwan H Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Protein Research Group, Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 7 Institutskaya Str., 142290, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt.
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29
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Vargas‐Muñoz VM, Martínez‐Martínez A, Muñoz‐Islas E, Ramírez‐Rosas MB, Acosta‐González RI, Jiménez‐Andrade JM. Chronic administration of Cl‐amidine, a pan‐peptidylarginine deiminase inhibitor, does not reverse bone loss in two different murine models of osteoporosis. Drug Dev Res 2019; 81:93-101. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia M. Vargas‐Muñoz
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa‐Aztlán, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas Reynosa Tamaulipas Mexico
| | - Arisai Martínez‐Martínez
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa‐Aztlán, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas Reynosa Tamaulipas Mexico
| | - Enriqueta Muñoz‐Islas
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa‐Aztlán, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas Reynosa Tamaulipas Mexico
| | - Martha B. Ramírez‐Rosas
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa‐Aztlán, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas Reynosa Tamaulipas Mexico
| | - Rosa I. Acosta‐González
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa‐Aztlán, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas Reynosa Tamaulipas Mexico
| | - Juan M. Jiménez‐Andrade
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa‐Aztlán, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas Reynosa Tamaulipas Mexico
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