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Percelay S, Lahogue C, Billard JM, Freret T, Boulouard M, Bouet V. The 3-hit animal models of schizophrenia: Improving strategy to decipher and treat the disease? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 157:105526. [PMID: 38176632 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex disease related to combination and interactions between genetic and environmental factors, with an epigenetic influence. After the development of the first mono-factorial animal models of schizophrenia (1-hit), that reproduced patterns of either positive, negative and/or cognitive symptoms, more complex models combining two factors (2-hit) have been developed to better fit with the multifactorial etiology of the disease. In the two past decades, a new way to design animal models of schizophrenia have emerged by adding a third hit (3-hit). This review aims to discuss the relevance of the risk factors chosen for the tuning of the 3-hit animal models, as well as the validities measurements and their contribution to schizophrenia understanding. We intended to establish a comprehensive overview to help in the choice of factors for the design of multiple-hit animal models of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solenn Percelay
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, CYCERON, CHU Caen, COMETE UMR 1075, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Caroline Lahogue
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, CYCERON, CHU Caen, COMETE UMR 1075, 14000 Caen, France.
| | - Jean-Marie Billard
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, CYCERON, CHU Caen, COMETE UMR 1075, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Thomas Freret
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, CYCERON, CHU Caen, COMETE UMR 1075, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Michel Boulouard
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, CYCERON, CHU Caen, COMETE UMR 1075, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Valentine Bouet
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, CYCERON, CHU Caen, COMETE UMR 1075, 14000 Caen, France.
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2
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Ma D, Sun C, Manne R, Guo T, Bosc C, Barry J, Magliery T, Andrieux A, Li H, Gu C. A cytoskeleton-membrane interaction conserved in fast-spiking neurons controls movement, emotion, and memory. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3994-4010. [PMID: 37833406 PMCID: PMC10905646 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of schizophrenia is believed to involve combined dysfunctions of many proteins including microtubule-associated protein 6 (MAP6) and Kv3.1 voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channel, but their relationship and functions in behavioral regulation are often not known. Here we report that MAP6 stabilizes Kv3.1 channels in parvalbumin-positive (PV+ ) fast-spiking GABAergic interneurons, regulating behavior. MAP6-/- and Kv3.1-/- mice display similar hyperactivity and avoidance reduction. Their proteins colocalize in PV+ interneurons and MAP6 deletion markedly reduces Kv3.1 protein level. We further show that two microtubule-binding modules of MAP6 bind the Kv3.1 tetramerization domain with high affinity, maintaining the channel level in both neuronal soma and axons. MAP6 knockdown by AAV-shRNA in the amygdala or the hippocampus reduces avoidance or causes hyperactivity and recognition memory deficit, respectively, through elevating projection neuron activity. Finally, knocking down Kv3.1 or disrupting the MAP6-Kv3.1 binding in these brain regions causes avoidance reduction and hyperactivity, consistent with the effects of MAP6 knockdown. Thus, disrupting this conserved cytoskeleton-membrane interaction in fast-spiking neurons causes different degrees of functional vulnerability in various neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Ma
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- MCDB graduate program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rahul Manne
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Tianqi Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Christophe Bosc
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Joshua Barry
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- IDDRC, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Magliery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Annie Andrieux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Houzhi Li
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Chen Gu
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- MCDB graduate program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Lin Y, Roy K, Ioka S, Otani R, Amezawa M, Ishikawa Y, Cherasse Y, Kaushik MK, Klewe-Nebenius D, Zhou L, Yanagisawa M, Oishi Y, Saitoh T, Lazarus M. Positive allosteric adenosine A 2A receptor modulation suppresses insomnia associated with mania- and schizophrenia-like behaviors in mice. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1138666. [PMID: 37153764 PMCID: PMC10155833 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1138666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Insomnia is associated with psychiatric illnesses such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. Treating insomnia improves psychotic symptoms severity, quality of life, and functional outcomes. Patients with psychiatric disorders are often dissatisfied with the available therapeutic options for their insomnia. In contrast, positive allosteric modulation of adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) leads to slow-wave sleep without cardiovascular side effects in contrast to A2AR agonists. Methods: We investigated the hypnotic effects of A2AR positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) in mice with mania-like behavior produced by ablating GABAergic neurons in the ventral medial midbrain/pons area and in a mouse model of schizophrenia by knocking out of microtubule-associated protein 6. We also compared the properties of sleep induced by A2AR PAMs in mice with mania-like behavior with those induced by DORA-22, a dual orexin receptor antagonist that improves sleep in pre-clinical models, and the benzodiazepine diazepam. Results: A2AR PAMs suppress insomnia associated with mania- or schizophrenia-like behaviors in mice. A2AR PAM-mediated suppression of insomnia in mice with mania-like behavior was similar to that mediated by DORA-22, and, unlike diazepam, did not result in abnormal sleep. Conclusion: A2AR allosteric modulation may represent a new therapeutic avenue for sleep disruption associated with bipolar disorder or psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lin
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Koustav Roy
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shuji Ioka
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Rintaro Otani
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mao Amezawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ishikawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoan Cherasse
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mahesh K. Kaushik
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Daniela Klewe-Nebenius
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Li Zhou
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yo Oishi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Saitoh
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- *Correspondence: Tsuyoshi Saitoh, ; Michael Lazarus,
| | - Michael Lazarus
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- *Correspondence: Tsuyoshi Saitoh, ; Michael Lazarus,
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Fuentes I, Morishita Y, Gonzalez-Salinas S, Champagne FA, Uchida S, Shumyatsky GP. Experience-Regulated Neuronal Signaling in Maternal Behavior. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:844295. [PMID: 35401110 PMCID: PMC8987921 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.844295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal behavior is shaped and challenged by the changing developmental needs of offspring and a broad range of environmental factors, with evidence indicating that the maternal brain exhibits a high degree of plasticity. This plasticity is displayed within cellular and molecular systems, including both intra- and intercellular signaling processes as well as transcriptional profiles. This experience-associated plasticity may have significant overlap with the mechanisms controlling memory processes, in particular those that are activity-dependent. While a significant body of work has identified various molecules and intracellular processes regulating maternal care, the role of activity- and experience-dependent processes remains unclear. We discuss recent progress in studying activity-dependent changes occurring at the synapse, in the nucleus, and during the transport between these two structures in relation to maternal behavior. Several pre- and postsynaptic molecules as well as transcription factors have been found to be critical in these processes. This role reflects the principal importance of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of memory formation to maternal and other behavioral adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Fuentes
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | | | | | - Frances A. Champagne
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Shusaku Uchida
- SK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Gleb P. Shumyatsky
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- *Correspondence: Gleb P. Shumyatsky
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Percelay S, Freret T, Turnbull N, Bouet V, Boulouard M. Combination of MAP6 deficit, maternal separation and MK801 in female mice: A 3-hit animal model of neurodevelopmental disorder with cognitive deficits. Behav Brain Res 2021; 413:113473. [PMID: 34280461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a major psychiatric disease still lacking efficient treatment, particularly for cognitive deficits. To go further in research of new treatments that would encompass all the symptoms associated with this pathology, preclinical animal models need to be improved. To date, the aetiology of schizophrenia is unknown, but there is increasing evidence to highlight its multifactorial nature. We built a new neurodevelopmental mouse model gathering a triple factor combination (3-M): a genetic factor (partial deletion of MAP6 gene), an early stress (maternal separation) and a late pharmacological factor (MK801 administration, 0.05 mg/kg, i.p., daily for 5 days). The effects of each factor and of their combination were investigated on several behaviours including cognitive functions. While each individual factor induced slight deficits in one or another behavioural test, 3-M conditioning induces a wider phenotype with hyperlocomotion and cognitive deficits (working memory and social recognition). This study confirms the hypothesis that genetic, environmental and pharmacological factors, even if not deleterious by themselves, could act synergistically to induce a deleterious behavioural phenotype. It moreover encourages the use of such combined models to improve translational research on neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solenn Percelay
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, COMETE, CYCERON, CHU Caen, 14000, Caen, France.
| | - Thomas Freret
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, COMETE, CYCERON, CHU Caen, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Nicole Turnbull
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, COMETE, CYCERON, CHU Caen, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Valentine Bouet
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, COMETE, CYCERON, CHU Caen, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Michel Boulouard
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, COMETE, CYCERON, CHU Caen, 14000, Caen, France
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6
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Cuveillier C, Boulan B, Ravanello C, Denarier E, Deloulme JC, Gory-Fauré S, Delphin C, Bosc C, Arnal I, Andrieux A. Beyond Neuronal Microtubule Stabilization: MAP6 and CRMPS, Two Converging Stories. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:665693. [PMID: 34025352 PMCID: PMC8131560 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.665693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and function of the central nervous system rely on the microtubule (MT) and actin cytoskeletons and their respective effectors. Although the structural role of the cytoskeleton has long been acknowledged in neuronal morphology and activity, it was recently recognized to play the role of a signaling platform. Following this recognition, research into Microtubule Associated Proteins (MAPs) diversified. Indeed, historically, structural MAPs—including MAP1B, MAP2, Tau, and MAP6 (also known as STOP);—were identified and described as MT-binding and -stabilizing proteins. Extensive data obtained over the last 20 years indicated that these structural MAPs could also contribute to a variety of other molecular roles. Among multi-role MAPs, MAP6 provides a striking example illustrating the diverse molecular and cellular properties of MAPs and showing how their functional versatility contributes to the central nervous system. In this review, in addition to MAP6’s effect on microtubules, we describe its impact on the actin cytoskeleton, on neuroreceptor homeostasis, and its involvement in signaling pathways governing neuron development and maturation. We also discuss its roles in synaptic plasticity, brain connectivity, and cognitive abilities, as well as the potential relationships between the integrated brain functions of MAP6 and its molecular activities. In parallel, the Collapsin Response Mediator Proteins (CRMPs) are presented as examples of how other proteins, not initially identified as MAPs, fall into the broader MAP family. These proteins bind MTs as well as exhibiting molecular and cellular properties very similar to MAP6. Finally, we briefly summarize the multiple similarities between other classical structural MAPs and MAP6 or CRMPs.In summary, this review revisits the molecular properties and the cellular and neuronal roles of the classical MAPs, broadening our definition of what constitutes a MAP.
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7
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Bouet V, Percelay S, Leroux E, Diarra B, Léger M, Delcroix N, Andrieux A, Dollfus S, Freret T, Boulouard M. A new 3-hit mouse model of schizophrenia built on genetic, early and late factors. Schizophr Res 2021; 228:519-528. [PMID: 33298334 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Whether the etiology of schizophrenia remains unknown, its multifactorial aspect is conversely now well admitted. However, most preclinical models of the disease still rely on a mono-factorial construction and do not allow discover unequivocal treatments, particularly for negative and cognitive symptoms. The main interaction factors that have been implicated in schizophrenia are a genetic predisposition and unfavorable environmental factors. Here we propose a new animal model combining a genetic predisposition (1st hit: partial deletion of MAP-6 (microtubule-associated protein)) with an early postnatal stress (2nd hit: 24 h maternal separation at post-natal day 9), and a late cannabinoid exposure during adolescence (3rd hit: tetrahydrocannabinol THC from post-natal day 32 to 52; 8 mg/kg/day). The 2-hit mice displayed spatial memory deficits, decreased cortical thickness and fractional anisotropy of callosal fibers. The 3-hit mice were more severely affected as attested by supplementary deficits such a decrease in spontaneous activity, sociability-related behavior, working memory performances, an increase in anxiety-like behavior, a decrease in hippocampus volume together with impaired integrity of corpus callosum fibers (less axons, less myelin). Taken together, these results show that the new 3-hit model displays several landmarks mimicking negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, conferring a high relevance for research of new treatments. Moreover, this 3-hit model possesses a strong construct validity, which fits with gene x environment interactions hypothesis of schizophrenia. The 2-hit model, which associates maternal separation with THC exposure in wild-type mice gives a less severe phenotype, and could be useful for research on other forms of psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Bouet
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, COMETE, CYCERON, CHYU CAEN, 14000 Caen, France.
| | - Solenn Percelay
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, COMETE, CYCERON, CHYU CAEN, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Elise Leroux
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, EA 7466 ISTS, GIP Cyceron, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Boubacar Diarra
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, COMETE, CYCERON, CHYU CAEN, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Marianne Léger
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, COMETE, CYCERON, CHYU CAEN, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Nicolas Delcroix
- CNRS, UMS 3408, GIP CYCERON, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP5229, 14074 Caen cedex, France
| | - Annie Andrieux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1216, CEA, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sonia Dollfus
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, EA 7466 ISTS, GIP Cyceron, 14000 Caen, France; CHU de Caen, Service de Psychiatrie Adulte, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Thomas Freret
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, COMETE, CYCERON, CHYU CAEN, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Michel Boulouard
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, COMETE, CYCERON, CHYU CAEN, 14000 Caen, France
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8
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Yi SY, Barnett BR, Yu JPJ. Preclinical neuroimaging of gene-environment interactions in psychiatric disease. Br J Radiol 2019; 92:20180885. [PMID: 30982323 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20180885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disease is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. Despite the global burden and need for accurate diagnosis and treatment of mental illness, psychiatric diagnosis remains largely based on patient-reported symptoms, allowing for immense symptomatic heterogeneity within a single disease. In renewed efforts towards improved diagnostic specificity and subsequent evaluation of treatment response, a greater understanding of the underlying of the neuropathology and neurobiology of neuropsychiatric disease is needed. However, dissecting these mechanisms of neuropsychiatric illness in clinical populations are problematic with numerous experimental hurdles limiting hypothesis-driven studies including genetic confounds, variable life experiences, different environmental exposures, therapeutic histories, as well as the inability to investigate deeper molecular changes in vivo . Preclinical models, where many of these confounding factors can be controlled, can serve as a crucial experimental bridge for studying the neurobiological origins of mental illness. Furthermore, although behavioral studies and molecular studies are relatively common in these model systems, focused neuroimaging studies are very rare and represent an opportunity to link the molecular changes in psychiatric illness with advanced quantitative neuroimaging studies. In this review, we present an overview of well-validated genetic and environmental models of psychiatric illness, discuss gene-environment interactions, and examine the potential role of neuroimaging towards understanding genetic, environmental, and gene-environmental contributions to psychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Y Yi
- 1Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Madison, USA
| | - Brian R Barnett
- 1Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Madison, USA
| | - John-Paul J Yu
- 1Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Madison, USA.,2Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA.,3Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA.,4Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
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9
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Cognitive impairment in a rat model of neuropathic pain: role of hippocampal microtubule stability. Pain 2019; 159:1518-1528. [PMID: 29613911 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evidence indicates that cognitive impairment is a common comorbid condition of chronic pain. However, the cellular basis for chronic pain-mediated cognitive impairment remains unclear. We report here that rats exhibited memory deficits after spared nerve injury (SNI). We found that levels of stable microtubule (MT) were increased in the hippocampus of the rats with memory deficits. This increase in stable MT is marked by α-tubulin hyperacetylation. Paclitaxel, a pharmacological MT stabilizer, increased the level of stable MT in the hippocampus and induced learning and memory deficits in normal rats. Furthermore, paclitaxel reduced long-term potentiation in hippocampal slices and increased stable MT (evidenced by α-tubulin hyperacetylation) levels in hippocampal neuronal cells. Intracerebroventricular infusion of nocodazole, an MT destabilizer, ameliorated memory deficits in rats with SNI-induced nociceptive behavior. Expression of HDAC6, an α-tubulin deacetylase, was reduced in the hippocampus in rats with cognitive impairment. These findings indicate that peripheral nerve injury (eg, SNI) affects the MT dynamic equilibrium, which is critical to neuronal structure and synaptic plasticity.
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10
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Reduced plasma levels of microtubule-associated STOP/MAP6 protein in autistic patients. Psychiatry Res 2016; 245:116-118. [PMID: 27541346 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by abnormal reciprocal social interactions, communication deficits and repetitive behaviors with restricted interests. A previous quantitative proteomic profiling study demonstrated that microtubule-associated stable tubule only polypeptide (STOP; also known as MAP6) protein was significant reduced in the cerebral cortex from BTBR mouse model of autism compared to the C57BL/6J mice. In the present study, the result showed that the concentration of STOP/MAP6 protein was significantly reduced in the plasma of autistic subjects than that in healthy controls. Finally, a possible mechanism of STOP/MAP6 protein in the pathogenesis of autism was proposed.
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11
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Marchisella F, Coffey ET, Hollos P. Microtubule and microtubule associated protein anomalies in psychiatric disease. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 73:596-611. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Marchisella
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology; Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku; Finland
| | - Eleanor T. Coffey
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology; Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku; Finland
| | - Patrik Hollos
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology; Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku; Finland
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12
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Benítez-Burraco A, Uriagereka J. The Immune Syntax Revisited: Opening New Windows on Language Evolution. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 8:84. [PMID: 26793054 PMCID: PMC4707268 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has added new dimensions to our understanding of classical evolution, according to which evolutionary novelties result from gene mutations inherited from parents to offspring. Language is surely one such novelty. Together with specific changes in our genome and epigenome, we suggest that two other (related) mechanisms may have contributed to the brain rewiring underlying human cognitive evolution and, specifically, the changes in brain connectivity that prompted the emergence of our species-specific linguistic abilities: the horizontal transfer of genetic material by viral and non-viral vectors and the brain/immune system crosstalk (more generally, the dialogue between the microbiota, the immune system, and the brain).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Uriagereka
- Department of Linguistics, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
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13
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Wei H, Ma Y, Liu J, Ding C, Hu F, Yu L. Proteomic analysis of cortical brain tissue from the BTBR mouse model of autism: Evidence for changes in STOP and myelin-related proteins. Neuroscience 2016; 312:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Shimamoto C, Ohnishi T, Maekawa M, Watanabe A, Ohba H, Arai R, Iwayama Y, Hisano Y, Toyota T, Toyoshima M, Suzuki K, Shirayama Y, Nakamura K, Mori N, Owada Y, Kobayashi T, Yoshikawa T. Functional characterization of FABP3, 5 and 7 gene variants identified in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder and mouse behavioral studies. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6495-511. [PMID: 25027319 PMCID: PMC4240203 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbances of lipid metabolism have been implicated in psychiatric illnesses. We previously reported an association between the gene for fatty acid binding protein 7 (FABP7) and schizophrenia. Furthermore, we identified and reported several rare non-synonymous polymorphisms of the brain-expressed genes FABP3, FABP5 and FABP7 from schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), diseases known to part share genetic architecture. Here, we conducted further studies to better understand the contribution these genes make to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and ASD. In postmortem brains, we detected altered mRNA expression levels of FABP5 in schizophrenia, and of FABP7 in ASD and altered FABP5 in peripheral lymphocytes. Using a patient cohort, comprehensive mutation screening identified six missense and two frameshift variants from the three FABP genes. The two frameshift proteins, FABP3 E132fs and FABP7 N80fs, formed cellular aggregates and were unstable when expressed in cultured cells. The four missense mutants with predicted possible damaging outcomes showed no changes in intracellular localization. Examining ligand binding properties, FABP7 S86G and FABP7 V126L lost their preference for docosahexaenoic acid to linoleic acid. Finally, mice deficient in Fabp3, Fabp5 and Fabp7 were evaluated in a systematic behavioral test battery. The Fabp3 knockout (KO) mice showed decreased social memory and novelty seeking, and Fabp7 KO mice displayed hyperactive and anxiety-related phenotypes, while Fabp5 KO mice showed no apparent phenotypes. In conclusion, disturbances in brain-expressed FABPs could represent an underlying disease mechanism in a proportion of schizophrenia and ASD sufferers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Shimamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan, Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ohnishi
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Motoko Maekawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Akiko Watanabe
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hisako Ohba
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Arai
- Division of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Iwayama
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasuko Hisano
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoko Toyota
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Manabu Toyoshima
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Shirayama
- Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, Chiba 299-0111, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakamura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori 036-8562, Japan and
| | - Norio Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yuji Owada
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan,
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16
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Brown AS, Borgmann-Winter K, Hahn CG, Role L, Talmage D, Gur R, Chow J, Prado P, McCloskey T, Bao Y, Bulinski JC, Dwork AJ. Increased stability of microtubules in cultured olfactory neuroepithelial cells from individuals with schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 48:252-258. [PMID: 24513021 PMCID: PMC3999307 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are essential components of the cytoskeleton that play critical roles in neurodevelopment and adaptive central nervous system functioning. MTs are essential to growth cone advance and ultrastructural events integral to synaptic plasticity; these functions figure significantly into current pathophysiologic conceptualizations of schizophrenia. To date, no study has directly investigated MT dynamics in humans with schizophrenia. We therefore compared the stability of MTs in olfactory neuroepithelial (OE) cells between schizophrenia cases and matched nonpsychiatric comparison subjects. For this purpose, we applied nocodazole (Nz) to cultured OE cells obtained from tissue biopsies from seven living schizophrenia patients and seven matched comparison subjects; all schizophrenia cases were on antipsychotic medications. Nz allows MT depolymerization to be followed but prevents repolymerization, so that in living cells treated for varying time intervals, the MTs that are stable for a given treatment interval remain. Our readout of MT stability was the time at which fewer than 10 MTs per cell could be distinguished by anti-β-tubulin immunofluorescence. The percentage of cells with ≥10 intact MTs at specified intervals following Nz treatment was estimated by systematic uniform random sampling with Visiopharm software. These analyses showed that the mean percentages of OE cells with intact MTs were significantly greater for schizophrenia cases than for the matched comparison subjects at 10, 15, and 30min following Nz treatment indicating increased MT stability in OE cells from schizophrenia patients (p=0.0007 at 10min; p=0.0008 at 15min; p=0.036 at 30min). In conclusion, we have demonstrated increased MT stability in nearly all cultures of OE cells from individuals with schizophrenia, who received several antipsychotic treatments, versus comparison subjects matched for age and sex. While we cannot rule out a possible confounding effect of antipsychotic medications, these findings may reflect analogous neurobiological events in at least a subset of immature neurons or other cell types during gestation, or newly generated cells destined for the olfactory bulb or hippocampus, suggesting a mechanism that underlies findings of postmortem and neuroimaging investigations of schizophrenia. Future studies aimed at replicating these findings, including samples of medication-naïve subjects with schizophrenia, and reconciling the results with other studies, will be necessary. Although the observed abnormalities may suggest one of a number of putative pathophysiologic anomalies in schizophrenia, this work may ultimately have implications for an improved understanding of pathogenic processes related to this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan S. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA,For correspondence regarding the manuscript or requests for reprints, please contact Dr. Alan Brown at New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 23, New York, NY 10032; phone: 1-212-543-5629;
| | - Karin Borgmann-Winter
- Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology Program, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 125 South 31st Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chang-Gyu Hahn
- Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology Program, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 125 South 31st Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lorna Role
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - David Talmage
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Basic Science Tower 8-140, Stony Brook, NY11794, USA
| | - Raquel Gur
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, 10th Floor, Gates Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jacky Chow
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Patric Prado
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Thelma McCloskey
- Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology Program, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 125 South 31st Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Bao
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - J. Chloe Bulinski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 1212 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Andrew J. Dwork
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA,Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje 1000, Macedonia
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Melka MG, Laufer BI, McDonald P, Castellani CA, Rajakumar N, O'Reilly R, Singh SM. The effects of olanzapine on genome-wide DNA methylation in the hippocampus and cerebellum. Clin Epigenetics 2014; 6:1. [PMID: 24382160 PMCID: PMC3895844 DOI: 10.1186/1868-7083-6-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanism of action of olanzapine in treating schizophrenia is not clear. This research reports the effects of a therapeutic equivalent treatment of olanzapine on DNA methylation in a rat model in vivo. Genome-wide DNA methylation was assessed using a MeDIP-chip analysis. All methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP), sample labelling, hybridization and processing were performed by Arraystar Inc (Rockville, MD, USA). The identified gene promoters showing significant alterations to DNA methylation were then subjected to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (Ingenuity System Inc, CA, USA). Results The results show that olanzapine causes an increase in methylation in 1,140, 1,294 and 1,313 genes and a decrease in methylation in 633, 565 and 532 genes in the hippocampus, cerebellum and liver, respectively. Most genes affected are tissue specific. Only 41 affected genes (approximately 3%) showed an increase and no gene showed a decrease in methylation in all three tissues. Further, the two brain regions shared 123 affected genes (approximately 10%). The affected genes are enriched in pathways affecting dopamine signalling, molecular transport, nervous system development and functions in the hippocampus; ephrin receptor signalling and synaptic long-term potentiation in the cerebellum; and tissue morphology, cellular assembly and organization in the liver. Also, the affected genes included those previously implicated in psychosis. Conclusions The known functions of affected genes suggest that the observed epigenetic changes may underlie the amelioration of symptoms as well as accounting for certain adverse effects including the metabolic syndrome. The results give insights into the mechanism of action of olanzapine, therapeutic effects and the side effects of antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shiva M Singh
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
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Volle J, Brocard J, Saoud M, Gory-Faure S, Brunelin J, Andrieux A, Suaud-Chagny MF. Reduced expression of STOP/MAP6 in mice leads to cognitive deficits. Schizophr Bull 2013; 39:969-78. [PMID: 23002183 PMCID: PMC3756782 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbs113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND STOP/MAP6 null (KO) mice recapitulate behavioral abnormalities related to positive and negative symptoms and cognitive deficits of schizophrenia. Here, we investigated whether decreased expression of STOP/MAP6 proteins in heterozygous mice (only one allele expressed) would result in abnormal behavior related to those displayed by STOP null mice. METHODS Using a comprehensive test battery, we investigated the behavioral phenotype of STOP heterozygous (Het) mice compared with STOP KO and wild type (WT) mice on animals raised either in standard conditions (controls) or submitted to maternal deprivation. RESULTS Control Het mice displayed prominent deficits in social interaction and learning, resembling KO mice. In contrast, they exhibited short-lasting locomotor hyperreactivity to acute mild stress and no impaired locomotor response to amphetamine, much like WT mice. Additionally, perinatal stress deteriorated Het mouse phenotype by exacerbating alterations related to positive symptoms such as their locomotor reactivity to acute mild stress and psychostimulant challenge. CONCLUSION Results show that the dosage of susceptibility genes modulates their putative phenotypic contribution and that STOP expression has a high penetrance on cognitive abilities. Hence, STOP Het mice might be useful to investigate cognitive defects related to those observed in mental diseases and ultimately might be a valuable experimental model to evaluate preventive treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Volle
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69003, France; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, EA 4615
| | - Jacques Brocard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 836, Institut des Neurosciences de Grenoble, Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France;,Groupe Physiopathologie du Cytosquelette, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Mohamed Saoud
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69003, France; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, EA 4615;,Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, F-69677 Bron Cedex, France
| | - Sylvie Gory-Faure
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 836, Institut des Neurosciences de Grenoble, Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France;,Groupe Physiopathologie du Cytosquelette, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Jérôme Brunelin
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69003, France; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, EA 4615;,Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, F-69677 Bron Cedex, France
| | - Annie Andrieux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 836, Institut des Neurosciences de Grenoble, Université Joseph Fourier, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France;,Groupe Physiopathologie du Cytosquelette, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Suaud-Chagny
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69003, France; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, EA 4615;,Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, F-69677 Bron Cedex, France;,To whom correspondence should be addressed; EA 4615, Pôle Est - Pr d’Amato, CH le vinatier, 95 bd Pinel, 69677 Bron cedex, France; tel: +33 4 37 91 55 65, fax: +33 4 37 91 55 49, e-mail:
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Lefèvre J, Savarin P, Gans P, Hamon L, Clément MJ, David MO, Bosc C, Andrieux A, Curmi PA. Structural basis for the association of MAP6 protein with microtubules and its regulation by calmodulin. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:24910-22. [PMID: 23831686 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.457267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are highly dynamic αβ-tubulin polymers. In vitro and in living cells, microtubules are most often cold- and nocodazole-sensitive. When present, the MAP6/STOP family of proteins protects microtubules from cold- and nocodazole-induced depolymerization but the molecular and structure determinants by which these proteins stabilize microtubules remain under debate. We show here that a short protein fragment from MAP6-N, which encompasses its Mn1 and Mn2 modules (MAP6(90-177)), recapitulates the function of the full-length MAP6-N protein toward microtubules, i.e. its ability to stabilize microtubules in vitro and in cultured cells in ice-cold conditions or in the presence of nocodazole. We further show for the first time, using biochemical assays and NMR spectroscopy, that these effects result from the binding of MAP6(90-177) to microtubules with a 1:1 MAP6(90-177):tubulin heterodimer stoichiometry. NMR data demonstrate that the binding of MAP6(90-177) to microtubules involve its two Mn modules but that a single one is also able to interact with microtubules in a closely similar manner. This suggests that the Mn modules represent each a full microtubule binding domain and that MAP6 proteins may stabilize microtubules by bridging tubulin heterodimers from adjacent protofilaments or within a protofilament. Finally, we demonstrate that Ca(2+)-calmodulin competes with microtubules for MAP6(90-177) binding and that the binding mode of MAP6(90-177) to microtubules and Ca(2+)-calmodulin involves a common stretch of amino acid residues on the MAP6(90-177) side. This result accounts for the regulation of microtubule stability in cold condition by Ca(2+)-calmodulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Lefèvre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR829, Laboratoire Structure-Activité des Biomolécules Normales et Pathologiques, Université Evry-Val d'Essonne, Evry 91025, France.
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Dresner E, Agam G, Gozes I. Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) expression level is correlated with the expression of the sister protein ADNP2: deregulation in schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 21:355-61. [PMID: 20598862 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) and the homologous protein ADNP2 provide cell protection. ADNP is essential for brain formation, proper brain development and neuronal plasticity, all reported to be impaired in the schizophrenia patient brains. Furthermore, reduction in ADNP expression affects social interactions, a major hallmark of schizophrenia. To evaluate a possible involvement of ADNP and ADNP2 in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia in humans, we measured relative brain mRNA transcripts of both proteins compared with control subjects. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction in postmortem hippocampal specimens from normal control subjects exhibited a significant ADNP to ADNP2 transcript level correlation (r=0.931, p<0.001), also apparent in a neuroglial model system. In contrast, in the hippocampus of matched schizophrenia patients, this correlation (r=0.637, p=0.014) was drastically decreased in a statistically significant manner (p=0.03), mirroring disease-associated increased ADNP2 transcripts. In the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia patients the correlation between ADNP and ADNP2 mRNA levels was apparently higher than in the hippocampus (r=0.854, p<0.001), but did not reach a significant difference (p=0.25). Thus, imbalance in ADNP/ADNP2 expression in the brain may impact disease progression in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Dresner
- Adams Super Center for Brain Studies, and Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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21
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Gozes I. Microtubules, schizophrenia and cognitive behavior: preclinical development of davunetide (NAP) as a peptide-drug candidate. Peptides 2011; 32:428-31. [PMID: 21050875 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
NAP (davunetide) is an active fragment of activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP). ADNP and the homologous protein ADNP2 provide cell protection. ADNP is essential for brain formation, proper development and neuronal plasticity, all reported to be impaired in schizophrenia. ADNP haploinsufficiecy inhibits social and cognitive functions, major hallmarks in schizophrenia. Imbalance in ADNP/ADNP2 expression in the schizophrenia brain may impact disease progression. NAP treatment partly ameliorates ADNP haploinsufficiecy. The microtubule, stable tubule-only polypeptide (STOP)-deficient mice were shown to provide a reliable model for schizophrenia. Daily intranasal NAP treatment significantly decreased hyperactivity in STOP-deficient mice and protected visual memory, supporting further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Illana Gozes
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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22
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Fournet V, Jany M, Fabre V, Chali F, Orsal D, Schweitzer A, Andrieux A, Messanvi F, Giros B, Hamon M, Lanfumey L, Deloulme JC, Martres MP. The deletion of the microtubule-associated STOP protein affects the serotonergic mouse brain network. J Neurochem 2010; 115:1579-94. [PMID: 20969568 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The deletion of microtubule-associated protein stable tubule only polypeptide (STOP) leads to neuroanatomical, biochemical and severe behavioral alterations in mice, partly alleviated by antipsychotics. Therefore, STOP knockout (KO) mice have been proposed as a model of some schizophrenia-like symptoms. Preliminary data showed decreased brain serotonin (5-HT) tissue levels in STOP KO mice. As literature data demonstrate various interactions between microtubule-associated proteins and 5-HT, we characterized some features of the serotonergic neurotransmission in STOP KO mice. In the brainstem, mutant mice displayed higher tissue 5-HT levels and in vivo synthesis rate, together with marked increases in 5-HT transporter densities and 5-HT1A autoreceptor levels and electrophysiological sensitivity, without modification of the serotonergic soma number. Conversely, in projection areas, STOP KO mice exhibited lower 5-HT levels and in vivo synthesis rate, associated with severe decreases in 5-HT transporter densities, possibly related to reduced serotonergic terminals. Mutant mice also displayed a deficit of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, probably related to both STOP deletion and 5-HT depletion. Finally, STOP KO mice exhibited a reduced anxiety- and, probably, an increased helpness-status, that could be because of the strong imbalance of the serotonin neurotransmission between somas and terminals. Altogether, these data suggested that STOP deletion elicited peculiar 5-HT disconnectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Fournet
- INSERM UMRS 952, CNRS UMR 7224, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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Maekawa M, Ohnishi T, Hashimoto K, Watanabe A, Iwayama Y, Ohba H, Hattori E, Yamada K, Yoshikawa T. Analysis of strain-dependent prepulse inhibition points to a role for Shmt1 (SHMT1) in mice and in schizophrenia. J Neurochem 2010; 115:1374-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Bavaro SL, Calabrò M, Kanduc D. Pentapeptide sharing between Corynebacterium diphtheria toxin and the human neural protein network. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 33:360-72. [PMID: 20874613 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2010.518618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We describe the pentapeptides shared between the Corynebacterium diphtheria toxin and the human proteins associated with fundamental neural functions. We report that diphtheria toxin pentapeptides are spread among human antigens such as tuberous sclerosis proteins 1 and 2, reelin, contactin-4, neuroligins, semaphorin-5A, sodium channel protein type 1 subunit α, Williams-Beuren syndrome chromosomal region 1 protein, Williams-Beuren syndrome chromosomal region 20A protein. Williams-Beuren syndrome chromosomal region 8 protein, Bardet-Biedl syndrome 9 protein, Bardet-Biedl syndrome 10 protein, oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein, neurofibromin-2, and periaxin. The data are discussed in relation to the bacterial immune escape phenomenon, and in the context of potential cross-reactions in diagnostic tests and immune therapies.
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Merenlender-Wagner A, Pikman R, Giladi E, Andrieux A, Gozes I. NAP (davunetide) enhances cognitive behavior in the STOP heterozygous mouse--a microtubule-deficient model of schizophrenia. Peptides 2010; 31:1368-73. [PMID: 20417241 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NAP (generic name, davunetide) is an active fragment of activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP). ADNP-/- embryos exhibit CNS dysgenesis and die in utero. ADNP+/- mice survive but demonstrate cognitive dysfunction coupled with microtubule pathology. NAP treatment ameliorates, in part, ADNP-associated dysfunctions. The microtubule, stable tubule-only polypeptide (STOP) knockout mice were shown to provide a reliable model for schizophrenia. Here, STOP-/- as well as STOP+/- showed schizophrenia-like symptoms (hyperactivity) that were ameliorated by chronic treatment with the antipsychotic drug, clozapine. Daily intranasal NAP treatment significantly decreased hyperactivity in the STOP+/- mice and protected visual memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avia Merenlender-Wagner
- The Adams Super Center for Brain Studies, The Lily and Avraham Gildor Chair for the Investigation of Growth Factors, The Elton Laboratory for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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26
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Kajitani K, Thorne M, Samson M, Robertson GS. Nitric oxide synthase mediates the ability of darbepoetin alpha to improve the cognitive performance of STOP null mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:1718-28. [PMID: 20336057 PMCID: PMC3055482 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
STOP (stable tubule only polypeptide) null mice display neurochemical and behavioral abnormalities that resemble several well-recognized features of schizophrenia. Recent evidence suggests that the hematopoietic growth factor erythropoietin improves the cognitive performance of schizophrenics. The mechanism, however, by which erythropoietin is able to improve the cognition of schizophrenics is unclear. To address this question, we first determined whether acute administration of the erythropoietin analog known as darbepoetin alpha (D. alpha) improved performance deficits of STOP null mice in the novel objective recognition task (NORT). NORT performance of STOP null mice, but not wild-type littermates, was enhanced 3 h after a single injection of D. alpha (25 microg/kg, i.p.). Improved NORT performance was accompanied by elevated NADPH diaphorase staining in the ventral hippocampus as well as medial and cortical aspects of the amygdala, indicative of increased nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in these structures. NOS generates the intracellular messenger nitric oxide (NO) implicated in learning and memory. In keeping with this hypothesis, D. alpha significantly increased NO metabolite levels (nitrate and nitrite, NOx) in the hippocampus of both wild-type and STOP null mice. The NOS inhibitor, N (G)-nitro-L- arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 25 mg/kg, i.p.), completely reversed the increase in hippocampal NOx levels produced by D. alpha. Moreover, L-NAME also inhibited the ability of D. alpha to improve the NORT performance of STOP null mice. Taken together, these observations suggest D. alpha enhances the NORT performance of STOP null mice by increasing production of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kajitani
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Michael Thorne
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Michel Samson
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - George S Robertson
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada,Department of Pharmacology, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada,Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5, Tel: +1 902 494 1528, Fax: +1 902 494 1388, E-mail:
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Delotterie D, Ruiz G, Brocard J, Schweitzer A, Roucard C, Roche Y, Suaud-Chagny MF, Bressand K, Andrieux A. Chronic administration of atypical antipsychotics improves behavioral and synaptic defects of STOP null mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 208:131-41. [PMID: 19936716 PMCID: PMC2874572 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1712-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies have suggested that schizophrenia is associated with alterations in the synaptic connectivity involving cytoskeletal proteins. The microtubule-associated protein stable tubule only polypeptide (STOP) plays a key role in neuronal architecture and synaptic plasticity, and it has been demonstrated that STOP gene deletion in mice leads to a phenotype mimicking aspects of positive and negative symptoms and cognitive deficits classically observed in schizophrenic patients. In STOP null mice, behavioral defects are associated with synaptic plasticity abnormalities including defects in long-term potentiation. In these mice, long-term administration of typical antipsychotics has been shown to partially alleviate behavioral defects but, as in humans, such a treatment was poorly active on deficits related to negative symptoms and cognitive impairments. Here, we assessed the effects of risperidone and clozapine, two atypical antipsychotics, on STOP null mice behavior and synaptic plasticity. RESULTS Long-term administration of either drug results in alleviation of behavioral alterations mimicking some negative symptoms and partial amelioration of some cognitive defects in STOP null mice. Interestingly, clozapine treatment also improves synaptic plasticity of the STOP null animals by restoring long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. DISCUSSION All together, the pharmacological reactivity of STOP null mice to antipsychotics evokes the pharmacological response of humans to such drugs. Totally, our study suggests that STOP null mice may provide a useful preclinical model to evaluate pharmacological properties of antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Delotterie
- SynapCell SAS SynapCell SASBâtiment Biopolis, 5 avenue du Grand Sablon, 38700 La
Tronche,FR
| | - Geoffrey Ruiz
- SynapCell SAS SynapCell SASBâtiment Biopolis, 5 avenue du Grand Sablon, 38700 La
Tronche,FR
- GIN, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences INSERM :
U836CEAUniversité Joseph Fourier - Grenoble ICHU GrenobleUJF - Site Santé La Tronche BP 170 38042 Grenoble Cedex
9,FR
- GPC-GIN, Groupe Physiopathologie du Cytosquelette
INSERM : U836CEA : DSV/IRTSV/GPCUniversité Joseph Fourier - Grenoble IUJF - Site Santé La Tronche BP 170 38042 Grenoble Cedex
9,FR
| | - Jacques Brocard
- GIN, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences INSERM :
U836CEAUniversité Joseph Fourier - Grenoble ICHU GrenobleUJF - Site Santé La Tronche BP 170 38042 Grenoble Cedex
9,FR
- GPC-GIN, Groupe Physiopathologie du Cytosquelette
INSERM : U836CEA : DSV/IRTSV/GPCUniversité Joseph Fourier - Grenoble IUJF - Site Santé La Tronche BP 170 38042 Grenoble Cedex
9,FR
| | - Annie Schweitzer
- GIN, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences INSERM :
U836CEAUniversité Joseph Fourier - Grenoble ICHU GrenobleUJF - Site Santé La Tronche BP 170 38042 Grenoble Cedex
9,FR
- GPC-GIN, Groupe Physiopathologie du Cytosquelette
INSERM : U836CEA : DSV/IRTSV/GPCUniversité Joseph Fourier - Grenoble IUJF - Site Santé La Tronche BP 170 38042 Grenoble Cedex
9,FR
| | - Corinne Roucard
- SynapCell SAS SynapCell SASBâtiment Biopolis, 5 avenue du Grand Sablon, 38700 La
Tronche,FR
| | - Yann Roche
- SynapCell SAS SynapCell SASBâtiment Biopolis, 5 avenue du Grand Sablon, 38700 La
Tronche,FR
| | - Marie-Françoise Suaud-Chagny
- Vulnérabilité à la schizophrénie
: des bases neurobiologiques à la thérapeutique
Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I : EA4166Hôpital le VinatierIFR19FR
| | - Karine Bressand
- SynapCell SAS SynapCell SASBâtiment Biopolis, 5 avenue du Grand Sablon, 38700 La
Tronche,FR
| | - Annie Andrieux
- GIN, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences INSERM :
U836CEAUniversité Joseph Fourier - Grenoble ICHU GrenobleUJF - Site Santé La Tronche BP 170 38042 Grenoble Cedex
9,FR
- GPC-GIN, Groupe Physiopathologie du Cytosquelette
INSERM : U836CEA : DSV/IRTSV/GPCUniversité Joseph Fourier - Grenoble IUJF - Site Santé La Tronche BP 170 38042 Grenoble Cedex
9,FR
- * Correspondence should be adressed to: Annie Andrieux
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Richard M, Sacquet J, Jany M, Schweitzer A, Jourdan F, Andrieux A, Pellier-Monnin V. STOP proteins contribute to the maturation of the olfactory system. Mol Cell Neurosci 2009; 41:120-34. [PMID: 19236915 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of microtubule dynamics is crucial for axon growth and guidance as well as for the establishment of synaptic connections. STOPs (Stable Tubule Only Polypeptides) are microtubule-associated proteins that regulate microtubule stabilization but are also able to interact with actin or Golgi membranes. Here, we have investigated the involvement of STOPs during the development of the olfactory system. We first describe the spatio-temporal expression patterns of N- and E-STOP, the two neuronal-specific isoforms of STOP. E- and N-STOP are expressed in the axonal compartment of olfactory sensory neurons, but are differentially regulated during development. Interestingly, each neuronal isoform displays a specific gradient distribution within the olfactory nerve layer. Then, we have examined the development of the olfactory system in the absence of STOPs. Olfactory axons display a normal outgrowth and targeting in STOP-null mice, but maturation of the synapses in the glomerular neuropil is altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Richard
- Laboratoire Neurosciences Sensorielles, Comportement, Cognition, CNRS-UMR 5020, Université de Lyon, Lyon 1, F-69366, France.
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Hattori E, Nakajima M, Yamada K, Iwayama Y, Toyota T, Saitou N, Yoshikawa T. Variable number of tandem repeat polymorphisms of DRD4: re-evaluation of selection hypothesis and analysis of association with schizophrenia. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 17:793-801. [PMID: 19092778 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Associations have been reported between the variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms in the exon 3 of dopamine D4 receptor gene gene and multiple psychiatric illnesses/traits. We examined the distribution of VNTR alleles of different length in a Japanese cohort and found that, as reported earlier, the size of allele '7R' was much rarer (0.5%) in Japanese than in Caucasian populations (approximately 20%). This presents a challenge to an earlier proposed hypothesis that positive selection favoring the allele 7R has contributed to its high frequency. To further address the issue of selection, we carried out sequencing of the VNTR region not only from human but also from chimpanzee samples, and made inference on the ancestral repeat motif and haplotype by use of a phylogenetic analysis program. The most common 4R variant was considered to be the ancestral haplotype as earlier proposed. However, in a gene tree of VNTR constructed on the basis of this inferred ancestral haplotype, the allele 7R had five descendent haplotypes in relatively long lineage, where genetic drift can have major influence. We also tested this length polymorphism for association with schizophrenia, studying two Japanese sample sets (one with 570 cases and 570 controls, and the other with 124 pedigrees). No evidence of association between the allele 7R and schizophrenia was found in any of the two data sets. Collectively, this study suggests that the VNTR variation does not have an effect large enough to cause either selection or a detectable association with schizophrenia in a study of samples of moderate size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Hattori
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
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The stop null mice model for schizophrenia displays [corrected] cognitive and social deficits partly alleviated by neuroleptics. Neuroscience 2008; 157:29-39. [PMID: 18804150 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently evidence has accumulated that schizophrenia can arise from primary synaptic defects involving structural proteins particularly, microtubule associated proteins. Previous experiments have demonstrated that a STOP (stable tubule only peptide) gene deletion in mice leads to a phenotype mimicking some aspects of positive symptoms classically observed in schizophrenic patients. In the current study, we determined if STOP null mice demonstrate behavioral abnormalities related to the social and cognitive impairments of schizophrenia. Compared with wild-type mice, STOP null mice exhibited deficits in the non-aggressive component of social recognition, short term working memory and social and spatial learning. As described in humans, learning deficits in STOP null mice were poorly sensitive to long term treatment with typical neuroleptics. Since social and cognitive dysfunction have consistently been considered as central features of schizophrenia, we propose that STOP null mice may provide a useful model to understand the neurobiological correlates of social and cognitive defects in schizophrenia and to develop treatments that better target these symptoms.
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Mellios N, Huang HS, Grigorenko A, Rogaev E, Akbarian S. A set of differentially expressed miRNAs, including miR-30a-5p, act as post-transcriptional inhibitors of BDNF in prefrontal cortex. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:3030-42. [PMID: 18632683 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is developmentally regulated in prefrontal cortex (PFC). The underlying molecular mechanisms, however, remain unclear. Here, we explore the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) as post-transcriptional inhibitors of BDNF. A sequential approach involving in silico, miRNA microarray, in situ hybridization and qRT-PCR studies identified a group of 10 candidate miRNAs, segregating into five miRNA families (miR-30a-5p/b/c/d, miR-103/107, miR-191, miR-16/195, miR-495), which exhibited distinct developmental and lamina-specific expression in human PFC. Luciferase assays confirmed that at least two of these miRNAs, miR-30a-5p and miR-195, target specific sequences surrounding the proximal polyadenylation site within BDNF 3'-untranslated region. Furthermore, neuronal overexpression of miR-30a-5p, a miRNA enriched in layer III pyramidal neurons, resulted in down-regulation of BDNF protein. Notably, a subset of seven miRNAs, including miR-30a-5p, exhibited an inverse correlation with BDNF protein levels in PFC of subjects age 15-84 years. In contrast, the role of transcriptional mechanisms was more apparent during the transition from fetal to childhood and/or young adult stages, when BDNF mRNA up-regulation was accompanied by similar changes in (open chromatin-associated) histone H3-lysine 4 methylation at BDNF gene promoters I and IV. Collectively, our data highlight the multiple layers of regulation governing the developmental expression of BDNF in human PFC and suggest that miRNAs are involved in the fine-tuning of this neurotrophin particularly in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Mellios
- Department of Psychiatry, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, 303 Belmont Street, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
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Hanaya R, Koning E, Ferrandon A, Schweitzer A, Andrieux A, Nehlig A. Deletion of the STOP gene, a microtubule stabilizing factor, leads only to discrete cerebral metabolic changes in mice. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:813-20. [PMID: 17969102 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In mice, deletion of the STOP protein leads to subtle anatomic changes and induces depleted synaptic vesicle pools, impaired synaptic plasticity, hyperdopaminergy, and major behavioral disorders alleviated by neuroleptics, hence leading to a schizophrenic-like phenotype. In this study, we applied the quantitative autoradiographic [(14)C]2-deoxyglucose technique to study to what extent the basal rate of cerebral glucose utilization in STOP-knockout (STOP-KO) mice occurs in regions where metabolic changes have been reported in schizophrenic patients. Studies were performed on wild-type, heterozygous, and homozygous STOP-KO mice (7-8 per group). Mice were implanted with femoral artery and vein catheters, and cerebral glucose utilization was quantified over 45 min. Compared with that in wild-type mice, glucose utilization in STOP-KO mice was significantly increased in the olfactory cortex, ventromedial and anterolateral hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area, and substantia nigra pars compacta. Nonsignificant increases, ranging between 9% and 19%, were recorded in the whole auditory system, CA1 pyramidal cell layer, and dorsal raphe. Glucose utilization was also significantly increased in heterozygous mice compared with that in wild-type mice in olfactory cortex. These data might reflect hyperdopaminergic activity, olfactory deficits, and sleep disturbances in STOP-KO mice that have also been reported in schizophrenic patients.
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Kakiuchi C, Ishiwata M, Nanko S, Ozaki N, Iwata N, Umekage T, Tochigi M, Kohda K, Sasaki T, Imamura A, Okazaki Y, Kato T. Up-regulation of ADM and SEPX1 in the lymphoblastoid cells of patients in monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:557-64. [PMID: 18081029 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of genetic factors to schizophrenia is well established and recent studies have indicated several strong candidate genes. However, the pathophysiology of schizophrenia has not been totally elucidated yet. To date, studies of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia have provided insight into the pathophysiology of this illness; this type of study can exclude inter-individual variability and confounding factors such as effects of drugs. In this study we used DNA microarray analysis to examine the mRNA expression patterns in the lymphoblastoid (LB) cells derived from two pairs of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. From five independent replicates for each pair of twins, we selected five genes, which included adrenomedullin (ADM) and selenoprotein X1 (SEPX1), as significantly changed in both twins with schizophrenia. Interestingly, ADM was previously reported to be up-regulated in both the LB cells and plasma of schizophrenic patients, and SEPX1 was included in the list of genes up-regulated in the peripheral blood cells of schizophrenia patients by microarray analysis. Then, we performed a genetic association study of schizophrenia in the Japanese population and examined the copy number variations, but observed no association. These findings suggest the possible role of ADM and SEPX1 as biomarkers of schizophrenia. The results also support the usefulness of gene expression analysis in LB cells of monozygotic twins discordant for an illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Kakiuchi
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
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Bouvrais-Veret C, Weiss S, Hanoun N, Andrieux A, Schweitzer A, Job D, Hamon M, Giros B, Martres MP. Microtubule-associated STOP protein deletion triggers restricted changes in dopaminergic neurotransmission. J Neurochem 2008; 104:745-56. [PMID: 18199119 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule-associated stable tubule only polypeptide (STOP) protein plays a key-role in neuron architecture and synaptic plasticity. Recent studies suggest that schizophrenia is associated with alterations in the synaptic connectivity. Mice invalidated for the STOP gene display phenotype reminiscent of some schizophrenic-like symptoms, such as behavioral disturbances, dopamine (DA) hyper-reactivity, and possible hypoglutamatergia, partly improved by antipsychotic treatment. In the present work, we examined potential alterations in some DAergic key proteins and behaviors in STOP knockout mice. Whereas the densities of the DA transporter, the vesicular monoamine transporter and the D(1) receptor were not modified, the densities of the D(2) and D(3) receptors were decreased in some DAergic regions in mutant versus wild-type mice. Endogenous DA levels were selectively decreased in DAergic terminals areas, although the in vivo DA synthesis was diminished both in cell bodies and terminal areas. The DA uptake was decreased in accumbic synaptosomes, but not significantly altered in striatal synaptosomes. Finally, STOP knockout mice were hypersensitive to acute and subchronic locomotor effects of cocaine, although the drug equally inhibited DA uptake in mutant and wild-type mice. Altogether, these data showed that deletion of the ubiquitous STOP protein elicited restricted alterations in DAergic neurotransmission, preferentially in the meso-limbic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bouvrais-Veret
- Inserm, U513, Créteil, France, and Univ Paris 12, Faculté de Médecine Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
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Watanabe A, Toyota T, Owada Y, Hayashi T, Iwayama Y, Matsumata M, Ishitsuka Y, Nakaya A, Maekawa M, Ohnishi T, Arai R, Sakurai K, Yamada K, Kondo H, Hashimoto K, Osumi N, Yoshikawa T. Fabp7 maps to a quantitative trait locus for a schizophrenia endophenotype. PLoS Biol 2007; 5:e297. [PMID: 18001149 PMCID: PMC2071943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI) are a biological marker for schizophrenia. To unravel the mechanisms that control PPI, we performed quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis on 1,010 F2 mice derived by crossing C57BL/6 (B6) animals that show high PPI with C3H/He (C3) animals that show low PPI. We detected six major loci for PPI, six for the acoustic startle response, and four for latency to response peak, some of which were sex-dependent. A promising candidate on the Chromosome 10-QTL was Fabp7 (fatty acid binding protein 7, brain), a gene with functional links to the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor and expression in astrocytes. Fabp7-deficient mice showed decreased PPI and a shortened startle response latency, typical of the QTL's proposed effects. A quantitative complementation test supported Fabp7 as a potential PPI-QTL gene, particularly in male mice. Disruption of Fabp7 attenuated neurogenesis in vivo. Human FABP7 showed altered expression in schizophrenic brains and genetic association with schizophrenia, which were both evident in males when samples were divided by sex. These results suggest that FABP7 plays a novel and crucial role, linking the NMDA, neurodevelopmental, and glial theories of schizophrenia pathology and the PPI endophenotype, with larger or overt effects in males. We also discuss the results from the perspective of fetal programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Watanabe
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Toyota
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuji Owada
- Histology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hayashi
- Animal Genome Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaragi, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Iwayama
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Miho Matsumata
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, Center for Translational and Advanced Animal Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ishitsuka
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nakaya
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoko Maekawa
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, Center for Translational and Advanced Animal Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ohnishi
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Arai
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Katsuyasu Sakurai
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, Center for Translational and Advanced Animal Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamada
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hisatake Kondo
- Histology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Noriko Osumi
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, Center for Translational and Advanced Animal Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Bégou M, Brun P, Bertrand JB, Job D, Schweitzer A, D'Amato T, Saoud M, Andrieux A, Suaud-Chagny MF. Post-pubertal emergence of alterations in locomotor activity in stop null mice. Synapse 2007; 61:689-97. [PMID: 17559095 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Overt schizophrenia is preceded by a prodromal phase during which juvenile patients display attenuated schizophrenia-related symptoms. Here, we have looked for evidence of a prodromal phase in juvenile STOP null mice, which, during adulthood, imitate features of schizophrenia. We have principally examined locomotor activity, which is abnormal in adult STOP null mice, and its apparent relationship with perturbed glutamatergic and dopaminergic transmission. When compared to corresponding wild-type mice, juvenile STOP null mice did not exhibit the basal hyperlocomotion or locomotor hypersensitivity to mild stress observed in adult mice. Juvenile STOP null mice also lacked disturbed locomotor sensitivity to MK-801, which was evident in adult mice. In contrast, juvenile STOP null mice exhibited a similar hypersensitivity to amphetamine as that found in adult mice. Thus, STOP null mice exhibited both a progression of locomotor activity defects over time and subtle alterations in the prepubertal period. We suggest that the pattern of locomotor disturbances observed in this study is related to altered dopaminergic reactivity in juvenile mice without major disturbance in glutamatergic transmission, whereas both neurotransmitter systems are impaired in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélina Bégou
- Institut Fédératif des Neurosciences de Lyon, Bron, France.
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Eastwood SL, Lyon L, George L, Andrieux A, Job D, Harrison PJ. Altered expression of synaptic protein mRNAs in STOP (MAP6) mutant mice. J Psychopharmacol 2007; 21:635-44. [PMID: 17050659 DOI: 10.1177/0269881106068825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Stable tubule-only polypeptide (STOP) proteins are a family of microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) important in microtubule stabilization. Data indicating a role for microtubules in synaptic function has come from studies of the STOP null mouse, which exhibits synaptic deficits, in association with behavioural changes that are alleviated by antipsychotic treatment. These findings suggested that STOP mutant mice may be useful in studies of synaptic function, and could be especially relevant to schizophrenia, postulated to be a disorder of the synapse. Moreover, a genetic association between STOP and schizophrenia has been reported. This study aimed to further characterize synaptic alterations in STOP null and heterozygous mice. Using in situ hybridization histochemistry, the mRNA expression of three pre-synaptic (synaptophysin; growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43); vesicular glutamate transporter-1 (VGlut1)) and two post-synaptic (spinophilin; MAP2) proteins, was quantified in female STOP null (n = 7), heterozygous (n = 5) and wild type (n = 6) mice. For STOP null and heterozygous mice, synaptophysin, VGlut1, GAP-43 and spinophilin mRNAs were decreased in the hippocampus, whilst in addition in the null mice, synaptophysin, VGlut1 and spinophilin mRNAs were decreased in the cerebellum. Alterations in synaptic protein mRNA expression were also detected in the frontal and occipital cortex. MAP2 mRNA expression was unchanged in all brain regions. The profile of mRNA changes is broadly similar to that observed in schizophrenia. Together the data provide supporting evidence for a role for microtubules in synaptic function, and suggest that STOP, or other microtubule proteins, may contribute to the synaptic pathology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Eastwood
- University of Oxford, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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Bouvrais-Veret C, Weiss S, Andrieux A, Schweitzer A, McIntosh JM, Job D, Giros B, Martres MP. Sustained increase of alpha7 nicotinic receptors and choline-induced improvement of learning deficit in STOP knock-out mice. Neuropharmacology 2007; 52:1691-700. [PMID: 17512560 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mice deficient in the microtubule stabilizing protein STOP (stable tubule only polypeptide) show synaptic plasticity anomalies in hippocampus, dopamine hyper-reactivity in the limbic system and severe behavioral deficits. Some of these disturbances are alleviated by long-term antipsychotic treatment. Therefore, this mouse line represents a pertinent model for some aspects of schizophrenia symptomatology. Numerous data support dysfunction of nicotinic neurotransmission in schizophrenia and epidemiological studies show increased tobacco use in schizophrenic patients, in whom nicotine has been reported to improve cognitive deficits and impairment in sensory gating. In this study, we examined potential alterations in cholinergic (ACh) and nicotinic components and functions in STOP mutant mice. STOP KO mice displayed no variation of the density of ACh esterase and beta2* nicotinic receptors (nAChRs), large reductions in the density of vesicular ACh transporter and alpha6* nAChRs and marked increases in the density of alpha7 nAChRs, in some brain areas. STOP KO mice were hypersensitive to the stimulating locomotor effect of nicotine and, interestingly, their impaired performance in learning the cued version of the water maze were improved by administration of the preferential alpha7 nAChR agonist choline. Altogether, our data show that the deletion of the ubiquitous STOP protein elicited restricted alterations in ACh components. They also suggest that nicotinic neurotransmission can be deficient in STOP KO mice and that mutant mice can represent a meaningful model to study some nicotinic dysfunctions and therapeutic treatments.
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Nakajima M, Hattori E, Yamada K, Iwayama Y, Toyota T, Iwata Y, Tsuchiya KJ, Sugihara G, Hashimoto K, Watanabe H, Iyo M, Hoshika A, Yoshikawa T. Association and synergistic interaction between promoter variants of the DRD4 gene in Japanese schizophrenics. J Hum Genet 2006; 52:86-91. [PMID: 17089069 PMCID: PMC1705471 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-006-0084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Recent association studies suggest that polymorphisms in the promoter and exon 1 upstream region of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene play a functional role in the development of common psychiatric illnesses, although there are also conflicting results. In this study, we re-sequenced this region to identify all genomic variants, and tested them for association with schizophrenia. A total of 570 Japanese schizophrenic cases with matched controls were studied by genotyping all identified/validated common polymorphisms (−1106T>C, −906T>C, −809G>A, −616G>C, −521T>C, −376C>T, −291C>T and 12-bp repeat) and a known microsatellite (120-bp tandem duplication) in the upstream region. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) −809G>A in the promoter region was found to be significantly associated with disease (P=0.018 and 0.032 for allelic and genotypic comparisons, respectively), although not surviving after Bonferroni correction. Logistic regression analysis showed that a combination of the four polymorphisms, −809G>A, −616G>C, −291C>T and the 12-bp repeat, conferred a susceptibility to schizophrenia. These results suggest that the upstream variants have a primary functional effect in the etiology of schizophrenia in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Nakajima
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Paediatrics, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Eiji Hattori
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamada
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Iwayama
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoko Toyota
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kenji J Tsuchiya
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Genichi Sugihara
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akinori Hoshika
- Department of Paediatrics, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
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