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Smerconish S, Schmitt JE. Neuroanatomical Correlates of Cognitive Dysfunction in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:440. [PMID: 38674375 PMCID: PMC11050060 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11.2DS), the most common chromosomal microdeletion, presents as a heterogeneous phenotype characterized by an array of anatomical, behavioral, and cognitive abnormalities. Individuals with 22q11.2DS exhibit extensive cognitive deficits, both in overall intellectual capacity and focal challenges in executive functioning, attentional control, perceptual abilities, motor skills, verbal processing, as well as socioemotional operations. Heterogeneity is an intrinsic factor of the deletion's clinical manifestation in these cognitive domains. Structural imaging has identified significant changes in volume, thickness, and surface area. These alterations are closely linked and display region-specific variations with an overall increase in abnormalities following a rostral-caudal gradient. Despite the extensive literature developing around the neurocognitive and neuroanatomical profiles associated with 22q11.2DS, comparatively little research has addressed specific structure-function relationships between aberrant morphological features and deficient cognitive processes. The current review attempts to categorize these limited findings alongside comparisons to populations with phenotypic and structural similarities in order to answer to what degree structural findings can explain the characteristic neurocognitive deficits seen in individuals with 22q11.2DS. In integrating findings from structural neuroimaging and cognitive assessments, this review seeks to characterize structural changes associated with the broad neurocognitive challenges faced by individuals with 22q11.2DS.
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2
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Ge R, Ching CRK, Bassett AS, Kushan L, Antshel KM, van Amelsvoort T, Bakker G, Butcher NJ, Campbell LE, Chow EWC, Craig M, Crossley NA, Cunningham A, Daly E, Doherty JL, Durdle CA, Emanuel BS, Fiksinski A, Forsyth JK, Fremont W, Goodrich‐Hunsaker NJ, Gudbrandsen M, Gur RE, Jalbrzikowski M, Kates WR, Lin A, Linden DEJ, McCabe KL, McDonald‐McGinn D, Moss H, Murphy DG, Murphy KC, Owen MJ, Villalon‐Reina JE, Repetto GM, Roalf DR, Ruparel K, Schmitt JE, Schuite‐Koops S, Angkustsiri K, Sun D, Vajdi A, van den Bree M, Vorstman J, Thompson PM, Vila‐Rodriguez F, Bearden CE. Source-based morphometry reveals structural brain pattern abnormalities in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26553. [PMID: 38224541 PMCID: PMC10785196 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is the most frequently occurring microdeletion in humans. It is associated with a significant impact on brain structure, including prominent reductions in gray matter volume (GMV), and neuropsychiatric manifestations, including cognitive impairment and psychosis. It is unclear whether GMV alterations in 22q11DS occur according to distinct structural patterns. Then, 783 participants (470 with 22q11DS: 51% females, mean age [SD] 18.2 [9.2]; and 313 typically developing [TD] controls: 46% females, mean age 18.0 [8.6]) from 13 datasets were included in the present study. We segmented structural T1-weighted brain MRI scans and extracted GMV images, which were then utilized in a novel source-based morphometry (SBM) pipeline (SS-Detect) to generate structural brain patterns (SBPs) that capture co-varying GMV. We investigated the impact of the 22q11.2 deletion, deletion size, intelligence quotient, and psychosis on the SBPs. Seventeen GMV-SBPs were derived, which provided spatial patterns of GMV covariance associated with a quantitative metric (i.e., loading score) for analysis. Patterns of topographically widespread differences in GMV covariance, including the cerebellum, discriminated individuals with 22q11DS from healthy controls. The spatial extents of the SBPs that revealed disparities between individuals with 22q11DS and controls were consistent with the findings of the univariate voxel-based morphometry analysis. Larger deletion size was associated with significantly lower GMV in frontal and occipital SBPs; however, history of psychosis did not show a strong relationship with these covariance patterns. 22q11DS is associated with distinct structural abnormalities captured by topographical GMV covariance patterns that include the cerebellum. Findings indicate that structural anomalies in 22q11DS manifest in a nonrandom manner and in distinct covarying anatomical patterns, rather than a diffuse global process. These SBP abnormalities converge with previously reported cortical surface area abnormalities, suggesting disturbances of early neurodevelopment as the most likely underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Ge
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain HealthUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | | | - Anne S. Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research ProgramCentre for Addiction and Mental HealthTorontoOntarioCanada
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and Toronto General Hospital Research InstituteUniversity Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research InstituteCentre for Addiction and Mental HealthTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Leila Kushan
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human BehaviorUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | - Geor Bakker
- Department of Psychiatry and NeuropsychologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtNetherlands
| | - Nancy J. Butcher
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Child Health Evaluative SciencesThe Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
| | | | - Eva W. C. Chow
- Clinical Genetics Research ProgramCentre for Addiction and Mental HealthTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Michael Craig
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King's College LondonInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceLondonUK
- National Autism UnitBethlem Royal HospitalBeckenhamUK
| | - Nicolas A. Crossley
- Department of PsychiatryPontificia Universidad Catolica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Adam Cunningham
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Eileen Daly
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King's College LondonInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceLondonUK
| | - Joanne L. Doherty
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of PsychologyCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Courtney A. Durdle
- Department of PediatricsUC Davis MIND InstituteDavisCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesUC Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
| | - Beverly S. Emanuel
- Division of Human GeneticsThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Ania Fiksinski
- Department of Psychology and Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's HospitalUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Division of Mental Health, MHeNSMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtNetherlands
| | - Jennifer K. Forsyth
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human BehaviorUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Wanda Fremont
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences State University of New YorkUpstate Medical University SyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | - Naomi J. Goodrich‐Hunsaker
- Department of PediatricsUC Davis MIND InstituteDavisCaliforniaUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Maria Gudbrandsen
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King's College LondonInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceLondonUK
- Centre for Research in Psychological Wellbeing (CREW), School of PsychologyUniversity of RoehamptonLondonUK
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania and Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Maria Jalbrzikowski
- Department of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesBoston Children's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Wendy R. Kates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences State University of New YorkUpstate Medical University SyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | - Amy Lin
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human BehaviorUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Graduate Interdepartmental Program in NeuroscienceUCLA School of MedicineLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - David E. J. Linden
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Kathryn L. McCabe
- School of PsychologyUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanAustralia
- Department of PediatricsUC Davis MIND InstituteDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Donna McDonald‐McGinn
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- 22q and You Center, Clinical Genetics Center, and Division of Human GeneticsThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Human Biology and Medical GeneticsSapienza UniversityRomeItaly
| | - Hayley Moss
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Declan G. Murphy
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King's College LondonInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceLondonUK
- Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism Service, Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic GroupSouth London and Maudsley Foundation NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - Kieran C. Murphy
- Department of PsychiatryRoyal College of Surgeons in IrelandDublinIreland
| | - Michael J. Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | - Gabriela M. Repetto
- Centro de Genetica y Genomica, Facultad de MedicinaClinica Alemana Universidad del DesarrolloSantiagoChile
| | - David R. Roalf
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - J. Eric Schmitt
- Department of Radiology and PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Sanne Schuite‐Koops
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity Medical Center Groningen, Rijksuniversiteit GroningenGroningenNetherlands
| | | | - Daqiang Sun
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human BehaviorUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ariana Vajdi
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human BehaviorUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine PasadenaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Marianne van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Jacob Vorstman
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Research Institute, and Department of PsychiatryThe Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Radiology, Engineering, Pediatrics and OphthalmologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Fidel Vila‐Rodriguez
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain HealthUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- School of Biomedical Engineering University of British Columbia VancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human BehaviorUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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Pasternak M, Shirzadi Z, Mutsaerts HJMM, Boot E, Butcher NJ, MacIntosh BJ, Heung T, Bassett AS, Masellis M. Elevated regional cerebral blood flow in adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. World J Biol Psychiatry 2023; 24:260-265. [PMID: 35748435 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2022.2093969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recurrent chromosome 22q11.2 deletions cause 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a multisystem disorder associated with high rates of schizophrenia. Neuroanatomical changes on brain MRI have been reported in relation to 22q11DS. However, to date no 22q11DS neuroimaging studies have examined cerebral blood flow (CBF). This exploratory case-control study seeks to identify differences in regional cerebral blood flow between 22q11DS subjects and controls, and their association with psychotic symptoms. METHODS This study of 23 adults used arterial spin labelling MRI to investigate voxel-wise CBF in 22q11DS individuals compared with age- and sex-matched healthy controls. RESULTS Four significant clusters, involving the right and left putamen, right fusiform gyrus and left middle temporal gyrus, delineated significantly elevated CBF in individuals with 22q11DS compared to controls. Post-hoc analysis determined that this elevation in CBF trended with psychotic symptom diagnosis within the 22q11DS group. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest possible relevance to schizophrenia risk and support further functional neuroimaging studies of 22q11DS with larger sample sizes to improve our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Pasternak
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zahra Shirzadi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA
| | - Henk J M M Mutsaerts
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Boot
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.,Advisium's Heeren Loo Zorggroep, Amersfoort, The Netherlands.,Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nancy J Butcher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bradley J MacIntosh
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tracy Heung
- Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Campbell Family Research Institute Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Campbell Family Research Institute Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
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Schmitt JE, DeBevits JJ, Roalf DR, Ruparel K, Gallagher RS, Gur RC, Alexander-Bloch A, Eom TY, Alam S, Steinberg J, Akers W, Khairy K, Crowley TB, Emanuel B, Zakharenko SS, McDonald-McGinn DM, Gur RE. A Comprehensive Analysis of Cerebellar Volumes in the 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2023; 8:79-90. [PMID: 34848384 PMCID: PMC9162086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of a 22q11.2 microdeletion (22q11.2 deletion syndrome [22q11DS]) ranks among the greatest known genetic risk factors for the development of psychotic disorders. There is emerging evidence that the cerebellum is important in the pathophysiology of psychosis. However, there is currently limited information on cerebellar neuroanatomy in 22q11DS specifically. METHODS High-resolution 3T magnetic resonance imaging was acquired in 79 individuals with 22q11DS and 70 typically developing control subjects (N = 149). Lobar and lobule-level cerebellar volumes were estimated using validated automated segmentation algorithms, and subsequently group differences were compared. Hierarchical clustering, principal component analysis, and graph theoretical models were used to explore intercerebellar relationships. Cerebrocerebellar structural connectivity with cortical thickness was examined via linear regression models. RESULTS Individuals with 22q11DS had, on average, 17.3% smaller total cerebellar volumes relative to typically developing subjects (p < .0001). The lobules of the superior posterior cerebellum (e.g., VII and VIII) were particularly affected in 22q11DS. However, all cerebellar lobules were significantly smaller, even after adjusting for total brain volumes (all cerebellar lobules p < .0002). The superior posterior lobule was disproportionately associated with cortical thickness in the frontal lobes and cingulate cortex, brain regions known be affected in 22q11DS. Exploratory analyses suggested that the superior posterior lobule, particularly Crus I, may be associated with psychotic symptoms in 22q11DS. CONCLUSIONS The cerebellum is a critical but understudied component of the 22q11DS neuroendophenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Eric Schmitt
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - John J DeBevits
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David R Roalf
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - R Sean Gallagher
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Aaron Alexander-Bloch
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tae-Yeon Eom
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Shahinur Alam
- Center for Bioimage Informatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jeffrey Steinberg
- Center for Bioimage Informatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Walter Akers
- Center for Bioimage Informatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Khaled Khairy
- Center for In Vivo Imaging and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - T Blaine Crowley
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Beverly Emanuel
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stanislav S Zakharenko
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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5
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Forsyth JK, Mennigen E, Lin A, Sun D, Vajdi A, Kushan-Wells L, Ching CRK, Villalon-Reina JE, Thompson PM, Bearden CE. Prioritizing Genetic Contributors to Cortical Alterations in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Using Imaging Transcriptomics. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:3285-3298. [PMID: 33638978 PMCID: PMC8196250 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) results from a hemizygous deletion that typically spans 46 protein-coding genes and is associated with widespread alterations in brain morphology. The specific genetic mechanisms underlying these alterations remain unclear. In the 22q11.2 ENIGMA Working Group, we characterized cortical alterations in individuals with 22q11DS (n = 232) versus healthy individuals (n = 290) and conducted spatial convergence analyses using gene expression data from the Allen Human Brain Atlas to prioritize individual genes that may contribute to altered surface area (SA) and cortical thickness (CT) in 22q11DS. Total SA was reduced in 22q11DS (Z-score deviance = -1.04), with prominent reductions in midline posterior and lateral association regions. Mean CT was thicker in 22q11DS (Z-score deviance = +0.64), with focal thinning in a subset of regions. Regional expression of DGCR8 was robustly associated with regional severity of SA deviance in 22q11DS; AIFM3 was also associated with SA deviance. Conversely, P2RX6 was associated with CT deviance. Exploratory analysis of gene targets of microRNAs previously identified as down-regulated due to DGCR8 deficiency suggested that DGCR8 haploinsufficiency may contribute to altered corticogenesis in 22q11DS by disrupting cell cycle modulation. These findings demonstrate the utility of combining neuroanatomic and transcriptomic datasets to derive molecular insights into complex, multigene copy number variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Forsyth
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Eva Mennigen
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Amy Lin
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daqiang Sun
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Ariana Vajdi
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Leila Kushan-Wells
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Christopher R K Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Julio E Villalon-Reina
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
- Brain Research Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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6
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Learning from atypical development: A systematic review of executive functioning in children and adolescents with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2021.100962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Gudbrandsen M, Daly E, Murphy CM, Blackmore CE, Rogdaki M, Mann C, Bletsch A, Kushan L, Bearden CE, Murphy DGM, Craig MC, Ecker C. Brain morphometry in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: an exploration of differences in cortical thickness, surface area, and their contribution to cortical volume. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18845. [PMID: 33139857 PMCID: PMC7606591 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75811-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11.2DS) is the most common microdeletion in humans, with a heterogenous clinical presentation including medical, behavioural and psychiatric conditions. Previous neuroimaging studies examining the neuroanatomical underpinnings of 22q11.2DS show alterations in cortical volume (CV), cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA). The aim of this study was to identify (1) the spatially distributed networks of differences in CT and SA in 22q11.2DS compared to controls, (2) their unique and spatial overlap, as well as (3) their relative contribution to observed differences in CV. Structural MRI scans were obtained from 62 individuals with 22q11.2DS and 57 age-and-gender-matched controls (aged 6-31). Using FreeSurfer, we examined differences in vertex-wise estimates of CV, CT and SA at each vertex, and compared the frequencies of vertices with a unique or overlapping difference for each morphometric feature. Our findings indicate that CT and SA make both common and unique contributions to volumetric differences in 22q11.2DS, and in some areas, their strong opposite effects mask differences in CV. By identifying the neuroanatomic variability in 22q11.2DS, and the separate contributions of CT and SA, we can start exploring the shared and distinct mechanisms that mediate neuropsychiatric symptoms across disorders, e.g. 22q11.2DS-related ASD and/or psychosis/schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gudbrandsen
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - E Daly
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - C M Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
- Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism and ADHD Services, Behavioural and Developmental Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley Foundation, NHS, London, UK
| | - C E Blackmore
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
- Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism and ADHD Services, Behavioural and Developmental Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley Foundation, NHS, London, UK
| | - M Rogdaki
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - C Mann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - A Bletsch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - L Kushan
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - D G M Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - M C Craig
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
- National Autism Unit, Bethlem Royal Hospital, London, UK
| | - Christine Ecker
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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8
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Sun D, Ching CRK, Lin A, Forsyth JK, Kushan L, Vajdi A, Jalbrzikowski M, Hansen L, Villalon-Reina JE, Qu X, Jonas RK, van Amelsvoort T, Bakker G, Kates WR, Antshel KM, Fremont W, Campbell LE, McCabe KL, Daly E, Gudbrandsen M, Murphy CM, Murphy D, Craig M, Vorstman J, Fiksinski A, Koops S, Ruparel K, Roalf DR, Gur RE, Schmitt JE, Simon TJ, Goodrich-Hunsaker NJ, Durdle CA, Bassett AS, Chow EWC, Butcher NJ, Vila-Rodriguez F, Doherty J, Cunningham A, van den Bree MB, Linden DEJ, Moss H, Owen MJ, Murphy KC, McDonald-McGinn DM, Emanuel B, van Erp TGM, Turner JA, Thompson PM, Bearden CE. Large-scale mapping of cortical alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: Convergence with idiopathic psychosis and effects of deletion size. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:1822-1834. [PMID: 29895892 PMCID: PMC6292748 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion (22q11DS) is a common chromosomal microdeletion and a potent risk factor for psychotic illness. Prior studies reported widespread cortical changes in 22q11DS, but were generally underpowered to characterize neuroanatomic abnormalities associated with psychosis in 22q11DS, and/or neuroanatomic effects of variability in deletion size. To address these issues, we developed the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics Through Meta-Analysis) 22q11.2 Working Group, representing the largest analysis of brain structural alterations in 22q11DS to date. The imaging data were collected from 10 centers worldwide, including 474 subjects with 22q11DS (age = 18.2 ± 8.6; 46.9% female) and 315 typically developing, matched controls (age = 18.0 ± 9.2; 45.9% female). Compared to controls, 22q11DS individuals showed thicker cortical gray matter overall (left/right hemispheres: Cohen's d = 0.61/0.65), but focal thickness reduction in temporal and cingulate cortex. Cortical surface area (SA), however, showed pervasive reductions in 22q11DS (left/right hemispheres: d = -1.01/-1.02). 22q11DS cases vs. controls were classified with 93.8% accuracy based on these neuroanatomic patterns. Comparison of 22q11DS-psychosis to idiopathic schizophrenia (ENIGMA-Schizophrenia Working Group) revealed significant convergence of affected brain regions, particularly in fronto-temporal cortex. Finally, cortical SA was significantly greater in 22q11DS cases with smaller 1.5 Mb deletions, relative to those with typical 3 Mb deletions. We found a robust neuroanatomic signature of 22q11DS, and the first evidence that deletion size impacts brain structure. Psychotic illness in this highly penetrant deletion was associated with similar neuroanatomic abnormalities to idiopathic schizophrenia. These consistent cross-site findings highlight the homogeneity of this single genetic etiology, and support the suitability of 22q11DS as a biological model of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqiang Sun
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,0000 0001 0384 5381grid.417119.bDepartment of Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Christopher R. K. Ching
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,0000 0001 2156 6853grid.42505.36Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA USA ,0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eInterdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Amy Lin
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eInterdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Jennifer K. Forsyth
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Leila Kushan
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Ariana Vajdi
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Maria Jalbrzikowski
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Laura Hansen
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Julio E. Villalon-Reina
- 0000 0001 2156 6853grid.42505.36Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA USA
| | - Xiaoping Qu
- 0000 0001 2156 6853grid.42505.36Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA USA
| | - Rachel K. Jonas
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eInterdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- 0000 0001 0481 6099grid.5012.6Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Geor Bakker
- 0000 0001 0481 6099grid.5012.6Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Wendy R. Kates
- 0000 0000 9159 4457grid.411023.5Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Kevin M. Antshel
- 0000 0001 2189 1568grid.264484.8Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Wanda Fremont
- 0000 0000 9159 4457grid.411023.5Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Linda E. Campbell
- 0000 0000 8831 109Xgrid.266842.cPRC GrowUpWell, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia ,0000 0000 8831 109Xgrid.266842.cSchool of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Kathryn L. McCabe
- 0000 0000 8831 109Xgrid.266842.cSchool of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia ,0000 0004 1936 9684grid.27860.3bUC Davis MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Davis, CA USA
| | - Eileen Daly
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cSackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Maria Gudbrandsen
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cSackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Clodagh M. Murphy
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cSackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK ,0000 0004 0581 2008grid.451052.7Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism Service, Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Declan Murphy
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cSackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK ,0000 0004 0581 2008grid.451052.7Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism Service, Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael Craig
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cSackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK ,0000 0004 0581 2008grid.451052.7National Autism Unit, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jacob Vorstman
- 0000 0004 0473 9646grid.42327.30Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada ,0000000090126352grid.7692.aDepartment of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands ,0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Ania Fiksinski
- 0000 0004 0473 9646grid.42327.30Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada ,0000 0000 8793 5925grid.155956.bClinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,0000 0004 0474 0428grid.231844.8The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada ,0000 0000 8793 5925grid.155956.bCampbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Sanne Koops
- 0000000090126352grid.7692.aDepartment of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- 0000 0001 0680 8770grid.239552.aDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, and the Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - David R. Roalf
- 0000 0001 0680 8770grid.239552.aDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, and the Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- 0000 0004 1936 8972grid.25879.31Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA ,0000 0001 0680 8770grid.239552.aDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, and the Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - J. Eric Schmitt
- 0000 0004 1936 8972grid.25879.31Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA ,0000 0001 0680 8770grid.239552.aDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, and the Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Tony J. Simon
- 0000 0004 1936 9684grid.27860.3bUC Davis MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Davis, CA USA
| | - Naomi J. Goodrich-Hunsaker
- 0000 0004 1936 9684grid.27860.3bUC Davis MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Davis, CA USA ,0000 0004 1936 9115grid.253294.bDepartment of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT USA
| | - Courtney A. Durdle
- 0000 0004 1936 9684grid.27860.3bUC Davis MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Davis, CA USA
| | - Anne S. Bassett
- 0000 0000 8793 5925grid.155956.bClinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,0000 0004 0474 0428grid.231844.8The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada ,0000 0000 8793 5925grid.155956.bCampbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Eva W. C. Chow
- 0000 0000 8793 5925grid.155956.bClinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Nancy J. Butcher
- 0000 0004 0473 9646grid.42327.30Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada ,0000 0000 8793 5925grid.155956.bClinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Fidel Vila-Rodriguez
- 0000 0001 2288 9830grid.17091.3eDepartment of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
| | - Joanne Doherty
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Adam Cunningham
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marianne B.M. van den Bree
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David E. J. Linden
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Hayley Moss
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J. Owen
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kieran C. Murphy
- 0000 0004 0488 7120grid.4912.eDepartment of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Donna M. McDonald-McGinn
- 0000 0001 0680 8770grid.239552.aDivision of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA ,0000 0004 1936 8972grid.25879.31Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA ,0000 0001 0680 8770grid.239552.aDivision of Clinical Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Beverly Emanuel
- 0000 0004 1936 8972grid.25879.31Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA ,0000 0001 0680 8770grid.239552.aDivision of Clinical Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Theo G. M. van Erp
- 0000 0001 0668 7243grid.266093.8Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Jessica A. Turner
- 0000 0004 1936 7400grid.256304.6Imaging Genetics and Neuroinformatics Lab, Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA ,0000 0004 0409 4614grid.280503.cMind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- 0000 0001 2156 6853grid.42505.36Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA USA ,0000 0001 2156 6853grid.42505.36Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Radiology, Engineering, Pediatrics and Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, California, CA USA
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
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9
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Eom TY, Han SB, Kim J, Blundon JA, Wang YD, Yu J, Anderson K, Kaminski DB, Sakurada SM, Pruett-Miller SM, Horner L, Wagner B, Robinson CG, Eicholtz M, Rose DC, Zakharenko SS. Schizophrenia-related microdeletion causes defective ciliary motility and brain ventricle enlargement via microRNA-dependent mechanisms in mice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:912. [PMID: 32060266 PMCID: PMC7021727 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive ventricular enlargement, a key feature of several neurologic and psychiatric diseases, is mediated by unknown mechanisms. Here, using murine models of 22q11-deletion syndrome (22q11DS), which is associated with schizophrenia in humans, we found progressive enlargement of lateral and third ventricles and deceleration of ciliary beating on ependymal cells lining the ventricular walls. The cilia-beating deficit observed in brain slices and in vivo is caused by elevated levels of dopamine receptors (Drd1), which are expressed in motile cilia. Haploinsufficiency of the microRNA-processing gene Dgcr8 results in Drd1 elevation, which is brought about by a reduction in Drd1-targeting microRNAs miR-382-3p and miR-674-3p. Replenishing either microRNA in 22q11DS mice normalizes ciliary beating and ventricular size. Knocking down the microRNAs or deleting their seed sites on Drd1 mimicked the cilia-beating and ventricular deficits. These results suggest that the Dgcr8-miR-382-3p/miR-674-3p-Drd1 mechanism contributes to deceleration of ciliary motility and age-dependent ventricular enlargement in 22q11DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Yeon Eom
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Seung Baek Han
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jieun Kim
- Center for In Vivo Imaging and Therapeutics, Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jay A Blundon
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yong-Dong Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Kara Anderson
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Damian B Kaminski
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Sadie Miki Sakurada
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Linda Horner
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Ben Wagner
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Camenzind G Robinson
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Matthew Eicholtz
- Electrical and Electronics Systems Research Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Florida Southern College, Lakeland, FL, 33801, USA
| | - Derek C Rose
- Electrical and Electronics Systems Research Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Stanislav S Zakharenko
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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10
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Rogdaki M, Gudbrandsen M, McCutcheon RA, Blackmore CE, Brugger S, Ecker C, Craig MC, Daly E, Murphy DGM, Howes O. Magnitude and heterogeneity of brain structural abnormalities in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:1704-1717. [PMID: 31925327 PMCID: PMC7387301 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0638-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with a number of volumetric brain abnormalities. The syndrome is also associated with an increased risk for neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. An earlier meta-analysis showed reduced grey and white matter volumes in individuals with 22q11.2DS. Since this analysis was conducted, the number of studies has increased markedly, permitting more precise estimates of effects and more regions to be examined. Although 22q11.2DS is clinically heterogeneous, it is not known to what extent this heterogeneity is mirrored in neuroanatomy. The aim of this study was thus to investigate differences in mean brain volume and structural variability within regions, between 22q11.2DS and typically developing controls. We examined studies that reported measures of brain volume using MRI in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and PsycINFO from inception to 1 May 2019. Data were extracted from studies in order to calculate effect sizes representing case-control difference in mean volume, and in the variability of volume (as measured using the log variability ratio (lnVR) and coefficient of variation ratio (CVR)). We found significant overall decreases in mean volume in 22q11.2DS compared with control for: total brain (g = -0.96; p < 0.001); total grey matter (g = -0.81, p < 0.001); and total white matter (g = -0.81; p < 0.001). There was also a significant overall reduction of mean volume in 22q11.2DS subjects compared with controls in frontal lobe (g = -0.47; p < 0.001), temporal lobe (g = -0.84; p < 0.001), parietal lobe (g = -0.73; p = 0.053), cerebellum (g = -1.25; p < 0.001) and hippocampus (g = -0.90; p < 0.001). Significantly increased variability in 22q11.2DS individuals compared with controls was found only for the hippocampus (VR, 1.14; p = 0.036; CVR, 1.30; p < 0.001), and lateral ventricles (VR, 1.56; p = 0.004). The results support the notion that structural abnormalities in 22q11.2DS and schizophrenia are convergent, and also to some degree with findings in autism spectrum disorder. Finally, the increased variability seen in the hippocampus in 22q11.2DS may underlie some of the heterogeneity observed in the neuropsychiatric phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rogdaki
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK. .,Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Maria Gudbrandsen
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Robert A McCutcheon
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Charlotte E Blackmore
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Stefan Brugger
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College, London, W12 0NN UK ,0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF24 4HQ UK ,0000000121901201grid.83440.3bDivision of Psychiatry, UCL, Maple House, London, W1T 7NF UK
| | - Christine Ecker
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, SE5 8AF UK ,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael C Craig
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, SE5 8AF UK ,0000 0001 2324 5535grid.415717.1National Autism Unit, Bethlem Royal Hospital, London, UK
| | - Eileen Daly
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Declan G M Murphy
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, SE5 8AF UK ,0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cMRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver Howes
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 8AF UK ,0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College, London, W12 0NN UK
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11
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Systematic review and multi-modal meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging findings in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: Is more evidence needed? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:143-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Larsen KM, Dzafic I, Siebner HR, Garrido MI. Alteration of functional brain architecture in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome – Insights into susceptibility for psychosis. Neuroimage 2019; 190:154-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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13
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Drakesmith M, Parker GD, Smith J, Linden SC, Rees E, Williams N, Owen MJ, van den Bree M, Hall J, Jones DK, Linden DEJ. Genetic risk for schizophrenia and developmental delay is associated with shape and microstructure of midline white-matter structures. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:102. [PMID: 30804328 PMCID: PMC6389944 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic copy number variants (CNVs) are amongst the most highly penetrant genetic risk factors for neuropsychiatric disorders. The scarcity of carriers of individual CNVs and their phenotypical heterogeneity limits investigations of the associated neural mechanisms and endophenotypes. We applied a novel design based on CNV penetrance for schizophrenia (Sz) and developmental delay (DD) that allows us to identify structural sequelae that are most relevant to neuropsychiatric disorders. Our focus on brain structural abnormalities was based on the hypothesis that convergent mechanisms contributing to neurodevelopmental disorders would likely manifest in the macro- and microstructure of white matter and cortical and subcortical grey matter. Twenty one adult participants carrying neuropsychiatric risk CNVs (including those located at 22q11.2, 15q11.2, 1q21.1, 16p11.2 and 17q12) and 15 age- and gender-matched controls underwent T1-weighted structural, diffusion and relaxometry MRI. The macro- and microstructural properties of the cingulum bundles were associated with penetrance for both developmental delay and schizophrenia, in particular curvature along the anterior-posterior axis (Sz: pcorr = 0.026; DD: pcorr = 0.035) and intracellular volume fraction (Sz: pcorr = 0.019; DD: pcorr = 0.064). Further principal component analysis showed alterations in the interrelationships between the volumes of several midline white-matter structures (Sz: pcorr = 0.055; DD: pcorr = 0.027). In particular, the ratio of volumes in the splenium and body of the corpus callosum was significantly associated with both penetrance scores (Sz: p = 0.037; DD; p = 0.006). Our results are consistent with the notion that a significant alteration in developmental trajectories of midline white-matter structures constitutes a common neurodevelopmental aberration contributing to risk for schizophrenia and intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Drakesmith
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom.
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Greg D Parker
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
- Experimental MRI Centre (EMRIC), School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, CF10 3AX, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Smith
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Stefanie C Linden
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Elliott Rees
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Williams
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Owen
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Marianne van den Bree
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Derek K Jones
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - David E J Linden
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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14
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Hiroi N. Critical reappraisal of mechanistic links of copy number variants to dimensional constructs of neuropsychiatric disorders in mouse models. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 72:301-321. [PMID: 29369447 PMCID: PMC5935536 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Copy number variants are deletions and duplications of a few thousand to million base pairs and are associated with extraordinarily high levels of autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, intellectual disability, or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The unprecedented levels of robust and reproducible penetrance of copy number variants make them one of the most promising and reliable entry points to delve into the mechanistic bases of many mental disorders. However, the precise mechanistic bases of these associations still remain elusive in humans due to the many genes encoded in each copy number variant and the diverse associated phenotypic features. Genetically engineered mice have provided a technical means to ascertain precise genetic mechanisms of association between copy number variants and dimensional aspects of mental illnesses. Molecular, cellular, and neuronal phenotypes can be detected as potential mechanistic substrates for various behavioral constructs of mental illnesses. However, mouse models come with many technical pitfalls. Genetic background is not well controlled in many mouse models, leading to rather obvious interpretative issues. Dose alterations of many copy number variants and single genes within copy number variants result in some molecular, cellular, and neuronal phenotypes without a behavioral phenotype or with a behavioral phenotype opposite to what is seen in humans. In this review, I discuss technical and interpretative pitfalls of mouse models of copy number variants and highlight well-controlled studies to suggest potential neuronal mechanisms of dimensional aspects of mental illnesses. Mouse models of copy number variants represent toeholds to achieve a better understanding of the mechanistic bases of dimensions of neuropsychiatric disorders and thus for development of mechanism-based therapeutic options in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Hiroi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA.,Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
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15
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Psychotic symptoms influence the development of anterior cingulate BOLD variability in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Schizophr Res 2018; 193:319-328. [PMID: 28803847 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with a broad phenotype of clinical, cognitive and psychiatric features. Due to the very high prevalence of schizophrenia (30-40%), the investigation of psychotic symptoms in the syndrome is promising to reveal biomarkers for the development of psychosis, also in the general population. Since schizophrenia is seen as a disorder of the dynamic interactions between brain networks, we here investigated brain dynamics, assessed by the variability of blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signals, in patients with psychotic symptoms. We included 28 patients with 22q11DS presenting higher positive psychotic symptoms, 29 patients with lower positive psychotic symptoms and 69 healthy controls between 10 and 30years old. To overcome limitations of mass-univariate approaches, we employed multivariate analysis, namely partial least squares correlation, combined with proper statistical testing, to analyze resting-state BOLD signal variability and its age-relationship in patients with positive psychotic symptoms. Our results revealed a missing positive age-relationship in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in patients with higher positive psychotic symptoms, leading to globally lower variability in the dACC in those patients. Patients without positive psychotic symptoms and healthy controls had the same developmental trajectory in this region. Alterations of brain structure and function in the ACC have been previously reported in 22q11DS and linked to psychotic symptoms. The present results support the implication of this region in the development of psychotic symptoms and suggest aberrant BOLD signal variability development as a potential biomarker for psychosis.
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16
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Abstract
Recent large-scale genomic studies have confirmed that schizophrenia is a polygenic syndrome and have implicated a number of biological pathways in its aetiology. Both common variants individually of small effect and rarer but more penetrant genetic variants have been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of the disorder. No simple Mendelian forms of the condition have been identified, but progress has been made in stratifying risk on the basis of the polygenic burden of common variants individually of small effect, and the contribution of rarer variants of larger effect such as Copy Number Variants (CNVs). Pathway analysis of risk-associated variants has begun to identify specific biological processes implicated in risk for the disorder, including elements of the glutamatergic NMDA receptor complex and post synaptic density, voltage-gated calcium channels, targets of the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP targets) and immune pathways. Genetic studies have also been used to drive genomic imaging approaches to the investigation of brain markers associated with risk for the disorder. Genomic imaging approaches have been applied both to investigate the effect of polygenic risk and to study the impact of individual higher-penetrance variants such as CNVs. Both genomic and genomic imaging approaches offer potential for the stratification of patients and at-risk groups and the development of better biomarkers of risk and treatment response; however, further research is needed to integrate this work and realise the full potential of these approaches.
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17
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Zhan L, Jenkins LM, Zhang A, Conte G, Forbes A, Harvey D, Angkustsiri K, Goodrich‐Hunsaker NJ, Durdle C, Lee A, Schumann C, Carmichael O, Kalish K, Leow AD, Simon TJ. Baseline connectome modular abnormalities in the childhood phase of a longitudinal study on individuals with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:232-248. [PMID: 28990258 PMCID: PMC5757536 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Occurring in at least 1 in 3,000 live births, chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) produces a complex phenotype that includes a constellation of medical complications such as congenital cardiac defects, immune deficiency, velopharyngeal dysfunction, and characteristic facial dysmorphic features. There is also an increased incidence of psychiatric diagnosis, especially intellectual disability and ADHD in childhood, lifelong anxiety, and a strikingly high rate of schizophrenia spectrum disorders, which occur in around 30% of adults with 22q11DS. Using innovative computational connectomics, we studied how 22q11DS affects high-level network signatures of hierarchical modularity and its intrinsic geometry in 55 children with confirmed 22q11DS and 27 Typically Developing (TD) children. Results identified 3 subgroups within our 22q11DS sample using a K-means clustering approach based on several midline structural measures-of-interests. Each subgroup exhibited distinct patterns of connectome abnormalities. Subtype 1, containing individuals with generally healthy-looking brains, exhibited no significant differences in either modularity or intrinsic geometry when compared with TD. By contrast, the more anomalous 22q11DS Subtypes 2 and 3 brains revealed significant modular differences in the right hemisphere, while Subtype 3 (the most anomalous anatomy) further exhibited significantly abnormal connectome intrinsic geometry in the form of left-right temporal disintegration. Taken together, our findings supported an overall picture of (a) anterior-posteriorly differential interlobar frontotemporal/frontoparietal dysconnectivity in Subtypes 2 and 3 and (b) differential intralobar dysconnectivity in Subtype 3. Our ongoing studies are focusing on whether these subtypes and their connnectome signatures might be valid biomarkers for predicting the degree of psychosis-proneness risk found in 22q11DS. Hum Brain Mapp 39:232-248, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhan
- Computer Engineering ProgramUniversity of Wisconsin‐StoutWisconsin
| | | | - Aifeng Zhang
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinois
| | - Giorgio Conte
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinois
| | - Angus Forbes
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinois
| | - Danielle Harvey
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia
| | | | - Naomi J. Goodrich‐Hunsaker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia
- Department of PsychologyBrigham Young UniversityProvoUtah
| | - Courtney Durdle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia
| | - Aaron Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia
| | - Cyndi Schumann
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia
| | - Owen Carmichael
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisiana
| | | | - Alex D. Leow
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinois
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinois
| | - Tony J. Simon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia
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18
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Roalf DR, Eric Schmitt J, Vandekar SN, Satterthwaite TD, Shinohara RT, Ruparel K, Elliott MA, Prabhakaran K, McDonald-McGinn DM, Zackai EH, Gur RC, Emanuel BS, Gur RE. White matter microstructural deficits in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Psychiatry Res 2017; 268:35-44. [PMID: 28865345 PMCID: PMC5814141 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with psychosis, report brain white matter (WM) microstructure aberrations. Several studies report that WM disruptions in 22q11DS are similar to deficits in idiopathic schizophrenia. Yet, DTI results in 22q11DS are inconsistent. We used DTI to compare WM structure in 22q11DS individuals to healthy controls (HC) and explored WM differences in 22q11DS with (+) and without (-) psychosis spectrum symptoms. We examined 39 22q11DS individuals and 39 age, sex and race equivalent HC. DTI was performed at 3T using a 64-direction protocol. Fractional anisotropy (FA) was lower, while radial diffusivity was higher in 22q11DS within the cingulum bundle. Mean diffusivity was lower in the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, while axial diffusivity (AD) was lower in the cingulum bundle, forceps major, and several posterior to anterior fasciculi. 22q11DS+ had lower FA in the cingulum bundle and lower AD in the uncinate fasciculus compared to 22q11DS-. Overall, we found aberrant WM microstructure in individuals with 22q11DS compared to age and sex matched HC and exploratory analysis indicated subtle WM deficits associated with psychosis. The findings highlight the dysfunction of WM microstructure in 22q11DS and its potential importance in elucidating WM abnormalities in psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Roalf
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Section, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - J Eric Schmitt
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Section, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Simon N Vandekar
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Section, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Theodore D Satterthwaite
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Section, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Russell T Shinohara
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Section, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mark A Elliott
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Karthik Prabhakaran
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Section, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elaine H Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Section, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) at the University of Pennsylvania and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Section, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) at the University of Pennsylvania and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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19
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Tylee DS, Kikinis Z, Quinn TP, Antshel KM, Fremont W, Tahir MA, Zhu A, Gong X, Glatt SJ, Coman IL, Shenton ME, Kates WR, Makris N. Machine-learning classification of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: A diffusion tensor imaging study. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 15:832-842. [PMID: 28761808 PMCID: PMC5522376 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a genetic neurodevelopmental syndrome that has been studied intensively in order to understand relationships between the genetic microdeletion, brain development, cognitive function, and the emergence of psychiatric symptoms. White matter microstructural abnormalities identified using diffusion tensor imaging methods have been reported to affect a variety of neuroanatomical tracts in 22q11.2DS. In the present study, we sought to combine two discovery-based approaches: (1) white matter query language was used to parcellate the brain's white matter into tracts connecting pairs of 34, bilateral cortical regions and (2) the diffusion imaging characteristics of the resulting tracts were analyzed using a machine-learning method called support vector machine in order to optimize the selection of a set of imaging features that maximally discriminated 22q11.2DS and comparison subjects. With this unique approach, we both confirmed previously-recognized 22q11.2DS-related abnormalities in the inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), and identified, for the first time, 22q11.2DS-related anomalies in the middle longitudinal fascicle and the extreme capsule, which may have been overlooked in previous, hypothesis-guided studies. We further observed that, in participants with 22q11.2DS, ILF metrics were significantly associated with positive prodromal symptoms of psychosis.
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Key Words
- (-fp), fronto-parietal aspect
- (-to), temporo-occipital aspect
- (-tp), temporo-parietal aspect
- (22q11.2DS), 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
- (AD), axial diffusivity
- (DTI), diffusion tensor imaging
- (DWI), diffusion weighted image
- (EmC), extreme capsule
- (FA), fractional anisotropy
- (FOV), field of view
- (GDS), Gordon Diagnostic Systems
- (ILF), inferior longitudinal fasciculus
- (MdLF), middle longitudinal fascicle
- (RD), radial diffusivity
- (ROI), region of interest
- (SIPS), Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes
- (SRS), Social Responsiveness Scale
- (STG), superior temporal gyrus
- (SVM), support vector machine
- (UKF), Unscented Kalman Filter
- (WAIS-III), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – 3rd edition
- (WMQL), white matter query language
- (dTP), dorsal temporal pole
- 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
- Callosal asymmetry
- Diffusion tensor imaging
- Extreme capsule
- Inferior longitudinal fasciculus
- Machine-learning
- Middle longitudinal fascicle
- Support vector machine
- Velocardiofacial syndrome
- White matter query language
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Tylee
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Zora Kikinis
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Thomas P Quinn
- Bioinformatics Core Research Group, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Wanda Fremont
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| | - Muhammad A Tahir
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Anni Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xue Gong
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Glatt
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| | - Ioana L Coman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| | - Martha E Shenton
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Brockton, MA, USA.
| | - Wendy R Kates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| | - Nikos Makris
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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20
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Radoeva PD, Bansal R, Antshel KM, Fremont W, Peterson BS, Kates WR. Longitudinal study of cerebral surface morphology in youth with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, and association with positive symptoms of psychosis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 58:305-314. [PMID: 27786353 PMCID: PMC5340081 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a genetic disorder that greatly increases risk of developing schizophrenia. We previously characterized cerebral surface morphology trajectories from late childhood to mid adolescence in a cohort of youth with 22q11DS. Herein, we extend the study period into early adulthood, and describe further the trajectories associated with severe psychiatric symptoms in this cohort. METHODS Participants included 76 youth with 22q11DS and 30 unaffected siblings, assessed at three timepoints, during which high resolution, anatomic magnetic resonance images were acquired. High-dimensional, nonlinear warping algorithms were applied to images in order to derive characteristics of cerebral surface morphology for each participant at each timepoint. Repeated-measures, linear regressions using a mixed model were conducted, while covarying for age and sex. RESULTS Alterations in cerebral surface morphology during late adolescence/early adulthood in individuals with 22q11DS were observed in the lateral frontal, orbitofrontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, and cerebellar regions. An Age x Diagnosis interaction revealed that relative to unaffected siblings, individuals with 22q11DS showed age-related surface protrusions in the prefrontal cortex (which remained stable or increased during early adulthood), and surface indentations in posterior regions (which seemed to level off during late adolescence). Symptoms of psychosis were associated with a trajectory of surface indentations in the orbitofrontal and parietal regions. CONCLUSIONS These results advance our understanding of cerebral maturation in individuals with 22q11DS, and provide clinically relevant information about the psychiatric phenotype associated with the longitudinal trajectory of cortical surface morphology in youth with this genetic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petya D. Radoeva
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Ravi Bansal
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and the Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kevin M. Antshel
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Wanda Fremont
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Bradley S. Peterson
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and the Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Wendy R. Kates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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21
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O'Hanlon E, Howley S, Prasad S, McGrath J, Leemans A, McDonald C, Garavan H, Murphy KC. Multimodal MRI reveals structural connectivity differences in 22q11 deletion syndrome related to impaired spatial working memory. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:4689-4705. [PMID: 27511297 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Impaired spatial working memory is a core cognitive deficit observed in people with 22q11 Deletion syndrome (22q11DS) and has been suggested as a candidate endophenotype for schizophrenia. However, to date, the neuroanatomical mechanisms describing its structural and functional underpinnings in 22q11DS remain unclear. We quantitatively investigate the cognitive processes and associated neuroanatomy of spatial working memory in people with 22q11DS compared to matched controls. We examine whether there are significant between-group differences in spatial working memory using task related fMRI, Voxel based morphometry and white matter fiber tractography. MATERIALS AND METHODS Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging employing functional, diffusion and volumetric techniques were used to quantitatively assess the cognitive and neuroanatomical features of spatial working memory processes in 22q11DS. Twenty-six participants with genetically confirmed 22q11DS aged between 9 and 52 years and 26 controls aged between 8 and 46 years, matched for age, gender, and handedness were recruited. RESULTS People with 22q11DS have significant differences in spatial working memory functioning accompanied by a gray matter volume reduction in the right precuneus. Gray matter volume was significantly correlated with task performance scores in these areas. Tractography revealed extensive differences along fibers between task-related cortical activations with pronounced differences localized to interhemispheric commissural fibers within the parietal section of the corpus callosum. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal spatial working memory in 22q11DS is associated with aberrant functional activity in conjunction with gray and white matter structural abnormalities. These anomalies in discrete brain regions may increase susceptibility to the development of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4689-4705, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik O'Hanlon
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Educational and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland.,School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sarah Howley
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Educational and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Sarah Prasad
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Educational and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Jane McGrath
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Alexander Leemans
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Colm McDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Hugh Garavan
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Vermont, USA
| | - Kieran C Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Educational and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
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22
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Bakker G, Caan MWA, Schluter RS, Bloemen OJN, da Silva-Alves F, de Koning MB, Boot E, Vingerhoets WAM, Nieman DH, de Haan L, Booij J, van Amelsvoort TAMJ. Distinct white-matter aberrations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and patients at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Psychol Med 2016; 46:2299-2311. [PMID: 27193339 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716000970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with a deletion at chromosome 22q11.2 (22q11DS) have 30% lifetime risk of developing a psychosis. People fulfilling clinical criteria for ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis have 30% risk of developing a psychosis within 2 years. Both high-risk groups show white-matter (WM) abnormalities in microstructure and volume compared to healthy controls (HC), which have been related to psychotic symptoms. Comparisons of WM pathology between these two groups may specify WM markers related to genetic and clinical risk factors. METHOD Fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (AD), radial diffusivity (RD) and mean diffusivity (MD) were assessed using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and WM volume with structural MRI, in 23 UHR patients, 21 22q11DS patients, and 33 HC. RESULTS Compared to UHR patients 22q11DS patients had (1) lower AD and RD in corpus callosum (CC), cortical fasciculi, and anterior thalamic radiation (ATR), (2) higher FA in CC and ATR, and (3) lower occipital and superior temporal gyrus WM volume. Compared to HC, 22q11DS patients had (1) lower AD and RD throughout cortical fasciculi and (2) higher FA in ATR, CC and inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus. Compared to HC, UHR patients had (1) higher mean MD, RD, and AD in CC, ATR and cortical fasciculi, (2) no differences in FA. CONCLUSIONS UHR and 22q11DS patients share a susceptibility for developing psychosis yet were characterized by distinct patterns of WM alterations relative to HC. While UHR patients were typified by signs suggestive of aberrant myelination, 22q11DS subjects showed signs suggestive of lower axonal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bakker
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology,University of Maastricht,The Netherlands
| | - M W A Caan
- Department of Radiology,Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - R S Schluter
- Department of Radiology,Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - O J N Bloemen
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology,University of Maastricht,The Netherlands
| | - F da Silva-Alves
- Department of Psychiatry,Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - M B de Koning
- Department of Psychiatry,Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - E Boot
- Department of Nuclear Medicine,Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - W A M Vingerhoets
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology,University of Maastricht,The Netherlands
| | - D H Nieman
- Department of Psychiatry,Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - L de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry,Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - J Booij
- Department of Nuclear Medicine,Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
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23
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Yi JJ, Weinberger R, Moore TM, Calkins ME, Guri Y, McDonald-McGinn DM, Zackai EH, Emanuel BS, Gur RE, Gothelf D, Gur RC. Performance on a computerized neurocognitive battery in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: A comparison between US and Israeli cohorts. Brain Cogn 2016; 106:33-41. [PMID: 27200494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly, the effects of copy number variation (CNV) in the genome on brain function and behaviors are recognized as means to elucidate pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Such studies require large samples and we characterized the neurocognitive profile of two cohorts of individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), the most common CNV associated with schizophrenia, in an effort to harmonize phenotyping in multi-site global collaborations. The Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery (PCNB) was administered to individuals with 22q11DS in Philadelphia (PHL; n=155, aged 12-40) and Tel Aviv (TLV; n=59, aged 12-36). We examined effect sizes of performance differences between the cohorts and confirmed the factor structure of PCNB performance efficiency in the combined sample based on data from a large comparison community sample. The cohorts performed comparably with notable deficits in executive function, episodic memory and social cognition domains that were previously associated with abnormal neuroimaging findings in 22q11DS. In mixed model analysis, while there was a main effect for site for accuracy (number of correct response) and speed (time to correct response) independently, there were no main site effects for standardized efficiency (average of accuracy and speed). The fit of a structural model was excellent indicating that PCNB tests were related to the targeted cognitive domains. Thus, our results provide preliminary support for the use of the PCNB as an efficient tool for neurocognitive assessment in international 22q11DS collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Yi
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Ronnie Weinberger
- The Behavioral Neurogenetics Center, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Tyler M Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Monica E Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Yael Guri
- The Behavioral Neurogenetics Center, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Elaine H Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Doron Gothelf
- The Behavioral Neurogenetics Center, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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24
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Scott JA, Goodrich-Hunsaker N, Kalish K, Lee A, Hunsaker MR, Schumann CM, Carmichael OT, Simon TJ. The hippocampi of children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome have localized anterior alterations that predict severity of anxiety. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2016; 41:203-13. [PMID: 26599134 PMCID: PMC4853211 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.140299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) have an elevated risk for schizophrenia, which increases with history of childhood anxiety. Altered hippocampal morphology is a common neuroanatomical feature of 22q11.2DS and idiopathic schizophrenia. Relating hippocampal structure in children with 22q11.2DS to anxiety and impaired cognitive ability could lead to hippocampus-based characterization of psychosis-proneness in this at-risk population. METHODS We measured hippocampal volume using a semiautomated approach on MRIs collected from typically developing children and children with 22q11.2DS. We then analyzed hippocampal morphology with Localized Components Analysis. We tested the modulating roles of diagnostic group, hippocampal volume, sex and age on local hippocampal shape components. Lastly, volume and shape components were tested as covariates of IQ and anxiety. RESULTS We included 48 typically developing children and 69 children with 22q11.2DS in our study. Hippocampal volume was reduced bilaterally in children with 22q11.2DS, and these children showed greater variation in the shape of the anterior hippocampus than typically developing children. Children with 22q11.2DS had greater inward deformation of the anterior hippocampus than typically developing children. Greater inward deformation of the anterior hippocampus was associated with greater severity of anxiety, specifically fear of physical injury, within the 22q11.2DS group. LIMITATIONS Shape alterations are not specific to hippocampal subfields. CONCLUSION Alterations in the structure of the anterior hippocampus likely affect function and may impact limbic circuitry. We suggest these alterations potentially contribute to anxiety symptoms in individuals with 22q11.2DS through modulatory pathways. Altered hippocampal morphology may be uniquely linked to anxiety risk factors for schizophrenia, which could be a powerful neuroanatomical marker of schizophrenia risk and hence protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Scott
- Correspondence to: J.A. Scott, Center for Neuroscience, 1544 Newton Court, University of California, Davis CA, United States;
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25
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Scariati E, Padula MC, Schaer M, Eliez S. Long-range dysconnectivity in frontal and midline structures is associated to psychosis in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:823-39. [PMID: 27094177 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1548-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Patients affected by 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) present a characteristic cognitive and psychiatric profile and have a genetic predisposition to develop schizophrenia. Although brain morphological alterations have been shown in the syndrome, they do not entirely account for the complex clinical picture of the patients with 22q11DS and for their high risk of psychotic symptoms. Since Friston proposed the "disconnection hypothesis" in 1998, schizophrenia is commonly considered as a disorder of brain connectivity. In this study, we review existing evidence pointing to altered brain structural and functional connectivity in 22q11DS, with a specific focus on the role of dysconnectivity in the emergence of psychotic symptoms. We show that widespread alterations of structural and functional connectivity have been described in association with 22q11DS. Moreover, alterations involving long-range association tracts as well as midline structures, such as the corpus callosum and the cingulate gyrus, have been associated with psychotic symptoms in this population. These results suggest common mechanisms for schizophrenia in syndromic and non-syndromic populations. Future directions for investigations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Scariati
- Office Médico-Pédagogique, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Rue David-Dufour 1, Case Postale 50, 1211, Genève 8, Switzerland.
| | - M C Padula
- Office Médico-Pédagogique, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Rue David-Dufour 1, Case Postale 50, 1211, Genève 8, Switzerland.
| | - M Schaer
- Office Médico-Pédagogique, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Rue David-Dufour 1, Case Postale 50, 1211, Genève 8, Switzerland.,Stanford Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - S Eliez
- Office Médico-Pédagogique, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Rue David-Dufour 1, Case Postale 50, 1211, Genève 8, Switzerland.,Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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26
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Jonas RK, Jalbrzikowski M, Montojo CA, Patel A, Kushan L, Chow CC, Vesagas T, Bearden CE. Altered Brain Structure-Function Relationships Underlie Executive Dysfunction in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2015; 1:235-46. [PMID: 27606315 DOI: 10.1159/000441979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a neurogenetic disorder associated with elevated rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders and impaired executive function (EF). Disrupted brain structure-function relationships may underlie EF deficits in 22q11DS. We administered the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) to assess real-world EF in patients with 22q11DS and matched controls (n = 86; age 6-17 years), along with cognitive measures that tap behavioral regulation and metacognition aspects of EF. Using FreeSurfer's whole-brain vertex cortical thickness pipeline, we investigated brain structure-EF relationships in patients with 22q11DS and controls. Behaviorally, patients with 22q11DS were impaired on multiple EF measures. Right orbitofrontal cortical thickness showed a differential relationship between real-world EF in patients with 22q11DS and controls. We also observed a group difference in the relationship between behavioral regulation and metacognition measures with thickness of ventral and dorsolateral prefrontal regions, respectively. Our findings suggest that executive dysfunction characteristic of 22q11DS is underscored by altered prefrontal cortical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Jonas
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif., USA
| | - Maria Jalbrzikowski
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif., USA
| | - Caroline A Montojo
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif., USA
| | - Arati Patel
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif., USA
| | - Leila Kushan
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif., USA
| | - Carolyn C Chow
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif., USA
| | - Therese Vesagas
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif., USA
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif., USA
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27
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Schmitt JE, Vandekar S, Yi J, Calkins ME, Ruparel K, Roalf DR, Whinna D, Souders MC, Satterwaite TD, Prabhakaran K, McDonald-McGinn DM, Zackai EH, Gur RC, Emanuel BS, Gur RE. Aberrant Cortical Morphometry in the 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 78:135-43. [PMID: 25555483 PMCID: PMC4446247 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increased risk of developing psychosis in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS). Although this condition is associated with morphologic brain abnormalities, simultaneous examination of multiple high-resolution measures of cortical structure has not been performed. METHODS Fifty-three patients with 22q11DS, 30 with psychotic symptoms, were compared with demographically matched nondeleted youths: 53 typically developing and 53 with psychotic symptoms. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging measures of cerebral volume, cortical thickness, surface area, and an index of local gyrification were obtained and compared between groups. RESULTS Patients with 22q11DS demonstrated global increases in cortical thickness associated with reductions in surface area, reduced index of local gyrification, and lower cerebral volumes relative to typically developing controls. Findings were principally in the frontal lobe, superior parietal lobes, and in the paramedian cerebral cortex. Focally decreased thickness was seen in the superior temporal gyrus and posterior cingulate cortex in 22q11DS relative to nondeleted groups. Patterns between nondeleted participants with psychotic symptoms and 22q11DS were similar but with important differences in several regions implicated in schizophrenia. Post hoc analysis suggested that like the 22q11DS group, cortical thickness in nondeleted individuals with psychotic symptoms differed from typically developing controls in the superior frontal gyrus and superior temporal gyrus, regions previously linked to schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous examination of multiple measures of cerebral architecture demonstrates that differences in 22q11DS localize to regions of the frontal, superior parietal, superior temporal, and paramidline cerebral cortex. The overlapping patterns between nondeleted participants with psychotic symptoms and 22q11DS suggest partially shared neuroanatomic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Eric Schmitt
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Section, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Simon Vandekar
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Section, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - James Yi
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Section, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Monica E. Calkins
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Section, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Section, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David R. Roalf
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Section, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daneen Whinna
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Section, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Margaret C. Souders
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Theodore D. Satterwaite
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Section, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Karthik Prabhakaran
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Section, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Elaine H. Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Section, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Beverly S. Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Section, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Corresponding Author: Brain Behavior Laboratory, 10th Floor, Gates Building, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. (R.E. Gur). Phone: (215) 662-2915, Fax: (215) 662-7903
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28
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Isobe M, Tanigaki K, Muraki K, Miyata J, Takemura A, Sugihara G, Takahashi H, Aso T, Fukuyama H, Hazama M, Murai T. Polymorphism within a Neuronal Activity-Dependent Enhancer of NgR1 Is Associated with Corpus Callosum Morphology in Humans. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2015; 1:105-15. [PMID: 27602360 DOI: 10.1159/000430463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The human Nogo-66 receptor 1 (NgR1) gene, also termed Nogo receptor 1 or reticulon 4 receptor (RTN4R) and located within 22q11.2, inhibits axonal growth and synaptic plasticity. Patients with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome show multiple changes in brain morphology, with corpus callosum (CC) abnormalities being among the most prominent and frequently reported. Thus, we hypothesized that, in humans, NgR1 may be involved in CC formation. We focused on rs701428, a single nucleotide polymorphism of NgR1, which is associated with schizophrenia. We investigated the effects of the rs701428 genotype on CC structure in 50 healthy participants using magnetic resonance imaging. Polymorphism of rs701428 was associated with CC structural variation in healthy participants; specifically, minor A allele carriers had larger whole CC volumes and lower radial diffusivity in the central CC region compared with major G allele homozygous participants. Furthermore, we showed that the NgR1 3' region, which contains rs701428, is a neuronal activity-dependent enhancer, and that the minor A allele of rs701428 is susceptible to regulation of enhancer activity by MYBL2. Our results suggest that NgR1 can influence the macro- and microstructure of the white matter of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Isobe
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Tanigaki
- Shiga Medical Center Research Institute, Moriyama, Japan
| | - Kazue Muraki
- Shiga Medical Center Research Institute, Moriyama, Japan
| | - Jun Miyata
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ariyoshi Takemura
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Genichi Sugihara
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Aso
- Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Masaaki Hazama
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiya Murai
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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29
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Kates WR, Olszewski AK, Gnirke MH, Kikinis Z, Nelson J, Antshel KM, Fremont W, Radoeva PD, Middleton FA, Shenton ME, Coman IL. White matter microstructural abnormalities of the cingulum bundle in youths with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: associations with medication, neuropsychological function, and prodromal symptoms of psychosis. Schizophr Res 2015; 161:76-84. [PMID: 25066496 PMCID: PMC4277733 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is regarded as an etiologically homogenous model for understanding neuroanatomic disruptions associated with a high risk for schizophrenia. This study utilized diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to analyze white matter microstructure in individuals with 22q11.2DS. We focused on the cingulum bundle (CB), previously shown to be disrupted in patients with schizophrenia and associated with symptoms of psychosis. METHODS White matter microstructure was assessed in the anterior, superior, and posterior CB using the tractography algorithm in DTIStudio. Neuropsychological function, presence of prodromal symptoms of psychosis, and medication history were assessed in all participants. RESULTS Relative to controls, young adults with 22q11.2DS showed alterations in most DTI metrics of the CB. Alterations were associated with positive prodromal symptoms of psychosis. However, when individuals with 22q11.2DS were divided by usage of antipsychotics/mood stabilizers, the medicated and non-medicated groups differed significantly in axial diffusivity of the anterior CB and in fractional anisotropy of the superior CB. DTI metrics did not differ between the medicated group and the control group. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that the microstructure of the CB is altered in individuals with 22q11.2DS, and that those alterations may underlie positive prodromal symptoms of psychosis. Our findings further provide preliminary evidence that antipsychotic/mood stabilizer usage may have a reparative effect on white matter microstructure in prodromal 22q11.2DS, independent of the potential effects of psychosis. Future studies of white matter pathology in individuals with 22q11.2DS should test for potential effects of medication on white matter microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy R Kates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York at Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States.
| | - Amy K Olszewski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York at Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Matthew H Gnirke
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York at Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Zora Kikinis
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joshua Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York at Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Kevin M Antshel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York at Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States; Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Wanda Fremont
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York at Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Petya D Radoeva
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York at Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Frank A Middleton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York at Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York at Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Martha E Shenton
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton Division, Brockton, MA, United States
| | - Ioana L Coman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York at Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
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30
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Schmitt JE, Yi JJ, Roalf DR, Loevner LA, Ruparel K, Whinna D, Souders MC, McDonald-McGinn DM, Yodh E, Vandekar S, Zackai EH, Gur RC, Emanuel BS, Gur RE. Incidental radiologic findings in the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2014; 35:2186-91. [PMID: 24948496 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a common genetic microdeletion syndrome that results in cognitive delays and an increased risk of several psychiatric disorders, particularly schizophrenia. The current study investigates the prevalence of incidental neuroradiologic findings within this population and their relationships with psychiatric conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Brain MR imaging from 58 individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome was reviewed by board-certified radiologists by using standard clinical procedures. Intracranial incidental findings were classified into 8 categories and compared with a large typically developing cohort. RESULTS The rate of incidental findings was significantly higher (P < .0001) in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome compared with typically developing individuals, driven by a high prevalence of cavum septum pellucidum (19.0%) and white matter abnormalities (10.3%). Both of these findings were associated with psychosis in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Cavum septum pellucidum and white matter hyperintensities are significantly more prevalent in patients with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and may represent biomarkers for psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Schmitt
- From the Department of Radiology (J.E.S., L.A.L.), Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Brain Behavior Laboratory (J.E.S., J.J.Y., D.R.R., K.R., D.W., E.Y., S.V., R.C.G., R.E.G.), Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - J J Yi
- Brain Behavior Laboratory (J.E.S., J.J.Y., D.R.R., K.R., D.W., E.Y., S.V., R.C.G., R.E.G.), Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Department of Psychiatry (J.J.Y.)
| | - D R Roalf
- Brain Behavior Laboratory (J.E.S., J.J.Y., D.R.R., K.R., D.W., E.Y., S.V., R.C.G., R.E.G.), Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - L A Loevner
- From the Department of Radiology (J.E.S., L.A.L.), Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - K Ruparel
- Brain Behavior Laboratory (J.E.S., J.J.Y., D.R.R., K.R., D.W., E.Y., S.V., R.C.G., R.E.G.), Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - D Whinna
- Brain Behavior Laboratory (J.E.S., J.J.Y., D.R.R., K.R., D.W., E.Y., S.V., R.C.G., R.E.G.), Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - M C Souders
- Division of Human Genetics (M.C.S., D.M.M.-M., E.H.Z., B.S.E.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - D M McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics (M.C.S., D.M.M.-M., E.H.Z., B.S.E.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Department of Pediatrics (D.M.M.-M., E.H.Z., B.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Department of Pediatrics (D.M.M.-M., E.H.Z., B.S.E.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - E Yodh
- Brain Behavior Laboratory (J.E.S., J.J.Y., D.R.R., K.R., D.W., E.Y., S.V., R.C.G., R.E.G.), Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - S Vandekar
- Brain Behavior Laboratory (J.E.S., J.J.Y., D.R.R., K.R., D.W., E.Y., S.V., R.C.G., R.E.G.), Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - E H Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics (M.C.S., D.M.M.-M., E.H.Z., B.S.E.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Department of Pediatrics (D.M.M.-M., E.H.Z., B.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Department of Pediatrics (D.M.M.-M., E.H.Z., B.S.E.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - R C Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory (J.E.S., J.J.Y., D.R.R., K.R., D.W., E.Y., S.V., R.C.G., R.E.G.), Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - B S Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics (M.C.S., D.M.M.-M., E.H.Z., B.S.E.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Department of Pediatrics (D.M.M.-M., E.H.Z., B.S.E.), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Department of Pediatrics (D.M.M.-M., E.H.Z., B.S.E.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - R E Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory (J.E.S., J.J.Y., D.R.R., K.R., D.W., E.Y., S.V., R.C.G., R.E.G.), Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Jonas RK, Montojo CA, Bearden CE. The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome as a window into complex neuropsychiatric disorders over the lifespan. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75:351-60. [PMID: 23992925 PMCID: PMC3875621 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is rapidly accumulating that rare, recurrent copy number variants represent large effect risk factors for neuropsychiatric disorders. 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) (velocardiofacial syndrome or DiGeorge syndrome) is the most common known contiguous gene deletion syndrome and is associated with diverse neuropsychiatric disorders across the life span. One of the most intriguing aspects of the syndrome is the variability in clinical and cognitive presentation: children with 22q11DS have high prevalence of autism spectrum, attention deficit, and anxiety disorders, as well as psychotic-like features, and up to 30% of adolescents and adults develop schizophrenia-like psychosis. Recently, cases of early-onset Parkinson's disease in adults have been reported, collectively suggesting a role for disrupted dopaminergic neurotransmission in the observed neuropsychiatric phenotypes. There is also some evidence that 22q11DS-associated autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia represent two unrelated phenotypic manifestations, consistent with a neuropsychiatric pleiotropy model. This genetic lesion thus provides a unique model for the discovery of specific genomic risk and (potentially) protective factors for neuropsychiatric disease. Here, we provide an overview of neuropsychiatric findings to date, which highlight the value of this syndrome in mapping the developmental trajectory of dimensional phenotypes that traverse multiple diagnostic categories. Potential sources of genetic variability that may contribute to the disorder's heterogeneous presentation are reviewed. Because of its known genetic etiology, animal models can readily be developed that recapitulate specific aspects of the syndrome. Future research directions involve translational models and potential for drug screenable targets in the context of this human model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Jonas
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Caroline A Montojo
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Psychology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Psychology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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32
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Ota VK, Bellucco FT, Gadelha A, Santoro ML, Noto C, Christofolini DM, Assunção IB, Yamada KM, Ribeiro-dos-Santos ÂK, Santos S, Mari JJ, Smith MAC, Melaragno MI, Bressan RA, Sato JR, Jackowski AP, Belangero SI. PRODH polymorphisms, cortical volumes and thickness in schizophrenia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87686. [PMID: 24498354 PMCID: PMC3912045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder with high heritability. Several lines of evidence indicate that the PRODH gene may be related to the disorder. Therefore, our study investigates the effects of 12 polymorphisms of PRODH on schizophrenia and its phenotypes. To further evaluate the roles of the associated variants in the disorder, we have conducted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans to assess cortical volumes and thicknesses. A total of 192 patients were evaluated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Calgary Depression Scale, Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) and Clinical Global Impression (CGI) instruments. The study included 179 controls paired by age and gender. The samples were genotyped using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-PCR and Sanger sequencing methods. A sample of 138 patients and 34 healthy controls underwent MRI scans. One polymorphism was associated with schizophrenia (rs2904552), with the G-allele more frequent in patients than in controls. This polymorphism is likely functional, as predicted by PolyPhen and SIFT, but it was not associated with brain morphology in our study. In summary, we report a functional PRODH variant associated with schizophrenia that may have a neurochemical impact, altering brain function, but is not responsible for the cortical reductions found in the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa K. Ota
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- LiNC - Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda T. Bellucco
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ary Gadelha
- LiNC - Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos L. Santoro
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- LiNC - Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Noto
- LiNC - Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise M. Christofolini
- Disciplina de Genética e Reproducao Humana, Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC (FMABC), Santo Andre, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Idaiane B. Assunção
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen M. Yamada
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sidney Santos
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Jair J. Mari
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília A. C. Smith
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria I. Melaragno
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A. Bressan
- LiNC - Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - João R. Sato
- LiNC - Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil
| | - Andrea P. Jackowski
- LiNC - Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sintia I. Belangero
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- LiNC - Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Ellegood J, Markx S, Lerch J, Steadman P, Genç C, Provenzano F, Kushner S, Henkelman R, Karayiorgou M, Gogos J. Neuroanatomical phenotypes in a mouse model of the 22q11.2 microdeletion. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:99-107. [PMID: 23999526 PMCID: PMC3872255 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent deletions at the 22q11.2 locus have been established as a strong genetic risk factor for the development of schizophrenia and cognitive dysfunction. Individuals with 22q11.2 deletions have a range of well-defined volumetric abnormalities in a number of critical brain structures. A mouse model of the 22q11.2 deletion (Df(16)A(+/-)) has previously been utilized to characterize disease-associated abnormalities on synaptic, cellular, neurocircuitry, and behavioral levels. We performed a high-resolution MRI analysis of mutant mice compared with wild-type littermates. Our analysis revealed a striking similarity in the specific volumetric changes of Df(16)A(+/-) mice compared with human 22q11.2 deletion carriers, including in cortico-cerebellar, cortico-striatal and cortico-limbic circuits. In addition, higher resolution magnetic resonance imaging compared with neuroimaging in human subjects allowed the detection of previously unknown subtle local differences. The cerebellar findings in Df(16)A(+/-) mice are particularly instructive as they are localized to specific areas within both the deep cerebellar nuclei and the cerebellar cortex. Our study indicates that the Df(16)A(+/-)mouse model recapitulates most of the hallmark neuroanatomical changes observed in 22q11.2 deletion carriers. Our findings will help guide the design and interpretation of additional complementary studies and thereby advance our understanding of the abnormal brain development underlying the emergence of 22q11.2 deletion-associated psychiatric and cognitive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Ellegood
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S. Markx
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - J.P. Lerch
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - P.E. Steadman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - C. Genç
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - F Provenzano
- Department of Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - S.A. Kushner
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - R.M. Henkelman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - M. Karayiorgou
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - J.A. Gogos
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Stefansson H, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Steinberg S, Magnusdottir B, Morgen K, Arnarsdottir S, Bjornsdottir G, Walters GB, Jonsdottir GA, Doyle OM, Tost H, Grimm O, Kristjansdottir S, Snorrason H, Davidsdottir SR, Gudmundsson LJ, Jonsson GF, Stefansdottir B, Helgadottir I, Haraldsson M, Jonsdottir B, Thygesen JH, Schwarz AJ, Didriksen M, Stensbøl TB, Brammer M, Kapur S, Halldorsson JG, Hreidarsson S, Saemundsen E, Sigurdsson E, Stefansson K. CNVs conferring risk of autism or schizophrenia affect cognition in controls. Nature 2013; 505:361-6. [PMID: 24352232 DOI: 10.1038/nature12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In a small fraction of patients with schizophrenia or autism, alleles of copy-number variants (CNVs) in their genomes are probably the strongest factors contributing to the pathogenesis of the disease. These CNVs may provide an entry point for investigations into the mechanisms of brain function and dysfunction alike. They are not fully penetrant and offer an opportunity to study their effects separate from that of manifest disease. Here we show in an Icelandic sample that a few of the CNVs clearly alter fecundity (measured as the number of children by age 45). Furthermore, we use various tests of cognitive function to demonstrate that control subjects carrying the CNVs perform at a level that is between that of schizophrenia patients and population controls. The CNVs do not all affect the same cognitive domains, hence the cognitive deficits that drive or accompany the pathogenesis vary from one CNV to another. Controls carrying the chromosome 15q11.2 deletion between breakpoints 1 and 2 (15q11.2(BP1-BP2) deletion) have a history of dyslexia and dyscalculia, even after adjusting for IQ in the analysis, and the CNV only confers modest effects on other cognitive traits. The 15q11.2(BP1-BP2) deletion affects brain structure in a pattern consistent with both that observed during first-episode psychosis in schizophrenia and that of structural correlates in dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hreinn Stefansson
- 1] deCODE genetics/Amgen, Sturlugata 8, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland [2]
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- 1] Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68159 Mannheim, Germany [2]
| | - Stacy Steinberg
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Sturlugata 8, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Brynja Magnusdottir
- Landspitali, Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Katrin Morgen
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sunna Arnarsdottir
- 1] deCODE genetics/Amgen, Sturlugata 8, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland [2] Landspitali, Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - G Bragi Walters
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Sturlugata 8, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Orla M Doyle
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Heike Tost
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | - Solveig R Davidsdottir
- Landspitali, Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | | | | | - Isafold Helgadottir
- Landspitali, Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Magnus Haraldsson
- 1] Landspitali, Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland [2] University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Johan H Thygesen
- Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Research Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Boserupvej 2, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Adam J Schwarz
- Tailored Therapeutics, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center DC 1940, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Brammer
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Shitij Kapur
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Jonas G Halldorsson
- University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Stefan Hreidarsson
- The State Diagnostic and Counselling Centre, Digranesvegur 5, IS-200 Kópavogur, Iceland
| | - Evald Saemundsen
- 1] University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland [2] The State Diagnostic and Counselling Centre, Digranesvegur 5, IS-200 Kópavogur, Iceland
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- 1] Landspitali, Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland [2] University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Sturlugata 8, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland
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Schreiner MJ, Lazaro MT, Jalbrzikowski M, Bearden CE. Converging levels of analysis on a genomic hotspot for psychosis: insights from 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Neuropharmacology 2013; 68:157-73. [PMID: 23098994 PMCID: PMC3677073 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating neurodevelopmental disorder that, despite extensive research, still poses a considerable challenge to attempts to unravel its heterogeneity, and the complex biochemical mechanisms by which it arises. While the majority of cases are of unknown etiology, accumulating evidence suggests that rare genetic mutations, such as 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22qDS), can play a significant role in predisposition to the illness. Up to 25% of individuals with 22qDS eventually develop schizophrenia; conversely, this deletion is estimated to account for 1-2% of schizophrenia cases overall. This locus of Chromosome 22q11.2 contains genes that encode for proteins and enzymes involved in regulating neurotransmission, neuronal development, myelination, microRNA processing, and post-translational protein modifications. As a consequence of the deletion, affected individuals exhibit cognitive dysfunction, structural and functional brain abnormalities, and neurodevelopmental anomalies that parallel many of the phenotypic characteristics of schizophrenia. As an illustration of the value of rare, highly penetrant genetic subtypes for elucidating pathological mechanisms of complex neuropsychiatric disorders, we provide here an overview of the cellular, network, and systems-level anomalies found in 22qDS, and review the intriguing evidence for this disorder's association with schizophrenia. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neurodevelopmental Disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Schreiner
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Maria T. Lazaro
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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Hippocampal shape abnormalities of patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia and their unaffected siblings. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013; 52:527-536.e2. [PMID: 23622854 PMCID: PMC3812431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The hippocampus has been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, and hippocampal volume deficits have been a consistently reported abnormality, but the subregional specificity of the deficits remains unknown. The authors explored the nature and developmental trajectory of subregional shape abnormalities of the hippocampus in patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS), their healthy siblings, and healthy volunteers. METHOD Two hundred twenty-five anatomic brain magnetic resonance images were obtained from 103 patients with COS, 169 from their 79 healthy siblings, and 255 from 101 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers (age range = 9-29 years). The hippocampus was segmented using FreeSurfer automated image analysis software, and hippocampal shape was evaluated by comparing subjects at more than 6,000 vertices on the left and right hippocampal surfaces. Longitudinal data were examined using mixed model regression analysis. RESULTS Patients with COS showed significant bilateral inward deformation in the anterior hippocampus. Healthy siblings also showed a trend for anterior inward deformation. However, the trajectory of shape change did not differ significantly between the groups. Inward deformations in the anterior hippocampus were positively related to positive symptom severity, whereas outward surface displacement was positively related to overall functioning. CONCLUSION This is the first and largest longitudinal three-way analysis of subregional hippocampal shape abnormalities in patients with COS and their healthy siblings compared with healthy controls. The anterior hippocampal abnormalities in COS suggest the pathophysiologic importance of this subregion in schizophrenia. The trend level and overlapping shape abnormalities in the healthy siblings suggest a more subtle, subregionally specific neuroanatomic endophenotype.
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Ota VK, Gadelha A, Assunção IB, Santoro ML, Christofolini DM, Bellucco FT, Santos-Filho AF, Ottoni GL, Lara DR, Mari JJ, Melaragno MI, Smith MAC, Bressan RA, Belangero SI, Jackowski AP. ZDHHC8 gene may play a role in cortical volumes of patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2013; 145:33-5. [PMID: 23403413 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ZDHHC8 rs175174 polymorphism is located in 22q11.2 region and its role in brain volume has not been fully addressed. A total of 282 schizophrenia patients and 379 controls were genotyped. A sample of 138 patients underwent brain MRI scan. No association was found between schizophrenia and genotypes. Nevertheless, GG-genotype carriers presented gray matter volume (GMV) reduction in frontal lobe compared to A-allele carriers, and cerebellar hemispheres GMV reductions were found in G-allele carriers compared to AA-genotype. Moreover, A-allele carriers presented posterior brain GMV reductions when compared to GG-genotype. These data suggest that ZDHHC8 may play a role in cortical volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa K Ota
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu, 740, Edifício Leitao da Cunha, 1° andar, CEP 04023-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Sinderberry B, Brown S, Hammond P, Stevens AF, Schall U, Murphy DGM, Murphy KC, Campbell LE. Subtypes in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome associated with behaviour and neurofacial morphology. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2013; 34:116-125. [PMID: 22940165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2012.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) has a complex phenotype with more than 180 characteristics, including cardiac anomalies, cleft palate, intellectual disabilities, a typical facial morphology, and mental health problems. However, the variable phenotype makes it difficult to predict clinical outcome, such as the high prevalence of psychosis among adults with 22q11DS (~25-30% vs. ~1% in the general population). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether subtypes exist among people with 22q11DS, with a similar phenotype and an increased risk of developing mental health problems. Physical, cognitive and behavioural data from 50 children and adolescents with 22q11DS were included in a k-means cluster analysis. Two distinct phenotypes were identified: Type-1 presented with a more severe phenotype including significantly impaired verbal memory, lower intellectual and academic ability, as well as statistically significant reduced total brain volume. In addition, we identified a trend effect for reduced temporal grey matter. Type-1 also presented with autism-spectrum traits, whereas Type-2 could be described as having more 22q11DS-typical face morphology, being predominately affected by executive function deficits, but otherwise being relatively high functioning with regard to cognition and behaviour. The confirmation of well-defined subtypes in 22q11DS can lead to better prognostic information enabling early identification of people with 22q11DS at high risk of psychiatric disorders. The identification of subtypes in a group of people with a relatively homogenous genetic deletion such as 22q11DS is also valuable to understand clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Sinderberry
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
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Altered development of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: an in vivo proton spectroscopy study. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:684-91. [PMID: 22633947 PMCID: PMC3440535 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), the most common microdeletion in humans, is associated with multiple medical features, almost universal cognitive deficits, and a high risk of schizophrenia. The metabolic basis of the psychological/psychiatric features is not well understood. Volumetric brain imaging studies have shown that gray matter abnormalities in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), an area that is believed to be integral for higher neurocognition, as well as being involved in schizophrenia, are associated with the psychological manifestations. However, studies have not characterized any possible metabolite alterations within the DLPFC of children with 22q11DS and their correlations with the psychological findings. METHODS We conducted a short echo time, single-voxel, in vivo proton spectroscopy study involving children with 22q11DS (n = 26) and matched control subjects (n = 23). RESULTS Absolute N-acetylaspartate (NAA) levels from the DLPFC were significantly elevated in children with 22q11DS compared with control subjects and the elevations were associated with poor global functioning and higher rates of comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Children with 22q11DS had a lack of an age-associated decrease in NAA levels, a trend seen in the control subjects. However, the results did not remain statistically significant after corrections for multiple comparisons were made. CONCLUSIONS These findings represent the first report of proton spectroscopy in children with 22q11DS. The elevated DLPFC NAA levels and the lack of decreasing trends in NAA with age in the 22q11DS group relative to control subjects suggest an alteration in cortical development. Also, such neuronal dysmaturation is associated with psychopathology in children with 22q11DS.
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Radoeva PD, Coman IL, Antshel KM, Fremont W, McCarthy CS, Kotkar A, Wang D, Shprintzen RJ, Kates WR. Atlas-based white matter analysis in individuals with velo-cardio-facial syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome) and unaffected siblings. Behav Brain Funct 2012; 8:38. [PMID: 22853778 PMCID: PMC3533822 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-8-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS, MIM#192430, 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome) is a genetic disorder caused by a deletion of about 40 genes at the q11.2 band of one copy of chromosome 22. Individuals with VCFS present with deficits in cognition and social functioning, high risk of psychiatric disorders, volumetric reductions in gray and white matter (WM) and some alterations of the WM microstructure. The goal of the current study was to characterize the WM microstructural differences in individuals with VCFS and unaffected siblings, and the correlation of WM microstructure with neuropsychological performance. We hypothesized that individuals with VCFS would have decreased indices of WM microstructure (fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (AD) and radial diffusivity (RD)), particularly in WM tracts to the frontal lobe, and that these measures would be correlated with cognitive functioning. Methods Thirty-three individuals with VCFS (21 female) and 16 unaffected siblings (8 female) participated in DTI scanning and neuropsychological testing. We performed an atlas-based analysis, extracted FA, AD, and RD measures for 54 WM tracts (27 in each hemisphere) for each participant, and used MANOVAs to compare individuals with VCFS to siblings. For WM tracts that were statistically significantly different between VCFS and siblings (pFDR < 0.05), we assessed the correlations between DTI and neuropsychological measures. Results In VCFS individuals as compared to unaffected siblings, we found decreased FA in the uncinate fasciculus, and decreased AD in multiple WM tracts (bilateral superior and posterior corona radiata, dorsal cingulum, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus, superior cerebellar peduncle, posterior thalamic radiation, and left anterior corona radiata, retrolenticular part of the internal capsule, external capsule, sagittal stratum). We also found significant correlations of AD with measures of executive function, IQ, working memory, and/or social cognition. Conclusions Our results suggest that individuals with VCFS display abnormal WM connectivity in a widespread cerebro-anatomical network, involving tracts from/to all cerebral lobes and the cerebellum. Future studies could focus on the WM developmental trajectory in VCFS, the association of WM alterations with psychiatric disorders, and the effects of candidate 22q11.2 genes on WM anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petya D Radoeva
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Animal models of psychiatric disorders that reflect human copy number variation. Neural Plast 2012; 2012:589524. [PMID: 22900207 PMCID: PMC3414062 DOI: 10.1155/2012/589524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of genetic technologies has led to the identification of several copy number variations (CNVs) in the human genome. Genome rearrangements affect dosage-sensitive gene expression in normal brain development. There is strong evidence associating human psychiatric disorders, especially autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and schizophrenia to genetic risk factors and accumulated CNV risk loci. Deletions in 1q21, 3q29, 15q13, 17p12, and 22q11, as well as duplications in 16p11, 16p13, and 15q11-13 have been reported as recurrent CNVs in ASD and/or schizophrenia. Chromosome engineering can be a useful technology to reflect human diseases in animal models, especially CNV-based psychiatric disorders. This system, based on the Cre/loxP strategy, uses large chromosome rearrangement such as deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation. Although it is hard to reflect human pathophysiology in animal models, some aspects of molecular pathways, brain anatomy, cognitive, and behavioral phenotypes can be addressed. Some groups have created animal models of psychiatric disorders, ASD, and schizophrenia, which are based on human CNV. These mouse models display some brain anatomical and behavioral abnormalities, providing insight into human neuropsychiatric disorders that will contribute to novel drug screening for these devastating disorders.
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Increased corpus callosum volume in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is associated with neurocognitive deficits and genetic polymorphisms. Eur J Hum Genet 2012; 20:1051-7. [PMID: 22763378 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is associated with neurocognitive impairments. The neural substrates of cognitive impairments in 22q11DS remain poorly understood. Because the corpus callosum (CC) is found to be abnormal in a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders, we obtained volumetric measurements of the CC and its subregions, examined the relationship between these regions and neurocognition and selected genotypes within candidate genes in the 22q11.2 interval in 59 children with 22q11DS and 53 control subjects. The total CC, splenium and genu were significantly larger in children with 22q11DS and the enlargement was associated with better neurocognitive functioning in the 22q11DS group, suggestive of a compensatory increase in the CC volumes. The expected age-related increase in the volume of the CC was not seen in children with 22q11DS, indicative of dysmaturation of the CC in these children. The increased volumes in the genu, splenium and total CC in the 22q11DS group were associated with polymorphisms within the candidate genes: COMT (rs4680), ZDHHC8 (rs175174) and UFD1L (rs5992403). These findings indicate that alterations in the CC volume in children with 22q11DS are associated with cognition and specific genotypes in the 22q11.2 interval.
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Harper KM, Hiramoto T, Tanigaki K, Kang G, Suzuki G, Trimble W, Hiroi N. Alterations of social interaction through genetic and environmental manipulation of the 22q11.2 gene Sept5 in the mouse brain. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:3489-99. [PMID: 22589251 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Social behavior dysfunction is a symptomatic element of schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although altered activities in numerous brain regions are associated with defective social cognition and perception, the causative relationship between these altered activities and social cognition and perception-and their genetic underpinnings-are not known in humans. To address these issues, we took advantage of the link between hemizygous deletion of human chromosome 22q11.2 and high rates of social behavior dysfunction, schizophrenia and ASD. We genetically manipulated Sept5, a 22q11.2 gene, and evaluated its role in social interaction in mice. Sept5 deficiency, against a high degree of homogeneity in a congenic genetic background, selectively impaired active affiliative social interaction in mice. Conversely, virally guided overexpression of Sept5 in the hippocampus or, to a lesser extent, the amygdala elevated levels of active affiliative social interaction in C57BL/6J mice. Congenic knockout mice and mice overexpressing Sept5 in the hippocampus or amygdala were indistinguishable from control mice in novelty and olfactory responses, anxiety or motor activity. Moreover, post-weaning individual housing, an environmental condition designed to reduce stress in male mice, selectively raised levels of Sept5 protein in the amygdala and increased active affiliative social interaction in C57BL/6J mice. These findings identify this 22q11.2 gene in the hippocampus and amygdala as a determinant of social interaction and suggest that defective social interaction seen in 22q11.2-associated schizophrenia and ASD can be genetically and environmentally modified by altering this 22q11.2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Harper
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Kunwar A, Ramanathan S, Nelson J, Antshel KM, Fremont W, Higgins AM, Shprintzen RJ, Kates WR. Cortical gyrification in velo-cardio-facial (22q11.2 deletion) syndrome: a longitudinal study. Schizophr Res 2012; 137:20-5. [PMID: 22365148 PMCID: PMC3414250 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) has been identified as an important risk factor for psychoses, with up to 32% of individuals with VCFS developing a psychotic illness. Individuals with VCFS thus form a unique group to identify and explore early symptoms and biological correlates of psychosis. In this study, we examined if cortical gyrification pattern, i.e. gyrification index (GI) can be a potential neurobiological marker for psychosis. METHOD GIs of 91 individuals with VCFS were compared with 29 siblings and 54 controls. Further, 58 participants with VCFS, 21 siblings and 18 normal controls were followed up after 3 years and longitudinal changes in GI were compared. Additionally, we also correlated longitudinal changes in GI in individuals with VCFS with prodromal symptoms of psychosis on the Scale of Prodromal Symptoms (SOPS). RESULT Individuals with VCFS had significantly lower GIs as compared to their siblings and normal controls. Longitudinal examination of GI did not reveal any significant group-time interactions between the three groups. Further, longitudinal change in GI scores in the VCFS group was negatively correlated with positive prodromal symptoms, with the left occipital region reaching statistical significance. CONCLUSION The study confirms previous reports that individuals with VCFS have reduced cortical folding as compared to normal controls. However over a period of three years, there is no difference in the rate of change of GI among both individuals with VCFS and normal controls. Finally, our results suggest that neuroanatomical alterations in areas underlying visual processing may be an early marker for psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kunwar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York at Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Seethalakshmi Ramanathan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York at Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Joshua Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York at Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Kevin M. Antshel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York at Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Wanda Fremont
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York at Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Anne Marie Higgins
- Department of Otolaryngology, State University of New York at Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | | | - Wendy R. Kates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York at Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
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Glausier JR, Lewis DA. Dendritic spine pathology in schizophrenia. Neuroscience 2012; 251:90-107. [PMID: 22546337 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose clinical features include impairments in perception, cognition and motivation. These impairments reflect alterations in neuronal circuitry within and across multiple brain regions that are due, at least in part, to deficits in dendritic spines, the site of most excitatory synaptic connections. Dendritic spine alterations have been identified in multiple brain regions in schizophrenia, but are best characterized in layer 3 of the neocortex, where pyramidal cell spine density is lower. These spine deficits appear to arise during development, and thus are likely the result of disturbances in the molecular mechanisms that underlie spine formation, pruning, and/or maintenance. Each of these mechanisms may provide insight into novel therapeutic targets for preventing or repairing the alterations in neural circuitry that mediate the debilitating symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Glausier
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Hiroi N, Hiramoto T, Harper KM, Suzuki G, Boku S. Mouse Models of 22q11.2-Associated Autism Spectrum Disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Suppl 1:001. [PMID: 25089229 PMCID: PMC4118685 DOI: 10.4172/2165-7890.s1-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Copy number variation (CNV) of human chromosome 22q11.2 is associated with an elevated rate of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and represents one of syndromic ASDs with rare genetic variants. However, the precise genetic basis of this association remains unclear due to its relatively large hemizygous and duplication region, including more than 30 genes. Previous studies using genetic mouse models suggested that although not all 22q11.2 genes contribute to ASD symptomatology, more than one 22q11.2 genes have distinct phenotypic targets for ASD symptoms. Our data show that deficiency of the two 22q11.2 genesTbx1 and Sept5 causes distinct phenotypic sets of ASD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Hiroi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Golding 104, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461 USA ; Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Golding 104, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461 USA ; Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Golding 104, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461 USA
| | - Takeshi Hiramoto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Golding 104, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461 USA
| | - Kathryn M Harper
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Ward Building Room 9-258, 303 E. Chicago Ave. Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Go Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Shuken Boku
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Golding 104, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461 USA
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White matter abnormalities in adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome with and without schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2011; 132:75-83. [PMID: 21831603 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of cerebral white matter (WM) is a potential factor underlying the neurobiology of schizophrenia. People with 22q11 deletion syndrome have altered brain morphology and increased risk for schizophrenia, therefore decreased WM integrity may be related to schizophrenia in 22q11DS. We measured fractional anisotropy (FA) and WM volume in 27 adults with 22q11DS with schizophrenia (n=12, 22q11DS SCZ+) and without schizophrenia (n=15, 22q11DS SCZ-), 12 individuals with idiopathic schizophrenia and 31 age-matched healthy controls. We found widespread decreased WM volume in posterior and temporal brain areas and decreased FA in areas of the frontal cortex in the whole 22q11DS group compared to healthy controls. In 22q11DS SCZ+ compromised WM integrity included inferior frontal areas of parietal and occipital lobe. Idiopathic schizophrenia patients showed decreased FA in inferior frontal and insular regions compared to healthy controls. We found no WM alterations in 22q11DS SCZ+ vs. 22q11DS SCZ-. However, there was a negative correlation between FA and PANSS scores (Positive and Negative Symptom Scale) in the whole 22q11DS group in the inferior frontal, cingulate, insular and temporal areas. This is the first study to investigate WM integrity in adults with 22q11DS. Our results suggest that pervasive WM dysfunction is intrinsic to 22q11DS and that psychotic development in adults with 22q11DS involves similar brain areas as seen in schizophrenia in the general population.
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Drew LJ, Stark KL, Fénelon K, Karayiorgou M, Macdermott AB, Gogos JA. Evidence for altered hippocampal function in a mouse model of the human 22q11.2 microdeletion. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 47:293-305. [PMID: 21635953 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
22q11.2 chromosomal deletions are recurrent copy number mutations that increase the risk of schizophrenia around thirty-fold. Deletion of the orthologous chromosomal region in mice offers an opportunity to characterize changes to neuronal structure and function that may account for the development of this disease. The hippocampus has been implicated in schizophrenia pathogenesis, is reduced in volume in 22q11.2 deletion carriers and displays altered neuronal structure in a mouse model of the mutation (Df(16)A(+/-) mice). Here we investigate hippocampal CA1 physiology, hippocampal-dependent spatial memory and novelty-induced hippocampal activation in Df(16)A(+/-) mice. We found normal spatial reference memory (as assayed by the Morris water maze test) as well as modest but potentially important deficits in physiology. In particular, a reduction in the level of inhibition of CA1 pyramidal neurons was observed, implying a decrease in interneuron activity. Additionally, deficits in LTP were observed using certain induction protocols. Induction of c-Fos expression by exploration of a novel environment suggested a relative sparing of CA1 and dentate gyrus function but showed a robust decrease in the number of activated CA3 pyramidal neurons in Df(16)A(+/-) mice. Overall, experiments performed in this 22q11.2 deletion model demonstrated deficits of various degrees across different regions of the hippocampus, which together may contribute to the increased risk of developing schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Drew
- Dept. of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, West 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Drew LJ, Crabtree GW, Markx S, Stark KL, Chaverneff F, Xu B, Mukai J, Fenelon K, Hsu PK, Gogos JA, Karayiorgou M. The 22q11.2 microdeletion: fifteen years of insights into the genetic and neural complexity of psychiatric disorders. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:259-81. [PMID: 20920576 PMCID: PMC3074020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last fifteen years it has become established that 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a true genetic risk factor for schizophrenia. Carriers of deletions in chromosome 22q11.2 develop schizophrenia at rate of 25-30% and such deletions account for as many as 1-2% of cases of sporadic schizophrenia in the general population. Access to a relatively homogeneous population of individuals that suffer from schizophrenia as the result of a shared etiological factor and the potential to generate etiologically valid mouse models provides an immense opportunity to better understand the pathobiology of this disease. In this review we survey the clinical literature associated with the 22q11.2 microdeletions with a focus on neuroanatomical changes. Then, we highlight results from work modeling this structural mutation in animals. The key biological pathways disrupted by the mutation are discussed and how these changes impact the structure and function of neural circuits is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J. Drew
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Gregg W. Crabtree
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Sander Markx
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Kimberly L. Stark
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Florence Chaverneff
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Jun Mukai
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Karine Fenelon
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Pei-Ken Hsu
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biophysical Studies, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Joseph A. Gogos
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Maria Karayiorgou
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Baker K, Chaddock CA, Baldeweg T, Skuse D. Neuroanatomy in adolescents and young adults with 22q11 Deletion Syndrome: Comparison to an IQ-matched group. Neuroimage 2011; 55:491-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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