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Bolanis D, Orri M, Vergunst F, Bouchard S, Robitaille É, Philippe F, Ouellet-Morin I, Girard A, Paquin V, Gauvin L, Côté S, Geoffroy MC. Increased urban greenspace in childhood associated with lower inattention deficit among adolescents. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2024; 59:947-956. [PMID: 37837487 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-023-02575-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a growing interest in assessing the benefits of exposure to urban greenspace on mental health due to the increased urbanization of youth and concerns for their mental health. We investigated the prospective associations of residential greenspace in childhood and mental health in adolescence. Use of a well-characterized birth cohort permitted adjustment for a range of potential confounding factors including family and neighborhood characteristics in addition to prior mental health problems, and exploration of moderation effects by sex and family socioeconomic status. METHODS We analyzed longitudinal data collected from 742 urban-dwelling participants of the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Children Development. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) within 250, 500, and 1000 m buffer zones surrounding the home residence was used to indicate childhood exposure to greenspace. Six self-reported mental health problems at 15/17 years were examined using the Mental Health and Social Inadaptation questionnaire: inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, conduct, depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. RESULTS Childhood urban greenspace was associated with lower inattention problems in both females and males. We observed a 0.14 reduced standard deviation (SD) (β = - 0.14, SE = 0.05, p < 0.01) in relation to an interquartile range (IQR) increase of NDVI (0.15) at the 250 m buffer zone, and similar results were found in 500 m and 1000 m buffer zones. These associations only slightly attenuated after adjustment for individual (sex, childhood mental health), family (family SES, maternal age at birth, parental mental health, family composition), and neighborhood (material and social deprivation) characteristics (β = - 0.13, SE = 0.06, p = 0.03). No association was found for other mental health problems, and no moderation associations of sex or family socioeconomic status were observed. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that increasing residential greenspace in cities may be associated with modest benefits in attentional capacities in youth, necessitating further research to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Bolanis
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Samantha Bouchard
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Éric Robitaille
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Frederick Philippe
- Department of Psychology, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Alain Girard
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Paquin
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lise Gauvin
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvana Côté
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Grover S, Varadharajan N, Venu S. Urbanization and psychosis: an update of recent evidence. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2024; 37:191-201. [PMID: 38441163 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Urbanization, a complex global phenomenon, has a significant bearing on schizophrenia/psychosis burden through various socioeconomic and environmental factors. This review focuses on recent evidence (2019-2023) linking urbanization, schizophrenia, and the role of green space. RECENT FINDINGS This review analyzed 43 articles that examined the correlation between urban birth or upbringing, urban living (urbanicity), and various schizophrenia/psychosis-related outcomes such as incidence, psychotic experiences, etc. The studies showed differing results across geographical locations. Socioeconomic factors like area deprivation, migrant status (ethnic density) and social fragmentation were independently associated with the risk of schizophrenia/psychosis irrespective of urbanicity. More recently, environmental factors such as green space reduction and air pollution have been explored in urban living conditions and were positively associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia/psychosis. SUMMARY There is a need for further investigation in low and middle-income countries. The impact of urbanization-related factors and green space on the risk of schizophrenia/psychosis calls for appropriate governmental commitments toward structured and healthy urban planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Grover
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, Punjab
| | - Natarajan Varadharajan
- Department of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER)
| | - Sandesh Venu
- Department of Psychiatry, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Kalapet, Puducherry, India
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Chew QH, Sim K. Bane or boon regarding urbanicity and psychotic spectrum disorders: a scoping review of current evidence. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2024; 37:212-224. [PMID: 38415716 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to provide an update on the association between urbanization and psychotic spectrum disorders, focusing on specific aspects of the urban environment that could be a bane or boon for the risk of psychosis. RECENT FINDINGS Majority of the included studies support previous evidence suggesting that urbanization is linked to a higher risk of psychotic experiences and psychotic spectrum disorders. A small minority, however, have also found specific factors in the urban environment that could give rise to positive outcomes, such as better social functioning and lower mortality rates in psychotic spectrum disorders, or mitigate the risks associated with urbanization. The perception of the urban environment was also an important factor that increased or mitigated stress levels in patients with psychosis, which in turn affected their susceptibility to psychotic symptoms. SUMMARY Specific aspects of the urban environment such as the availability and density of greenspaces are crucial for mitigating the effect of urbanization on risk of psychotic spectrum disorders, and should be incorporated into urban planning. At the same time, there is a need to further explore how modifiable risk factors of the urban environment such as air and noise pollution can be minimized to allow for more liveable cities in the context of psychotic spectrum conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kang Sim
- West Region, Institute of Mental Health
- Yong Yoo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Agrawal M, Hansen AV, Colombel JF, Jess T, Allin KH. Association between early life exposure to agriculture, biodiversity, and green space and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study. EClinicalMedicine 2024; 70:102514. [PMID: 38495524 PMCID: PMC10940137 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Specific pollutants and environmental exposures are implicated in modulating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) risk. However, the role of environmental exposures, particularly during the early life period, towards IBD risk, has not been systematically evaluated. Methods We conducted a nationwide population-based cohort study during the study period extending from January 1, 1995, to September 1, 2020, using cross-linked Danish registers, maps, and inventories to ascertain the impact of agricultural land use, biodiversity, green space, urban space, blue space, and normalized difference vegetation index during pregnancy and the first two years of life on IBD, Crohn's disease (CD), and ulcerative colitis (UC) risk, using adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. We adjusted for covariates sex, maternal age at delivery, calendar year of birth, municipal-level socioeconomic status, and first-degree relative with IBD. Findings Of 1,438,487 individuals included in the study who were followed from age 2 years until a median (IQR) age of 14 (8-20) years, 3768 individuals were diagnosed with IBD. Exposure to the second, third and highest quartiles of agriculture land use during early life, relative to the lowest quartile, were associated with increased CD risk (aHR 1.12, 95% CI 1.01, 1.26, 1.19, 95% CI 1.05, 1.34 and, 1.24 95% CI 1.06, 1.46, respectively). There was no association of agriculture land use with UC risk. Conversely, exposure to the third quartile of biodiversity in early life, compared to the lowest quartile, were associated with a lower CD risk (aHR 0.86, 95% CI 0.75, 0.98). A protective effect of greenspace was noted in the highest quartile for CD (aHR 0.87, 95% CI 0.78, 0.98). Interpretation In a nationwide cohort with long-term follow up data, early life environmental exposures were associated with modulation of CD risk, with a harmful effect of agriculture land use and protective effect of biodiversity and green space. Funding Danish National Research Foundation, the International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Agrawal
- Center for Molecular Prediction of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (PREDICT), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anne V. Hansen
- Center for Molecular Prediction of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (PREDICT), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jean-Frederic Colombel
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tine Jess
- Center for Molecular Prediction of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (PREDICT), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kristine H. Allin
- Center for Molecular Prediction of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (PREDICT), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Zhang Y, Wu T, Yu H, Fu J, Xu J, Liu L, Tang C, Li Z. Green spaces exposure and the risk of common psychiatric disorders: A meta-analysis. SSM Popul Health 2024; 25:101630. [PMID: 38405164 PMCID: PMC10885792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2024.101630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the effects of green spaces exposure on common psychiatric disorders. Methods PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and MEDLINE were screened and articles published prior to November 15, 2023 were included. Analyses were performed on common psychiatric disorders, categorized into depression, anxiety, dementia, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). And the subgroup analyses were conducted for depression, anxiety, dementia, and schizophrenia. Results In total, 2,0064 studies were retrieved, 59 of which were included in our study; 37 for depression, 14 for anxiety, 8 for dementia, 7 for schizophrenia and 5 for ADHD. Green spaces were found to benefit the moderation of psychiatric disorders (OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.89 to 0.92). Green spaces positively influence depression (OR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.86 to 0.93), regardless of the cross-sectional or cohort studies. Green spaces can also help mitigate the risk of anxiety (OR = 0.94, 95%CI:0.92 to 0.96). As an important index for measuring green spaces, a higher normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) level related to a lower level of depression (OR = 0.95, 95%CI:0.91 to 0.98) and anxiety (OR = 0.95, 95%:0.92 to 0.98). The protection was also found in dementia (OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.93 to 0.96), schizophrenia (OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.67 to 0.82), and ADHD (OR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.86 to 0.92) results. Conclusion Green spaces decrease the risk of psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, dementia, schizophrenia, and ADHD. Further studies on green spaces and psychiatric disorders are needed, and more green spaces should be considered in city planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Zhang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Tongyan Wu
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Urology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianfei Fu
- Department of Medical Records and Statistics, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Jin Xu
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Liya Liu
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chunlan Tang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Goldblatt R, Holz N, Tate G, Sherman K, Ghebremicael S, Bhuyan SS, Al-Ajlouni Y, Santillanes S, Araya G, Abad S, Herting MM, Thompson W, Thapaliya B, Sapkota R, Xu J, Liu J, Schumann G, Calhoun VD. "Urban-Satellite" estimates in the ABCD Study: Linking Neuroimaging and Mental Health to Satellite Imagery Measurements of Macro Environmental Factors. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2023.11.06.23298044. [PMID: 37986844 PMCID: PMC10659457 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.06.23298044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
While numerous studies over the last decade have highlighted the important influence of environmental factors on mental health, globally applicable data on physical surroundings are still limited. Access to such data and the possibility to link them to epidemiological studies is critical to unlocking the relationship of environment, brain and behaviour and promoting positive future mental health outcomes. The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study is the largest ongoing longitudinal and observational study exploring brain development and child health among children from 21 sites across the United States. Here we describe the linking of the ABCD study data with satellite-based "Urban-Satellite" (UrbanSat) variables consisting of 11 satellite-data derived environmental indicators associated with each subject's residential address at their baseline visit, including land cover and land use, nighttime lights, and population characteristics. We present these UrbanSat variables and provide a review of the current literature that links environmental indicators with mental health, as well as key aspects that must be considered when using satellite data for mental health research. We also highlight and discuss significant links of the satellite data variables to the default mode network clustering coefficient and cognition. This comprehensive dataset provides the foundation for large-scale environmental epidemiology research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathalie Holz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Garrett Tate
- New Light Technologies, Inc., Washington, DC 20012
| | - Kari Sherman
- New Light Technologies, Inc., Washington, DC 20012
| | | | - Soumitra S Bhuyan
- Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, Rutgers University- New Brunswick
| | - Yazan Al-Ajlouni
- New York Medical College School of Medicine, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | | | | | - Shermaine Abad
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 92093
| | - Megan M. Herting
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, 90089
| | - Wesley Thompson
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 74136, USA
| | - Bishal Thapaliya
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State, Georgia Tech, Emory, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Ram Sapkota
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State, Georgia Tech, Emory, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Jiayuan Xu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State, Georgia Tech, Emory, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | | | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), ISTBI, Fudan University Shanghai, P.R. China
- PONS Centre, Dept. of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, CCM, Charite University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Vince D. Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State, Georgia Tech, Emory, Atlanta, GA 30303
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Pignon B, Szöke A, Ku B, Melchior M, Schürhoff F. Urbanicity and psychotic disorders: Facts and hypotheses. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 25:122-138. [PMID: 37994794 PMCID: PMC10986450 DOI: 10.1080/19585969.2023.2272824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
In the present qualitative literature review, we summarise data on psychotic disorders and urbanicity, focusing particularly on recent findings. Longitudinal studies of the impact of urbanicity on the risk for psychotic disorders have consistently shown a significant association, with a relative risk between 2 and 2.5. However, most of the original studies were conducted in Western Europe, and no incidence studies were conducted in low- and middle-income countries. European studies suggest that neighbourhood-level social fragmentation and social capital may partly explain this association. Exposure to air pollution (positive association) and green space (negative association) may also be part of the explanation, but to date, available data do not make it possible to conclude if they act independently from urbanicity, or as part of the effect of urbanicity on psychotic disorders. Finally, several studies have consistently shown significant associations between the polygenic risk score for schizophrenia and urbanicity, with several possible explanations (pleiotropic effects, results of prodromic symptoms, or selection/intergenerational hypothesis). Thus, more studies are needed to understand the factors that explain the association between urbanicity and the risk of psychotic disorders. Further studies should account for the interdependence and/or interactions of different psychosocial and physical exposures (as well as gene-environment interactions), and explore this association in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Pignon
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires “H. Mondor”, DMU IMPACT, INSERM, IMRB, translational Neuropsychiatry, Fondation FondaMental, Univ Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Andrei Szöke
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires “H. Mondor”, DMU IMPACT, INSERM, IMRB, translational Neuropsychiatry, Fondation FondaMental, Univ Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Benson Ku
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maria Melchior
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d‘Épidémiologie Et de Santé Publique, IPLESP, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Sociale, ERES, Paris, France
| | - Franck Schürhoff
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires “H. Mondor”, DMU IMPACT, INSERM, IMRB, translational Neuropsychiatry, Fondation FondaMental, Univ Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
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8
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Bouter DC, Ravensbergen SJ, Lakerveld J, Hoogendijk WJG, Grootendorst-van Mil NH. Associations between the urban environment and psychotic experiences in adolescents. Schizophr Res 2023; 260:123-131. [PMID: 37639836 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In 2050 two-thirds of the world's population is predicted to live in cities, which asks for a better understanding of how the urban environment affects mental health. Urbanicity has repeatedly been found to be a risk factor, in particular for psychosis. Here, we explored what factors of the urban exposome underlie the association between urban characteristics and psychotic experiences (PE) in adolescents. METHODS Participants were 815 adolescents (mean age 14.84 years, SD 0.78) from an at-risk cohort (greater Rotterdam area, the Netherlands) oversampled on their self-reported emotional and behavioral problems. We used linear regression analysis to examine the association with detailed geodata on urbanicity (surrounding address density), green space density (high and low vegetation), and mixed noise levels (road, rail, air, industry, and wind power) with PE in adolescents. Analyses were adjusted for multiple socio-economic and parental confounders. Furthermore, we explored sex-interaction effects. RESULTS Higher surrounding address density and low greenspace density were each independently associated with more PE (B = 0.18, 95 % CI 0.02; 0.34 and B = 0.17, 95 % CI 0.01; 0.32, respectively). High mixed noise levels were only associated with more PE in boys (B = 0.23, 95 % CI 0.01; 0.46). A sex-interaction effect was found for high urbanicity (B = -0.46, 95 % CI -0.77; -0.14) and low greenspace density (B = -0.49, 95 % CI -0.73; -0.11), illustrating that these associations with PE were specific for boys. CONCLUSION Multiple characteristics of living in an urban area are associated with more PE in adolescent boys. Our observations provide leads for prevention of mental health problems via urban designing.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Bouter
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S J Ravensbergen
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Lakerveld
- Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Epidemiology and Data Science, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W J G Hoogendijk
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - N H Grootendorst-van Mil
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Epidemiological and Social Psychiatric Research Institute (ESPRi), Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Winnicki MH, Dunn RR, Winther-Jensen M, Jess T, Allin KH, Bruun HH. Does childhood exposure to biodiverse greenspace reduce the risk of developing asthma? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 850:157853. [PMID: 35940273 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of inflammatory diseases is increasing in populations throughout the industrialized world. An increasing proportion of human populations grow up and live in urban areas, probably with reduced exposure to biodiversity, including diverse soil biotas. Decreased exposure to microorganisms from natural environments, in particular in early childhood, has been hypothesized to hamper development of the human immune system and lead to increasing risks of inflammatory diseases, such as asthma. We investigated 40,249 Danish individuals born 1995-2015. Percentage greenspace was assessed in a 2 km buffer around home addresses of individuals. The Danish Biodiversity Map, charting occurrence density of red-listed animals, plants and macrofungi, was used as a proxy for multi-taxon biodiversity. For asthma defined broadly, we found no evidence of decreasing risk of developing asthma with higher levels of biodiversity, while greenspace exposure was associated with higher risk of asthma. In contrast, exposure to total and biodiverse greenspace was associated with reduced risk of developing severe asthma. Exposure to farmland, which in Denmark is heavily industrialized cropland, also showed association with elevated risk of developing asthma, even at relatively low agricultural landcover. In the subset of children growing up in highly urbanized settings, we found high exposures to urban greenspace to be associated with reduced risk of developing asthma. Our results lend limited support to the hypothesis that childhood exposure to biodiverse environments reduces the risk of acquiring inflammatory diseases later in life. However, access to urban greenspace, such as parks, which typically harbour low levels of biodiversity, seems to reduce asthma risk, potentially through exposure to common soil microbiota. Our results suggest that effects of biodiversity exposure on human health is set by a balance between ecosystem services and disservices and that biodiversity conservation is best motivated with other arguments than reduction of risks from inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Holm Winnicki
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Data, Biostatistics and Pharmacoepidemiology, Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert R Dunn
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Matilde Winther-Jensen
- Section for Data, Biostatistics and Pharmacoepidemiology, Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tine Jess
- Center for Molecular Prediction of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15A, 2450 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kristine Højgaard Allin
- Center for Molecular Prediction of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15A, 2450 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Hans Henrik Bruun
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Milne BJ, D'Souza S, Andersen SH, Richmond-Rakerd LS. Use of Population-Level Administrative Data in Developmental Science. ANNUAL REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 4:447-468. [PMID: 37284522 PMCID: PMC10241456 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-devpsych-120920-023709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Population-level administrative data-data on individuals' interactions with administrative systems (e.g., health, criminal justice, and education)-have substantially advanced our understanding of life-course development. In this review, we focus on five areas where research using these data has made significant contributions to developmental science: (a) understanding small or difficult-to-study populations, (b) evaluating intergenerational and family influences, (c) enabling estimation of causal effects through natural experiments and regional comparisons, (d) identifying individuals at risk for negative developmental outcomes, and (e) assessing neighborhood and environmental influences. Further advances will be made by linking prospective surveys to administrative data to expand the range of developmental questions that can be tested; supporting efforts to establish new linked administrative data resources, including in developing countries; and conducting cross-national comparisons to test findings' generalizability. New administrative data initiatives should involve consultation with population subgroups including vulnerable groups, efforts to obtain social license, and strong ethical oversight and governance arrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry J Milne
- School of Social Sciences and Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the Social Sciences (COMPASS), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie D'Souza
- School of Social Sciences and Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the Social Sciences (COMPASS), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Xie M, Zhao Z, Dai M, Wu Y, Huang Y, Liu Y, Tang Y, Xiao L, Wei W, Zhang G, Du X, Li C, Guo W, Ma X, Deng W, Wang Q, Li T. Associations between urban birth or childhood trauma and first-episode schizophrenia mediated by low IQ. SCHIZOPHRENIA 2022; 8:89. [PMID: 36309513 PMCID: PMC9617944 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00289-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to urban birth, childhood trauma, and lower Intelligence Quotient (IQ) were the most well-established risk factors for schizophrenia in developed countries. In developing countries, whether urban birth is a risk factor for schizophrenia and how these factors are related to one another remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether IQ mediates the relationship between urban birth or childhood trauma and first-episode schizophrenia (FES) in China. Birthplace, childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ), and IQ were collected from 144 patients with FES and 256 healthy controls (HCs). Hierarchical logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the associations between birthplace, childhood trauma, IQ, and FES. Furthermore, mediation analysis was used to explore the mediation of IQ in the relationship between birthplace or childhood trauma and FES. After adjusting for age, sex and educational attainment, the final model identified urban birth (odds ratio (OR) = 3.15, 95% CI = 1.54, 6.44) and childhood trauma (OR = 2.79, 95% CI = 1.92, 4.06) were associated an elevated risk for FES. The 52.94% total effect of birthplace on the risk of FES could be offset by IQ (indirect effect/direct effect). The association between childhood trauma and FES could be partly explained by IQ (22.5%). In total, the mediation model explained 70.5% of the total variance in FES. Our study provides evidence that urban birth and childhood trauma are associated with an increased risk of FES. Furthermore, IQ mediates the relationship between urban birth or childhood trauma and FES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xie
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Zhengyang Zhao
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Minhan Dai
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Yulu Wu
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Yunqi Huang
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Yunjia Liu
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Yiguo Tang
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Liling Xiao
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Wei Wei
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Guangya Zhang
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Department of Psychiatry, Suzhou Psychiatric Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiangdong Du
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Department of Psychiatry, Suzhou Psychiatric Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chuanwei Li
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Department of Psychiatry, Suzhou Psychiatric Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wanjun Guo
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XAffiliated Mental Health Centre & Hangzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310013 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Xiaohong Ma
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Wei Deng
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XAffiliated Mental Health Centre & Hangzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310013 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Qiang Wang
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Tao Li
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XAffiliated Mental Health Centre & Hangzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310013 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
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Rantala MJ, Luoto S, Borráz-León JI, Krams I. Schizophrenia: the new etiological synthesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 142:104894. [PMID: 36181926 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been an evolutionary paradox: it has high heritability, but it is associated with decreased reproductive success. The causal genetic variants underlying schizophrenia are thought to be under weak negative selection. To unravel this paradox, many evolutionary explanations have been suggested for schizophrenia. We critically discuss the constellation of evolutionary hypotheses for schizophrenia, highlighting the lack of empirical support for most existing evolutionary hypotheses-with the exception of the relatively well supported evolutionary mismatch hypothesis. It posits that evolutionarily novel features of contemporary environments, such as chronic stress, low-grade systemic inflammation, and gut dysbiosis, increase susceptibility to schizophrenia. Environmental factors such as microbial infections (e.g., Toxoplasma gondii) can better predict the onset of schizophrenia than polygenic risk scores. However, researchers have not been able to explain why only a small minority of infected people develop schizophrenia. The new etiological synthesis of schizophrenia indicates that an interaction between host genotype, microbe infection, and chronic stress causes schizophrenia, with neuroinflammation and gut dysbiosis mediating this etiological pathway. Instead of just alleviating symptoms with drugs, the parasite x genotype x stress model emphasizes that schizophrenia treatment should focus on detecting and treating possible underlying microbial infection(s), neuroinflammation, gut dysbiosis, and chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus J Rantala
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Severi Luoto
- School of Population Health, University of Auckland, 1023 Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Indrikis Krams
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia; Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, 1004, Rīga, Latvia
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13
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Pagalan L, Oberlander TF, Hanley GE, Rosella LC, Bickford C, Weikum W, Lanphear N, Lanphear B, Brauer M, van den Bosch M. The association between prenatal greenspace exposure and Autism spectrum disorder, and the potentially mediating role of air pollution reduction: A population-based birth cohort study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 167:107445. [PMID: 35921770 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) incidence has increased in past decades. ASD etiology remains inconclusive, but research suggests genetic, epigenetic, and environmental contributing factors and likely prenatal origins. Few studies have examined modifiable environmental risk factors for ASD, and far fewer have examined protective exposures. Greenspace has been associated with positive child development, but very limited greenspace research has examined ASD risk or prenatal exposures. Only one ecological study in 2017 has evaluated the association between greenspace and ASD, observing protective benefits. Greenspace may have direct effects on ASD risk and indirect effects by reducing air pollution exposure, a growing suspected ASD risk factor. OBJECTIVES To measure the association between prenatal greenspace exposure and ASD risk and examine if reduced air pollution levels in areas of higher greenspace mediate this association. METHODS We linked a population-based birth cohort of all deliveries in Metro Vancouver, Canada, from 2004 to 2009, with follow-up to 2014. Diagnoses were based on Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule and Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised instruments. Greenspace was quantified as the average of the annual mean Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) within a 250 m buffer of a residential postal code. Air pollutant exposures-particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)-were derived from previously developed and temporally adjusted land use regression models. We estimated air pollutant exposures as the mean concentration per month during pregnancy. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) using logistic regression per NDVI interquartile range (IQR) increase, adjusting for child sex, birth month and year, maternal age and birthplace, and neighborhood-level urbanicity and income. To estimate the health impact of greenspace on ASD at the population level, we used the logistic regression model and marginal standardization to derive risk differences (RDs). Lastly, to quantify the mediating effect of greenspace on ASD risk through air pollution reduction, we used marginal structural models and a potential outcomes framework to calculate marginal risk differences (RDs) to decompose the total effect of greenspace on ASD into natural direct and indirect effects. RESULTS Of 129,222 births, 1,921 (1.5 %) children were diagnosed with ASD. The adjusted OR for ASD per NDVI IQR (0.12) increase was 0.96 (95 % CI: 0.90, 1.02) in 250 m buffer zones and 0.94 (95 % CI: 0.89, 1.00) in 100 m buffer zones. On the additive scale, the adjusted RDs were null. Natural direct, natural indirect, and total effect RDs were null for PM2.5, NO, and NO2 mediation models. CONCLUSION Prenatal greenspace exposure was associated with reduced odds of ASD, but in the additive scale, this effect was null at the population level. No mediating effect was observed through reduced air pollution, suggesting that air pollution may act as a confounder rather than as a mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lief Pagalan
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Schwartz Reisman Institute for Technology and Society, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Tim F Oberlander
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Sunny Hill Health Centre for Children, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Gillian E Hanley
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Laura C Rosella
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Celeste Bickford
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Whitney Weikum
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Sunny Hill Health Centre for Children, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Nancy Lanphear
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Bruce Lanphear
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Matilda van den Bosch
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Forest & Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; ISGlobal, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
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Sprague NL, Bancalari P, Karim W, Siddiq S. Growing up green: a systematic review of the influence of greenspace on youth development and health outcomes. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 32:660-681. [PMID: 35614136 PMCID: PMC9482936 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Youth growing up in places with more greenspaces have better developmental outcomes. The literature on greenspace and youth development is largely cross-sectional, thus limited in terms of measuring development and establishing causal inference. We conducted a systematic review of prospective, longitudinal studies measuring the association between greenspace exposure and youth development outcomes measured between ages two and eighteen. We searched Cochrane, PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and Environment Complete, and included prospective cohort, quasi-experimental, and experimental studies on greenspace and youth development. Study quality was assessed using a 10-item checklist adapted from a previously published review on greenspace and health. Twenty-eight studies met criteria for review and were grouped into five thematic categories based on reported outcomes: cognitive and brain development, mental health and wellbeing, attention and behavior, allergy and respiratory, and obesity and weight. Seventy-nine percent of studies suggest an association between greenspace and improved youth development. Most studies were concentrated in wealthy, Western European countries, limiting generalizability of findings. Key opportunities for future research include: (1) improved uniformity of standards in measuring greenspace, (2) improved measures to account for large latency periods between greenspace exposure and developmental outcomes, and (3) more diverse study settings and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav L Sprague
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Pilar Bancalari
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wasie Karim
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shabnaz Siddiq
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Association of environmental and socioeconomic indicators with serious mental illness diagnoses identified from general practitioner practice data in England: A spatial Bayesian modelling study. PLoS Med 2022; 19:e1004043. [PMID: 35771888 PMCID: PMC9286217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evidence is sparse regarding the associations between serious mental illnesses (SMIs) prevalence and environmental factors in adulthood as well as the geographic distribution and variability of these associations. In this study, we evaluated the association between availability and proximity of green and blue space with SMI prevalence in England as a whole and in its major conurbations (Greater London, Birmingham, Liverpool and Manchester, Leeds, and Newcastle). METHODS AND FINDINGS We carried out a retrospective analysis of routinely collected adult population (≥18 years) data at General Practitioner Practice (GPP) level. We used data from the Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) on the prevalence of a diagnosis of SMI (schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder and other psychoses, and other patients on lithium therapy) at the level of GPP over the financial year April 2014 to March 2018. The number of GPPs included ranged between 7,492 (April 2017 to March 2018) to 7,997 (April 2014 to March 2015) and the number of patients ranged from 56,413,719 (April 2014 to March 2015) to 58,270,354 (April 2017 to March 2018). Data at GPP level were converted to the geographic hierarchy unit Lower Layer Super Output Area (LSOA) level for analysis. LSOAs are a geographic unit for reporting small area statistics and have an average population of around 1,500 people. We employed a Bayesian spatial regression model to explore the association of SMI prevalence in England and its major conurbations (greater London, Birmingham, Liverpool and Manchester, Leeds, and Newcastle) with environmental characteristics (green and blue space, flood risk areas, and air and noise pollution) and socioeconomic characteristics (age, ethnicity, and index of multiple deprivation (IMD)). We incorporated spatial random effects in our modelling to account for variation at multiple scales. Across England, the environmental characteristics associated with higher SMI prevalence at LSOA level were distance to public green space with a lake (prevalence ratio [95% credible interval]): 1.002 [1.001 to 1.003]), annual mean concentration of PM2.5 (1.014 [1.01 to 1.019]), and closeness to roads with noise levels above 75 dB (0.993 [0.992 to 0.995]). Higher SMI prevalence was also associated with a higher percentage of people above 24 years old (1.002 [1.002 to 1.003]), a higher percentage of ethnic minorities (1.002 [1.001 to 1.002]), and more deprived areas. Mean SMI prevalence at LSOA level in major conurbations mirrored the national associations with a few exceptions. In Birmingham, higher average SMI prevalence at LSOA level was positively associated with proximity to an urban green space with a lake (0.992 [0.99 to 0.998]). In Liverpool and Manchester, lower SMI prevalence was positively associated with road traffic noise ≥75 dB (1.012 [1.003 to 1.022]). In Birmingham, Liverpool, and Manchester, there was a positive association of SMI prevalence with distance to flood zone 3 (land within flood zone 3 has ≥1% chance of flooding annually from rivers or ≥0.5% chance of flooding annually from the sea, when flood defences are ignored): Birmingham: 1.012 [1.000 to 1.023]; Liverpool and Manchester: 1.016 [1.006 to 1.026]. In contrast, in Leeds, there was a negative association between SMI prevalence and distance to flood zone 3 (0.959 [0.944 to 0.975]). A limitation of this study was because we used a cross-sectional approach, we are unable to make causal inferences about our findings or investigate the temporal relationship between outcome and risk factors. Another limitation was that individuals who are exclusively treated under specialist mental health care and not seen in primary care at all were not included in this analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides further evidence on the significance of socioeconomic associations in patterns of SMI but emphasises the additional importance of considering environmental characteristics alongside socioeconomic variables in understanding these patterns. In this study, we did not observe a significant association between green space and SMI prevalence, but we did identify an apparent association between green spaces with a lake and SMI prevalence. Deprivation, higher concentrations of air pollution, and higher proportion of ethnic minorities were associated with higher SMI prevalence, supporting a social-ecological approach to public health prevention. It also provides evidence of the significance of spatial analysis in revealing the importance of place and context in influencing area-based patterns of SMI.
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Vidal DG, Castro Seixas E. Children's Green Infrastructure: Children and Their Rights to Nature and the City. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2022; 7:804535. [PMID: 35445108 PMCID: PMC9014202 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2022.804535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of green spaces in cities has corresponded to a need to deal with a series of socio-environmental and health problems felt in urban spaces. However, these are often fragmented or somewhat disconnected interventions that leave out vulnerable and subaltern groups like children, being also commonly based on strictly formatted designs, with more urban furniture than natural elements. In view of the need to make urban spaces healthier, safer, more resilient, and at the same time more child-friendly, in this Conceptual Analysis paper we build from the literature on Urban Green Spaces, Child-Friendly Cities and environments, and Children's Infrastructure to propose the concept of Children Green Infrastructure (CGI), and discuss its application to urban planning, foregrounding the need for fairer, more inclusive and participatory approaches. GGI derives from the Children Infrastructure concept but it puts at the center of the debate the idea of connecting children to nature where they live, learn and play. CGI is based on the assumption that nature should be transversal in urban planning processes, and that it must be perfectly integrated within urban infrastructures, ensuring access to all. Understanding children's needs and integrating their voices in urban planning and design processes are necessary conditions to moving forward to a fairer, more inclusive and truly collective urban project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Guedes Vidal
- Centre for Functional Ecology, TERRA Associate Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eunice Castro Seixas
- Research Centre in Economic and Organizational Sociology (SOCIUS), Research in Social Sciences and Management (CSG), Lisbon School of Economics and Management (ISEG), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Rotenberg M, Tuck A, Anderson KK, McKenzie K. Green Space and the Incidence of Schizophrenia in Toronto, Canada. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2022; 67:238-240. [PMID: 35118891 PMCID: PMC8935593 DOI: 10.1177/07067437221076722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rotenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, 7938University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,7978Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Tuck
- 7978Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelly K Anderson
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, The University of Western Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kwame McKenzie
- Department of Psychiatry, 7938University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,7978Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Engemann K, Svenning JC, Arge L, Brandt J, Bruun MT, Didriksen M, Erikstrup C, Geels C, Hertel O, Horsdal HT, Kaspersen KA, Mikkelsen S, Mortensen PB, Nielsen KR, Ostrowski SR, Pedersen OB, Tsirogiannis C, Sabel CE, Sigsgaard T, Ullum H, Pedersen CB. A life course approach to understanding associations between natural environments and mental well-being for the Danish blood donor cohort. Health Place 2021; 72:102678. [PMID: 34610547 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Natural environments have been associated with mental health benefits, but globally access to these benefits is threatened by urban development and densification. However, it remains unclear how natural environments relate to mental health and how consistent the association is across populations. Here we use a life-course approach with a population consisting of 66 194 individuals from the Danish Blood Donor Study (DBDS) to investigate the association between green and blue space (e.g. parks and lakes) and self-evaluated mental well-being. Green and blue space was identified from remotely-sensed images from the Landsat program, while mental well-being was based on the mental component score (MCS) calculated using the 12-item short form health survey. We use multivariate linear regression models and logistic regression models to quantify the associations. We adjust for additional environmental (urbanization, and air pollution) and lifestyle factors (smoking, body mass index, socioeconomic status, and physical activity) and specifically evaluate the role of physical activity and air pollution as possible mediating factors. We found a positive association between the MCS and current and childhood green space, and a non-significant association for current and childhood blue space. Adjusting for environmental and the other factors attenuated the effect sizes indicating that a broad range of factors determine mental well-being. Physical activity and air pollution were both associated with the MCS as possible mediators of green space associations. In addition, the odds for successfully completing tasks', seeing others, and feeling less downhearted increased with higher levels of green space, and the odds of feeling calm increased with higher levels of blue space. In conclusion, we found support for an association between green and, to less degree, blue space and mental well-being throughout different life stages. In addition, we found a positive association with individual indicators of mental well-being such as being productive, feeling less downhearted and calmer, and being social. The healthy blood donor effect and the bias towards urban residency may explain why we found smaller effect sizes between green and blue space and mental well-being for this generally healthy and resourceful cohort compared to previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Engemann
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark; Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark; Centre for Integrated Register-based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark; Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark; Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Lars Arge
- Center for Massive Data Algorithmics (MADALGO), Aarhus University, Department of Computer Science, Aarhus University, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Jørgen Brandt
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; IClimate, Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Aarhus University, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Mie T Bruun
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Maria Didriksen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Camilla Geels
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Ole Hertel
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Henriette Thisted Horsdal
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus BSS, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark.
| | - Kathrine A Kaspersen
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Susan Mikkelsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus BSS, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus University, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark.
| | - Kaspar R Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Sisse R Ostrowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ole B Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark.
| | - Constantinos Tsirogiannis
- Center for Massive Data Algorithmics (MADALGO), Aarhus University, Department of Computer Science, Aarhus University, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Clive E Sabel
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Henrik Ullum
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Carsten Bøcker Pedersen
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark; Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus BSS, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus University, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark.
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Geneshka M, Coventry P, Cruz J, Gilbody S. Relationship between Green and Blue Spaces with Mental and Physical Health: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Observational Studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:9010. [PMID: 34501598 PMCID: PMC8431638 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the ways natural environments influence the development and progression of long-term health conditions. Vegetation and water bodies, also known as green and blue spaces, have the potential to affect health and behaviour through the provision of aesthetic spaces for relaxation, socialisation and physical activity. While research has previously assessed how green and blue spaces affect mental and physical wellbeing, little is known about the relationship between these exposures and health outcomes over time. This systematic review summarised the published evidence from longitudinal observational studies on the relationship between exposure to green and blue space with mental and physical health in adults. Included health outcomes were common mental health conditions, severe mental health conditions and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). An online bibliographic search of six databases was completed in July 2020. After title, abstract and full-text screening, 44 eligible studies were included in the analysis. Depression, diabetes and obesity were the health conditions most frequently studied in longitudinal relationships. The majority of exposures included indicators of green space availability and urban green space accessibility. Few studies addressed the relationship between blue space and health. The narrative synthesis pointed towards mixed evidence of a protective relationship between exposure to green space and health. There was high heterogeneity in exposure measures and adjustment for confounding between studies. Future policy and research should seek a standardised approach towards measuring green and blue space exposures and employ theoretical grounds for confounder adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Geneshka
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 4DD, UK;
| | - Peter Coventry
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 4DD, UK;
- York Environmental Sustainability Institute, University of York, York YO10 4DD, UK
| | - Joana Cruz
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5NG, UK;
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond St. Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Simon Gilbody
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 4DD, UK;
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Anglin DM, Ereshefsky S, Klaunig MJ, Bridgwater MA, Niendam TA, Ellman LM, DeVylder J, Thayer G, Bolden K, Musket CW, Grattan RE, Lincoln SH, Schiffman J, Lipner E, Bachman P, Corcoran CM, Mota NB, van der Ven E. From Womb to Neighborhood: A Racial Analysis of Social Determinants of Psychosis in the United States. Am J Psychiatry 2021; 178:599-610. [PMID: 33934608 PMCID: PMC8655820 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20071091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The authors examine U.S.-based evidence that connects characteristics of the social environment with outcomes across the psychosis continuum, from psychotic experiences to schizophrenia. The notion that inequitable social and economic systems of society significantly influence psychosis risk through proxies, such as racial minority and immigrant statuses, has been studied more extensively in European countries. While there are existing international reviews of social determinants of psychosis, none to the authors' knowledge focus on factors in the U.S. context specifically-an omission that leaves domestic treatment development and prevention efforts incomplete and underinformed. In this review, the authors first describe how a legacy of structural racism in the United States has shaped the social gradient, highlighting consequential racial inequities in environmental conditions. The authors offer a hypothesized model linking structural racism with psychosis risk through interwoven intermediary factors based on existing theoretical models and a review of the literature. Neighborhood factors, cumulative trauma and stress, and prenatal and perinatal complications were three key areas selected for review because they reflect social and environmental conditions that may affect psychosis risk through a common pathway shaped by structural racism. The authors describe evidence showing that Black and Latino people in the United States suffer disproportionately from risk factors within these three key areas, in large part as a result of racial discrimination and social disadvantage. This broad focus on individual and community factors is intended to provide a consolidated space to review this growing body of research and to guide continued inquiries into social determinants of psychosis in U.S. contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deidre M Anglin
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Sabrina Ereshefsky
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Mallory J Klaunig
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Miranda A Bridgwater
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Tara A Niendam
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Lauren M Ellman
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Jordan DeVylder
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Griffin Thayer
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Khalima Bolden
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Christie W Musket
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Rebecca E Grattan
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Sarah Hope Lincoln
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Jason Schiffman
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Emily Lipner
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Peter Bachman
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Cheryl M Corcoran
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Natália B Mota
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Els van der Ven
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
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21
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Tanskanen A, Taipale H, Cannon M, Cotter D, Tiihonen J. Incidence of schizophrenia and influence of prenatal and infant exposure to viral infectious diseases. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2021; 143:487-494. [PMID: 33713343 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is conflicting evidence in recent literature about whether the incidence of schizophrenia is increasing or decreasing. A role for prenatal and early childhood viral infections in the aetiology of schizophrenia has also been debated. We examined the incidence of schizophrenia and the catatonic subtype of schizophrenia over a 30-year period in Finland. We also investigated whether the incidence rate of the catatonic subtype of schizophrenia was linked to changes in exposure to viral infection (polio and measles) during the prenatal or infant period. METHODS Persons with schizophrenia were identified from the Hospital Discharge Register. Cumulative incidence of schizophrenia from 1956 to 1989 in 4 age groups was calculated with follow-up from 1972 to 2014. Annual rates of polio and measles were derived from nationwide registers. The association between log-transformed polio and measles incidence and incidence of schizophrenia, and specifically catatonic schizophrenia, were analysed using linear models. RESULTS Cumulative incidence of schizophrenia among individuals born 1956-1989 decreased by 23% (from 13 to 10 cases per 1000 live births). The decline was the most prominent in those with onset of schizophrenia diagnosed 16-25 years of age (-41%). The incidence of catatonic schizophrenia declined by 90% over three decades, and there was a significant association between annual polio incidence during the birth year and incidence of catatonic schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the incidence of schizophrenia in Finland has declined for individuals born between 1956 and 1989, and that the decline of catatonic schizophrenia may be partially attributable to eradication of polio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Tanskanen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heidi Taipale
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mary Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Cotter
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jari Tiihonen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Center for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm City Council, Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Li D, Menotti T, Ding Y, Wells NM. Life Course Nature Exposure and Mental Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Future Directions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18105146. [PMID: 34066287 PMCID: PMC8152056 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recently, an emerging body of literature has examined the relationships between early life nature exposure and mental health in later life; however, no critical synthesis yet exists regarding the extent and strength of these relationships. This study presents the first systematic review of studies in this growing area. Following the PRISMA framework, we searched six databases (i.e., Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and CINAHL); conducted identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion analyses; and identified a final set of 29 articles. The review set comprises primarily longitudinal studies, with several cross-sectional studies using retrospective measures of childhood nature exposure. The majority of included studies were published between 2016 and 2020 and conducted in Europe and North America. Five domains of mental health outcomes are associated with early-life nature exposure: incidence of mental disorders, psychiatric symptoms and emotions, conduct problems in children, cognitive function, and subjective well-being. The evidence lends support to an overall beneficial role of early nature exposure on mental health, although inconsistencies are reported. Taken together, the evidence does not suggest that exposure at any given life stage is more saliently associated with mental health outcomes than at others. We discuss the validity concerns and methodological remedies and offer directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Li
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (T.M.); (Y.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tess Menotti
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (T.M.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yizhen Ding
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (T.M.); (Y.D.)
| | - Nancy M. Wells
- Department of Design and Environmental Analysis, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
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23
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Krabbendam L, van Vugt M, Conus P, Söderström O, Abrahamyan Empson L, van Os J, Fett AKJ. Understanding urbanicity: how interdisciplinary methods help to unravel the effects of the city on mental health. Psychol Med 2021; 51:1099-1110. [PMID: 32156322 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720000355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-first century urbanization poses increasing challenges for mental health. Epidemiological studies have shown that mental health problems often accumulate in urban areas, compared to rural areas, and suggested possible underlying causes associated with the social and physical urban environments. Emerging work indicates complex urban effects that depend on many individual and contextual factors at the neighbourhood and country level and novel experimental work is starting to dissect potential underlying mechanisms. This review summarizes findings from epidemiology and population-based studies, neuroscience, experimental and experience-based research and illustrates how a combined approach can move the field towards an increased understanding of the urbanicity-mental health nexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Krabbendam
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BTAmsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
| | - Mark van Vugt
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BTAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Conus
- Treatment and Early Intervention in Psychosis Program (TIPP), Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Clinique de Cery, Prilly, Switzerland
| | - Ola Söderström
- Institut de Géographie, Université de Neuchâtel, Espace Louis-Agassiz, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Lilith Abrahamyan Empson
- Treatment and Early Intervention in Psychosis Program (TIPP), Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Clinique de Cery, Prilly, Switzerland
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Kathrin J Fett
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BTAmsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
- Department of Psychology, City, University of London, Northampton Square, LondonEC1V 0HB, UK
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24
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Murray RM, David AS, Ajnakina O. Prevention of psychosis: moving on from the at-risk mental state to universal primary prevention. Psychol Med 2021; 51:223-227. [PMID: 32892760 PMCID: PMC7893507 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172000313x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The value of services for those with the 'At Risk Mental State for Psychosis' (ARMS) continues to be disputed. ARMS services have provided a valuable stimulus to academic research into the transition into psychosis. Furthermore, there is currently a welcome trend to transform such clinics into youth mental health services catering for the broader clientele of young people suffering from anxiety and depression, who already constitute the bulk of those seen at ARMS clinics. However, such services are never likely to make major inroads into preventing psychosis because they only reach a small proportion of those at risk. Evidence from medicine shows that avoiding exposure to factors which increase the risk of disease (e.g. poor nutrition, transmission of infection, tobacco smoking), produces greater public benefit than focussing efforts on individuals with, or about to develop, disease. We consider that the most productive approach for psychosis prevention is avoiding exposure to risk-increasing factors. The best-established risk factors for psychosis are obstetric events, childhood abuse, migration, city living, adverse life events and cannabis use. Some as city living, are likely proxies for an unknown causal factor(s) while preventing others such as childhood abuse is currently beyond our powers. The risk factor for psychosis which is most readily open to this approach is the use of cannabis. Therefore, as an initial step towards a strategy for universal primary prevention, we advocate public health campaigns to educate young people about the harms of regular use of high potency cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M. Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anthony S. David
- Institute of Mental Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Olesya Ajnakina
- Department of Biostatistics & Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, University of London, London, UK
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25
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Ebisch SJH. The Self and Its Nature: A Psychopathological Perspective on the Risk-Reducing Effects of Environmental Green Space for Psychosis. Front Psychol 2020; 11:531840. [PMID: 33262717 PMCID: PMC7686509 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.531840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that environmental green space contributes to the reduction of psychosis incidence in the population. Clarifying the psychological and neuro-functional mechanisms underlying the risk-decreasing effects of green surroundings could help optimize preventive environmental interventions. This perspective article specifically aims to open a new window on the link between environmental green space and psychosis by considering its core psychopathological features. Psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, are essentially characterized by self-disturbances. The psychological structure of the self has been described as a multidimensional phenomenon that emerges from the reciprocal interaction with the environment through intrinsic and extrinsic self-processes. The intrinsic self refers to the experience of mental activity and environmental information as inherently related to one’s own person, which involves self-referential processing, self-reflection, memory, interoception, and emotional evaluation. The extrinsic self refers to sensorimotor interactions with the environment and the sense of agency, that is, the experience of being the source of one’s own actions and the multisensory consequences thereof. In psychosis, anomalous self-processing has been related to a functional fragmentation of intrinsic and extrinsic self-processes and related brain networks. Moreover, evidence from cognitive neuroscience suggests that green space could have beneficial effects on self-related processing. Based on the literature, it could be hypothesized that self-processing is involved in mediating the beneficial effects of green space for psychosis. Considering the multidimensionality of the self, it is proposed that urban green space design aimed at improving mental health ideally impacts the complexity of self-facets and thus restores the individual’s self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J H Ebisch
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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26
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Thygesen M, Engemann K, Holst GJ, Hansen B, Geels C, Brandt J, Pedersen CB, Dalsgaard S. The Association between Residential Green Space in Childhood and Development of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Population-Based Cohort Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:127011. [PMID: 33351671 PMCID: PMC7755168 DOI: 10.1289/ehp6729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Access to green space has been hypothesized to have a beneficial impact on children's mental well-being and cognitive development. The underlying mechanisms of the mental health benefits of green space are not fully understood, but different pathways have been suggested, such as the psychologically restoring capacities of green space, the ability to facilitate physical activity and social cohesion, and the mitigation of exposure to air pollution. OBJECTIVES In this nationwide cohort study, we investigated associations between residential green space in early childhood and a clinical diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS The cohort included individuals, who were born in Denmark between 1992 and 2007 (n=814,689) and followed for a diagnosis of ADHD from age 5, during the period 1997-2016. We used the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) as a measure of vegetation greenness surrounding each residential address in a quadratic area of 210m×210m in which the residence was located in the center of the quadrate. Individual exposure to green space was calculated as the average of NDVI surrounding each individual's residential address (or addresses if more than one) between birth and the fifth birthday. Multilevel modeling was used to estimate the incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for ADHD, according to exposure level and adjusted for calendar time, age, sex, parental socioeconomic status, neighborhood level socioeconomic status, and urbanicity. RESULTS Individuals living in areas defined by sparse green vegetation (lowest decile of NDVI) had an increased risk of developing ADHD, compared with individuals living in areas within the highest decile of NDVI (IRR=1.55; 95% CI: 1.46, 1.65). Adjusting for the known confounders attenuated the result, but the association remained (IRR=1.20; 95% CI: 1.13, 1.28). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that lower levels of green space in residential surroundings, during early childhood, may be associated with a higher risk of developing ADHD. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6729.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene Thygesen
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristine Engemann
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gitte J. Holst
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environment, Occupation and Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Hansen
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Geels
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Brandt
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Carsten B. Pedersen
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Dalsgaard
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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27
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Henson P, Pearson JF, Keshavan M, Torous J. Impact of dynamic greenspace exposure on symptomatology in individuals with schizophrenia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238498. [PMID: 32881899 PMCID: PMC7470425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There are currently many tools available for capturing and defining the context of one's environment. Digital phenotyping, the use of technology and sensors to capture moment-to-moment behavior, has shown potential in quantifying the lived experience of mental illness and in the identification of individualized targets related to recovery. Environmental data suggests that greenspace may have a restorative capacity on mental health. In this paper, we explore the relationship of greenspace derived from geolocation with self-reported symptomatology from individuals with schizophrenia as well as healthy controls. Individuals with schizophrenia had less exposure to greenspace than controls, but their exposure demonstrated a dosage effect: high greenspace environments were associated with lower symptoms for anxiety (Cohen's d = -0.70), depression (d = -0.97), and psychosis (d = -0.94), whereas effect sizes for healthy controls were all negligible or small (d < 0.38). The notion that greenspace may have a more pronounced effect on individuals with mental illness presents both potential areas for recovery as well as implications for health care policy, especially in cities with a broad range of greenspace environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Henson
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John F. Pearson
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Matcheri Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John Torous
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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28
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Engemann K, Pedersen CB, Agerbo E, Arge L, Børglum AD, Erikstrup C, Hertel O, Hougaard DM, McGrath JJ, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Nordentoft M, Sabel CE, Sigsgaard T, Tsirogiannis C, Vilhjálmsson BJ, Werge T, Svenning JC, Horsdal HT. Association Between Childhood Green Space, Genetic Liability, and the Incidence of Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2020; 46:1629-1637. [PMID: 32415773 PMCID: PMC8496913 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Childhood exposure to green space has previously been associated with lower risk of developing schizophrenia later in life. It is unclear whether this association is mediated by genetic liability or whether the 2 risk factors work additively. Here, we investigate possible gene-environment associations with the hazard ratio (HR) of schizophrenia by combining (1) an estimate of childhood exposure to residential-level green space based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from Landsat satellite images, with (2) genetic liability estimates based on polygenic risk scores for 19 746 genotyped individuals from the Danish iPSYCH sample. We used information from the Danish registers of health, residential address, and socioeconomic status to adjust HR estimates for established confounders, ie, parents' socioeconomic status, and family history of mental illness. The adjusted HRs show that growing up surrounded by the highest compared to the lowest decile of NDVI was associated with a 0.52-fold (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.40 to 0.66) lower schizophrenia risk, and children with the highest polygenic risk score had a 1.24-fold (95% CI: 1.18 to 1.30) higher schizophrenia risk. We found that NDVI explained 1.45% (95% CI: 1.07 to 1.90) of the variance on the liability scale, while polygenic risk score for schizophrenia explained 1.01% (95% CI: 0.77 to 1.46). Together they explained 2.40% (95% CI: 1.99 to 3.07) with no indication of a gene-environment interaction (P = .29). Our results suggest that risk of schizophrenia is associated additively with green space exposure and genetic liability, and provide no support for an environment-gene interaction between NDVI and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Engemann
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark,Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark,Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,Big Data Centre for Environment and Health, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; tel: +45-87154316; fax: +45-87154323; e-mail:
| | - Carsten Bøcker Pedersen
- Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,Big Data Centre for Environment and Health, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus BSS, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark
| | - Esben Agerbo
- Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus BSS, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark
| | - Lars Arge
- Center for Massive Data Algorithmics, MADALGO, and Department of Computer Science, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Anders Dupont Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark,Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Ole Hertel
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - David Michael Hougaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - John J McGrath
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus BSS, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia
| | - Ole Mors
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus BSS, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Clive Eric Sabel
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Constantinos Tsirogiannis
- Center for Massive Data Algorithmics, MADALGO, and Department of Computer Science, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Bjarni Jóhann Vilhjálmsson
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus BSS, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark,Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Copenhagen Mental Health Services, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark,Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henriette Thisted Horsdal
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus BSS, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark
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29
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Rahmani Sani A, Abroudi M, Heydari H, Adli A, Miri M, Mehrabadi S, Pajohanfar NS, Raoufinia R, Bazghandi MS, Ghalenovi M, Rad A, Miri M, Dadvand P. Maternal exposure to ambient particulate matter and green spaces and fetal renal function. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 184:109285. [PMID: 32114156 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to air pollution has been associated with different harmful effects and exposure to greenspace has been related to improved human health. However, the available evidence on the impact of these exposures on renal function is still scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between exposure to ambient levels of PM1, PM2.5, PM10 and indicators of exposure to traffic as well as greenspace during pregnancy and fetal renal function based on the umbilical cord blood. This study was based on 150 pregnant women residing in Sabzevar, Iran (2018). Multiple linear regression models were developed to estimate the association of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) with exposure to air pollution, traffic, and greenspace (one at a time) controlled for relevant covariates. There was an inverse significant association between exposure to PM1, PM2.5, PM10 and total street length in a 100 m buffer around the home and eGFR. Increase in distance to major road and residential surrounding greenness (100 m buffer) was associated with increase in eGFR. We observed a significant direct association between exposure to PMs as well as street length in 100 m buffer and serum level of Cr. There was also an inverse association between distance to major road and NDVI in 100 m buffer and Cr. The associations for blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were not statistically significant. Our results suggest that exposure to air pollution during pregnancy could have negative impact and exposure to greenspace could have positive impact on renal function of fetal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Rahmani Sani
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mina Abroudi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Hafez Heydari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Adli
- Department of Genetic, Sabzevar Branch, Izlami Azad University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Miri
- Student Research Committee, Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Saide Mehrabadi
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Nasim Sadat Pajohanfar
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Ramin Raoufinia
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | | | - Mina Ghalenovi
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Rad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Miri
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
| | - Payam Dadvand
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
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30
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Buregeya JM, Loignon C, Brousselle A. Contribution analysis to analyze the effects of the health impact assessment at the local level: A case of urban revitalization. EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING 2020; 79:101746. [PMID: 31835151 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2019.101746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The health impact assessment (HIA) is a tool used to estimate the potential impact on health of non-health-related proposals prior to implementation. While it is increasingly used in Quebec, Canada, studies have not analyzed its medium-term impacts and potential long-term impacts. We conducted a contribution analysis using in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, as well as documents, observation and images related to HIA in order to analyze its impacts on the revitalization of road infrastructure, parks and green spaces, and residential housing. Our analysis not only reflects on the decision-making process through the adoption and implementation of HIA recommendations, but also on the link between actions implemented in the field and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Marie Buregeya
- Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de recherche Charles-Le Moyne-Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean sur les innovations en santé, Canada.
| | - Christine Loignon
- Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de recherche Charles-Le Moyne-Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean sur les innovations en santé, Canada
| | - Astrid Brousselle
- Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de recherche Charles-Le Moyne-Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean sur les innovations en santé, Canada
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Baumann PS, Söderström O, Abrahamyan Empson L, Söderström D, Codeluppi Z, Golay P, Birchwood M, Conus P. Urban remediation: a new recovery-oriented strategy to manage urban stress after first-episode psychosis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2020; 55:273-283. [PMID: 31667561 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-019-01795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Urban living is a major risk factor for psychosis. Considering worldwide increasing rates of urbanization, new approaches are needed to enhance patients' wellbeing in cities. Recent data suggest that once psychosis has emerged, patients struggle to adapt to urban milieu and that they lose access to city centers, which contributes to isolation and reduced social contacts. While it is acknowledged that there are promising initiatives to improve mental health in cities, concrete therapeutic strategies to help patients with psychosis to better handle urban stress are lacking. We believe that we should no longer wait to develop and test new therapeutic approaches. METHOD In this review, we first focus on the role of urban planning, policies, and design, and second on possible novel therapeutic strategies at the individual level. We review how patients with psychosis may experience stress in the urban environment. We then review and describe a set of possible strategies, which could be proposed to patients with the first-episode psychosis. RESULTS We propose to group these strategies under the umbrella term of 'urban remediation' and discuss how this novel approach could help patients to recover from their first psychotic episode. CONCLUSION The concepts developed in this paper are speculative and a lot of work remains to be done before it can be usefully proposed to patients. However, considering the high prevalence of social withdrawal and its detrimental impact on the recovery process, we strongly believe that researchers should invest this new domain to help patients regain access to city centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp S Baumann
- Treatment and early Intervention in Psychosis Program (TIPP), Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Avenue d'Echallens 9, 1004, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Center for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Ola Söderström
- Institute of Geography, University of Neuchâtel, Espace Louis-Agassiz, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Lilith Abrahamyan Empson
- Treatment and early Intervention in Psychosis Program (TIPP), Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Avenue d'Echallens 9, 1004, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Zoe Codeluppi
- Institute of Geography, University of Neuchâtel, Espace Louis-Agassiz, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Golay
- Treatment and early Intervention in Psychosis Program (TIPP), Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Avenue d'Echallens 9, 1004, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Max Birchwood
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Philippe Conus
- Treatment and early Intervention in Psychosis Program (TIPP), Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Avenue d'Echallens 9, 1004, Lausanne, Switzerland
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32
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Prescott SL, Bland JS. Spaceship Earth Revisited: The Co-Benefits of Overcoming Biological Extinction of Experience at the Level of Person, Place and Planet. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17041407. [PMID: 32098222 PMCID: PMC7068540 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research underscores that we interpret the world through metaphors; moreover, common metaphors are a useful means to enhance the pursuit of personal and collective goals. In the context of planetary health—defined as the interdependent vitality of all natural and anthropogenic ecosystems (social, political and otherwise)—one enduring metaphor can be found in the concept of “Spaceship Earth”. Although not without criticism, the term “Spaceship Earth” has been useful to highlight both resource limitations and the beauty and fragility of delicate ecosystems that sustain life. Rene Dubos, who helped popularize the term, underscored the need for an exposome perspective, one that examines the total accumulated environmental exposures (both detrimental and beneficial) that predict the biological responses of the “total organism to the total environment” over time. In other words, how large-scale environmental changes affect us all personally, albeit in individualized ways. This commentary focuses the ways in which microbes, as an essential part of all ecosystems, provide a vital link between personal and planetary systems, and mediate the biopsychosocial aspects of our individualized experience—and thus health—over our life course journey. A more fine-grained understanding of these dynamics and our power to change them, personally and collectively, lies at the core of restoring “ecosystems balance” for person, place and planet. In particular, restoring human connectedness to the natural world, sense of community and shared purpose must occur in tandem with technological solutions, and will enhance individual empowerment for personal well-being, as well as our collective potential to overcome our grand challenges. Such knowledge can help shape the use of metaphor and re-imagine solutions and novel ways for restoration or rewilding of ecosystems, and the values, behaviors and attitudes to light the path toward exiting the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L. Prescott
- The ORIGINS Project, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- inVIVO Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ 10704, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jeffrey S. Bland
- inVIVO Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ 10704, USA;
- Personalized Lifestyle Medicine Institute, Tacoma, WA 98443, USA
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33
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Natural surroundings in childhood are associated with lower schizophrenia rates. Schizophr Res 2020; 216:488-495. [PMID: 31699630 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
High exposure to green space and natural environments has previously been associated with lower schizophrenia rates possibly through low air pollution and improved psychological restoration. Exposure to natural environments could explain the negative urban-rural gradient of schizophrenia, but it is unclear if all natural environments are associated with schizophrenia rates. We investigated the association between schizophrenia and growing up surrounded by environments classified as mainly urban, agricultural, near-natural green space, and blue space. Vegetation density and air pollution were assessed as potential pathways. We used the Danish population (943 027 people) and remotely-sensed environmental data to determine land cover exposure and vegetation density around each individual's residence. Effect sizes were estimated using Cox regression and adjusted for air pollution, socioeconomic status, and urbanization. Our results show that growing up surrounded by non-urban environments is associated with lower schizophrenia rates. Firstly, growing up surrounded by non-built-up areas (agricultural areas, near-natural green and blue space) is associated with lower schizophrenia rates compared to urban areas. Secondly, rates decrease with vegetation density in a dose-response relationship for urban and agricultural areas. Air pollution mitigation more strongly explained the protective association in near-natural green spaces, implying that restorative pathways together with air pollution mitigation may explain lower rates in natural environments. This study suggests that ensuring access to natural environments during childhood may be important for schizophrenia prevention, whilst being the first study to show that natural environments may influence schizophrenia rates through multiple pathways.
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Perino A, Pereira HM, Navarro LM, Fernández N, Bullock JM, Ceaușu S, Cortés-Avizanda A, van Klink R, Kuemmerle T, Lomba A, Pe'er G, Plieninger T, Rey Benayas JM, Sandom CJ, Svenning JC, Wheeler HC. Rewilding complex ecosystems. Science 2019; 364:364/6438/eaav5570. [PMID: 31023897 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav5570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The practice of rewilding has been both promoted and criticized in recent years. Benefits include flexibility to react to environmental change and the promotion of opportunities for society to reconnect with nature. Criticisms include the lack of a clear conceptualization of rewilding, insufficient knowledge about possible outcomes, and the perception that rewilding excludes people from landscapes. Here, we present a framework for rewilding that addresses these concerns. We suggest that rewilding efforts should target trophic complexity, natural disturbances, and dispersal as interacting processes that can improve ecosystem resilience and maintain biodiversity. We propose a structured approach to rewilding projects that includes assessment of the contributions of nature to people and the social-ecological constraints on restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Perino
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. .,Institut für Biologie, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Henrique M Pereira
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. .,Institut für Biologie, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.,CIBIO (Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources)–InBIO (Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology), Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Laetitia M Navarro
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institut für Biologie, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Néstor Fernández
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institut für Biologie, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | | | - Silvia Ceaușu
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ainara Cortés-Avizanda
- CIBIO (Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources)–InBIO (Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology), Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal.,Animal Ecology and Demography Unit, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Balearic Islands (Mallorca), Spain.,Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Roel van Klink
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Kuemmerle
- Geography Department and Integrative Research Institute for Transformations in Human-Environment Systems (IRI THESys), Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angela Lomba
- CIBIO (Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources)–InBIO (Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology), Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Guy Pe'er
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Economics and Department of Ecosystem Services, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Plieninger
- Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany.,Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - José M Rey Benayas
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | | | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Helen C Wheeler
- Department of Biology, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.,Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France.,Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT Norges Arktiske Universitet, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Geography, Université du Quebec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
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The Mental Health Benefits of Purposeful Activities in Public Green Spaces in Urban and Semi-Urban Neighbourhoods: A Mixed-Methods Pilot and Proof of Concept Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16152712. [PMID: 31366020 PMCID: PMC6696054 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Access and exposure to public green space might be critical to health promotion and prevention of mental ill health. However, it is uncertain if differential health and mental health benefits are associated with undertaking different activities in public green space. We evaluated the health and wellbeing benefits of different activities in different locations of public green spaces in urban and semi-urban areas. We used a mixed-methods before-and-after design. Volunteers at three conservation sites were recruited and took part in group guided walks, practical conservation tasks or citizen science. Repeated measures one-way ANOVAs with Bonferroni correction assessed the relationship between location and activity type on change in acute subjective mood from pre- to post-activity, measured with the UWIST Mood Adjective Checklist (UWIST-MACL). Qualitative semi-structured interviews were undertaken and analysed thematically to explore participants’ perceptions about the health and wellbeing benefits of activities in public green space. Forty-five participants were recruited, leading to 65 independent observations. Walking, conservation and citizen science in public green space were associated with improved mood. Across all participants acute subjective mood improved across all domains of the UWIST-MACL. There was a significant association between reduction in stress and location (p = 0.009). Qualitatively participants reported that conservation and citizen science conferred co-benefits to the environment and individual health and well-being and were perceived as purposeful. Undertaking purposeful activity in public green space has the potential to promote health and prevent mental ill health.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Epidemiological studies associate city living with an elevated psychosis risk. Urban (social/economic) stress and exposure to environmental toxins, pollution or disease agents have been proposed to underlie this association. This review provides an update on the recent evidence (May 2017 - November 2018). RECENT FINDINGS Of 647 screened studies, 17 on: urbanicity-psychosis associations in worldwide high, middle and low-income countries; explanatory mechanisms, including nature exposure, social and economic stressors and genetic risk; urbanicity effects on the brain and coping; and urbanicity and resources, were included. The reviewed evidence revealed complex patterns of urbanicity-psychosis associations with considerable international variation within Europe and between low, middle and high-income countries worldwide. Social and economic stressors (e.g. migration, ethnic density and economic deprivation), nature exposure and access to resources could only explain part of the urbanicity effects. Risk factors differed between countries and between affective and non-affective psychosis. SUMMARY Urbanicity-psychosis associations are heterogeneous and driven by multiple risk and protective factors that seem to act differently in different ethnic groups and countries. Interdisciplinary research combining approaches, for example from experimental neuroscience and epidemiology, are needed to unravel specific urban mechanisms that increase or decrease psychosis risk.
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37
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Residential green space in childhood is associated with lower risk of psychiatric disorders from adolescence into adulthood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:5188-5193. [PMID: 30804178 PMCID: PMC6421415 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1807504116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing up in urban environments is associated with risk of developing psychiatric disorders, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Green space can provide mental health benefits and possibly lower risk of psychiatric disorders. This nation-wide study covering >900,000 people shows that children who grew up with the lowest levels of green space had up to 55% higher risk of developing a psychiatric disorder independent from effects of other known risk factors. Stronger association between cumulated green space and risk during childhood constitutes evidence that prolonged presence of green space is important. Our findings affirm that integrating natural environments into urban planning is a promising approach to improve mental health and reduce the rising global burden of psychiatric disorders. Urban residence is associated with a higher risk of some psychiatric disorders, but the underlying drivers remain unknown. There is increasing evidence that the level of exposure to natural environments impacts mental health, but few large-scale epidemiological studies have assessed the general existence and importance of such associations. Here, we investigate the prospective association between green space and mental health in the Danish population. Green space presence was assessed at the individual level using high-resolution satellite data to calculate the normalized difference vegetation index within a 210 × 210 m square around each person’s place of residence (∼1 million people) from birth to the age of 10. We show that high levels of green space presence during childhood are associated with lower risk of a wide spectrum of psychiatric disorders later in life. Risk for subsequent mental illness for those who lived with the lowest level of green space during childhood was up to 55% higher across various disorders compared with those who lived with the highest level of green space. The association remained even after adjusting for urbanization, socioeconomic factors, parental history of mental illness, and parental age. Stronger association of cumulative green space presence during childhood compared with single-year green space presence suggests that presence throughout childhood is important. Our results show that green space during childhood is associated with better mental health, supporting efforts to better integrate natural environments into urban planning and childhood life.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review recent developments on risk factors in schizophrenia. RECENT FINDINGS The way we think about schizophrenia today is profoundly different from the way this illness was seen in the twentieth century. We now know that the etiology of schizophrenia is multifactorial and reflects an interaction between genetic vulnerability and environmental contributors. Environmental risk factors such as pregnancy and birth complications, childhood trauma, migration, social isolation, urbanicity, and substance abuse, alone and in combination, acting at a number of levels over time, influence the individual's likelihood to develop the disorder. Environmental risk factors together with the identification of a polygenic risk score for schizophrenia, research on gene-environment interaction and environment-environment interaction have hugely increased our knowledge of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona A Stilo
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Robin M Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
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Murray RM. Is the grass greener for those at risk of psychosis? Schizophr Res 2018; 201:35-36. [PMID: 29914789 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin M Murray
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Italy.
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Aerts R, Honnay O, Van Nieuwenhuyse A. Biodiversity and human health: mechanisms and evidence of the positive health effects of diversity in nature and green spaces. Br Med Bull 2018; 127:5-22. [PMID: 30007287 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Natural environments and green spaces provide ecosystem services that enhance human health and well-being. They improve mental health, mitigate allergies and reduce all-cause, respiratory, cardiovascular and cancer mortality. The presence, accessibility, proximity and greenness of green spaces determine the magnitude of their positive health effects, but the role of biodiversity (including species and ecosystem diversity) within green spaces remains underexplored. This review describes mechanisms and evidence of effects of biodiversity in nature and green spaces on human health. SOURCES OF DATA We identified studies listed in PubMed and Web of Science using combinations of keywords including 'biodiversity', 'diversity', 'species richness', 'human health', 'mental health' and 'well-being' with no restrictions on the year of publication. Papers were considered for detailed evaluation if they were written in English and reported data on levels of biodiversity and health outcomes. AREAS OF AGREEMENT There is evidence for positive associations between species diversity and well-being (psychological and physical) and between ecosystem diversity and immune system regulation. AREAS OF CONCERN There is a very limited number of studies that relate measured biodiversity to human health. There is more evidence for self-reported psychological well-being than for well-defined clinical outcomes. High species diversity has been associated with both reduced and increased vector-borne disease risk. GROWING POINTS Biodiversity supports ecosystem services mitigating heat, noise and air pollution, which all mediate the positive health effects of green spaces, but direct and long-term health outcomes of species diversity have been insufficiently studied so far. AREAS TIMELY FOR RESEARCH Additional research and newly developed methods are needed to quantify short- and long-term health effects of exposure to perceived and objectively measured species diversity, including health effects of nature-based solutions and exposure to microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raf Aerts
- Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Unit Health Impact Assessment, Sciensano (Belgian Institute of Health), Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Biology, Division Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olivier Honnay
- Department of Biology, Division Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Van Nieuwenhuyse
- Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Unit Health Impact Assessment, Sciensano (Belgian Institute of Health), Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Division Environment and Health, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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