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Verma PK, Devaprasad M, Dave J, Meena R, Bhowmik H, Tripathi SN, Rastogi N. Summertime oxidative potential of atmospheric PM 2.5 over New Delhi: Effect of aerosol ageing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:170984. [PMID: 38365025 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to elevated particulate matter (PM) concentrations in ambient air has become a major health concern over urban areas worldwide. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation due to ambient PM (termed as their oxidative potential, OP) is shown to play a major role in PM-induced health effects. In the present study, the OP of the ambient PM2.5 samples, collected during summer 2019 from New Delhi, were measured using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. Average volume-normalized OP (OPV) was 2.9 ± 1.1 nmol DTT min-1 m-3, and mass-normalized OP (OPm) was 61 ± 29 pmol DTT min-1 μg-1. The regression statistics of OPv vs chemical species show the maximum slope of OPV with the elemental carbon (EC, r2 = 0.72) followed by water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC, r2 = 0.72), and organic carbon (OC, r2 = 0.64). A strong positive correlation between OPm and secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA, such as NH4+ and NO3- mass fractions) was also observed, indicating that the sources emitting NO2 and NH3, precursors of NO3- and NH4+, also emit DTT-active species. Interestingly, the slope value of OPv vs OC for aged aerosols (OM/OC > 1.7, f44 > 0.12 and f43 < 0.04) was 1.7 times higher than relatively fresh organic aerosols (OA, OM/OC < 1.7, f44 < 0.12, f43 > 0.04). An increase in OPv and OPoc with f44 indicates the formation of more DTT active species with the ageing of OA. A linear increase in OPoc with increasing Nitrogen/Carbon (N/C) ratio suggests that nitrogenous OA have higher OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Verma
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India.
| | - M Devaprasad
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India; Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - J Dave
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India
| | - R Meena
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India
| | - H Bhowmik
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - S N Tripathi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - N Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India.
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Zhang Y, Pei C, Zhang J, Cheng C, Lian X, Chen M, Huang B, Fu Z, Zhou Z, Li M. Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:806-822. [PMID: 36182185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The real-time detection of the mixing states of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs in ambient particles is of great significance for analyzing the source, aging process, and health effects of PAHs and nitro-PAHs; yet there is still few effective technology to achieve this type of detection. In this study, 11 types of PAH and nitro-PAH standard samples were analyzed using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (HP-SPAMS) in lab studies. The identification principles 'parent ions' and 'mass-to-charge (m/z) = 77' of each compound were obtained in this study. It was found that different laser energies did not affect the identification of the parent ions. The comparative experiments of ambient atmospheric particles, cooking and biomass burning emitted particles with and without the addition of PAHs were conducted and ruled out the interferences from primary and secondary organics on the identification of PAHs. Besides, the reliability of the characteristic ions extraction method was evaluated through the comparative study of similarity algorithm and deep learning algorithm. In addition, the real PAH-containing particles from vehicle exhaust emissions and ambient particles were also analyzed. This study improves the ability of single particle mass spectrometry technology to detect PAHs and nitro-PAHs, and HP-SPAMS was superior to SPAMS for detecting single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs. This study provides support for subsequent ambient observations to identify the characteristic spectrum of single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chenglei Pei
- Guangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Jinwen Zhang
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Chunlei Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Xiufeng Lian
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mubai Chen
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhong Fu
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Rodriguez-Villamizar LA, Belalcazar-Ceron LC, Castillo MP, Sanchez ER, Herrera V, Agudelo-Castañeda DM. Avoidable mortality due to long-term exposure to PM 2.5 in Colombia 2014-2019. Environ Health 2022; 21:137. [PMID: 36564760 PMCID: PMC9789551 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-022-00947-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare estimates of spatiotemporal variations of surface PM2.5 concentrations in Colombia from 2014 to 2019 derived from two global air quality models, as well as to quantify the avoidable deaths attributable to the long-term exposure to concentrations above the current and projected Colombian standard for PM2.5 annual mean at municipality level. METHODS We retrieved PM2.5 concentrations at the surface level from the ACAG and CAMSRA global air quality models for all 1,122 municipalities, and compare 28 of them with available concentrations from monitor stations. Annual mortality data 2014-2019 by municipality of residence and pooled effect measures for total, natural and specific causes of mortality were used to calculate the number of annual avoidable deaths and years of potential life lost (YPLL) related to the excess of PM2.5 concentration over the current mean annual national standard of 25 µg/m3 and projected standard of 15 µg/m3. RESULTS Compared to surface data from 28 municipalities with monitoring stations in 2019, ACAG and CAMSRA models under or overestimated annual mean PM2.5 concentrations. Estimations from ACAG model had a mean bias 1,7 µg/m3 compared to a mean bias of 4,7 µg/m3 from CAMSRA model. Using ACAG model, estimations of total nationally attributable deaths to PM2.5 exposure over 25 and 15 µg/m3 were 142 and 34,341, respectively. Cardiopulmonary diseases accounted for most of the attributable deaths due to PM2.5 excess of exposure (38%). Estimates of YPLL due to all-cause mortality for exceeding the national standard of 25 µg/m3 were 2,381 years. CONCLUSION Comparison of two global air quality models for estimating surface PM2.5 concentrations during 2014-2019 at municipality scale in Colombia showed important differences. Avoidable deaths estimations represent the total number of deaths that could be avoided if the current and projected national standard for PM2.5 annual mean have been met, and show the health-benefit of the implementation of more restrictive air quality standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Rodriguez-Villamizar
- Department of Public Health, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Carrera 32 29-31 Of. 301 Facultad de Salud, 68002, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
| | | | | | | | - Víctor Herrera
- Department of Public Health, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Carrera 32 29-31 Of. 301 Facultad de Salud, 68002, Bucaramanga, Colombia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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Muhammad J, Xu P, Khan S, Su JQ, Sarwar T, Nazneen S, Khan A. Arsenic contribution of poultry manure towards soils and food plants contamination and associated cancer risk in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:3321-3342. [PMID: 34542787 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to high level of arsenic (As) through the ingestion of contaminated soil, dust and food plants can pose health risk to humans. This study investigates the total arsenic (As), arsenobetaine (AsB), monomethylarsenate (MMA), dimethylarsenate (DMA), arsenite (As3+) and arsenate (As5+) concentrations in poultry feed, manure, agricultural soils and food plants collected from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. The total mean As concentrations in the edible parts of food plants ranged from 0.096 mg kg-1 to 1.25 mg kg-1 with percentile (P) values (P25-0.039, P50-0.0765, P75-0.165 1 mg kg-1 to P25-0.95, P50-1.23, P75-1.6 1 mg kg-1) and exceeded the food safety limit (0.1 mg kg-1) of Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) in all plant species except Pisum sativum (pea) and Mentha arvensis (mint). The risk to human health was assessed through the average daily intake (ADI), hazards quotient (HQ), health risk index (HRI) and lifetime cancer risk (LTCR). The highest average daily intake of As via the ingestion of Malva neglecta (mallow, a leafy plant) was observed for adults and children. The ADI for adults and children (2.36 × 10-4 mg kg-1 day-1 and 6.33 × 10-4 mg kg-1 day-1) was about 13% and 5%, respectively, of the Bench Mark Dose Limit (BMDL0.5) of 3.00 × 10-3 mg kg-1 day-1 set by WHO. The HRI was 3 times more in the children (2.1) than the adults (0.79), posing non-cancer health risks (health risk index > 1) for children. The LTCR values were slightly higher (1.53 × 10-4) relative to USEPA and WHO limits (1 × 10-6 to 1 × 10-4) for children whereas a minimal cancer risk was observed for adults via consumption of selected food plants. The results showed that poultry manure can contaminate food plants that may lead to cancer and non-cancer risks in agricultural areas, Pakistan. Thus, it is important to minimize As concentration in poultry feed to safeguard human health and environment from adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juma Muhammad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir Upper, Pakistan
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Ping Xu
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Jian Qiang Su
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Tasneem Sarwar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Shahla Nazneen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Alamgir Khan
- Department of Forestry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir Upper, Pakistan
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Ma S, Chen H, Yue C, Liu R, Tang J, Lin M, Li G, Yang Y, Yu Y, An T. Atmospheric occurrences of nitrated and hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from typical e-waste dismantling sites. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 308:119713. [PMID: 35809707 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Primitive electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling activities have been shown to be an important emissions source for a variety of toxic organic compounds, including carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Previous studies have found that some nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) are more toxic than their parent PAHs, however, little attention has been paid to the formation of PAH derivatives during e-waste processing and there is a lack of comprehensive data from field observations. In this study, the spatial distribution, temporal trends and atmospheric fate of NPAHs and hydroxylated PAHs (OH-PAHs) were investigated at typical e-waste dismantling sites, with monitoring data collected over three consecutive years. Compared to background levels, higher levels of NPAHs and OH-PAHs were found in air samples from an e-waste dismantling industrial park, with their seasonal and annual changes shown to be affected by e-waste dismantling activities. Atmospheric PM2.5 particles were found to have high relative abundances of NPAHs (76.9%-95.1%) and OH-PAHs (73.3%-91.6%), with particle-bound concentrations ranging from 20.1 to 88.8 and 37.1 to 107 pg m-3, respectively. The most abundant NPAH isomers were found to be 9-Nitroanthracene and 2-Nitrofluoranthene, while OH-PAH isomers containing 2-4 rings were predominant. Source identification was performed based on the specific diagnostic ratios of NPAH isomers, confirming that NPAH and OH-PAH emissions have multiple sources, including emissions related to the e-waste dismantling process, atmospheric photochemical reactions and traffic emissions. Further research on the fate of such derivatives and their potential use as markers for source identification, is urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Haojia Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Congcong Yue
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ranran Liu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Meiqing Lin
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, 515031, China.
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Islam N, Saikia BK. An overview on atmospheric carbonaceous particulate matter into carbon nanomaterials: A new approach for air pollution mitigation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135027. [PMID: 35623423 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Air pollutants consisting of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) poses a major threat to the environment and human health. However, due to their carbonaceous nature, these atmospheric PM can also be used as a precursor for fabrication of high-valued carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) leading to waste to wealth as well as mitigation of air pollution. Over the few years, various results have been reported on different types of physical and chemical methods for the synthesis of CNMs from atmospheric particulate matter with the help of top down and bottom up methods; however, there is a lack of review on these innovative processes and outcome in order to assess their feasibility and suitability for further investigation. This review critically assesses the synthesis, identification, and characterization of different types of CNMs derived from the atmospheric PM. The fascinating fluorescence properties along with the novel multifarious applications of such PM-derived CNMs are also extensively discussed in this review work. This unique review will certainly help to make a new avenue for air pollution mitigation through conversion of PMs in to value added nanomaterials (VNMs) and will boost the research activity in the field of environmental nanotechnology for a cleaner environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazrul Islam
- Coal & Energy Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat, 785006, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Binoy K Saikia
- Coal & Energy Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat, 785006, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Chen X, Li HR, Feng X, Wang HT, Sun XH. Prediction of •OH-Initiated and •NO 3-Initiated Transformation Products of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Electronic Structure Approaches. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:24942-24950. [PMID: 35910152 PMCID: PMC9330183 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The abiotic reaction products of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and nitrate radicals (•NO3) are nitro-, oxygen-, and hydroxyl-containing PAHs (NPAHs, OPAHs, and OHPAHs). Four methods of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), Fukui function (FF), dual descriptor (DD), and population of π electrons (PP-π) are selected to predict the chemical reactivity of PAHs attacked by •OH and •NO3 in this study. The predicted •OH-initiated and •NO3-initiated transformation products are compared with the main PAH transformation products (PAH-TPs) observed in the laboratory. The results indicate that PP-π and DD approaches fail to predict the transformation products of fused PAHs containing five-membered rings. By predicting the PAH-TPs of 13-14 out of the 15 parent PAHs accurately, HOMO and FF methods were shown to be suitable for predicting the transformation products formed from the abiotic reactions of fused PAHs with •OH and •NO3.
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Besis A, Gallou D, Avgenikou A, Serafeim E, Samara C. Size-dependent in vitro inhalation bioaccessibility of PAHs and O/N PAHs - Implications to inhalation risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 301:119045. [PMID: 35217141 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Size segregated samples (<0.49, 0.49-0.95, 0.95-1.5, 1.5-3.0, 3.0-7.2 and > 7.2 μm) of atmospheric particulate matter (APM) were collected at a traffic site in the urban agglomeration of Thessaloniki, northern Greece, during the cold and the warm period of 2020. The solvent-extractable organic matter was analyzed for selected organic contaminants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and their nitro- and oxy-derivarives (NPAHs and OPAHs, respectively). Mean concentrations of ∑16PAHs, ∑6NPAHs and ∑10OPAHs associated to total suspended particles (TSP) were 18 ng m-3, 0.2 ng m-3 and 0.9 ng m-3, respectively, in the cold period exhibiting significant decrease (6.4, 0.2 and 0.09 ng m-3, respectively) in the warm period. The major amount of all compounds was found to be associated with the alveolar particle size fraction <0.49 μm. The inhalation bioaccessibility of PAHs and O/N PAHs was measured in vitro using two simulated lung fluids (SLFs), the Gamble's solution (GS) and the artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF). With both SLFs, the derived bioaccessible fractions (BAFs) followed the order PAHs > OPAHs > NPAHs. Although no clear dependence of bioaccessibility on particle size was obtained, increased bioaccessibility of PAHs and PAH derivatives in coarse particles (>7.2 μm) was evident. Bioaccessibility was found to be strongly related to the logKOW and the water solubility of individual compounds hindering limited mobilization of the most hydrophobic and less water-soluble compounds from APM to SLFs. The lifetime cancer risk due to inhalation exposure to bioaccessible PAHs, NPAHs and OPAHs was estimated and compared to those calculated from the particulate concentrations of organic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Besis
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Domniki Gallou
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anna Avgenikou
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Serafeim
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Constantini Samara
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Geochemical and Morphological Evaluations of Organic and Mineral Aerosols in Coal Mining Areas: A Case Study of Santa Catarina, Brazil. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14073847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Numerous researchers have described the correlation between the short-term contact of nano-particulate (NP) matter in diverse coal phases and amplified death or hospitalizations for breathing disorders in humans. However, few reports have examined the short-term consequences of source-specific nanoparticles (NPs) on coal mining areas. Advanced microscopic techniques can detect the ultra-fine particles (UFPs) and nanoparticles that contain potential hazardous elements (PHEs) generated in coal mining areas. Secondary aerosols that cause multiple and complex groups of particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, PM1) can be collected on dry deposition. In this study, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) were employed to detect and define the magnitude of particulate matters on restaurants walls at coal mines due to weathering interactions. The low cost self-made passive sampler (SMPS) documented several minerals and amorphous phases. The results showed that most of the detected coal minerals exist in combined form as numerous complexes comprising significant elements (e.g., Al, C, Fe, K, Mg, S, and Ti), whereas others exist as amorphous or organic compounds. Based on the analytical approach, the study findings present a comprehensive understanding of existing potential hazardous elements in the nanoparticles and ultrafine particles from coal mining areas in Brazil.
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Mahdad F, Bakhtiari AR, Moeinaddini M, Charlesworth S. Seasonal occurrence, source apportionment, and cancer risk assessment of PAHs in the second largest international holy metropolitan: Mashhad, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:13279-13291. [PMID: 34585348 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Street dust resuspension is one of the main sources of particulate matter with impacts on air quality, health, and climate. This research was aimed to determine the concentration, source, and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust of Mashhad city. To this end, USEPA-regulated 16 PAHs were measured in 84 dust samples using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The source of Σ16PAHs was identified using diagnostic ratios (DRs), positive matrix factorization (PMF), and principal component analysis (PCA). The measured Σ16PAHs demonstrated different spatial concentrations (from 1,005 to 9,138.96 μg kg-1) and showed higher levels in summer (1,206.21-9,138.96 μg kg-1), although 4-ring PAHs exhibited maximum levels in both summer and winter. The findings revealed that the dust-deposited PAHs are predominantly emitted through combustion of fossil fuels (such as diesel and gasoline) and natural gas. The total incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was assessed by considering three possible exposure routes separately for children and adults and calculated carcinogenic risk values of 2.24E-06 and 2.14E-06, respectively. ILCR is above the baseline value (1.0E-06) for children and adults in both seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Mahdad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
- Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mazaher Moeinaddini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
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11
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Krzyszczak A, Czech B. Occurrence and toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons derivatives in environmental matrices. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147738. [PMID: 34023603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, there is great attention paid to the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in different environmental matrices. Extensive reviews on PAHs presence and toxicity were published recently. However, PAHs formation and transformation in the environment lead to the production of PAHs derivatives containing oxygen (O-PAHs), nitrogen (N-PAHs and aazarenes AZA) or sulfur (PASHs) in the aromatic ring. The development of new analytical methods enabled the determination of these novel contaminants. The presence of oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur in PAHs aromatic rings increased their toxicity. The most common primary sources of PAHs derivatives are biological processes such as microbial activity (in soil, water, and wastewater treatment plants (O-PAHs)) and all processes involving combustion of fuel, coal, and biomass (O-PAHs, N-PAHs, AZA, PASHs). The secondary resources involved i) photochemical (UV light), ii) radical-mediated (OH, NO3), and iii) reactions with oxidants (O3, NOx) (O-PAHs, N-PAHs, AZA). Furthermore, N-PAHs were able to transform to their corresponding O-PAHs, while other derivatives were not. It indicated that N-PAHs are more vulnerable to photooxidation in the environment. 85% of O- and N-PAHs were detected with particle matter below 2.5 μm suggesting their easier bioaccessibility. More than 90% of compounds with four and more aromatic cycles were present in the particle phase in the air. Although the concentrations of N-PAHs or O-PAHs may be similar to PAHs concentration or even 1000 times lower than parent PAHs, PAHs derivatives accounted for a significant portion of the total mutagenicity. The present review is describing the results of the studies on the determination of PAHs derivatives in different environmental matrices including airborne particles, sediments, soil, and organisms. The mechanisms of their formation and toxicity were assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Krzyszczak
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Maria Curie-Sklodowska, Pl. M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bożena Czech
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Maria Curie-Sklodowska, Pl. M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
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12
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Gioda A, Beringui K, Justo EPS, Ventura LMB, Massone CG, Costa SSL, Oliveira SS, Araujo RGO, Nascimento NDM, Severino HGS, Duyck CB, de Souza JR, Saint Pierre TD. A Review on Atmospheric Analysis Focusing on Public Health, Environmental Legislation and Chemical Characterization. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1772-1794. [PMID: 34092145 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1919985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric pollution has been considered one of the most important topics in environmental science once it can be related to the incidence of respiratory diseases, climate change, and others. Knowing the composition of this complex and variable mixture of gases and particulate matter is crucial to understand the damages it causes, help establish limit levels, reduce emissions, and mitigate risks. In this work, the current scenario of the legislation and guideline values for indoor and outdoor atmospheric parameters will be reviewed, focusing on the inorganic and organic compositions of particulate matter and on biomonitoring. Considering the concentration level of the contaminants in air and the physical aspects (meteorological conditions) involved in the dispersion of these contaminants, different approaches for air sampling and analysis have been developed in recent years. Finally, this review presents the importance of data analysis, whose main objective is to transform analytical results into reliable information about the significance of anthropic activities in air pollution and its possible sources. This information is a useful tool to help the government implement actions against atmospheric air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Gioda
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Karmel Beringui
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elizanne P S Justo
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana M B Ventura
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos G Massone
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Silvânio Silvério Lopes Costa
- Núcleo de Petróleo e Gás, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil.,Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Sidimar Santos Oliveira
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Rennan Geovanny Oliveira Araujo
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do CNPq - INCT de Energia e Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Nivia de M Nascimento
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Departamento de Geoquímica e Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Hemmely Guilhermond S Severino
- Departamento de Geoquímica e Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Christiane B Duyck
- Departamento de Geoquímica e Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Rodrigues de Souza
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Universidade Estadual Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiana D Saint Pierre
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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13
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Gbeddy G, Egodawatta P, Goonetilleke A, Akortia E, Glover ET. Influence of photolysis on source characterization and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and carbonyl-, nitro-, hydroxy- PAHs in urban road dust. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 269:116103. [PMID: 33261958 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, PAHs and their transformed PAH products (TPPs) in road dust were subjected to UV driven photolysis, and then extracted using simultaneous pressurized fluid extraction, and analysed using Shimadzu Triple Quadrupole GC/MS. The results of the analysis were used to investigate the robustness and reliability of 14 existing diagnostic ratios (DRs) and two newly proposed molecular DRs that are relevant for characterizing the sources of PAHs and TPPs. The influence of photolysis on the carcinogenic health risk posed to humans by these hazardous pollutants was then assessed. The findings indicated that the DRs segregated into stable, moderately stable and non-stable classes of source characteristics under the influence of photolysis. Only two of the existing DRs, namely, benzo(a)pyrene/benzo(ghi)perylene (BaP/BghiP) and total index exhibited consistent stability to photolysis, whilst fluoranthene/(fluoranthene + pyrene) (FRT/(FRT+PYR)) showed moderate stability. The two newly proposed DRs, naphthalene/1-nitronaphthalene (NAP/NNAP) and pyrene/(1-nitropyrene + 1-hydroxypyrene) (PYR/(1NPY+HPY)) were found to be highly reliable in post-emission source characterization. The cross-plots of the most stable DRs showed that traffic emissions is the primary source of PAHs, whilst post-emission photolysis is the secondary source of nitro-PAH (NPAH) TPPs. The percent resonance energy thermodynamic stability of the PAH pollutants does not exert any direct influence on the source characteristics of the DRs. Adults are more vulnerable to potential carcinogenic risks as a result of PAH and TPPs photolysis whereas negligible risk exist for children. This study contributes to a more reliable diagnosis of PAH and TPP sources and thus, to the regulatory mitigation of these hazardous pollutants thereby, promoting enhanced protection of human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Gbeddy
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia; Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG80, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
| | - Prasanna Egodawatta
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Ashantha Goonetilleke
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Eric Akortia
- Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG80, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
| | - Eric T Glover
- Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG80, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
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14
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Silva LFO, Pinto D, Enders MSP, Hower JC, Flores EMM, Müller EI, Dotto GL. Portable dehumidifiers as an original matrix for the study of inhalable nanoparticles in school. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127295. [PMID: 32536422 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Good air quality is documented as a significant factor of social justice. The human health hazards associated with air pollution are not distributed equally across cities; the most vulnerable people are more exposed to ambient air as they commute to work and wait for buses or trains at the stations. Aerosols play important roles in atmosphere quality and the climate; their oxidation at the nanoscale level may possibly increase the reactivity and toxicity of atmospheric particulates. Indoor school environments are characterized by high concentrations of different airborne particulate and gaseous pollutants. The documentation of nanoparticles (NPs), ultra-fine particles (UFPs), and micron-size particle species present in indoor primary schools are an important aspect in the recognition of their influence in respirational difficulties and decreased cognitive progress in children. This work utilizes the study of condensed water, sampled with portable dehumidifiers (PD), to describe NPs and UFPs in the vapor stage of enclosed zones. The acquired extracts were analyzed by advanced electron microscopy techniques. A total of 392 NPs and 251 UFPs were examined in a set of 22 samples acquired in moderately limited or inadequately ventilated indoor areas from several schools. Noting that NPs-related disorders happen at particular places of respirational structure, identification of site-specific NPs accumulation should be anticipated in direction to better verify the corresponding human health outcomes resulting from respirable NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F O Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental. Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia.
| | - Diana Pinto
- Department of Civil and Environmental. Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia.
| | - Michele S P Enders
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Chemistry Department, Avenida Roraima 1000, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - James C Hower
- University of Kentucky, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA; University of Kentucky, Center for Applied Energy Research, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, KY, 40511, USA
| | - Erico M M Flores
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Chemistry Department, Avenida Roraima 1000, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Edson I Müller
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Chemistry Department, Avenida Roraima 1000, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme L Dotto
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, 1000, Roraima Avenue, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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15
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Portela NB, Teixeira EC, Agudelo-Castañeda DM, Civeira MDS, Silva LFO, Vigo A, Kumar P. Indoor-outdoor relationships of airborne nanoparticles, BC and VOCs at rural and urban preschools. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115751. [PMID: 33143974 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Health risks caused by exposure to black carbon (BC) and nanoparticles (NP) are well studied, although no standard currently exists for them worldwide. Exposure to children may lead to serious health effects due to their increased vulnerability and longer time spend inside the classrooms, making it important to assess the factors that affect air quality in preschools. Thus, this work aims to evaluate indoor-outdoor (I/O) relationships of NPs in the 10-420 nm range, BC and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at rural and urban preschools (aged 3-5 years) between May 2016 and July 2017. Factorial analysis was applied to identify the possible emission sources. Prior communalities were estimated by the squared multiple correlations with all other variables. We used the varimax rotation method and the criterion for factor selection was the number of eigenvalues greater than one. Results indicate that BC and NP were 4- and 3.2-times higher in urban outdoor caused by traffic emissions, respectively. Highest concentrations occurred during rush hours and during the pickup time of children. In urban school, BC was directly related to accumulation mode (N49-205), while in the rural area, BC was related to local traffic and particles from pulp industries in the regional background. Nucleation mode (N11-36) was related to traffic emissions in urban school, while in the rural school was related with secondary formation of particles. Mean I/O ratios of BC and NP in the urban (0.54; 0.51) and rural (0.71; 0.91) schools, respectively, suggested that their higher concentrations occurred in outdoors. VOCs were higher indoor in urban (I/O = 1.97) and rural (I/O = 2.22) sites, indicating these pollutants are generated inside, regardless of urban or rural sites. These findings suggest the necessity of improving ventilation and commuting styles to lower the exposure of children to air pollutants in and around school environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Becker Portela
- Postgraduate Program in Remote Sensing, Geosciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Elba Calesso Teixeira
- Postgraduate Program in Remote Sensing, Geosciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Dayana Milena Agudelo-Castañeda
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad del Norte, Km 5 - Vía Puerto, Barranquilla, Atlántico, 081007, Colombia.
| | - Matheus da Silva Civeira
- Postgraduate Program in Mining, Metallurgic and Material Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Luís Felipe Oliveira Silva
- Civil and Environmental Department, Universidad De La Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, 080002, Colombia
| | - Alvaro Vigo
- Department of Statistics, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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Li B, Ma LX, Sun SJ, Thapa S, Lu L, Wang K, Qi H. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their nitro-derivatives in urban road dust across China: Spatial variation, source apportionment, and health risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 747:141194. [PMID: 32777498 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As an essential carrier of hazardous substances, fugitive road dust has become a severe issue in China. In this study, 212 road dust samples from 53 cities in China were collected to comprehensively investigate the spatial variations, potential sources, and cancer risk of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 16 nitro-PAHs. The total PAHs concentrations ranged from 0.07 to 345 μg/g dry weight, which is at a moderate level compared to other regions in the world. The mean concentration of Σ16nitro-PAHs was 111 ± 115 ng/g, which is 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than that of Σ16PAHs. A clear geographical trend of dust PAHs and nitro-PAHs was observed in the northeast, north, and east coastal regions of China at a higher level. Moreover, a significant correlation between latitude and PAHs/nitro-PAHs revealed the influences of outdoor temperature and coal combustion for heating in the different regions on the emission and reaction of PAHs and nitro-PAHs. The secondary formation of most nitro-PAHs increases with a decrease in latitude indicated that solar radiation and temperature are important factors on secondary formation of nitro-PAHs. The average concentration of total PAHs and their derivatives in trunk road samples were statistically higher than those in other road samples (p < 0.05), indicating the influence of traffic load on target compound concentration. Generally, the primary sources of PAHs in the road dust samples were coal combustion (23.9%), vehicles (57.1%), and wood/biomass combustion (19.0%). For nitro-PAHs, the main sources were secondary formation (30.9%), biomass/coal combustion (28.4%), and vehicles (44.9%). Furthermore, a moderate potential carcinogenic risk due to PAHs and nitro-PAHs in the dust samples was found in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, 73Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China
| | - Li-Xin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, 73Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China
| | - Shao-Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, 73Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China
| | - Samit Thapa
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, 73Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China
| | - Lu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, 73Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, 73Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China
| | - Hong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, 73Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China.
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17
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Silva LFO, Pinto D, Lima BD. Implications of iron nanoparticles in spontaneous coal combustion and the effects on climatic variables. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126814. [PMID: 32334262 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmosphere, water, and soil contamination with toxic compounds is a recurrent issue due to environmental disasters, coal burning, urbanization, and industrialization, allf of which have contributed to soil contamination over the decades. Consequently, understanding of the nanomineralogy and potential hazardous elements (PHEs) in coal area soil are always a vital topic since contaminated soil can affect the environment, agricultural safety, and human health. Colombian coal mining in the La Guajira zone has been usually been related with important health and ecological effects. Coalmine rejects from active and/or abandoned operations are causes of high intensities of potential hazardous elements (PHEs) and nanoparticles (NPs, minerals and/or amorphous compounds). Although these pollutants can be reduced by sorption to NPs, in this study was recognized an analytical procedure for understand distribution of PHEs and their relationship to iron NPs(Fe-NPs) was recognized. Non and poorrly crystalline Fe-NPs performances as the major PHEs association. This complex interaction is constant and efficient in resolving PHEs in proportions above monitoring quantities. The indefinite basis of PHEs in Colombian (La Guajira area) coalmine rejects sources results in years-long leaching of PHEs into rivers and drainages. The iron-clays and their great geomobility interfere the mitigating character that Fe hydr/oxides alone show through adsorption of PHEs and their control in spontaneous coal combustion (SCC) zones. This can have significant consequences to the probable availability of several pollutants (e.g. drinking water). The new results presented in this study add novel viewpoints into the description of Fe-NPs and its incidence in SCC areas. The methodology utilized in this work can be applied as a supplementary technique to evaluate the influence of coalmining actions on ecological and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F O Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia.
| | - Diana Pinto
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia.
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18
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Dotel J, Gong P, Wang X, Pokhrel B, Wang C, Nawab J. Determination of dry deposition velocity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under the sub-tropical climate and its implication for regional cycling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114143. [PMID: 32066057 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric dry deposition is a major pathway for removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the atmosphere. Despite its significance in the atmospheric environment, measurements of the dry deposition velocity (VDD) and deposition fluxes (FDD) of PAHs are relatively limited. In this study, a passive dry deposition (PAS-DD) collector was co-deployed with passive air sampler polyurethane foam (PAS-PUF) from November 2015 to November 2016 in two major cities (Kathmandu and Pokhara), Nepal, to investigate the VDD and FDD of PAHs. The VDD of PAHs ranged from 0.25 to 0.5 cm s-1 and the annual average was recorded as 0.37 ± 0.08 cm s-1. On the basis of measured VDD, the FDD of ∑15PAHs in Kathmandu and Pokhara were estimated as 66 and 5 kg yr-1 respectively. According to the measured VDD of Kathmandu and Pokhara in this study, and the previously published VDD data of Toronto, Canada, where the same PAS-DD collector was used, a significant multi-linear correlation (r2 = 0.79, p < 0.05) was found between VDD of higher molecular weight (HMW with MW ≥ 228.3 and ≥ 4 rings) PAHs and meteorological parameters (precipitation and wind speed) and vapor pressure of PAHs. To the best of our knowledge, this enabled the development of an empirical model that can exhibit the combined effects of meteorological conditions on the VDD of HMW PAHs. The model was used to estimate the VDD values for major cities in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) region and the maximum estimated proportion of HMW PAHs deposited by dry deposition reached up to 60% of total emissions. Although PAH emissions in the IGP region pose global risks, the results of this study highlight the considerable risk for local IGP residents, due to the large dry deposition proportion of HMW PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdish Dotel
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Balram Pokhrel
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Department of Environmental Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
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19
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Sun C, Qu L, Wu L, Wu X, Sun R, Li Y. Advances in analysis of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in various matrices. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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20
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Islam N, Dihingia A, Khare P, Saikia BK. Atmospheric particulate matters in an Indian urban area: Health implications from potentially hazardous elements, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity studies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121472. [PMID: 31733994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The nature of the atmospheric particulate matters (PMs) varies depending on their sizes and their origin from different activities in the background environment. These PMs are associated with potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) such as organic compounds (e.g. Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons) that can be harmful to health. The main objective of this work is the identification and investigation of the toxicological aspects of PHEs in PMs during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season in an urban area of Northeast region (NER) of India. In the course of the study, the 24 -hs average concentrations of PMs were detected to be more than two-times higher than the Indian standard limit (NAAQ, category) which indicates poor air quality in both the seasons around the sampling sites. This study demonstrates that the concentrations of PM-bound PAHs are mutagenic and that the Excess Cancer Risks exceed the USEPA standard limits. PMs cause cytotoxicity and can also induce genotoxicity to human health analyzed by cell culture and gel electrophoresis. This study helps to promote research to evaluate the PMs bound PHEs toxicity in diverse human cell lines and also their relationship with climatic factors as well as quantitative source apportionment for mitigation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazrul Islam
- Polymer Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NEIST Campus, Jorhat, 785006, India
| | - Anjum Dihingia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NEIST Campus, Jorhat, 785006, India; Biotechnology Group, Biological Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India
| | - Puja Khare
- Agronomy and Soil Science Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Binoy K Saikia
- Polymer Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NEIST Campus, Jorhat, 785006, India.
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21
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Silva LFO, Milanes C, Pinto D, Ramirez O, Lima BD. Multiple hazardous elements in nanoparticulate matter from a Caribbean industrialized atmosphere. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 239:124776. [PMID: 31526988 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Modern microscopy studies are capable of revealing ultra-fine particles (UFPs) and nanoparticles (NPs) that are produced in the processes related to traffic vehicular, industrial, metropolitan, and marine aerosol dry deposition in the coastal zones. Especially, secondary aerosol passages complexes categories of NPs and UFPs, which can be accumulated on construction compounds and by dry deposition, encourages multiples monuments deterioration routes. The advanced electron microscopies method is one of the most utilized in environmental studies. Between the different industrial areas in the world, the Caribbean area is the most relevant symbols of air quality due to climatic conditions with strong winds, but this study shows that regionally the most industrialized region does not have an adequate air quality. In the present work, electron microscopy analyses are used to describe of the extent of ultra-fine particle and nanoparticles in walls in contact to weathering. Numerous phases were recognized by advanced mineralogy methods. Thanks to the new analytical procedure it was feasible to understand NPs and UFPs; the occurrence of potential hazardous elements (PHEs), most of them as minerals but also combined in multiple accumulations with Al-Cr-Fe-K-Mg-Pb-Si-Ti-Zn amorphous; and carbonaceous phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F O Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia; Universidade do Vale do Rio do Sinos, Av. Unisinos, 950-Cristo Rei, RS, 93022-000, Brazil.
| | - Celene Milanes
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Diana Pinto
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Omar Ramirez
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia; Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Facultad de Ingeniería, Programa Ingeniería Ambiental, Km 2 vía Cajicá-Zipaquirá, Colombia
| | - Bianca D Lima
- Universidade do Vale do Rio do Sinos, Av. Unisinos, 950-Cristo Rei, RS, 93022-000, Brazil
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Monthly-Term Associations Between Air Pollutants and Respiratory Morbidity in South Brazil 2013-2016: A Multi-City, Time-Series Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16203787. [PMID: 31600878 PMCID: PMC6843508 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16203787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Most air pollution research conducted in Brazil has focused on assessing the daily-term effects of pollutants, but little is known about the health effects of air pollutants at an intermediate time term. The objective of this study was to determine the monthly-term association between air pollution and respiratory morbidity in five cities in South Brazil. An ecological time-series study was performed using the municipality as the unit of observation in five cities in South Brazil (Gravataí, Triunfo, Esteio, Canoas, and Charqueadas) between 2013 and 2016. Data for hospital admissions was obtained from the records of the Hospital Information Service. Air pollution data, including PM10, SO2, CO, NO2, and O3 (µg/m3) were obtained from the environmental government agency in Rio Grande do Sul State. Panel multivariable Poisson regression models were adjusted for monthly counts of respiratory hospitalizations. An increase of 10 μg/m3 in the monthly average concentration of PM10 was associated with an increase of respiratory hospitalizations in all age groups, with the maximum effect on the population aged between 16 and 59 years (IRR: Incidence rate ratio 2.04 (95% CI: Confidence interval = 1.97–2.12)). For NO2 and SO2, stronger intermediate-term effects were found in children aged between 6 and 15 years, while for O3 higher effects were found in children under 1 year. This is the first multi-city study conducted in South Brazil to account for intermediate-term effects of air pollutants on respiratory health.
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Cichowicz R, Stelęgowski A. Average Hourly Concentrations of Air Contaminants in Selected Urban, Town, and Rural Sites. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 77:197-213. [PMID: 30972443 PMCID: PMC6606669 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00627-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The inhabitants of cities, towns, and villages are exposed to different levels of air pollution, which also vary throughout the day. Information regarding episodes of poor and good air quality enables planning to mitigate the risks and maximize the benefits of spending time outdoors. In this work, an analysis was made of the state of air quality 2012-2016, using data gathered from automatic measuring stations located in five cities (> 50,000 inhabitants), five towns (5000-50,000 inhabitants), and five villages (< 5000 inhabitants) in five neighboring provinces in central Poland, in Central Europe. The monitoring stations were designated as "city background", "town background", and "rural background". More than 3 million pieces of data were collected from 15 monitoring stations. This allowed the average daily changes in the concentration of air pollutants (NO2 and NOx, O3, SO2, CO, PM10, PM2.5, C6H6) to be determined, depending on the type of station and the size of the settlement unit in both winter periods and summer periods. As a result, the most and least favorable hours in terms of levels of air pollution were identified. This information could help to inform air quality management in modern cities, towns, and villages and to improve the quality of life, particularly among those most susceptible to the negative effects of air pollution, such as the elderly and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Cichowicz
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Artur Stelęgowski
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
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24
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Zhang J, Yang L, Ledoux F, Courcot D, Mellouki A, Gao Y, Jiang P, Li Y, Wang W. PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) in rural and suburban areas in Shandong and Henan Provinces during the 2016 Chinese New Year's holiday. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 250:782-791. [PMID: 31039473 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and fourteen nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) in PM2.5 samples were collected during the 2016 Chinese New Year's holiday (CNY) at one suburban and three rural sites in Shandong and Henan Provinces. The PAH and NPAH concentrations were highest at the suburban site. The rural PAH concentrations in Qingzhou (QZ), Heze (HZ), and Liaocheng (LC) were higher than those measured at many other urban sites, indicating that PAHs pollution was notably higher in the suburban and rural sites during this festive period. Elevated PAH concentrations were observed during fireworks periods, but fireworks burning was not a significant or direct PAHs or NPAHs source based on molecular profiles and diagnostic ratios. The measured PAHs and NPAHs at the sampling sites mainly originated from coal and biomass burning. The increased concentrations during CNY's Eve may be related to behavioural changes during the period. Secondary formation of NPAHs mainly occurred via OH radical chemistry at all four sites. Fireworks burning did not increase secondary formation of NPAHs. ∑BaPeq concentrations exhibited strong correlations with PAHs concentrations, and the highest and lowest concentrations were observed in QZ and Xiping (XP), respectively. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was calculated to be between 10-6 and 10-4 for 1-70 years old persons, with the highest risks observed in the adult (30-70 years) and the toddler (1-6 years) groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, China.
| | - Frédéric Ledoux
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) - EA 4492. SFR Condorcet CNRS 3417, Universite du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59140, Dunkerque, France
| | - Dominique Courcot
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) - EA 4492. SFR Condorcet CNRS 3417, Universite du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59140, Dunkerque, France
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- Institut de Combustion, Aerothermique, Reactivité Environnement (ICARE), CNRS/OSUC 1C Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071, Orléans Cedex 02, France
| | - Ying Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Pan Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
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25
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Yadav IC, Devi NL, Singh VK, Li J, Zhang G. Concentrations, sources and health risk of nitrated- and oxygenated-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in urban indoor air and dust from four cities of Nepal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 643:1013-1023. [PMID: 30189518 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the fate and behavior of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) have been documented worldwide, the information about PAH-derivatives (NPAHs and OPAHs) is limited, especially in developing countries, including Nepal. Moreover, the greater parts of the investigations concentrating on NPAHs/OPAHs are on the air (borne) particulate phase only; and are primarily based on a limited number of compounds analyzed. Little is known about the environmental concentration, fate, and behavior of NPAHs and OPAHs in air gas phase and dust. In this study, the concentration, fate, spatial distributions of 26 NPAHs and 3 OPAHs in the air (n = 34) and dust (n = 24) were investigated in suspected source area/more densely populated areas of Nepal. Four critical source areas in Nepal were considered as it was conjectured that the urban areas are more prone to NPAH/OPAH contamination due to the high density of automobiles and industrial activities. Overall, the measured ∑19NPAHs in air and dust were 5 and 2 times lower than their parent-PAHs, respectively. Highest levels of NPAHs/OPAHs were measured in Birgunj, followed by Kathmandu, Biratnagar, and Pokhara, respectively, while Biratnagar showed the highest level of ∑OPAHs. 3-Nitrodibenzofuran (3-NDBF) was the most abundant NPAHs measured both in air and dust, whereas 9-Fluorenone (9-FLUONE) prevailing OPAHs. The molecular diagnostic ratio (MDR) of 2-Nitrofluoranthene/1-Nitropyrene indicated the contribution from secondary emission via photochemical reaction as the primary source of NPAHs, while solid fuel combustion and crop residue burning were identified as the essential sources of OPAHs. The human exposure to NPAH/OPAH through the different route of intake suggested dermal contact via dust as the primary pathway of NPAH/OPAH exposure for both adult and children. However, other routes of exposure, for instance, dietary intake or dermal absorption via soil may still be prominent in case of Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science (IEAS), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT) 3-5-8, Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu-Shi, Tokyo 1838509, Japan.
| | | | - Vipin Kumar Singh
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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26
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Eco-friendly approach to mineralise 2-nitroaniline using subcritical water oxidation method: use of ANN and RSM in the optimisation and modeling of the process. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-018-1487-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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27
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Pokhrel B, Gong P, Wang X, Wang C, Gao S. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere of Nepal: Distribution, sources, seasonal trends, and cancer risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:1583-1590. [PMID: 29054643 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban areas have always been a global concern, as these areas are considered to be the source region. Despite studies on the concentrations of PAHs in water, soils and sediments, knowledge of the distribution patterns, seasonality and sources of PAHs in urban areas of Nepal remains limited. In this study, polyurethane foam passive air samplers were used to measure gas-phase PAH concentrations over different land types in three major cities of Nepal-namely, Kathmandu (the capital) and Pokhara (both densely populated cities), and Hetauda (an agricultural city). The average concentrations of ∑15PAHs in ng/m3 were 16.1±7.0 (6.4-28.6), 14.1±6.2 (6.8-29.4) and 11.1±9.0 (4.1-38.0) in Kathmandu, Pokhara and Hetauda, respectively. Molecular diagnostic ratio analysis suggested that fossil fuel combustion was a common PAH source for all three cities. In addition to this, coal combustion in Kathmandu, vehicle emissions in Pokhara, and grass/wood combustion in Hetauda were also possible sources of PAHs. In terms of cancer risk from PAH inhalation, a religious site with intense incense burning, a brick production area where extensive coal combustion is common, and a market place with heavy traffic emission, were associated with a higher risk than other areas. There were no clear seasonal trends in atmospheric PAHs. The estimated cancer risk due to inhalation of gas-phase PAHs exceeded the USEPA standard at >90% of the sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balram Pokhrel
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shaoping Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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28
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Dmitrienko MA, Strizhak PA. Coal-water slurries containing petrochemicals to solve problems of air pollution by coal thermal power stations and boiler plants: An introductory review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 613-614:1117-1129. [PMID: 28954373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This introductory study presents the analysis of the environmental, economic and energy performance indicators of burning high-potential coal water slurries containing petrochemicals (CWSP) instead of coal, fuel oil, and natural gas at typical thermal power stations (TPS) and a boiler plant. We focus on the most hazardous anthropogenic emissions of coal power industry: sulfur and nitrogen oxides. The research findings show that these emissions may be several times lower if coal and oil processing wastes are mixed with water as compared to the combustion of traditional pulverized coal, even of high grades. The study focuses on wastes, such as filter cakes, oil sludge, waste industrial oils, heavy coal-tar products, resins, etc., that are produced and stored in abundance. Their deep conversion is very rare due to low economic benefit. Effective ways are necessary to recover such industrial wastes. We present the cost assessment of the changes to the heat and power generation technologies that are required from typical power plants for switching from coal, fuel oil and natural gas to CWSPs based on coal and oil processing wastes. The corresponding technological changes pay off after a short time, ranging from several months to several years. The most promising components for CWSP production have been identified, which provide payback within a year. Among these are filter cakes (coal processing wastes), which are produced as a ready-made coal-water slurry fuel (a mixture of flocculants, water, and fine coal dust). These fuels have the least impact on the environment in terms of the emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides as well as fly ash. An important conclusion of the study is that using CWSPs based on filter cakes is worthwhile both as the main fuel for thermal power stations and boiler plants and as starting fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pavel A Strizhak
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
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29
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Gredilla A, Fdez-Ortiz de Vallejuelo S, Gomez-Nubla L, Carrero JA, de Leão FB, Madariaga JM, Silva LFO. Are children playgrounds safe play areas? Inorganic analysis and lead isotope ratios for contamination assessment in recreational (Brazilian) parks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:24333-24345. [PMID: 28889400 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9831-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In city playgrounds, there is a potential risk of harming children's health by contamination coming from anthropogenic activities. With the aim to determinate the sources and the risk of hazardous elements, soil samples were collected in 19 selected playgrounds of different urban and rural areas from the Rio Grande do Sul state (Brazil). The concentration of 23 metals and metalloids and lead isotopic ratios were determined by ICP-MS. The methodology proposed here, firstly, classified the parks according to the average metal content by means of the NWACs (Normalized-and-Weighted Average Concentrations) and assess the contamination risk determining the Contamination Factors (CFs). Finally, statistical tools (correlation analysis and principal component analysis) were used to identify the most important contamination sources. The statistical tools used, together with lead isotopic composition analysis of the samples, revealed that coal combustion is the main source of contamination in the area. Vegetation was identified as a barrier for the contamination coming from the city. Nonetheless, some of the soils present a possible toxicological risk for humans. In fact, Cr, Sb, and Pb concentrations were higher than the Residential Intervention Values (VIRs) defined by the Environmental Protection Agency of the State of São Paulo, also in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainara Gredilla
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 2018, San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Silvia Fdez-Ortiz de Vallejuelo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Leticia Gomez-Nubla
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Carrero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Felipe B de Leão
- Research Group in Environmental Management and Sustainability, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Universidad De la Costa, Calle 58, No. 55-56, 080002, Barranquilla, Atlantico, Colombia
| | - Juan Manuel Madariaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Luis F O Silva
- Research Group in Environmental Management and Sustainability, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Universidad De la Costa, Calle 58, No. 55-56, 080002, Barranquilla, Atlantico, Colombia
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30
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Besis A, Tsolakidou A, Balla D, Samara C, Voutsa D, Pantazaki A, Choli-Papadopoulou T, Lialiaris TS. Toxic organic substances and marker compounds in size-segregated urban particulate matter - Implications for involvement in the in vitro bioactivity of the extractable organic matter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:758-774. [PMID: 28732338 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Toxic organic substances and polar organic marker compounds, i.e. polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitro-derivatives (N-PAHs), as well as dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) and sugars/sugar anhydrites (S/SAs) were analyzed in size-segregated PM samples (<0.49, 0.49-0.97, 0.97-3 and >3 μm) collected at two urban sites (urban traffic and urban background) during the cold and the warm season. The potential associations between the organic PM determinants and the adverse cellular effects (i.e. cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, DNA damage, oxidative DNA adduct formation, and inflammatory response) induced by the extractable organic matter (EOM) of PM, previously measured in Velali et al. (2016b), were investigated by bivariate correlations and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Partial Least Square regression analysis (PLS) was also employed in order to identify the chemical classes mainly involved in the EOM-induced toxicological endpoints in the various particle size fractions. Results indicated that particle size range <0.49 μm was the major carrier of PM mass and organic compounds at both sites. All toxic organic compounds exhibited higher concentrations at the urban traffic site, except PCBs and OCPs that did not exhibit intra-urban variations. Conversely, wintertime levels of levoglucosan were significantly higher at the urban background site as a result of residential biomass burning. The PLS regression analysis allowed quite good prediction of the EOM-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity based on the determined organic chemical classes, particularly for the finest size fraction of PM. Nevertheless, it is expected that other chemical constituents, not determined here, also contribute to the measured toxicological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Besis
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandra Tsolakidou
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Balla
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Constantini Samara
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Dimitra Voutsa
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Anastasia Pantazaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodora Choli-Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodore S Lialiaris
- Demokrition University of Thrace, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
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Saikia J, Khare P, Saikia P, Saikia BK. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) around tea processing industries using high-sulfur coals. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2017; 39:1101-1116. [PMID: 27679456 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-016-9879-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In the present investigation, the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with PM2.5, PM10 and dust particles emitted from two tea processing industrial units were studied that uses high-sulfur coal as their energy source. A total of 16 PAHs (viz. naphthalene (Nap), acenaphthene (Ace), acenaphthylene (Acen), phenanthrene (Phe), fluorene (Flu), anthracene (Ant), fluoranthene (Fluo), pyrene (Pyr), benz[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysene (Chry), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBahA), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IP) and benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP) were measured. The total PAH concentration was found to be 94.7 ng/m3 (∑4 PAHs) in the PM10 particle, 32.5 (∑12 PAHs) in PM2.5 and 1.08 ng/m3 (∑6 PAHs) in the dust sample from site A. In site B, the sum of the PAHs in the PM2.5, PM10 and dust samples are found to be 154.4 ng/m3 (∑7 PAHs), 165 ng/m3 (∑3 PAHs) and 1.27 ng/m3 (∑6 PAHs), respectively. Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model study revealed the contribution of local or long-range transport of aerosol sources. Along with the coal combustion activities in the study sites, other sources such as biomass burning and vehicular emission may contribute to the PAHs in the aerosol samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotilima Saikia
- Polymer Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NEIST Campus, Jorhat, 785006, India
| | - Puja Khare
- Agronomy-Soil Science Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Prasenjit Saikia
- Polymer Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, India
| | - Binoy K Saikia
- Polymer Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NEIST Campus, Jorhat, 785006, India.
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Zhao S, Duan Y, Chen L, Li Y, Yao T, Liu S, Liu M, Lu J. Study on emission of hazardous trace elements in a 350 MW coal-fired power plant. Part 2. arsenic, chromium, barium, manganese, lead. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 226:404-411. [PMID: 28416223 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous Trace elements (HTEs) emitted from coal combustion has raised widespread concern. Studies on the emission characteristics of five HTEs, namely arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), barium (Ba), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb) at three different loads (100%, 83%, 71% output) and different coal types were performed on a 350 MW coal-fired power plant equipped with SCR, ESP + FF, and WFGD. HTEs in the flue gas at the inlet/outlet of each air pollution control device (APCD) were sampled simultaneously based on US EPA Method 29. During flue gas HTEs sampling, coal, bottom ash, fly ash captured by ESP + FF, fresh desulfurization slurry, desulfurization wastewater were also collected. Results show that mass balance rate for the system and each APCD is in an acceptable range. The five studied HTEs mainly distribute in bottom and ESP + FF ash. ESP + FF have high removal efficiency of 99.75-99.95%. WFGD can remove part of HTEs further. Total removal rate across the APCDs ranges from 99.84 to 99.99%. Concentration of HTEs emitted to atmosphere is within the extremely low scope of 0.11-4.93 μg/m3. Emission factor of the five studied HTEs is 0.04-1.54 g/1012J. Content of As, Pb, Ba, Cr in solid samples follows the order of ESP + FF ash > bottom ash > gypsum. More focus should be placed on Mn in desulfuration wastewater, content of which is more than the standard value. This work is meaningful for the prediction and removal of HTEs emitted from coal-fired power plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yufeng Duan
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Hua Neng Nantong Power Plant, Nantong, 226003, China
| | - Yaning Li
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Ting Yao
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Jianhong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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Mali M, Dell'Anna MM, Mastrorilli P, Damiani L, Piccinni AF. Assessment and source identification of pollution risk for touristic ports: Heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of 4 marinas of the Apulia region (Italy). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 114:768-777. [PMID: 27832833 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Apulia region in Italy has the longest Adriatic coastline; thus, maritime tourism is the driving force for its economic development. Pollution risk for four representative touristic ports of the region was assessed by determining the concentrations of 10 metals, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) congeners, and the main nutrients. The cumulative mean Effects Range-Median quotient (mERMq) was used to assess the hazard degree, while the distribution patterns and content ratios of different PAH sediment concentrations were investigated to identify the pollution sources. Principal component analyses indicated an anomalous pollution trend for one of the small touristic ports assessed; this trend emerged from contamination by heavy metals and PAHs to a larger extent than expected, considering the main activity in this port, especially in its inner basin. The reason of this anomaly is thought to be the hydrodynamic and/or other stress factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Mali
- DICATECh, Politecnico di Bari, via Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy.
| | | | | | - Leonardo Damiani
- DICATECh, Politecnico di Bari, via Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy
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Mahmoud ME, Abdou AE, Shehata AK, Header HM, Hamed EA. Behavior of γ-Al2O3-bonded-3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane nanosorbent toward potential binding and removal of 4-nitroaniline and 2-amino-3-nitro-pyridine from water. J Mol Liq 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.10.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Muñoz M, Heeb NV, Haag R, Honegger P, Zeyer K, Mohn J, Comte P, Czerwinski J. Bioethanol Blending Reduces Nanoparticle, PAH, and Alkyl- and Nitro-PAH Emissions and the Genotoxic Potential of Exhaust from a Gasoline Direct Injection Flex-Fuel Vehicle. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11853-11861. [PMID: 27712054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioethanol as an alternative fuel is widely used as a substitute for gasoline and also in gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles, which are quickly replacing traditional port-fuel injection (PFI) vehicles. Better fuel efficiency and increased engine power are reported advantages of GDI vehicles. However, increased emissions of soot-like nanoparticles are also associated with GDI technology with yet unknown health impacts. In this study, we compare emissions of a flex-fuel Euro-5 GDI vehicle operated with gasoline (E0) and two ethanol/gasoline blends (E10 and E85) under transient and steady driving conditions and report effects on particle, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), and alkyl- and nitro-PAH emissions and assess their genotoxic potential. Particle number emissions when operating the vehicle in the hWLTC (hot started worldwide harmonized light-duty vehicle test cycle) with E10 and E85 were lowered by 97 and 96% compared with that of E0. CO emissions dropped by 81 and 87%, while CO2 emissions were reduced by 13 and 17%. Emissions of selected PAHs were lowered by 67-96% with E10 and by 82-96% with E85, and the genotoxic potentials dropped by 72 and 83%, respectively. Ethanol blending appears to reduce genotoxic emissions on this specific flex-fuel GDI vehicle; however, other GDI vehicle types should be analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pierre Comte
- UASB, University of Applied Sciences Bern , Laboratory for Exhaust Emission Control, Gwerdtstrasse 5, CH-2560 Nidau, Switzerland
| | - Jan Czerwinski
- UASB, University of Applied Sciences Bern , Laboratory for Exhaust Emission Control, Gwerdtstrasse 5, CH-2560 Nidau, Switzerland
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Bandowe BAM, Nkansah MA. Occurrence, distribution and health risk from polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, oxygenated-PAHs and azaarenes) in street dust from a major West African Metropolis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 553:439-449. [PMID: 26930316 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Scientific evidence suggests that the burden of disease on urban residents of sub-Saharan African Countries is increasing, partly as a result of exposure to elevated concentrations of toxic environmental chemicals. However, characterization of the levels, composition pattern and sources of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in environmental samples from African cities is still lacking. This study measured the PAHs, oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs) and azaarene (AZAs) content of street dusts collected from Kumasi, Ghana (a major metropolis located in the tropical forest zone of West Africa). The ∑Alkyl+parent-PAHs, ∑OPAHs and ∑AZAs concentration in street dust averaged 2570 ng g(-1) (range: 181-7600 ng g(-1)), 833 ng g(-1) (57-4200 ng g(-1)) and 73 ng g(-1) (3.3-240 ng g(-1)), respectively. The concentrations of ∑Alkyl+parent-PAHs were strongly correlated (n=25) with ∑OPAHs (r=0.96, p<0.01) and ∑AZAs (r=0.94, p<0.01). The ∑OPAHs concentrations were also strongly correlated with ∑AZAs (r=0.91, p<0.01). Concentrations of individual PAHs in these street dusts were enriched at between 12 and 836 compared to their average concentrations in background soils from same city, demonstrating the high influence of traffic emissions. Several individual OPAHs and AZAs had higher concentrations than their related and often monitored parent-PAHs. The estimated incremental lifetime cancer risks due to the parent-PAHs in street dusts was >10(-6) indicating high risk of contracting cancer from exposure to street dust from Kumasi. The contribution of OPAHs, AZAs, and alkyl-PAHs in street dust to cancer risk could not be quantified because of lack of toxicity equivalency factors for these compounds; however this could be significant because of their high concentration and known higher toxicity of some polar PACs and alkyl-PAHs than their related parent-PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Falkenplatz 16, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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Rehman ZU, Khan S, Qin K, Brusseau ML, Shah MT, Din I. Quantification of inorganic arsenic exposure and cancer risk via consumption of vegetables in southern selected districts of Pakistan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 550:321-329. [PMID: 26820935 PMCID: PMC4833018 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Human exposures to arsenic (As) through different pathways (dietary and non-dietary) are considered to be one of the primary worldwide environmental health risks to humans. This study was conducted to investigate the presence of As in soil and vegetable samples collected from agricultural lands located in selected southern districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) Province, Pakistan. We examined the concentrations of total arsenic (TAs), organic species of As such as monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsonic acid (DMA), and inorganic species including arsenite (AsIII) and arsenate (AsV) in both soil and vegetables. The data were used to determine several parameters to evaluate human health risk, including bioconcentration factor (BCF) from soil to plant, average daily intake (ADI), health risk index (HRI), incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILTCR), and hazard quotient (HQ). The total As concentration in soil samples of the five districts ranged from 3.0-3.9mgkg(-1), exhibiting minimal variations from site to site. The mean As concentration in edible portions of vegetable samples ranged from 0.03-1.38mgkg(-1). It was observed that As concentrations in 75% of the vegetable samples exceeded the safe maximum allowable limit (0.1mgkg(-1)) set by WHO/FAO. The highest value of ADI for As was measured for Momordica charantia, while the lowest was for Allium chinense. The results of this study revealed minimal health risk (HI<1) associated with consumption of vegetables for the local inhabitants. The ILTCR values for inorganic As indicated a minimal potential cancer risk through ingestion of vegetables. In addition, the HQ values for total As were <1, indicating minimal non-cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahir Ur Rehman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Kun Qin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an 271016, China.
| | - Mark L Brusseau
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Mohammad Tahir Shah
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Islamud Din
- Department of Environmental Sciences, FBAS, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Sector H-10, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan
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Agudelo-Castañeda DM, Teixeira EC, Schneider IL, Pereira FN, Oliveira MLS, Taffarel SR, Sehn JL, Ramos CG, Silva LFO. Potential utilization for the evaluation of particulate and gaseous pollutants at an urban site near a major highway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 543:161-170. [PMID: 26580739 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Works of particle number and mass concentration variability have a great importance since they may indicate better the influence of vehicle emissions in an urban region. Moreover, the importance of this work lies in the fact that there are few studies in Brazil, where the fuel used has unique characteristics. Consequently, this paper presents measurements of particle number (size range 0.3-10 μm), particle mass (PM10, PM2.5, PM1), O3 and NOx (NO, NO2), in a site near a major highway at the Metropolitan Area of Porto Alegre, south Brazil. Measurements were carried out during two years: 2012 and 2013. Particle number and mass concentrations were measured using an optical counter with a PM10 analyzer. Results showed that concentrations of N0.3-1 (0.3-1 μm) were the highest, although similar to N1-2.5 (1-2.5 μm). Daily variability of the analyzed pollutants followed the traffic pattern. Moreover, NO2, O3, and particle number were higher during the day, whereas NO, NOx, and particle matter showed higher concentrations during nighttime. Traffic influence was evidenced by the mean concentrations of weekends and weekdays, being higher for the latter. Correlation of particles and gases with meteorological variables, together with the application of PCA confirmed the influence of vehicle exhaust discharges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana M Agudelo-Castañeda
- Postgraduate Program in Remote Sensing and Meteorology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Elba C Teixeira
- Postgraduate Program in Remote Sensing and Meteorology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil; Research Department, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler, Av. Borges de Medeiros, 261, Porto Alegre, RS 90020-021, Brazil.
| | - Ismael L Schneider
- Postgraduate Program in Remote Sensing and Meteorology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Felipe N Pereira
- Research Department, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler, Av. Borges de Medeiros, 261, Porto Alegre, RS 90020-021, Brazil
| | - Marcos L S Oliveira
- Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Av. Vitor Barreto, 2288, Canoas, RS 92010-000, Brazil
| | - Silvio R Taffarel
- Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Av. Vitor Barreto, 2288, Canoas, RS 92010-000, Brazil
| | - Janaína L Sehn
- Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Av. Vitor Barreto, 2288, Canoas, RS 92010-000, Brazil
| | - Claudete G Ramos
- Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Av. Vitor Barreto, 2288, Canoas, RS 92010-000, Brazil
| | - Luis F O Silva
- Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Av. Vitor Barreto, 2288, Canoas, RS 92010-000, Brazil.
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Schneider IL, Teixeira EC, Agudelo-Castañeda DM, Silva E Silva G, Balzaretti N, Braga MF, Oliveira LFS. FTIR analysis and evaluation of carcinogenic and mutagenic risks of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM1.0. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:1151-1160. [PMID: 26473715 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) represent a group of organic compounds of significant interest due to their presence in airborne particulates of urban centers, wide distribution in the environment, and mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. These compounds, associated with atmospheric particles of size < 1 μm, have been reported as a major risk to human health. This study aims at identifying the spectral features of NPAHs (1-nitropyrene, 2-nitrofluorene, and 6-nitrochrysene) in emissivity and transmittance spectra of samples of particulate matter < 1 μm (PM1.0) using infrared spectrometry. Carcinogenic and mutagenic risks of the studied NPAHs associated with PM1.0 samples were also determined for two sampling sites: Canoas and Sapucaia do Sul. The results showed that NPAH standard spectra can effectively identify NPAHs in PM1.0 samples. The transmittance and emissivity sample spectra showed broader bands and lower relative intensity than the standard NPAH spectra. The carcinogenic risk and the total mutagenic risk were calculated using the toxic equivalent factors and mutagenic potency factors, respectively. Canoas showed the highest total carcinogenic risk, while Sapucaia do Sul had the highest mutagenic risk. The seasonal analysis suggested that in the study area the ambient air is more toxic during the cold periods. These findings might of significant importance for the decision and policy making authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Luís Schneider
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Sensoriamento Remoto, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Elba Calesso Teixeira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Sensoriamento Remoto, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Dayana Milena Agudelo-Castañeda
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Sensoriamento Remoto, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Silva E Silva
- Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Mestrado em Avaliação de Impactos Ambientais em Mineração, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Naira Balzaretti
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcel Ferreira Braga
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Sensoriamento Remoto, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luís Felipe Silva Oliveira
- Laboratory of Environmental Researches and Nanotechnology Development, Centro Universitário La Salle, Mestrado em Avaliação de Impactos Ambientais em Mineração, Canoas, RS, Brazil
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Morillas H, Marcaida I, Maguregui M, Carrero JA, Madariaga JM. The influence of rainwater composition on the conservation state of cementitious building materials. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 542:716-727. [PMID: 26546767 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Rainwater is one of the main pollution tracers around the world. There are many reasons that can explain the presence of high concentrations of certain hazardous elements (HEs) in the rainwater (traffic, marine port activities, industry, etc.). In this work, rainwater samples were collected at six different locations in the Metropolitan Bilbao (Basque Country, north of Spain) during November 2014. HE concentrations were determined by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and anions by ion chromatography. The pH and redox potential values on these samples were also assessed. According to the obtained results, different trends along the estuary of Bilbao have been observed. To corroborate some hypothesis, thermodynamic simulations and correlation analyses were also carried out using quantitative data. These trends are closely related to the surrounding pollution and marine influence. Finally, in order to ascertain the influence of the Metropolitan Bilbao rainwater on buildings materials, a recent construction was characterized. Using techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) and Raman Spectroscopy, different types of sulfates and nitrates were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Morillas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Iker Marcaida
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Maite Maguregui
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 450, 01080 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Carrero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Madariaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
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Teixeira EC, Agudelo-Castañeda DM, Mattiuzi CDP. Contribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) sources to the urban environment: A comparison of receptor models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 538:212-219. [PMID: 26298853 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of the main emission sources of PAHs associated with PM2.5, in an urban area of the Rio Grande do Sul state. Source apportionment was conducted using both the US EPA Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model and the Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) model. The two models were compared to analyze the source contributions similarities and differences, their advantages and disadvantages. PM2.5 samples were collected continuously over 24h using a stacked filter unit at 3 sampling sites of the urban area of the Rio Grande do Sul state every 15days between 2006 and 2008. Both models identified the main emission sources of PAHs in PM2.5: vehicle fleet (diesel and gasoline), coal combustion, wood burning, and dust. Results indicated similar source contribution amongst the sampling sites, as expected because of the proximity amongst the sampling sites, which are under the influence of the same pollutants emitting sources. Moreover, differences were observed in obtained sources contributions for the same data set of each sampling site. The PMF model attributed a slightly greater amount of PAHs to the gasoline and diesel sources, while diesel contributed more in the CMB results. The results were comparable with previous works of the region and in accordance with the characteristics of the study area. Comparison between these receptor models, which contain different physical constraints, is important for understanding better PAH emissions sources in order to reduce air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elba Calesso Teixeira
- Research Department, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler, Av. Borges de Medeiros, 261, Porto Alegre, RS 90020-021, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Remote Sensing and Meteorology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil.
| | - Dayana Milena Agudelo-Castañeda
- Postgraduate Program in Remote Sensing and Meteorology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Camila Dalla Porta Mattiuzi
- Postgraduate Institute research hydraulic, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
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Wang J, Liu R, Wang H, Yu W, Xu F, Shen Z. Identification and apportionment of hazardous elements in the sediments in the Yangtze River estuary. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:20215-20225. [PMID: 26511260 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, positive matrix factorization (PMF) and principal components analysis (PCA) were combined to identify and apportion pollution-based sources of hazardous elements in the surface sediments in the Yangtze River estuary (YRE). Source identification analysis indicated that PC1, including Al, Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, As, Cu, and Zn, can be defined as a sewage component; PC2, including Pb and Sb, can be considered as an atmospheric deposition component; and PC3, containing Cd and Hg, can be considered as an agricultural nonpoint component. To better identify the sources and quantitatively apportion the concentrations to their sources, eight sources were identified with PMF: agricultural/industrial sewage mixed (18.6 %), mining wastewater (15.9 %), agricultural fertilizer (14.5 %), atmospheric deposition (12.8 %), agricultural nonpoint (10.6 %), industrial wastewater (9.8 %), marine activity (9.0 %), and nickel plating industry (8.8 %). Overall, the hazardous element content seems to be more connected to anthropogenic activity instead of natural sources. The PCA results laid the foundation for the PMF analysis by providing a general classification of sources. PMF resolves more factors with a higher explained variance than PCA; PMF provided both the internal analysis and the quantitative analysis. The combination of the two methods can provide more reasonable and reliable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ruimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Haotian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Wenwen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zhenyao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
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Discovering the feasibility of using the radiation forces for recovering rare earth elements from coal power plant by-products. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wang S, Gao B, Zimmerman AR, Li Y, Ma L, Harris WG, Migliaccio KW. Physicochemical and sorptive properties of biochars derived from woody and herbaceous biomass. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 134:257-262. [PMID: 25957037 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear how the properties of biochar control its ability to sorb metals. In this work, physicochemical properties of a variety of biochars, made from four types of feedstock at three pyrolysis temperatures (300, 450 and 600°C) were compared to their ability to sorb arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) in aqueous solutions. Experimental results showed that both feedstock types and pyrolysis temperature affected biochar's production rate, i.e., ratio of mass of biochar and biomass, thermal stability, elemental composition, non-combustible component (NCC) content, pH values, surface areas and thus their sorption ability to the two metals in aqueous solution. In general, the high temperature biochars had low O/C and H/C ratios, were more carbonized with larger surface area, and were more concentrated with alkaline cations. In addition, biochars made from woody feedstocks had larger surface area, but lower NCC contents than that made from grasses under the same conditions. Although all the tested biochars removed both As and Pb from aqueous solutions, they showed different sorption abilities because of the variations in properties. Statistical analyses suggested that feedstock type affected the sorption ability of the biochars to both As and Pb significantly (p<0.001). Pyrolysis temperature, however, showed little influence on biochar sorption of Pb in aqueous solutions. Statistical analyses also showed that electrostatic interaction played an important role in controlling the sorption of both As(V) and Pb(II) onto the biochar. Other mechanisms, such as precipitation and surface complexation, could also control the sorption of Pb(II) onto the biochars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengsen Wang
- Tropical Research and Education Center, Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031, United States
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
| | - Andrew R Zimmerman
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Yuncong Li
- Tropical Research and Education Center, Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031, United States.
| | - Lena Ma
- Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Willie G Harris
- Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Kati W Migliaccio
- Tropical Research and Education Center, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031, United States
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Wei C, Bandowe BAM, Han Y, Cao J, Zhan C, Wilcke W. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives (alkyl-PAHs, oxygenated-PAHs, nitrated-PAHs and azaarenes) in urban road dusts from Xi'an, Central China. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 134:512-520. [PMID: 25543159 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Urban road dusts are carriers of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) and are therefore considered to be a major source of contamination of other environmental compartments and a source of exposure to PACs for urban populations. We determined the occurrence, composition pattern and sources of several PACs (29 alkyl- and parent-PAHs, 15 oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs), 4 azaarenes (AZAs), and 11 nitrated-PAHs (NPAHs)) in twenty urban road dusts and six suburban surface soils (0-5cm) from Xi'an, central China. The average concentrations of ∑29PAHs, ∑4AZAs, ∑15OPAHs, and ∑11NPAHs were 15767, 673, 4754, and 885 n gg(-1) in road dusts and 2067, 784, 854, and 118 ng g(-1) in surface soils, respectively. The concentrations of most individual PACs were higher in street dusts than suburban soils, particularly for PACs with molecular weight>192 g mol(-1). The enrichment factors of individual PACs were significantly positively correlated with log KOA and log KOW, indicating an increasing deposition and co-sorption of the PACs in urban dusts with decreasing volatility and increasing hydrophobicity. Significant correlations between the concentrations of individual and sum of PACs, carbon fractions (soot and char), and source-characteristic PACs (combustion-derived PAHs and retene, etc.), indicated that PAHs, OPAHs and AZAs were mostly directly emitted from combustion activities and had similar post-emission fates, but NPAHs were possibly more intensely photolyzed after deposition as well as being emitted from vehicle exhaust sources. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) resulting from exposure to urban dust bound-PACs was higher than 10(-6), indicating a non-negligible cancer risk to residents of Xi'an.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Yongming Han
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Changlin Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Environmental Science and Engineering College, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland; Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Lung SCC, Liu CH. Fast analysis of 29 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12992. [PMID: 26265155 PMCID: PMC4532996 DOI: 10.1038/srep12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs are ubiquitous in the environment. Some of them are probable carcinogens and some are source markers. This work presents an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-APPI-MS/MS) method for simultaneous analysis of 20 PAHs and nine nitro-PAHs. These compounds are separated in 15 minutes in the positive mode and 11 minutes in the negative mode, one half of GC/MS analysis time. Two pairs of precursor/product ions are offered, which is essential for confirmation. This method separates and quantifies benzo[a]pyrene (the most toxic PAHs) and non-priority benzo[e]pyrene (isomers, little toxicity) to avoid overestimation of toxin levels, demonstrating its importance for health-related researches. With 0.5% 2,4-difluoroanisole in chlorobenzene as the dopant, limits of detection of PAHs except acenaphthylene and those of nitro-PAHs except 2-nitrofluoranthene are below 10 pg and 3 pg, respectively, mostly lower than or comparable to those reported using LC-related systems. The responses were linear over two orders of magnitude with fairly good accuracy and precision. Certified reference materials and real aerosol samples were analyzed to demonstrate its applicability. This fast, sensitive, and reliable method is the first UHPLC-APPI-MS/MS method capable of simultaneously analyzing 29 environmentally and toxicologically important PAHs and nitro-PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chun Candice Lung
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hu Liu
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
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