Tracing endocrine disrupting chemicals in a coastal lagoon (Sacca di Goro, Italy): sediment contamination and bioaccumulation in Manila clams

G-Protein Coupled Receptor 1 Is Involved in Tetrachlorobisphenol A-Induced Inflammatory Response in Jurkat Cells

Estrogens can affect the immune inflammatory response through estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), but the specific role of estrogen member receptor G-protein coupled receptor 1 (GPER1) in this process remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effects of tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA), which has estrogen activity, on immune inflammatory-related indicators of Jurkat cells, as well as investigated the role of GPER1 in these effects. The results showed that TCBPA at lower concentrations significantly promoted the viability of Jurkat cells, whereas higher concentrations decreased cell viability. TCBPA at concentrations ranging from 1 to 25 μM increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Additionally, treatment with 10 μM TCBPA increased the protein expression of ERα and GPER1, elevated the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (p-Akt), and upregulated the mRNA levels of GPER1, Akt, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) genes. Treatment with 10 μM TCBPA also upregulated the protein or gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukins (IL1β, IL2, IL6, IL8, IL12α) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) in Jurkat cells. Furthermore, pretreatment with a GPER1 inhibitor G15 significantly reduced the mRNA levels of Akt induced by 10 μM TCBPA. Moreover, the upregulation of mRNA expression of RelA (p65), TNFα, IL6, IL8, and IL12α induced by 10 μM TCBPA was also significantly attenuated after G15 pretreatment. These findings suggest that TCBPA upregulates the expression of genes related to inflammatory responses by activating the GPER1-mediated PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. This study provides new insights into the mechanism of TCBPA-induced inflammatory response.

Update of the scientific opinion on tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and its derivatives in food

The European Commission asked EFSA to update its 2011 risk assessment on tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and five derivatives in food. Neurotoxicity and carcinogenicity were considered as the critical effects of TBBPA in rodent studies. The available evidence indicates that the carcinogenicity of TBBPA occurs via non-genotoxic mechanisms. Taking into account the new data, the CONTAM Panel considered it appropriate to set a tolerable daily intake (TDI). Based on decreased interest in social interaction in male mice, a lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) of 0.2 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day was identified and selected as the reference point for the risk characterisation. Applying the default uncertainty factor of 100 for inter- and intraspecies variability, and a factor of 3 to extrapolate from the LOAEL to NOAEL, a TDI for TBBPA of 0.7 μg/kg bw per day was established. Around 2100 analytical results for TBBPA in food were used to estimate dietary exposure for the European population. The most important contributors to the chronic dietary LB exposure to TBBPA were fish and seafood, meat and meat products and milk and dairy products. The exposure estimates to TBBPA were all below the TDI, including those estimated for breastfed and formula-fed infants. Accounting for the uncertainties affecting the assessment, the CONTAM Panel concluded with 90%-95% certainty that the current dietary exposure to TBBPA does not raise a health concern for any of the population groups considered. There were insufficient data on the toxicity of any of the TBBPA derivatives to derive reference points, or to allow a comparison with TBBPA that would support assignment to an assessment group for the purposes of combined risk assessment.

Optimization of a modified Captiva EMR-lipid method based on micro-matrix solid-phase dispersion coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of nine bisphenols in mussel samples

This work describes a reliable, cheap, easy and fast method for analysis of nine bisphenols in mussel samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after trimethylsilylation. The modified method consisted of miniaturized matrix solid phase dispersion (micro-MSPD) in a glass Pasteur pipette using Captiva EMR (enhanced matrix removal)-lipid as the sorbent. Good linearity was obtained in the work range (1-500 μg L-1) with a correlation coefficient (R2) ≥ 0.998. The method accuracy and precision were determined at two concentration levels. The results show recoveries ranging from 55 to 111%. The precision varied from 1.95 to 11.4% (RSD). The whole quantification limits were between 0.056 and 3.42 μg per kg dry weight. The analytical procedure was applied for the analyses of five mussel samples collected from Galician Rias. The major compound was BPA, and wild mussels from Rías de Ferrol, Vigo and A Coruña had the highest levels. The proposed method is suitable for the analysis of BPA and its analogues in mussel samples.

Contaminants of emerging concern in water and sediment of the Venice Lagoon, Italy

This study investigates for the first time the contamination of water and sediment of the Venice Lagoon by twenty Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs): three hormones, six pharmaceutical compounds (diclofenac and five antibiotics, three of which are macrolides), nine pesticides (methiocarb, oxadiazon, metaflumizone, triallate, and five neonicotinoids), one antioxidant (BHT), and one UV filter (EHMC). Water and sediment samples were collected in seven sites in four seasons, with the aim of investigating the occurrence, distribution, and possible emission sources of the selected CECs in the studied transitional environment. The most frequently detected contaminants in water were neonicotinoid insecticides (with a frequency of quantification of single contaminants ranging from 73% to 92%), and EHMC (detected in the 77% of samples), followed by BHT (42%), diclofenac (39%), and clarithromycin (35%). In sediment the highest quantification frequencies were those of BHT (54%), estrogens (ranging from 35% to 65%), and azithromycin (46%). Although this baseline study does not highlight seasonal or spatial trends, results suggested that two of the major emission sources of CECs in the Venice Lagoon could be tributary rivers from its drainage basin and treated wastewater, due to the limited removal rates of some CECs in WWTPs. These preliminary results call for further investigations to better map priority emission sources and improve the understanding of CECs environmental behavior, with the final aim of drawing up a site-specific Watch List of CECs for the Venice Lagoon and support the design of more comprehensive monitoring plans in the future.

Synthetic musks in the natural environment: Sources, occurrence, concentration, and fate-A review of recent developments (2010-2023)

Synthetic musks (SMs) have served as cost-effective substitutes for natural musk compounds in personal care and daily chemical products for decades. Their widespread use has led to their detection in various environmental matrices, raising concerns about potential risks. Despite numerous studies on SM levels in different natural environments, a systematic review of their contemporary presence is lacking. This review aims to address this gap by summarising recent research developments on SMs in diverse natural environments, including river water, lake water, seawater, estuarine water, groundwater, snow, meltwater, sediments, aquatic suspended matter, soils, sands, outdoor air, and atmospheric particulate matter. Covering the period from 2010 to 2023, the review focuses on four SM categories: nitro, polycyclic, macrocyclic, and alicyclic. It systematically examines their sources, occurrences, concentrations, spatial and temporal variations, and fate. The literature reveals widespread detection of SMs in the natural environment (freshwater and sediments in particular), with polycyclic musks being the most studied group. Both direct (e.g., wastewater discharges) and indirect (e.g., human recreational activities) sources contribute to SM presence. Levels of SMs vary greatly among studies with higher levels observed in certain regions, such as sediments in Southeast Asia. Spatial and temporal variations are also evident. The fate of SMs in the environment depends on their physicochemical properties and environmental processes, including bioaccumulation, biodegradation, photodegradation, adsorption, phase exchange, hydro-dilution effects. Biodegradation and photodegradation can decrease SM levels, but may produce more persistent and eco-toxic products. Modelling approaches have been employed to analyse SM fate, especially for indirect processes like photodegradation or long-distance atmospheric transport. Future studies should further investigate the complex fate if SMs and their environmental influence. This review enhances understanding of SM status in the natural environment and supports efforts to control environmental contamination.

Evaluating the spatial and temporal distribution of emerging contaminants in the Pearl River Basin for regulating purposes

Little information is available on how the types, concentrations, and distribution of chemicals have evolved over the years. The objective of the present study is therefore to review the spatial and temporal distribution profile of emerging contaminants with limited toxicology data in the pearl river basin over the years to build up the emerging contaminants database in this region for risk assessment and regulatory purposes. The result revealed that seven groups of emerging contaminants were abundant in this region, and many emerging contaminants had been detected at much higher concentrations before 2011. Specifically, antibiotics, phenolic compounds, and acidic pharmaceuticals were the most abundant emerging contaminants detected in the aquatic compartment, while phenolic compounds were of the most profound concern in soil. Flame retardants and plastics were the most frequently studied chemicals in organisms. The abundance of the field concentrations and frequencies varied considerably over the years, and currently available data can hardly be used for regulation purposes. It is suggested that watershed management should establish a regular monitoring scheme and comprehensive database to monitor the distribution of emerging contaminants considering the highly condensed population in this region. The priority monitoring list should be formed in consideration of historical abundance, potential toxic effects of emerging contaminants as well as the distribution of heavily polluting industries in the region.

Bisphenol A in the environment and recent advances in biodegradation by fungi

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a compound used in the manufacture of a wide variety of everyday materials that, when released into the environment, causes multiple detrimental effects on humans and other organisms. The reason for this review is to provide an overview of the presence, distribution, and concentration of BPA in water, soil, sediment, and air, as well as the process of release and migration, biomagnification, and exposure mechanisms that cause various toxic effects in humans. Therefore, it is important to seek efficient and economic strategies that allow its removal from the environment and prevent it from reaching humans through food chains. Likewise, the main removal techniques are analyzed, focusing on biological treatments, particularly the most recent advances in the degradation of BPA in different environmental matrices through the use of ligninolytic fungi, non-ligninolytic fungi and yeasts, as well as the possible routes of metabolic processes that allow their biotransformation or biodegradation due to their efficient extracellular enzyme systems. This review supports the importance of the application of new biotechnological tools for the degradation of BPA.

Effects of environmental concentrations of the fragrance amyl salicylate on the mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis

Amyl salicylate (AS) is a fragrance massively used as a personal care product and following the discharged in wastewaters may end up in the aquatic environment representing a potential threat for the ecosystem and living organisms. AS was recently detected in water of the Venice Lagoon, a vulnerable area continuously subjected to the income of anthropogenic chemicals. The lagoon is a relevant area for mollusc farming, including the Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) having an important economic and ecological role. Despite high levels of AS occurred in water of the Lagoon of Venice, no studies investigated the possible consequences of AS exposures on species inhabiting this ecosystem to date. For the first time, we applied a multidisciplinary approach to investigate the potential effects of the fragrance AS on Mediterranean mussels. To reach such a goal, bioaccumulation, cellular, biochemical, and molecular analyses (RNA-seq and microbiota characterization) were measured in mussels treated for 7 and 14 days with different AS Venice lagoon environmental levels (0.1 and 0.5 μg L^-1). Despite chemical investigations suggested low AS bioaccumulation capability, cellular and molecular analyses highlighted the disruption of several key cellular processes after the prolonged exposures to the high AS concentration. Among them, potential immunotoxicity and changes in transcriptional regulation of pathways involved in energy metabolism, stress response, apoptosis and cell death regulations have been observed. Conversely, exposure to the low AS concentration demonstrated weak transcriptional changes and transient increased representation of opportunistic pathogens, as Arcobacter genus and Vibrio aestuarianus. Summarizing, this study provides the first overview on the effects of AS on one of the most widely farmed mollusk species.

Multi-matrix distribution and contamination profiles of HBCDD isomers in a man-made saltwater lake near industrial complexes with high flame retardant consumption in Korea

South Korea is one of the largest consumers of flame-retardants worldwide. In this study, water, sediment, and biota samples were collected from a highly industrialized lake to investigate contamination, isomeric profiles, source, and the bioaccumulation potential of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs). Almost all of the sediments were severely contaminated by HBCDDs, which were some of the highest global levels compared to those found in previous studies. The highest concentrations and similar profiles to those of technical mixtures of HBCDDs were observed in creeks passing through industrial complexes, indicating on-going contamination by high consumption of HBCDDs from industrial activities. γ-HBCDD was dominant in water and sediment, whereas α-HBCDD was dominant in fish and shellfish. The diastereoisomeric profiles of HBCDDs in multiple matrices were influenced by proximity to industry and chemical properties. In-situ biota-sediment accumulation factors of α-HBCDDs were > 1 in benthic species, implying that HBCDDs are of great concern in sedimentary environments.

Bisphenols' occurrence in bivalves as sentinel of environmental contamination

Bisphenols are massively used in several manufacture processes such that bisphenol A (BPA) is ubiquitous in environment worldwide. After the implementation of regulations about BPA use, manufacturers have moved their production toward alternative substances structurally similar to it. Unfortunately, BPA analogues, given their structural similarity, exert also similar adverse effects. This review aims to investigate the occurrence of bisphenols (BPs) in bivalve molluscs. In this way, valuable information on the amount of BPs released into the environment in different areas are given. The current research indicates that BPA presence in bivalve molluscs has been investigated in Asia (Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean), Europe (Mediterranean Sea, Baltic Sea and Atlantic Ocean) and America (Lake Mead, Nevada) with the highest amount of studies reported in bivalves harvested in Asian Coasts. BPA analogues are frequently detected in several matrices and their levels will continuously increase in the environment. Nevertheless, there is a current lack of studies analysing BPs other than BPA in bivalves. Further investigations should be conducted in this direction, in order to assess environmental distribution and the hazard for animals and human health given that seafood consumption could be an important pathway of bisphenols intake.

Synthetic musks in surface water and fish from the rivers in India: Seasonal distribution and toxicological risk assessment

Synthetic musks (SMs), a class of organic compounds added to various personal care products (PCPs) to enhance aroma, are increasingly released into the environment and become one emerging contaminants of concern in India. Some SMs like Galaxolide, Tonalide and Musk Ketone (MK) are lipophilic and found ubiquitously in the environment, posing health and ecological risks, especially affecting aquatic organisms. Hence, monitoring the synthetic musks contamination in these rivers become environmentally inevitable. Consequently, three major rivers, the Kaveri (Cauvery), Vellar and Thamirabarani Rivers in Tamil Nadu, India, were investigated to understand the occurrence and fate of SMs. The concentration of Galaxolide, Tonalide and MK in surface water ranged as not detected (ND)-198, ND-77 and ND-62 ng/L, respectively. The levels of SMs in the Kaveri River were comparable with Vellar and Thamirabarani Rivers; however, the detection frequency was low in Thamirabarani river. Fish samples from the Kaveri river had higher concentrations of SMs (galaxolide 36-350 ng/g > MK 2-33 ng/g > Tonalide 1-9 ng/g ww (wet weight)) than in the Vellar River. Based on Hazard Quotient, SMs pose no risks to freshwater systems and the resident organisms in this study. In India, the dry season starts from March to July (35-42 °C) and wet season starts from November to February (25-35 °C). Bioconcentration factor (BCF) values for Galaxolide were found higher during the wet season and lower during the dry season, whereas it is reverse for Tonalide. Among fish Gebilion catla may be a good indicator species for SMs, despite the seasons, it accumulates more. This is the first study of SMs in surface water and fish from the rivers in India.

Levels and trends of synthetic musks in marine bivalves from French coastal areas

The levels and trends of four bioaccumulative synthetic musks (galaxolide - HHCB, tonalide - AHTN, musk xylene - MX and musk ketone - MK) were investigated in filter-feeding bivalves collected yearly since 2010 at sites of contrasted pressure along the French coasts. Quantification rates were high for all 4 compounds (85-99%), indicating their geographical and temporal extensive occurrence in the French coastal environment. The polycyclic musks HHCB and AHTN prevailed, with median concentrations of 2.27 ng g^-1 dw and of 0.724 ng g^-1 dw, whilst nitromusks were found 1 to 2 orders of magnitude lower. These levels were in the high range of those encountered for various other CEC families at the same sites and comparable to those from other locations on European coasts. Unlike for the other musks, the accumulation of HHCB was evidenced to be species-specific, with significantly lower levels found in oysters in comparison with mussels, possibly suggesting a higher metabolization in oysters. Geographical differences in musk distribution highlighted the sites under strong anthropogenic pressures and these differences were found to be consistent between years. The HHCB/AHTN ratio proved to be discriminant to explain the relative occurrence of polycyclic musks. The 8-year time series showed that only the now-banned compound MX displayed a significant decrease in most sites, whilst stable concentrations of the other musks suggested consistency in their usage over the last decade. These results provide reference data for future studies of the occurrence of personal care products on European coasts.

Environmental estrogens and progestins disturb testis and brood pouch development with modifying transcriptomes in male-pregnancy lined seahorse Hippocampus erectus

Exposure to environmental estrogens and progestins has contributed to adverse effects on the reproduction of many aquatic wildlife species. However, few reports have paid attention to fish species with specialized reproductive strategies, such as male-pregnancy seahorses. In this study, the potential effects on the behavior, gonad and brood pouch development, and transcriptomic profiles of lined seahorse Hippocampus erectus exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of 17α-ethynyl estradiol (EE2, 5 ng/L, 50 ng/L, 10 ng/L, 100 ng/L) or progesterone (P4) for 60 days were examined. Both EE2 and P4 significantly inhibited male brood pouch development by disrupting the extracellular matrix and basement membrane pathways. In addition, both EE2 and P4 impaired the expression of genes associated with spermatogenesis in the testis, and even caused male feminization. We suggest that seahorses be regarded as a sensitive indicator for evaluating the potential effects of endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) pollution on aquatic biotic communities.

Multiannual Trend of Micro-Pollutants in Sediments and Benthic Community Response in a Mediterranean Lagoon (Sacca di Goro, Italy)

Long-term variations of ecological status in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon (Sacca di Goro, Northern Adriatic) were investigated, combining data on the concentration of surface sediment contaminants and on the structure of the macrobenthic community. The aim was to assess any amount of chemical contamination and check the response of the macrobenthic community to sediment contamination. Over the studied period, the sediments of the lagoon showed contamination by trace metals and organochlorine pesticides, with most of them exceeding the thresholds indicated by the Italian legislation in many samples. Contamination by polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) instead never exceeded the threshold. The ecological status based on the macrobenthic community, evaluated through biotic indices (AMBI and M-AMBI), fell below the Good/Moderate threshold in most samples. The results indicate a possible influence of toxic compounds in sediment on benthic organisms, but most of the variability shown by the macrobenthic community is probably due to other factors. The difficulty in establishing a cause/effect relationship was due to the co-occurrence and variability of various stressors (both natural and anthropogenic) and their interactions. The methods currently used for monitoring transitional waters thus seem insufficient to disentangle the effect of pollutants and other environmental variables on the benthos. Integrated approaches (e.g., bioaccumulation and toxicity tests) are thus needed for a more precise identification of the risk posed by a high concentration of pollutants in such environments.

Quality screening of the Lagos lagoon sediment by assessing the cytotoxicity and toxicological responses of rat hepatoma H4IIE and fish PLHC-1 cell-lines using different extraction approaches

In this study, sediment samples from Makoko and Ikorodu sites of the Lagos lagoon (Nigeria) were screened for toxicological responses on mammalian and fish cell lines using different extraction methods. Rat hepatoma H4IIE and fish PLHC-1 cell-lines were exposed to serial dilutions of the elutriate, polar and non-polar extracts. We evaluated exposed cells for cytotoxicity and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated toxicity. Cells exposed to polar and water extracts from Makoko and Ikorodu showed viability percentage of >80% at 48 h. On the other hand, exposure to the non-polar extracts exhibited cell viability of 50-60% at all tested dilutions. For both cell lines, a significant concentration-dependent induction of cyp1a mRNA was observed after exposure to the different extracts from both sites. Interestingly, the extracts affected functional enzymes differently for both cell lines. For H4IIE cells, while EROD activity paralleled cyp1a mRNA expression patterns, MROD showed significant concentration-specific reduction in cells exposed to polar and water extracts. On the contrary, while the MROD activity paralleled cyp1a mRNA, EROD activity was significantly inhibited in PLHC-1 cells exposed to water-, polar and non-polar extracts from both sites. These observations paralleled sediments PAH contamination burden from the study sites as revealed by co-relation analysis. In conclusion, although the different extracts did not exert high cytotoxic effects (except the non-polar) at the tested concentrations, they significantly modulated phase I biotransformation responses, showing that the studied sediments contain complex chemical mixture in the different extracts, with potential for overt physiological and general health consequences.

Occurrence, fate and risk assessment of biocides in wastewater treatment plants and aquatic environments in Thailand

This study investigated the occurrence and fate of 19 biocides in 8 wastewater treatment plants and receiving aquatic environments (both freshwater and estuarine systems) in Thailand. The predominant compound in wastewater and surface water was methylparaben with the maximum concentration of 15.2 μg/L detected in the receiving river, while in sludge and sediment was triclocarban with the maximum concentration of 8.47 μg/g in sludge. Triclosan was the main contaminants in the fish samples with the maximum concentration of 1.20 μg/g. Similar results of biocides were found in the estuarine system in Pattaya city, with the maximum concentration of 185 ng/L in sea water for methylparaben, and 242 ng/g in estuarine sediment for triclocarban. The aqueous removal rates for the biocides ranged from 15% to 95% in average. The back estimated-usage and total estimated emission of Ʃ19 biocides in Thailand was 279 and 202 tons/year, respectively. Preliminary ecological risk assessment showed that clotrimazole and triclosan could pose high risks to aquatic organisms in the receiving aquatic environments.

Study of aquatic life criteria and ecological risk assessment for triclocarban (TCC)

Triclocarban (TCC) is used as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, the intensive detection of TCC in aquatic environments and its potential risks to aquatic organisms are concerned worldwide. In this study, 8 Chinese resident aquatic organisms from 3 phyla and 8 families were used for the toxicity tests, and four methods were employed to derive the aquatic life criteria (ALC). A criterion maximum concentration (CMC) of 1.46 μg/L and a criterion continuous concentration (CCC) of 0.21 μg/L were derived according to the USEPA guidelines. The acute predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs) derived by species sensitivity distribution (SSD) methods based on log-normal, log-logistic and Burr Type Ⅲ models were 2.64, 1.88 and 3.09 μg/L, respectively. The comparisons of ALCs derived with resident and non-resident species showed that the CMC and CCC of TCC derived with Chinese resident species could provide a sufficient protection for non-resident species. The higher toxicity of TCC on aquatic organisms was found compared with other antimicrobial agents (except for Clotrimazole) in aquatic environment. The strong positive linear correlation was observed between the TCC and TCS concentrations in aquatic environment with a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.8104, it is of great significance in environmental monitoring and risk assessment for TCC and TCS. Finally, the ecological risk assessment showed that the TCC in Yellow River basin and Pearl River basin had higher risk with the mean potential affected fractions (PAFs) of 9.27% and 7.09%, and 22.10% and 15.00% waters may pose potential risk for 5% aquatic organisms, respectively. In general, the risk of TCC in Asian waters was higher than that in Europe and North America.

Levels of NP and BPA in the Pearl River Estuary, China: Fluctuations with Country Policy Changes over the Past 40 Years

Sediment cores were collected from four outlets in the Pearl River Estuary (Guangdong Province, China) and dated using the ²¹⁰Pb method to investigate the pollution history of the area due to its relatively stable sedimentation status and hydrographic conditions in recent decades. The ages of the sediment cores were dated over 40 years (1968–2015). The concentrations at the four outlets ranged from 2.21 to 48.52 ng g⁻¹ dw for nonylphenol and were non-detectable for 23.64 ng g⁻¹ dw for bisphenol A (BPA), which exhibited a decreasing trend from north to south as well as seaward. The fluxes (2.84 to 112.91 ng cm⁻² yr⁻¹ and non-detectable to 59.33 ng cm⁻² yr⁻¹ for nonylphenol and bisphenol A, respectively) stabilized in the 1980s to 1990s due to the construction of sewage treatment systems. The fluxes increased again in the 21st century, which reached a peak ca. 2010 but declined in recent years due to the establishment of regulations and the decreasing number of industrial enterprises. Fluctuations in the pollution composition coincided with industrial development and governmental policies.

Contamination and spatial distribution of parabens, their metabolites and antimicrobials in sediment from Korean coastal waters

Synthetic antimicrobials known as parabens, triclosan (TCS), and triclocarban (TCC) are emerging environmental contaminants. Limited studies on these contaminants have been conducted in coastal environments. In our study, parabens, their metabolites, TCS, and TCC were measured in sediment collected along the Korean coast, to investigate contamination status, spatial distribution, and potential health risks to coastal environments. Methyl paraben and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid were detected in all sediment samples, suggesting widespread contamination. Total concentrations of parent parabens, their metabolites, TCS, and TCC ranged from 0.19 to 11.2 (mean: 2.40) ng/g dry weight, 9.65 to 480 (mean: 120) ng/g dry weight, and < limit of quantification (LOQ)-6.10 (mean: 0.41) ng/g dry weight, and from < LOQ-41.0 (mean: 2.78) ng/g dry weight, respectively. The overall contamination of parabens and antimicrobials in sediment was different from that reported for persistent organic pollutants due to different contamination sources among chemical groups. Significant correlation was found among target contaminants in sediment, suggesting the existence of a common source. Total organic carbon (TOC) was significantly correlated with the concentrations of target contaminants, implying a major factor for coastal distribution of parabens and antimicrobials. The concentrations of parabens and TCS measured in sediment did not exceed a hazard quotient (HQ), implying low potential health risks associated with exposure to these contaminants. This is the first study to report the nationwide distribution of parabens, their metabolites, and antimicrobials in the coastal environments of Korea.

Environmental risks associated with contaminants of legacy and emerging concern at European aquaculture areas

The contamination of marine ecosystems by contaminants of emerging concern such as personal care products or per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances is of increasing concern. This work assessed the concentrations of selected contaminants of emerging concern in water and sediment of European aquaculture areas, to evaluate their co-variation with legacy contaminants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and faecal biomarkers, and estimate the risks associated with their occurrence. The 9 study sites were selected in 7 European countries to be representative of the aquaculture activities of their region: 4 sites in the Atlantic Ocean and 5 in the Mediterranean Sea. Musks, UV filters, preservatives, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were detected in at least one of the sites with regional differences. While personal care products appear to be the main component of the water contamination, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were mostly found in sediments. As expected, generally higher levels of personal care products were found in sewage impacted sites, urbanised coasts and estuaries. The risk assessment for water and sediment revealed a potential risk for the local aquatic environment from contaminants of both legacy and emerging concern, with a significant contribution of the UV filter octocrylene. Despite marginal contributions of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances to the total concentrations, PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate) aqueous concentrations combined to its low ecotoxicity thresholds produced significant hazard quotients indicating a potential risk to the ecosystems.

Occurrence of hexabromocyclododecanes and tetrabromobisphenol A in fish and seafood from the sea of Sardinia - FAO 37.1.3 area: Their impact on human health within the European Union marine framework strategy directive

Levels of hexabromocyclododecane isomers α, β, γ, (HBCDDs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP-A) were determined in 24 representative samples of different wild fish and seafood species (benthic: N = 16; pelagic: N = 8) and 16 samples of farmed bivalve molluscs from the West Mediterranean Sea (FAO 37, 1.3 sub-area). An LC-MS/MS-based method with limits of quantification (LOQS) in the range of 0.01-0.05 ng g^-1 fresh weight (fw) was utilized. While α HBCDD was found in 80% of the 24 wild species samples, β and γ congeners were found in 33% and 25%, respectively. ΣHBCDD content ranged from 0.03 (Aristeus antennatus) to 0.68 (Sardina pilchardus) ng g^-1 fw as Upper Bound values across 2.00-4.46 trophic levels. In farmed molluscs, HBCDD congeners were always present and ranged from 0.22-0.52 ng g^-1 fw, with the exception of one farm (1.23-2.06 ng g^-1 fw), whose values suggest the presence of a regular emission source. TBBP-A levels always fell below the LOQ of 0.05 ng g^-1 fw in all samples. The results are in good agreement with results of previous studies from the Mediterranean Sea. The Environmental Quality Standard for human health from fish and seafood local consumption was set at 165 μg g^-1 fw. The Margin of Exposure of 490,020 as the ratio between the considered Health Based Guidance Level of 0.79 mg kg^-1 body weight and the geo-referenced HBCDD intake (P95 fish and seafood intake; mean ΣHBCDD contamination) indicates no threat to food safety.

Estrogen levels in surface sediments from a multi-impacted Brazilian estuarine system

Estrogen levels were assessed in surface sediments from one of the most industrialized and urbanized estuarine systems in Latin America (SSES, Santos and São Vicente estuarine system). Estriol (E3) presented quantifiable levels in all sampled sites, ranging from 20.9 ng g^-1 to 694.2 ng g^-1. 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) were also detected in almost all sampled sites. The highest concentration of E2 was 23.9 ng g^-1, whereas high levels of EE2 86.3 ng g^-1. The occurrence of estrogens in SSES was diffuse and partially related to a domestic sewage outfall. Estrogens were also found in areas with substantial contribution of sanitary effluents from domiciles not covered by sanitation services. Our results reinforce that studies on environmental contamination by estrogens should not be spatially limited to the vicinities of point sources. These results contribute to raise awareness on the need of a formal approach to assess ecological risks of estrogens in the SSES.

Bioaccumulation of endocrine disrupting compounds in fish with different feeding habits along the largest subtropical river, China

Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are becoming an increasing concern regarding bioaccumulation in aquatic biota. However, the effects of regional pollution levels and specific feeding habits on the bioaccumulation of EDCs in fish are rarely reported. 4-Nonylphenol (4-NP), bisphenol A (BPA), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP), triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) were determined in abiotic compartments [water, sediment, suspended particulate matter (SPM)] and fish with different feeding habits along the Pearl River, China. EDCs in abiotic compartments exhibited significant (p < 0.05) spatial variations, forming five zones clustered based on site-specific EDC concentrations. 4-NP was the dominant compound, contributing 58-98% of the EDCs in fish, followed by BPA (<41%), 4-t-OP (<13%), and TCC and TCS (<4.7%). The concentrations of 4-NP and 4-t-OP, BPA, and TCC and TCS were the highest in brackish carnivorous, planktivorous, and detritivorous fish, respectively. The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) showed that 4-NP accumulated (BAF > 5000) in all fish except for suck-feeding detritivores, while 4-t-OP and TCC accumulated in filter-feeding planktivores. The concentration of 4-NP in carnivores was significantly higher than that in detritivores, indicating the potential biomagnification of 4-NP along food chains. EDCs in sediment and SPM and those in water were most positively correlated with those in detritivores and planktivores, respectively, suggesting the potential of fish with these two feeding habits to act as bioindicators of EDC pollutants.

Effect of polycyclic musk compounds on aquatic organisms: A critical literature review supplemented by own data

Synthetic musk compounds are extensively used in personal care and cosmetic products around the world. Because they are not completely removed in sewage treatment plants, they eventually end up in aquatic environments. The aim of this review was to summarize published information on effects of polycyclic musks on aquatic organisms and to discuss whether the experimental design of toxicological studies involving these substances could influence the results obtained. With the exception of one study run in a flow-through system, all published toxicological studies on synthetic polycyclic musks have been conducted in semi-static or even static systems. Based upon data in the literature and our own results, we conclude that in toxicological tests with semi-static set-ups, concentrations of polycyclic musks decrease with time between bath exchanges, and, as a result, tested organisms are not being exposed to stable concentrations but rather to concentration pulses. The duration and character of these pulses are influenced mainly by aeration of experimental baths, as polycyclic musks have a tendency to volatilize from water baths. Under semi-static conditions, tested organisms may be subjected to lower concentration of the tested substance for relatively long periods. Those levels may even fall below the limits of quantification. During these periods, some level of detoxification and/or elimination (depuration) of the toxicant may reduce toxic effect of the previous exposures. Consequently, toxicity of polycyclic musk substances for aquatic organisms obtained under these conditions may be underestimated. Based upon existing data in the literature, therefore, it is very difficult to correctly estimate risk of polycyclic musks to aquatic organisms.

Assessing the effects of Awba dam sediment (Nigeria) on the steroidogenesis of H295R cells using different extraction methods

In the present study, H295R human cells were used to investigate the endocrine disruptor potential of three different sediments extracts taken from a Nigerian tropical freshwater dam (Awba Dam), using three extraction methods that allowed a selective consideration of contaminants based on their binding affinity, which is mainly driven by polarity, to sediment particles. After exposure to different concentration of each extract, H295R cells were evaluated for the expression profiles of 10 steroidogenic enzyme genes and estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) levels. Our results showed a comparable concentrated-related increase in the expression of 17β-hsd1, 3β-hsd2 and cyp21 in cells treated with the polar and non-polar extracts. The star, hmgr, cyp11b2 and 17β-hsd4 were slightly decreased, in an apparent concentration-specific manner, after treatment with the polar extract and decreased in the non-polar treatment. The cyp11a and cyp17 showed an opposite trend in the polar and non-polar treatments. E2 was significantly higher in cell treated with the non-polar extract. Elutriate exposure produced less pronounced variation in mRNA and hormones levels. Overall the extract with non-polar compounds produced the most severe effects in H295R cells. Thus, direct ingestion of detritus and mud from fishes and other benthonic organisms represent possible transfer of contaminants in the trophic web, and mainly account for alteration of the endocrine system previously observed in fish from the same study site.

Distribution patterns of organic pollutants and microbial processes in marine sediments across a gradient of anthropogenic impact

Marine sediments are part of the hydrological cycle and the ultimate storage compartment of land-derived organic matter, including pollutants. Since relevant microbially-driven processes occurring at benthic level may affect the quality of the overall aquatic system, the necessity for incorporating information about microbial communities functioning for ecosystem modelling is arising. The aim of this field study was to explore the links occurring between sediment contamination patterns by three selected class of organic pollutants (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs, Nonylphenols, NPs, Bisphenol A, BPA) and major microbial properties (Prokaryotic Biomass, PB; total living biomass, C-ATP; Prokaryotic C Production rate, PCP; Community Respiration rate, CR) across a gradient of anthropogenic pollution. Sediments were sampled from 34 sites selected along 700 km of the western coastline of the Adriatic Sea. Organic contamination was moderate (PAHs <830 ng g^-1; NPs <350  ng g^-1; BPA <38  ng g^-1) and decreased southward. The amount of PAHs-associated carbon (C-PAHs) increased significantly with sediment organic carbon (OC), along with microbial functional rates. The negative relation between PCP/CR ratio and OC indicated the shift toward oxidative processes in response to organic pollution and potential toxicity, estimated as Toxic Equivalents (TEQs). Our outcomes showed that sediment organic contamination and benthic microbial processes can be intimately linked, with potential repercussions on CO₂ emission rates and C-cycling within the detritus-based trophic web.

Typical Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Rivers of Northeast China: Occurrence, Partitioning, and Risk Assessment

Liao River Basin (LRB), located in northeast China, is one of seven largest river basins in China. The Daliao River Watershed (DLRW) is severely disturbed by human activities in the LRB. In this study, three rivers within the DLRW-Xi River (XR), Hun River (HR), and Daliao River (DLR)-were selected as sampling locations. The distribution, partitioning, and risk assessment of four endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), e.g., bisphenol A (BPA), 17β-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), and 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2), in the rivers were investigated. The results showed that the concentration of BPA was generally higher than those of the other three steroidal estrogens in the sampling locations. The estrogen levels in the XR were greater than those in the HR and DLR. As a result of a decreasing river flow rate during the frozen season and irregular wastewater discharge from human domestic activities and manufacture processing, the total concentration of selected EDCs in the frozen season was much greater than those in nonfrozen season with the highest concentration in surface water of the XR at 1131.0 ng/L for BPA, 1235.0 ng/L for E1, 1253.5 ng/L for E2, and 17,111.5 ng/L for EE2, respectively. Based on the field-measured BPA concentrations in the sediment and water, the organic carbon-normalized partition coefficient (K _oc) of BPA were calculated with the values of 2884-45,031 L/kg; the concentration of BPA in sediment was positive correlated with the content of OC (R ² = 0.932). The risk assessment made by estradiol equivalent (EEQ) and risk quotient (RQ) showed that 64.7% of sampling sites were exposed to high estrogenic activity (∑EEQ > 1) and high risk in surface water, whereas the RQ values of all selected estrogens in sediment were in medium or minimal risk. Both EE2 and E1 were the major contributors to the total estrogenic activity and risk quotient in surface water.

Anthropogenic (PBDE) and naturally-produced (MeO-PBDE) brominated compound levels in Bizerte Lagoon clams (Ruditapes decussatus): Levels and human health risk assessment

Information on the occurrence of organobrominated compounds in bivalves from Tunisia is scarce. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of these compounds in clams from Tunisia. The aim of this study is to measure natural and synthetic organobrominated compound concentrations and evaluate congener distribution and pollution sources in a clam species (Ruditapes decussatus) from three sites of the Bizerte Lagoon. Total synthetic organobrominated pollutant levels in clam ranged from 34.8 to 188ngg^-1lw. For natural organobrominated compounds, concentrations varied from 18.2 to 49.5ngg^-1lw. Total PBDE and MeO-PBDE concentrations in clams from the Bizerte Lagoon were similar or slightly lower than those reported for other species from other locations around the world. The health risks associated with the consumption of this species were assessed and posed no threat to public health concerning PBDE intakes.

Comparison of passive sampling and biota for monitoring of tonalide in aquatic environment

Synthetic musk compounds are extensively used in personal care and cosmetic products all over the world. Afterwards, they are discharged into the environment mainly because they are not completely removed in wastewater treatment plants. The aim of this study was to investigate if a passive sampler is applicable for the monitoring of tonalide, a polycyclic musk compound, in the aquatic environment and to compare the levels of tonalide in pesticide-polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) and biota. For this purpose, four sampling localities on the three biggest rivers in the Czech Republic were selected. Tonalide was determined in POCIS at all sampling sites in the concentration ranging from 9 ng/POCIS (Labe River, Hradec Králové) to 25 ng/POCIS (Morava River, Blatec). The locality with the most frequent occurrence of tonalide in biota samples was the Morava River which well corresponded with the highest tonalide concentration in POCIS among sampling sites. The highest number of positive tonalide detections among all studied biota samples was found in fish plasma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evidence that tonalide bioaccumulates in fish blood. Tonalide levels were below the limit of quantification in benthos samples at all sampling sites.

Different effects of bisphenol a and its halogenated derivatives on the reproduction and development of Oryzias melastigma under environmentally relevant doses

Bisphenol A (BPA) and its halogenated compounds (H-BPAs) are widely detected in the environmental media and organisms. However, their toxicological effects, especially chronic exposure at low doses, have not been fully compared. In this study, the effects of BPA and H-BPAs on the reproduction and development of Oryzias melastigma were systematically assessed and compared at various developmental stages. BPA and its derivatives tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA) elicited the acceleration of embryonic heartbeat. BPA did not show any significant impact on the hatching time and rate of embryos. In contrast, both TBBPA and TCBPA led to the delayed hatching and decreased hatching rate. Accordingly, the expressions of hatching enzyme significantly decreased upon exposure and TCBPA was found to be more toxic than TBBPA. The body weight and gonadsomatic index (GSI) of the treated fish were relatively lower than the control fish upon long-term (four months from larvae to adult) exposure to BPA rather than H-BPAs. Slowed oocyte development occurred in the ovary, and the estrogen level decreased after exposure to BPA rather than H-BPAs. In male fish, no significant alteration was observed in the testis for all groups. The concentration of testosterone significantly decreased upon exposure to BPA rather than H-BPAs. The effects of these three chemicals on the estrogen-related gene expressions were different under various developmental stages. Our study indicated the importance of considering both the exposure stages and structure-activity relationship when assessing the eco-toxicological impact of pollutants.

Phenolic endocrine-disrupting compounds in the Pearl River Estuary: Occurrence, bioaccumulation and risk assessment

Three phenolic endocrine-disrupting compounds, 4-nonylphenol, 4-tert-octylphenol and bisphenol A, were determined in water, sediment and biota (fish, shrimp and mollusk) collected from sites along the Pearl River Estuary, China. The 4-nonylphenol, 4-tert-octylphenol and bisphenol A concentrations ranged from 1.20-3352.86ng/L in the water, <0.17-20.80ng/g dw in the sediment and <1.49-237.12ng/g dw in the biota. The concentrations of 4-nonylphenol were higher than those of 4-tert-octylphenol and bisphenol A in the water, sediment and organisms. Moreover, the bioconcentration factors (BCFs) and biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) of 4-nonylphenol and bisphenol A were calculated, and were found to be higher for 4-nonylphenol and in demersal organisms. To assess co-exposure to phenolic endocrine-disrupting compounds, the 4-nonylphenol equivalent was employed to evaluate the potential risks to aquatic organisms and human health, and the results indicated a low risk.

Estrogenic compound profiles in an urbanized industry-impacted coastal bay and potential risk assessment by pollution indices and multivariative statistical methods

The occurrence and distribution of target estrogenic compounds in a highly urbanized industry-impacted coastal bay were investigated, and contamination profiles were evaluated by estimating total estradiol equivalents (∑EEQs) and risk quotients (RQs). Phenolic compounds were the most abundant xenoestrogens, but seldom showed contribution to the ∑EEQs. The diethylstilbestrol (DES) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) were the major contributors followed by 17β-estradiol (E2) in comparison with a slight contribution from estrone (E1) and estriol (E3). Both ∑EEQs and RQs indicated likely adverse effects posed on resident organisms. Further, multivariate statistical method comprehensively revealed pollution status by visualized factor scores and identified multiple "hotspots" of estrogenic sources, demonstrating the presence of complex pollution risk gradients inside and particularly outside of bay area. Overall, this study favors the integrative utilization of pollution indices and factor analysis as powerful tool to scientifically diagnose the pollution characterization of human-derived chemicals for better management decisions in aquatic environments.

Occurrence and distribution of synthetic musks, triclosan and methyl triclosan in a tropical urban catchment: Influence of land-use proximity, rainfall and physicochemical properties

This study involved a comprehensive thirteen month survey of synthetic musks, triclosan (TCS) and methyl triclosan (MTCS) in surface water, as well as suspended particular matter (SPM) and bottom sediments in a tropical urban catchment in Singapore. The polycyclic musk, Galaxolide (HHCB), exhibited the highest concentration among musk compounds, ranging from 5.16 to 42.9ng/L in surface water, 11.0 to 108ng/g dry wt. in sediments and 44.1 to 81.3ng/g dry wt. in SPM. Concentrations of musk ketone, the dominant nitroaromatic musk, ranged from 0.08 to 6.45ng/L in water, 0.082 to 0.72ng/g dry wt. in sediments and 1.75 to 5.50ng/g dry wt. in SPM. Concentrations of MTCS ranged from 0.0056 to 5.6ng/L in water, 0.01 to 0.17ng/g dry wt. in bottom sediments and 0.75 to 2.81ng/g dry wt. in SPM. These concentrations are below predicted no-effect concentrations (PNEC). Principal components analysis (PCA) results showed that synthetic musk concentrations were positively correlated, indicating common source emissions. Rainfall amount and land-use index were found to be key determinants of hydrophobic organic contaminant concentrations in this catchment. Concentrations of TCS and its methylated degradation product, MTCS, were also positively correlated. However, the relative composition of MTCS to total triclosans was relatively low in water (2.8±2.5%) and bottom sediments (0.3±0.1%), suggesting only minor transformation of TCS to MTCS. The organic carbon-water distribution ratio, log K_oc (observed), ranged between 3.8 and 5.4 for musks, TCS and MTCS, indicating relatively strong partitioning from dissolved to solid phases. These field-derived log K_oc (observed) values are comparable to estimated values based on physicochemical properties. The results provide insight into the occurrence, transport pathways and exposure risks of synthetic musks, triclosan and methyl triclosan in this tropical catchment.

Medium- and Long-Term Effects of Estrogenic Contaminants on the Middle River Po Fish Community as Reconstructed from a Sediment Core

Recent studies showed that endocrine active compounds (EDs) capable to induce fish gonadal histopathologies, plasma vitellogenin and thyroid disruption, are transported by the River Lambro to the River Po, potentially affecting the fish community of the main Italian river. To assess whether fish relative abundance, composition and health were impaired by the River Lambro, a 3-year survey was undertaken in the main river. Results showed that the tributary supports in the River Po a denser fish community (+43 %), with a higher total biomass (+35 %). The survey also showed niche- and sensitivity-dependent effects, so that three benthopelagic species (bleak, topmouth gudgeon, and bitterling) were, for example, more abundant downstream from the tributary (up to 3.4×), but their sizes were significantly smaller. The present fish community was then compared with that described 30 years before in the same area of the Po River. This comparison highlighted that some fish species have disappeared and many have severely declined. To better evaluate this contrast, a sediment core of the Lambro tributary was analysed for the time trends of natural estrogens (E1, E2, E3), bisphenol A and alkylphenols. The results showed that during the last 50 years the River Lambro has been exposed to high estrogenic activities (16.1 ± 9.3 ng E2 equivalents/g), which inevitably affected also the River Po. In addition, at the time of the previous survey, six species of the main river had skewed sex ratios toward all-female populations, providing evidence that EDs and particularly (xeno)estrogens were already affecting the long-term viability of fish populations. Estrogens thus can be ascribed among the causal factors of fish qualitative and quantitative decline of the River Po, although long-term effects have been likely mitigated by nonconfinement of fish populations and nutrient enrichment.

Distribution and fate of legacy and emerging contaminants along the Adriatic Sea: A comparative study

The spatial distributions and fates of selected legacy and emerging compounds were investigated and compared in surface sediments sampled along the Adriatic mud-wedge and in deep-sea regions from the southern Adriatic basin. Results indicated that the concentrations of legacy contaminants (PAHs, PCBs and DDTs) and emerging contaminants (tonalide, galaxolide, EHMC, octocrylene, BP3 and NP) ranged from 0.1 to 572 ng g^-1 and from <LOD to 40.7 ng g^-1, respectively. In general, higher concentrations and estimated burdens were detected in the northern Adriatic, highlighting the importance of the Po River as the major contributor for the inputs of legacy and emerging contaminants to sediments in the Adriatic Sea. Nevertheless, the prevalence of some UV filters and fragrances in the central and southern Adriatic indicates that the proximity to tourist areas and WWTPs discharges seems to affect the distribution of those compounds. The accumulation of contaminants in the deep-sea areas supports the inference that this region may act as an important repository for contaminants within the Adriatic Sea. Estimated annual contaminant accumulation reveals that both, legacy and emerging contaminants accumulate preferentially in the northern Adriatic (40-60% of the total annual contaminant accumulation), where the presence of legacy, and to a lesser extent emerging contaminants, are likely to pose an immediate or long-term hazard to resident biota.

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals in coastal lagoons of the Po River delta: sediment contamination, bioaccumulation and effects on Manila clams

The large estuary that the River Po forms at its confluence into the Adriatic Sea comprises a multitude of transitional environments, including coastal lagoons. This complex system receives the nutrients transported by the River Po but also its load of chemical contaminants, which may pose a substantial (eco)toxicological risk. Despite the high ecological and economic importance of these vulnerable environments, there is a substantial lack of information on this risk. In light of the recent amendments of the European Water Framework Directive (2013/39/EU), the present study investigated the sediment contamination of six coastal lagoons of the Po delta and its effects on Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum), exposed in situ for 3 months. Sediment contamination and clam bioaccumulation of a wide range of chemicals, i.e. trace metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Hg, Pb, As), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), alkylphenols (APs), organochlorine compounds (PCBs, DDTs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organotins (TPhT, TBT), suggested a southward increase related to the riverine transports. Where the River Po influence was more direct, the concentrations of contaminants were higher, with nonylphenol and BDE-209 exceeding sediment quality guidelines. Biometric indicators suggested the influence of contamination on organism health; an inverse relationship between PBDEs in sediments and clam condition index has been found, as well as different biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) in the lagoons.

Characteristics of the alkylphenol and bisphenol A distributions in marine organisms and implications for human health: A case study of the East China Sea

The distributions of alkylphenol (AP) and bisphenol A (BPA) in marine organisms, including fish, prawns and molluscs, could reflect the exposure of AP and BPA directly and effectively. This paper provides the first report on the species-dependent distribution and the human health risks of four APs (4-t-octylphenol, 4-t-OP; 4-octylphenol, 4-OP;4-nonylphenol, 4-NP; 4-n-nonylphenol, 4-n-NP) and BPA in 95 wild and 88 processed marine biota samples from the East China Sea of the Yangtze River Delta area. 4-NP was the predominant compound with the highest detected concentration of 19,890.50ng/g ww. Significant pollution was observed in Taizhou, Shanghai and Ningbo. The species-dependent distribution was related to food habits, living patterns and trophic transfer. Higher residual concentrations of 4-t-OP, 4-OP, 4-n-NP and BPA were observed in fish species that consumed benthic organisms or demersal fish species, whereas 4-NP showed different results due to trophic dilution. The trophic magnification factors (TMFs) of the linear APs (4-OP and 4-n-NP) (1.22-2.93) were higher than those of the branched ones (4-t-OP and 4-NP) (0.72-0.90), indicating the relative metabolism stability of linear APs. 4-NP has the lowest TMF value of 0.72, and its trophic dilution might be observed because the branched carbon chain exhibits the lowest dispersion force compared to that of the other APs. As for the health risk, 7-year old children may be exposed to the highest health risk of 4-NP with 95th percentile values of the hazard quotient of 0.22 to 0.23; however, the risks of the other chemicals were relatively low.

Exposing native cyprinid (Barbus plebejus) juveniles to river sediments leads to gonadal alterations, genotoxic effects and thyroid disruption

Juveniles (50 days post hatch) of a native cyprinid fish (Barbus plebejus) were exposed for 7 months to sediments from the River Lambro, a polluted tributary impairing the quality of the River Po for tens of kilometers from their confluence. Sediments were collected upstream of the city of Milan and downstream at the closure of the drainage basin of the River Lambro. Chemical analyses revealed the presence of a complex mixture of bioavailable endocrine-active chemicals, with higher exposure levels in the downstream section of the tributary. Mainly characterized by brominated flame retardants, alkylphenols, polychlorinated biphenyls, and minor co-occurring personal care products and natural hormones, the sediment contamination induced reproductive disorders, as well as other forms of endocrine disruption and toxicity. In particular, exposed male barbel exhibited higher biliary PAH-like metabolites, overexpression of the cyp1a gene, vitellogenin production in all specimens, the presence of oocytes (up to 22% intersex), degenerative alterations in their testis, liver fat vacuolization, a marked depression of total thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) plasma levels, and genotoxic damages determined as hepatic DNA adducts. These results clearly demonstrate that Lambro sediments alone are responsible for recognizable changes in the structure and function of the reproductive and, in general, the endocrine system of a native fish species. In the real environment, exposure to waterborne and food-web sources of chemicals are responsible for additional toxic loads, and the present findings thus provide evidence for a causal role of this tributary in the severe decline observed in barbel in recent decades and raise concern that the fish community of the River Po is exposed to endocrine-mediated health effects along tens of kilometres of its course.

Biomonitoring of human exposures to chlorinated derivatives and structural analogs of bisphenol A

The high reactivity of bisphenol A (BPA) with disinfectant chlorine is evident in the instantaneous formation of chlorinated BPA derivatives (ClxBPA) in various environmental media that show increased estrogen-activity when compared with that of BPA. The documented health risks associated with BPA exposures have led to the gradual market entry of BPA structural analogs, such as bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol B (BPB), etc. A suite of exposure sources to ClxBPA and BPA analogs in the domestic environment is anticipated to drive the nature and range of halogenated BPA derivatives that can form when residual BPA comes in contact with disinfectant in tap water and/or consumer products. The primary objective of this review was to survey all available studies reporting biomonitoring protocols of ClxBPA and structural BPA analogs (BPS, BPF, BPB, etc.) in human matrices. Focus was paid on describing the analytical methodologies practiced for the analysis of ClxBPA and BPA analogs using hyphenated chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques, because current methodologies for human matrices are complex. During the last decade, an increasing number of ecotoxicological, cell-culture and animal-based and human studies dealing with ClxBPA exposure sources and routes of exposure, metabolism and toxicity have been published. Up to date findings indicated the association of ClxBPA with metabolic conditions, such as obesity, lipid accumulation, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, particularly in in-vitro and in-vivo studies. We critically discuss the limitations, research needs and future opportunities linked with the inclusion of ClxBPA and BPA analogs into exposure assessment protocols of relevant epidemiological studies.