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Zeng J, Desmond P, Ngo HH, Lin W, Liu X, Liu B, Li G, Ding A. Membrane modification in enhancement of virus removal: A critical review. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 146:198-216. [PMID: 38969448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Many waterborne diseases are related with viruses, and COVID-19 worldwide has raised the concern of virus security in water into the public horizon. Compared to other conventional water treatment processes, membrane technology can achieve satisfactory virus removal with fewer chemicals, and prevent the outbreaks of viruses to a maximal extent. Researchers developed new modification methods to improve membrane performance. This review focused on the membrane modifications that enhance the performance in virus removal. The characteristics of viruses and their removal by membrane filtration were briefly generalized, and membrane modifications were systematically discussed through different virus removal mechanisms, including size exclusion, hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions, electronic interactions, and inactivation. Advanced functional materials for membrane modification were summarized based on their nature. Furthermore, it is suggested that membranes should be enhanced through different mechanisms mainly based on their ranks of pore size. The current review provided theoretical support regarding membrane modifications in the enhancement of virus removal and avenues for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Peter Desmond
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (ISA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52056, Germany
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia
| | - Wei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Bingsheng Liu
- The Second Construction Co. Ltd. of China Construction Third Engineering Bureau, China
| | - Guibai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - An Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Kumar M, Mahapatra DM. First reporting of BA.1* and BA.2* recombinant SARS-CoV-2 lineage XAP from Indian wastewaters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:174756. [PMID: 39004359 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Tracking new variants of SARS-CoV-2 is vital for managing COVID-19 spread and allocating resources. Domestic antigen testing has created surveillance gaps that make it hard to identify new viral variants. We conducted whole genome sequencing of wastewater viral genes from major and minor treatment facilities in Dehradun from March 2022 onwards. Based on our analysis, the samples that achieved higher sequencing depth and covered >90 % of the viral genome uncovered a major variant pattern resembling the XAP recombinant lineage that is reported for the first time in the City of Dehradun, Uttrakhand and is the first ever records in India as on date. This novel XAP recombinant lineage had 9, 2, 30, 1, 2, 5, 1, 1, 1 aminoacid changes (total 54 mutations) in Orf1a, Orf1b, S, E, M, N, Orf3a, Orf6 and Orf8 regions of the gene respectively that shares 49 mutations common to the ancestral lineages BA.1* and BA.2*, with 6 unique mutations. Subsequent comparison and analysis of the clinical sequence data from the region post-detection of this rare and unusual variant showed no causalities infected with the newly detected XAP lineage. These findings are indicative of future alarming situation with plausible threats of fresh spur of Omicron variant led infections in the urban community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; School of Advance Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India.
| | - Durga Madhab Mahapatra
- School of Advance Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India; Department of Biological and Ecological Engineering, School of Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Meghna N, Archana A, Bhushan D, Kumar A, Sarfraz A, Naik BN, Pati BK. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 virus in saliva, stool, and urine samples of COVID-19 patients in Bihar, India. Access Microbiol 2024; 6:000693.v4. [PMID: 39045236 PMCID: PMC11261694 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000693.v4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction. The coronavirus illness caused by SARS-CoV-2 can cause multiple organ involvement, with varying degrees of severity. Besides inhalation as a route for transmission, feco-oral has also been proposed. Its transmission to sewage systems is a growing public health issue. Objective. To detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA in non-respiratory samples (saliva, urine, and stool) collected from COVID-19 cases, in Bihar. Methods. This cross-sectional observational study was conducted from January 2021 to March 2022 on human non-respiratory samples. A total of 345 samples including saliva (116), stool (97), and urine (132) were collected from 143 COVID-19 cases. Samples were analysed for SARS-CoV-2 by multiplex RT-PCR targeted against E, ORF 1ab, and RdRp genes. Results. In this study, out of 143 cases, a total of 107 (74.8 %) were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in at least one of the non-respiratory samples. Conclusion. There is a high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 virus in non-respiratory samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Meghna
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Archana Archana
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Divendu Bhushan
- Department of General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Abhyuday Kumar
- Department of Anaesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Asim Sarfraz
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Bijaya Nanda Naik
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Binod Kumar Pati
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
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Xue B, Guo X, Cao J, Yang S, Qiu Z, Wang J, Shen Z. The occurrence, ecological risk, and control of disinfection by-products from intensified wastewater disinfection during the COVID-19 pandemic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165602. [PMID: 37478942 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Increased disinfection of wastewater to preserve its microbiological quality during the coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have inevitably led to increased production of toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs). However, there is limited information on such DBPs (i.e., trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, nitrosamines, and haloacetonitriles). This review focused on the upsurge of chlorine-based disinfectants (such as chlorine, chloramine and chlorine dioxide) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the global response to COVID-19. The formation and distribution of DBPs in wastewater were then analyzed to understand the impacts of these large-scale usage of disinfectants in WWTPs. In addition, potential ecological risks associated with DBPs derived from wastewater disinfection and its receiving water bodies were summarized. Finally, various approaches for mitigating DBP levels in wastewater and suggestions for further research into the environmental risks of increased wastewater disinfection were provided. Overall, this study presented a comprehensive overview of the formation, distribution, potential ecological risks, and mitigating approaches of DBPs derived from wastewater disinfection that will facilitate appropriate wastewater disinfection techniques selection, potential ecological risk assessment, and removal approaches and regulations consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xue
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Xuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Academy of Military Science, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Jinrui Cao
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Shuran Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Zhigang Qiu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China.
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Atoui A, Cordevant C, Chesnot T, Gassilloud B. SARS-CoV-2 in the environment: Contamination routes, detection methods, persistence and removal in wastewater treatment plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163453. [PMID: 37059142 PMCID: PMC10091716 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study reviewed the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and the evaluation of virus infectivity in feces and environmental matrices. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in feces and wastewater samples, reported in several studies, has generated interest and concern regarding the possible fecal-oral route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. To date, the presence of viable SARS-CoV-2 in feces of COVID-19 infected people is not clearly confirmed although its isolation from feces of six different patients. Further, there is no documented evidence on the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater, sludge and environmental water samples, although the viral genome has been detected in these matrices. Decay data revealed that SARS-CoV-2 RNA persisted longer than infectious particle in all aquatic environment, indicating that genome quantification of SARS-CoV-2 does not imply the presence of infective viral particles. In addition, this review also outlined the fate of SARS-CoV-2 RNA during the different steps in the wastewater treatment plant and focusing on the virus elimination along the sludge treatment line. Studies showed complete removal of SARS-CoV-2 during the tertiary treatment. Moreover, thermophilic sludge treatments present high efficiency in SARS-CoV-2 inactivation. Further studies are required to provide more evidence with respect to the inactivation behavior of infectious SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental matrices and to examine factors affecting SARS-CoV-2 persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Atoui
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Microbiology Unit, 40, rue Lionnois, 54 000 Nancy, France.
| | - Christophe Cordevant
- ANSES, Strategy and Programs Department, Research and Reference Division, Maisons-Alfort F-94 700, France
| | - Thierry Chesnot
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Microbiology Unit, 40, rue Lionnois, 54 000 Nancy, France
| | - Benoît Gassilloud
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Microbiology Unit, 40, rue Lionnois, 54 000 Nancy, France
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Parsa SM, Norozpour F, Elsheikh AH, Kabeel AE. Solar desalination/purification (solar stills, humidification-dehumidification, solar disinfection) in high altitude during COVID19: Insights of gastrointestinal manifestations and systems' mechanism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 10:100259. [PMID: 36816517 PMCID: PMC9927827 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2023.100259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
From the starting of the pandemic different transmission routes of the pathogen was brought into the spotlight by researchers from different disciplines. This matter in high-altitudes was more boosted as the main parameters were not exactly realized. In this review we are about to highlight the possibility of consuming contaminated water generated form solar water desalination/disinfection systems in highlands. Three systems including solar still, solar disinfection (which experimented by the authors in 2019 in high altitude) and humidification-dehumidification were consider in this context. Ascribe to the risks of pathogens transmission in solar desalination/disinfection systems where the water resources are heavily polluted in every corner of the world, highlighting the risk of consuming water in high-altitude where there are many other parameters associated with spread of pathogen is of great importance. As it was reported, reliability of solar desalination and solar water disinfections systems against contaminated water by the novel coronavirus remained on the question because the virus can be transmitted by vapor in solar stills due to tiny particle size (60-140 nm) and would not be killed by solar disinfections due to low-temperature of operation <40 °C while for HDH contamination of both water and air by sars-cov-2 could be a concern. Although the SARS-CoV-2 is not a waterborne pathogen, its capability to replicate in stomach and infection of gastrointestinal glandular suggested the potential of transmission via fecal-oral. Eventually, it was concluded that using solar-based water treatment as drinking water in high altitude regions should be cautiously consider and recommendations and considerations are presented. Importantly, this critical review not only about the ongoing pandemic, but it aims is to highlight the importance of produced drinking water by systems for future epidemic/pandemic to prevent spread and entering a pathogen particularly in high-altitude regions via a new routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Masoud Parsa
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Norozpour
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ammar H Elsheikh
- Department of Production Engineering and Mechanical Design, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - A E Kabeel
- Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Mosa A, Hawamdeh OA, Rady M, Taha AA. Ecotoxicological monitoring of potentially toxic elements contamination in Eucalyptus forest plantation subjected to long-term irrigation with recycled wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 329:121739. [PMID: 37121299 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Afforestation is an evergreen technology for restraining greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission and improving soil carbon sink in arid and semi-arid regions. Nonetheless, the long-term impact of woody forests irrigation using recycled wastewater resources remains inconclusive so far. For this purpose, the ecological risk benchmarks of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) were investigated on Eucalyptus forest plantation in order to gauge their bioavailability in the rhizospheric layer of Typic Torripsammentsoil and their accretion capacity in the biosphere. Water quality guidelines pointed to a moderate degree of restriction on use with elevated levels of PTEs. Notably, concentrations of As, B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, V and Zn were above the permissible limits for irrigation. The geospatial mapping of PTEs concentration in soil pointed to elevated levels of most PTEs, particularly in the deforestated areas. Some of PTEs (Cd, Cu, Hg and Zn) showed values above the permissible limits. A spectrum of ecological risk indices showed considerable to high degree of contamination. Among PTEs, the water-soluble and exchangeable fractions showed high values of As, Cd and Hg (20.7, 17.2 and 11.0%, respectively). Sequential extraction showed variations among PTEs in their tendency to bind with different soil geochemical fractions: (i) carbonate (Cd, Zn and Cu), (ii) Fe-Mn oxides (Pb, Zn and Mn) and (iii) organic matter (B, Pb and Hg). Eight fungal species including Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium solani, Cephalosporimsp., Penicilliumsp., Rhizoctonia solani, Aspergillus niger, Botrytissp. and Verticilliumsp. were dominated in soil. Meanwhile, Agrobacteriumsp., phosphate solubilizing bacteria, nitrogen fixing bacteria and Escherichia coli were the dominant bacterial strains. Values of bioaccumulation index varied among PTEs, wherein B (5.15), Ni (1.98), Mn (1.62) and Cd (1.02) exhibited higher phytoextraction potentials. Other PTEs, however, exhibited values below 1.0 confirming their low phytoextraction potentials. Findings of this investigation, therefore, provide insights into biochemical signals of PTEs contamination in woody forest plantations and the urgent need to contextualize the large-scale utilization of recycled wastewater resources in such vulnerable areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mosa
- Soils Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Olfat A Hawamdeh
- Soils Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Science, Jerash Private University, 26150, Jerash, Jordan
| | - Mohamed Rady
- Soils Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Taha
- Soils Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
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Lamba S, Ganesan S, Daroch N, Paul K, Joshi SG, Sreenivas D, Nataraj A, Srikantaiah V, Mishra R, Ramakrishnan U, Ishtiaq F. SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics and genomic surveillance to detect variants in wastewater - a longitudinal study in Bengaluru, India. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. SOUTHEAST ASIA 2023; 11:100151. [PMID: 36688230 PMCID: PMC9847225 DOI: 10.1016/j.lansea.2023.100151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Environmental surveillance (ES) of a pathogen is crucial for understanding the community load of disease. As an early warning system, ES for SARS-CoV-2 has complemented routine diagnostic surveillance by capturing near real-time virus circulation at a population level. Methods In this longitudinal study conducted between January 2022 and June 2022 in 28 sewershed sites in Bengaluru city (∼11 million inhabitants), we quantified weekly SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations to track infection dynamics and provide evidence of change in the relative abundance of emerging variants. Findings We describe an early warning system using the exponentially weighted moving average control chart and demonstrate how SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in wastewater correlated with clinically diagnosed new COVID-19 cases, with the trends appearing 8-14 days earlier in wastewater than in clinical data. This was further corroborated by showing that the estimated number of infections is strongly correlated with SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies detected in the wastewater. Using a deconvolution matrix, we detected emerging variants of concern up to two months earlier in wastewater samples. In addition, we found a huge diversity in variants detected in wastewater compared to clinical samples. The findings from this study have been discussed regularly with local authorities to inform policy-making decisions. Interpretation Our study highlights that quantifying viral titre, correlating it with a known number of cases in the area, and combined with genomic surveillance helps in tracking variants of concern (VOC) over time and space, enabling timely and making informed policy decisions. Funding This work has been supported by funding from the Rockefeller Foundation grant to National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR) and the Indian Council of Medical Research grant to (FI) Tata Institute for Genetics and Society and Tata Trusts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Lamba
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Sutharsan Ganesan
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Namrta Daroch
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Kiran Paul
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Soumya Gopal Joshi
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Darshan Sreenivas
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Annamalai Nataraj
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | | | - Rakesh Mishra
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Uma Ramakrishnan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Farah Ishtiaq
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560065, India,Corresponding author. Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560065, India
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Mohapatra S, Bhatia S, Senaratna KYK, Jong MC, Lim CMB, Gangesh GR, Lee JX, Giek GS, Cheung C, Yutao L, Luhua Y, Yong NH, Peng LC, Wong JCC, Ching NL, Gin KYH. Wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 and chemical markers in campus dormitories in an evolving COVID - 19 pandemic. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 446:130690. [PMID: 36603423 PMCID: PMC9795800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the implementation of a comprehensive wastewater surveillance testing program at a university campus in Singapore to identify Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infected individuals and the usage of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) as well as other emerging contaminants (ECs). This unique co-monitoring program simultaneously measured SARS-CoV-2 with chemical markers/contaminants as the COVID-19 situation evolved from pandemic to endemic stages, following a nationwide mass vaccination drive. SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in wastewater from campus dormitories were measured using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and corroborated with the number of symptomatic COVID-19 cases confirmed with the antigen rapid test (ART). Consistent results were observed where the concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 RNA detected in wastewater increased proportionately with the number of COVID-19 infected individuals residing on campus. Similarly, a wide range of ECs, including disinfectants and antibiotics, were detected through sensitive liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques to establish PPCPs consumption patterns during various stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore. Statistical correlation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was observed with few ECs belonging to disinfectants, PCPs and antibiotics. A high concentration of disinfectants and subsequent positive correlation with the number of reported cases on the university campus indicates that disinfectants could serve as a chemical marker during such unprecedented times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeeb Mohapatra
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Sumedha Bhatia
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
| | | | - Mui-Choo Jong
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
| | - Chun Min Benjamin Lim
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
| | - G Reuben Gangesh
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
| | - Jia Xiong Lee
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
| | - Goh Shin Giek
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
| | - Callie Cheung
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore
| | - Lin Yutao
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
| | - You Luhua
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Ng How Yong
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore
| | - Lim Cheh Peng
- Office of Risk Management and Compliance, National University of Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Judith Chui Ching Wong
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11 Biopolis Way, #06-05/08, 138667, Singapore
| | - Ng Lee Ching
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11 Biopolis Way, #06-05/08, 138667, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore.
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10
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Mohapatra S, Yutao L, Goh SG, Ng C, Luhua Y, Tran NH, Gin KYH. Quaternary ammonium compounds of emerging concern: Classification, occurrence, fate, toxicity and antimicrobial resistance. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130393. [PMID: 36455328 PMCID: PMC9663149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Amplified hygiene and precautionary measures are of utmost importance to control the spread of COVID-19 and future infection; however, these changes in practice are projected to trigger a rise in the purchase, utilisation and hence, discharge of many disinfectants into the environment. While alcohol-based, hydrogen peroxide-based, and chlorine-based compounds have been used widely, quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) based disinfectants are of significant concern due to their overuse during this pandemic. This review presents the classification of disinfectants and their mechanism of action, focusing on QACs. Most importantly, the occurrence, fate, toxicity and antimicrobial resistance due to QACs are covered in this paper. Here we collated evidence from multiple studies and found rising trends of concern, including an increase in the mass load of QACs at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) by 331% compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as an increases in the concentration of 62% in residential dust, resulting in high concentrations of QACs in human blood and breast milk and suggesting that these could be potential sources of persistent QACs in infants. In addition to increased toxicity to human and aquatic life, increased use of QACs and accelerated use of antibiotics and antimicrobials during the COVID-19 pandemic could multiply the threat to antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeeb Mohapatra
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Lin Yutao
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Shin Giek Goh
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Charmaine Ng
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - You Luhua
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Ngoc Han Tran
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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11
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Kelmer GAR, Ramos ER, Dias EHO. Coliphages as viral indicators in municipal wastewater: A comparison between the ISO and the USEPA methods based on a systematic literature review. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 230:119579. [PMID: 36640612 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of traditional faecal indicator bacteria as surrogate organisms for pathogenic viruses in domestic wastewater has been noted as a problematic as concentrations and removal rates of bacteria and viruses do not seem to correlate. In this sense, bacteriophages (phages) emerge as potential viral indicators, as they are commonly found in wastewater in high levels, and can be quantified using simple, fast, low-cost methods. Somatic and F-specific coliphages comprise groups of phages commonly used as indicators of water quality. There are two internationally recognised methods to detect and enumerate coliphages in water samples, the International Standardization Organization (ISO) and the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) methods. Both methods are based on the lysis of specific bacterial host strains infected by phages. Within this context, this systematic literature review aimed at gathering concentrations in raw and treated domestic wastewater (secondary, biological treatment systems and post-treatment systems), and removal efficiencies of somatic and F-specific coliphages obtained by ISO and USEPA methods, and then compare both methods. A total of 33 research papers were considered in this study. Results showed that the ISO method is more commonly applied than the USEPA method. Some discrepancies in terms of concentrations and removal efficiencies were observed between both methods. Higher removal rates were observed for both somatic and F-specific coliphages in activated sludge systems when using the USEPA method compared to the ISO method; in other secondary (biological) treatment systems, this was observed only for F-specific coliphages. The use of different standardised methods available might lead to difficulties in obtaining and comparing phage data in different conditions and locations. Future research comparing both ISO and USEPA methods as well as viral and bacterial pathogens and indicators in WWTP is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele A R Kelmer
- Postgraduate Programme in Civil Engineering (PEC), Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF). Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, Campus UFJF. São Pedro, Juiz de Fora - MG, CEP 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Elloís R Ramos
- Environmental and Sanitary Engineering Course, Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF). Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, Campus UFJF. São Pedro, Juiz de Fora - MG, CEP 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Edgard H O Dias
- Postgraduate Programme in Civil Engineering (PEC), Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF). Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, Campus UFJF. São Pedro, Juiz de Fora - MG, CEP 36036-900, Brazil; Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering (ESA), Faculty of Engineering, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF). Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, Campus UFJF. São Pedro, Juiz de Fora - MG, CEP 36036-900, Brazil.
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12
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Alahdal HM, Ameen F, AlYahya S, Sonbol H, Khan A, Alsofayan Y, Alahmari A. Municipal wastewater viral pollution in Saudi Arabia: effect of hot climate on COVID-19 disease spreading. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:25050-25057. [PMID: 34138435 PMCID: PMC8210523 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14809-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The viral RNA of SARS-Coronavirus-2 is known to be contaminating municipal wastewater. We aimed to assess if COVID-19 disease is spreading through wastewater. We studied the amount of viral RNA in raw sewage and the efficiency of the sewage treatment to remove the virus. Sewage water was collected before and after the activated sludge process three times during summer 2020 from three different sewage treatment plants. The sewage treatment was efficient in removing SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA. Each sewage treatment plant gathered wastewater from one hospital, of which COVID-19 admissions were used to describe the level of disease occurrence in the area. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA-specific target genes (N1, N2, and E) was confirmed using RT-qPCR analysis. However, hospital admission did not correlate significantly with viral RNA. Moreover, viral RNA loads were relatively low, suggesting that sewage might preserve viral RNA in a hot climate only for a short time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadil M Alahdal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fuad Ameen
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sami AlYahya
- National Center for Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hana Sonbol
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anas Khan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Global Center for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 11461, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef Alsofayan
- Global Center for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 11461, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alahmari
- Global Center for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 11461, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Ekanayake A, Rajapaksha AU, Hewawasam C, Anand U, Bontempi E, Kurwadkar S, Biswas JK, Vithanage M. Environmental challenges of COVID-19 pandemic: resilience and sustainability - A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114496. [PMID: 36257453 PMCID: PMC9576205 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of novel respiratory disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has become a public health emergency worldwide and perturbed the global economy and ecosystem services. Many studies have reported the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental compartments, its transmission via environmental routes, and potential environmental challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. None of these studies have comprehensively reviewed the bidirectional relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and the environment. For the first time, we explored the relationship between the environment and the SARS-CoV-2 virus/COVID-19 and how they affect each other. Supporting evidence presented here clearly demonstrates the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in soil and water, denoting the role of the environment in the COVID-19 transmission process. However, most studies fail to determine if the viral genomes they have discovered are infectious, which could be affected by the environmental factors in which they are found.The potential environmental impact of the pandemic, including water pollution, chemical contamination, increased generation of non-biodegradable waste, and single-use plastics have received the most attention. For the most part, efficient measures have been used to address the current environmental challenges from COVID-19, including using environmentally friendly disinfection technologies and employing measures to reduce the production of plastic wastes, such as the reuse and recycling of plastics. Developing sustainable solutions to counter the environmental challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic should be included in national preparedness strategies. In conclusion, combating the pandemic and accomplishing public health goals should be balanced with environmentally sustainable measures, as the two are closely intertwined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Ekanayake
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Anushka Upamali Rajapaksha
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka; Instrument Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka.
| | - Choolaka Hewawasam
- Faculty of Technology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Uttpal Anand
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion, 8499000, Israel
| | - Elza Bontempi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Sudarshan Kurwadkar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, California State University, 800 N. State College Blvd., Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Jayanta Kumar Biswas
- Department of Ecological Studies & International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
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14
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Zahmatkesh S, Rezakhani Y, Chofreh AG, Karimian M, Wang C, Ghodrati I, Hasan M, Sillanpaa M, Panchal H, Khan R. SARS-CoV-2 removal by mix matrix membrane: A novel application of artificial neural network based simulation in MATLAB for evaluating wastewater reuse risks. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136837. [PMID: 36252897 PMCID: PMC9560862 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak led to the discovery of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage; thus, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) could have the virus in their effluent. However, whether SARS-CoV-2 is eradicated by sewage treatment is virtually unknown. Specifically, the objectives of this study include (i) determining whether a mixed matrixed membrane (MMM) is able to remove SARS-CoV-2 (polycarbonate (PC)-hydrous manganese oxide (HMO) and PC-silver nanoparticles (Ag-NP)), (ii) comparing filtration performance among different secondary treatment processes, and (iii) evaluating whether artificial neural networks (ANNs) can be employed as performance indicators to reduce SARS-CoV-2 in the treatment of sewage. At Shariati Hospital in Mashhad, Iran, secondary treatment effluent during the outbreak of COVID-19 was collected from a WWTP. There were two PC-Ag-NP and PC-HMO processes at the WWTP targeted. RT-qPCR was employed to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage fractions. For the purposes of determining SARS-CoV-2 prevalence rates in the treated effluent, 10 L of effluent specimens were collected in middle-risk and low-risk treatment MMMs. For PC-HMO, the log reduction value (LRV) for SARS-CoV-2 was 1.3-1 log10 for moderate risk and 0.96-1 log10 for low risk, whereas for PC-Ag-NP, the LRV was 0.99-1.3 log10 for moderate risk and 0.94-0.98 log10 for low risk. MMMs demonstrated the most robust absorption performance during the sampling period, with the least significant LRV recorded in PC-Ag-NP and PC-HMO at 0.94 log10 and 0.96 log10, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Zahmatkesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of Mazandaran, P.O. Box 48518-78195, Behshahr, Iran; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieríay Ciencias, Puebla, Mexico.
| | - Yousof Rezakhani
- Department of Civil Engineering, Pardis Branch, Islamic Azad University, Pardis, Iran
| | - Abdoulmohammad Gholamzadeh Chofreh
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory, SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Melika Karimian
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Eyvanekey, Iran
| | - Chongqing Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Iman Ghodrati
- Department of Computer Engineering, Bojnourd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd, Iran
| | - Mudassir Hasan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mika Sillanpaa
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Applied Physics, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan, 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - Hitesh Panchal
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Government Engineering College, Patan, Gujarat, India
| | - Ramsha Khan
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, 225003, UP, India
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15
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Bonanno Ferraro G, Veneri C, Mancini P, Iaconelli M, Suffredini E, Bonadonna L, Lucentini L, Bowo-Ngandji A, Kengne-Nde C, Mbaga DS, Mahamat G, Tazokong HR, Ebogo-Belobo JT, Njouom R, Kenmoe S, La Rosa G. A State-of-the-Art Scoping Review on SARS-CoV-2 in Sewage Focusing on the Potential of Wastewater Surveillance for the Monitoring of the COVID-19 Pandemic. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2022; 14:315-354. [PMID: 34727334 PMCID: PMC8561373 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09498-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has rapidly spread throughout the world. Several studies have shown that detecting SARS-CoV-2 in untreated wastewater can be a useful tool to identify new outbreaks, establish outbreak trends, and assess the prevalence of infections. On 06 May 2021, over a year into the pandemic, we conducted a scoping review aiming to summarize research data on SARS-CoV-2 in sewage. Papers dealing with raw sewage collected at wastewater treatment plants, sewer networks, septic tanks, and sludge treatment facilities were included in this review. We also reviewed studies on sewage collected in community settings such as private or municipal hospitals, healthcare facilities, nursing homes, dormitories, campuses, airports, aircraft, and cruise ships. The literature search was conducted using the electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, and Web Science Core Collection. This comprehensive research yielded 1090 results, 66 of which met the inclusion criteria and are discussed in this review. Studies from 26 countries worldwide have investigated the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage of different origin. The percentage of positive samples in sewage ranged from 11.6 to 100%, with viral concentrations ranging from ˂LOD to 4.6 × 108 genome copies/L. This review outlines the evidence currently available on wastewater surveillance: (i) as an early warning system capable of predicting COVID-19 outbreaks days or weeks before clinical cases; (ii) as a tool capable of establishing trends in current outbreaks; (iii) estimating the prevalence of infections; and (iv) studying SARS-CoV-2 genetic diversity. In conclusion, as a cost-effective, rapid, and reliable source of information on the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in the population, wastewater surveillance can enhance genomic and epidemiological surveillance with independent and complementary data to inform public health decision-making during the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bonanno Ferraro
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - P Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - E Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - L Bonadonna
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - L Lucentini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - A Bowo-Ngandji
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - C Kengne-Nde
- Research Monitoring and Planning Unit, National Aids Control Committee, Douala, Cameroon
| | - D S Mbaga
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - G Mahamat
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - H R Tazokong
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - J T Ebogo-Belobo
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - R Njouom
- Virology Department, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - S Kenmoe
- Virology Department, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - G La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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16
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Parra-Arroyo L, Martinez-Ruiz M, Lucero S, Oyervides-Muñoz MA, Wilkinson M, Melchor-Martínez EM, Araújo RG, Coronado-Apodaca KG, Velasco Bedran H, Buitrón G, Noyola A, Barceló D, Iqbal HM, Sosa-Hernández JE, Parra-Saldívar R. Degradation of viral RNA in wastewater complex matrix models and other standards for wastewater-based epidemiology: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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Rocha AY, Verbyla ME, Sant KE, Mladenov N. Detection, Quantification, and Simplified Wastewater Surveillance Model of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the Tijuana River. ACS ES&T WATER 2022; 2:2134-2143. [PMID: 36398132 PMCID: PMC9063987 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.2c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in sewage has expanded global interest in wastewater surveillance. However, many underserved communities throughout the world lack improved sanitation and use informal combined sanitary and storm sewer systems. Sewage is transported via open channels, ditches, and rivers, where it mixes with surface water and/or stormwater. There is a need to develop better methods for the surveillance of pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 RNA in this context. We developed a simplified surveillance system and monitored flow rates and concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the Tijuana River at two locations downstream of the United States-Mexico border in California, United States. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in the upstream location on six out of eight occasions, two of which were at concentrations as high as those reported in untreated wastewater from California sanitary sewer systems. The virus was not detected in any of the eight samples collected at the downstream (estuarine) sampling location, despite the consistent detection of PMMoV RNA. Synchrony was observed between the number of cases reported in Tijuana and the SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations measured with the CDC N1 assay when the latter were normalized by the reported flow rates in the river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Y. Rocha
- Department
of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Matthew E. Verbyla
- Department
of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Karilyn E. Sant
- School
of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Natalie Mladenov
- Department
of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
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18
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Vadde KK, Al-Duroobi H, Phan DC, Jafarzadeh A, Moghadam SV, Matta A, Kapoor V. Assessment of Concentration, Recovery, and Normalization of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from Two Wastewater Treatment Plants in Texas and Correlation with COVID-19 Cases in the Community. ACS ES&T WATER 2022; 2:2060-2069. [PMID: 37552728 PMCID: PMC9128005 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.2c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to conduct a correlative assessment of SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in wastewater with COVID-19 cases and a systematic evaluation of the effect of using different virus concentration methods and recovery and normalization approaches. We measured SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations at two different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the Bexar County of Texas from October 2020 to May 2021 (32 weeks) using reverse transcription droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR). We evaluated three different adsorption-extraction (AE) based virus concentration methods (acidification, addition of MgCl2, or without any pretreatment) using bovine coronavirus (BCoV) as surrogate virus and observed that the direct AE method showed the highest mean recovery. COVID-19 cases were correlated significantly with SARS-CoV-2 N1 concentrations in Salitrillo (ρ = 0.75, p < 0.001) and Martinez II (ρ = 0.68, p < 0.001) WWTPs, but normalizing to a spiked recovery control (BCoV) or a fecal marker (HF183) reduced correlations for both treatment plants. The results generated in this 32-week monitoring study will enable researchers to prioritize the virus recovery method and subsequent correlation studies for wastewater surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumar Vadde
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, and
Construction Management, University of Texas at San Antonio,
San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Haya Al-Duroobi
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, and
Construction Management, University of Texas at San Antonio,
San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Duc C. Phan
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, and
Construction Management, University of Texas at San Antonio,
San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Arash Jafarzadeh
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, and
Construction Management, University of Texas at San Antonio,
San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Sina V. Moghadam
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, and
Construction Management, University of Texas at San Antonio,
San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Akanksha Matta
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United
States
| | - Vikram Kapoor
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, and
Construction Management, University of Texas at San Antonio,
San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
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19
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Pardo-Figueroa B, Mindreau-Ganoza E, Reyes-Calderon A, Yufra SP, Solorzano-Ortiz IM, Donayre-Torres AJ, Antonini C, Renom JM, Quispe AM, Mota CR, Chernicharo CAL, Carbajal MA, Santa-María M. Spatiotemporal Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in the Sewage of Three Major Urban Areas in Peru: Generating Valuable Data Where Clinical Testing Is Extremely Limited. ACS ES&T WATER 2022; 2:2144-2157. [PMID: 37552743 PMCID: PMC9159516 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.2c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Peru has been severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. By January 2022, Peru had surpassed 200 000 COVID-19 deaths, constituting the highest death rate per capita worldwide. Peru has had several limitations during the pandemic: insufficient testing access, limited contact tracing, a strained medical infrastructure, and many economic hurdles. These limitations hindered the gathering of accurate information about infected individuals with spatial resolution in real time, a critical aspect of effectively controlling the pandemic. Wastewater monitoring for SARS-CoV-2 RNA offered a promising alternative for providing needed population-wide information to complement health care indicators. In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility and value of implementing a decentralized SARS-CoV-2 RNA wastewater monitoring system to assess the spatiotemporal distribution of COVID-19 in three major cities in Peru: Lima, Callao, and Arequipa. Our data on viral loads showed the same trends as health indicators such as incidence and mortality. Furthermore, we were able to identify hot spots of contagion within the surveyed urban areas to guide the efforts of health authorities. Viral decay in the sewage network of the cities studied was found to be negligible (<2%). Overall, our results support wastewater monitoring for SARS-CoV-2 as a valuable and cost-effective tool for monitoring the COVID-19 pandemic in the Peruvian context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio Pardo-Figueroa
- Universidad de Ingenieria y Tecnologia
(UTEC), Centro de Investigación y Tecnología del Agua
(CITA), Jr. Medrano Silva 165, Lima 15063, Peru
| | - Elias Mindreau-Ganoza
- Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos,
Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Av. Germán Amézaga
s/n, Lima 15081, Peru
| | - Alonso Reyes-Calderon
- Universidad de Ingenieria y Tecnologia
(UTEC), Centro de Investigación y Tecnología del Agua
(CITA), Jr. Medrano Silva 165, Lima 15063, Peru
| | - Sonia P. Yufra
- Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de
Arequipa, Departamento de Ingeniería Metalúrgica e
Ingeniería Ambiental, Av. Independencia s/n, Arequipa 04001,
Peru
| | - Isabel M. Solorzano-Ortiz
- Universidad de Ingenieria y Tecnologia
(UTEC), Departamento de Ingeniería Ambiental, Jr. Medrano Silva
165, Lima 15063, Peru
| | - Alberto J. Donayre-Torres
- Universidad de Ingenieria y Tecnologia
(UTEC), Departamento de Bioingeniería, Jr. Medrano Silva 165, Lima
15063, Peru
| | - Claudia Antonini
- Universidad de Ingenieria y Tecnologia
(UTEC), Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial, Jr. Medrano Silva
165, Lima 15063, Peru
| | - Jose Miguel Renom
- Universidad de Ingenieria y Tecnologia
(UTEC), Departamento de Ciencias, Jr. Medrano Silva 165, Lima 15063,
Peru
| | - Antonio Marty Quispe
- Universidad de Ingenieria y Tecnologia
(UTEC), Departamento de Bioingeniería, Jr. Medrano Silva 165, Lima
15063, Peru
- Universidad Continental,
Escuela de Posgrado, Av. San Carlos 1980, Huancayo 12001, Peru
| | - Cesar R. Mota
- Universidade Federal de Minas
Gerais, Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Escola de
Engenharia, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6.627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte,
Brazil
| | - Carlos A. L. Chernicharo
- Universidade Federal de Minas
Gerais, Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Escola de
Engenharia, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6.627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte,
Brazil
| | - Max A. Carbajal
- Ministerio de Vivienda
Construcción y Saneamiento, Dirección de Saneamiento, Av.
República de Panamá 3650, Lima 15073, Peru
| | - Mónica
C. Santa-María
- Universidad de Ingenieria y Tecnologia
(UTEC), Centro de Investigación y Tecnología del Agua
(CITA), Jr. Medrano Silva 165, Lima 15063, Peru
- Universidad de Ingenieria y Tecnologia
(UTEC), Departamento de Ingeniería Ambiental, Jr. Medrano Silva
165, Lima 15063, Peru
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20
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Magana-Arachchi DN, Wanigatunge RP, Vithanage MS. Can infectious modelling be applicable globally - lessons from COVID 19. CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & HEALTH 2022; 30:100399. [PMID: 36320817 PMCID: PMC9612404 DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2022.100399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Contagious diseases are needed to be monitored to prevent spreading within communities. Timely advice and predictions are necessary to overcome the consequences of those epidemics. Currently, emphasis has been placed on computer modelling to achieve the needed forecasts, the best example being the COVID-19 pandemic. Scientists used various models to determine how diverse sociodemographic factors correlated and influenced COVID-19 Global transmission and demonstrated the utility of computer models as tools in disease management. However, as modelling is done with assumptions with set rules, calculating uncertainty quantification is essential in infectious modelling when reporting the results and trustfully describing the limitations. This article summarizes the infectious disease modelling strategies, challenges, and global applicability by focusing on the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhammika N Magana-Arachchi
- Molecular Microbiology and Human Diseases Unit, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Rasika P Wanigatunge
- Department of Plant and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Meththika S Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
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21
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Al-Hazmi HE, Shokrani H, Shokrani A, Jabbour K, Abida O, Mousavi Khadem SS, Habibzadeh S, Sonawane SH, Saeb MR, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Badawi M. Recent advances in aqueous virus removal technologies. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 305:135441. [PMID: 35764113 PMCID: PMC9233172 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak has triggered a massive research, but still urgent detection and treatment of this virus seems a public concern. The spread of viruses in aqueous environments underlined efficient virus treatment processes as a hot challenge. This review critically and comprehensively enables identifying and classifying advanced biochemical, membrane-based and disinfection processes for effective treatment of virus-contaminated water and wastewater. Understanding the functions of individual and combined/multi-stage processes in terms of manufacturing and economical parameters makes this contribution a different story from available review papers. Moreover, this review discusses challenges of combining biochemical, membrane and disinfection processes for synergistic treatment of viruses in order to reduce the dissemination of waterborne diseases. Certainly, the combination technologies are proactive in minimizing and restraining the outbreaks of the virus. It emphasizes the importance of health authorities to confront the outbreaks of unknown viruses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein E Al-Hazmi
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hanieh Shokrani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Shokrani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, Iran
| | - Karam Jabbour
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait
| | - Otman Abida
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait
| | | | - Sajjad Habibzadeh
- Surface Reaction and Advanced Energy Materials Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shirish H Sonawane
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Michael Badawi
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques LPCT UMR CNRS, 7019, Nancy, France.
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22
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Li Q, Bergquist R, Grant L, Song JX, Feng XY, Zhou XN. Consideration of COVID-19 beyond the human-centred approach of prevention and control: the ONE-HEALTH perspective. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:2520-2528. [PMID: 36102336 PMCID: PMC9621238 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2125343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Most of the new emerging and re-emerging zoonotic virus outbreaks in recent years stem from close interaction with dead or alive infected animals. Since late 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread into 221 countries and territories resulting in close to 300 million known infections and 5.4 million deaths in addition to a huge impact on both public health and the world economy. This paper reviews the COVID-19 prevalence in animals, raise concerns about animal welfare and discusses the role of environment in the transmission of COVID-19. Attention is drawn to the One Health concept as it emphasizes the environment in connection with the risk of transmission and establishment of diseases shared between animals and humans. Considering the importance of One Health for an effective response to the dissemination of infections of pandemic character, some unsettled issues with respect to COVID-19 are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 20025, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, China
| | - Robert Bergquist
- Ingerod, Brastad, Sweden (formerly at the UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Liz Grant
- Global Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jun-Xia Song
- Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Xin-Yu Feng
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 20025, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, China
- Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 20025, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, China
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23
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Review of Method and a New Tool for Decline and Inactive SARS-CoV-2 in Wastewater Treatment. CLEANER CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [PMCID: PMC9213033 DOI: 10.1016/j.clce.2022.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Following the recent outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, monitoring sewage has become crucial, according to reports that the virus was detected in sewage. Currently, various methods are discussed for understanding the SARS-CoV-2 using wastewater surveillance. This paper first introduces the fundamental knowledge of primary, secondary, and tertiary water treatment on SARS-CoV-2. Next, a thorough overview is presented to summarize the recent developments and breakthroughs in removing SARS-CoV-2 using solar water disinfection (SODIS) and UV (UVA (315–400 nm), UVB (280-315 nm), and UVC (100–280 nm)) process. In addition, Due to the fact that the distilled water can be exposed to sunlight if there is no heating source, it can be disinfected using solar water disinfection (SODIS). SODIS, on the other hand, is a well-known method of reducing pathogens in contaminated water; moreover, UVC can inactivate SARS-CoV-2 when the wavelength is between 100 to 280 nanometers. High temperatures (more than 56°C) and UVC are essential for eliminating SARS-CoV-2; however, the SODIS systems use UVA and work at lower temperatures (less than45°C). Therefore, using SODIS methods for wastewater treatment (or providing drinking water) is not appropriate during a situation like the ongoing pandemic. Finally, a wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) tracking tool for SARS-CoV-2 can be used to detect its presence in wastewater.
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24
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Shaheen MNF, Elmahdy EM, Shahein YE. The first detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in urban wastewater in Giza, Egypt. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2022; 20:1212-1222. [PMID: 36044190 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2022.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is a respiratory virus causing coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Individuals with COVID-19 can shed the viral genome in their feces, even if they do not have symptoms, and the virus can be detected in wastewater. The current study provides the first surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome in the wastewater in Egypt. To study this aim, untreated influent (n = 48) and treated effluent (n = 48) samples were collected between January and December 2021 from the wastewater treatment plant in Giza. The viral RNA genome was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (S, E, and N target regions) and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR) (N1 and N2 target regions). The RT-PCR assay failed to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA in all samples analyzed, whereas RT-qPCR succeeded in the detection of N gene of SARS-CoV-2 in 62.5% of untreated influent samples. The RT-qPCR Ct values of those samples tested positive ranged from 19.9 to 30.1 with a mean of 23. The treated effluent samples were negative for viral RNA detected by both RT-PCR and RT-qPCR, indicating the efficiency of the sewage treatment plant in degrading SARS-CoV-2. Our preliminary findings provide evidence for the value of wastewater epidemiology approach for the surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in the population to assist in the responses of public health to COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed N F Shaheen
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Giza, Egypt E-mail: ,
| | - Elmahdy M Elmahdy
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Giza, Egypt E-mail: ,
| | - Yasser E Shahein
- Molecular Biology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 12622 Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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25
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Ahmad SU, Hafeez Kiani B, Abrar M, Jan Z, Zafar I, Ali Y, Alanazi AM, Malik A, Rather MA, Ahmad A, Khan AA. A comprehensive genomic study, mutation screening, phylogenetic and statistical analysis of SARS-CoV-2 and its variant omicron among different countries. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:878-891. [PMID: 35839568 PMCID: PMC9262654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the rapid development of the genomic sequence data for the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its variants Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529), it is vital to successfully identify mutations within the genome. OBJECTIVE The main objective of the study is to investigate the full-length genome mutation analysis of 157 SARS-CoV-2 and its variant Delta and Omicron isolates. This study also provides possible effects at the structural level to understand the role of mutations and new insights into the evolution of COVID-19 and evaluates the differential level analysis in viral genome sequence among different nations. We have also tried to offer a mutation snapshot for these differences that could help in vaccine formulation. This study utilizes a unique and efficient method of targeting the stable genes for the drug discovery approach. METHODS Complete genome sequence information of SARS-CoV-2, Delta, and Omicron from online resources were used to predict structure domain identification, data mining, and screening; employing different bioinformatics tools. BioEdit software was used to perform their genomic alignments across countries and a phylogenetic tree as per the confidence of 500 bootstrapping values was constructed. Heterozygosity ratios were determined in-silico. A minimum spanning network (MSN) of selected populations was determined by Bruvo's distance role-based framework. RESULTS Out of all 157 different strains of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, and their complete genome sequences from different countries, Corona nucleoca and DUF5515 were observed to be the most conserved domains. All genomes obtained changes in comparison to the Wuhan-Hu-1 strain, mainly in the TRS region (CUAAAC or ACGAAC). We discovered 596 mutations in all genes, with the highest number (321) found in ORF1ab (QHD43415.1), or TRS site mutations found only in ORF7a (1) and ORF10 (2). The Omicron variant has 30 mutations in the Spike protein and has a higher alpha-helix shape (23.46%) than the Delta version (22.03%). T478 was also discovered to be a prevalent polymorphism in Delta and Omicron variations, as well as genomic gaps ranging from 45 to 65aa. All 157 sequences contained variations and conformed to Nei's Genetic distance. We discovered heterozygosity (Hs) 0.01, mean anticipated Hs 0.32, the genetic diversity index (GDI) 0.01943989, and GD within population 0.01266951. The Hedrick value was 0.52324978, the GD coefficient was 0.52324978, the average Hs was 0.01371452, and the GD coefficient was 0.52324978. Among other countries, Brazil has the highest standard error (SE) rate (1.398), whereas Japan has the highest ratio of Nei's gene diversity (0.01). CONCLUSIONS The study's findings will assist in comprehending the shape and kind of complete genome, their streaming genomic sequences, and mutations in various additions of SARS-CoV-2, as well as its different variant strains like Omicron. These results will provide a scientific basis to design the vaccines and understand the genomic study of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Umair Ahmad
- Department of Bioinformatics, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Hafeez Kiani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abrar
- Department of Anesthesia, DHQ Teaching Hospital, Sahiwal Medical College, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Zainab Jan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Imran Zafar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Virtual University, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Ali
- National Centre for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Amer M. Alanazi
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Malik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Ashraf Rather
- Division of Fish Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Fisheries Ganderbal, Sher-e, Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kashmir, India
| | - Asrar Ahmad
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Azmat Ali Khan
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia,Corresponding author
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26
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Menon NG, Mohapatra S. The COVID-19 pandemic: Virus transmission and risk assessment. CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & HEALTH 2022; 28:100373. [PMID: 35669052 PMCID: PMC9156429 DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2022.100373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The coronaviruses are the largest known RNA viruses of which SASR-CoV-2 has been spreading continuously due to its repeated mutation triggered by several environmental factors. Multiple human interventions and lessons learned from the SARS 2002 outbreak helped reduce its spread considerably, and thus, the virus was contained but the emerging mutations burdened the medical facility leading to many deaths in the world. As per the world health organization (WHO) droplet mode transmission is the most common mode of SASR-CoV-2 transmission to which environmental factors including temperature and humidity play a major role. This article highlights the responsibility of environmental causes that would affect the distribution and fate of the virus. Recent development in the risk assessment models is also covered in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gayathri Menon
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Science (CRNTS), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India
| | - Sanjeeb Mohapatra
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower, #15-02, Singapore 138602, Singapore
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27
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Kumar M, Jiang G, Kumar Thakur A, Chatterjee S, Bhattacharya T, Mohapatra S, Chaminda T, Kumar Tyagi V, Vithanage M, Bhattacharya P, Nghiem LD, Sarkar D, Sonne C, Mahlknecht J. Lead time of early warning by wastewater surveillance for COVID-19: Geographical variations and impacting factors. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2022; 441:135936. [PMID: 35345777 PMCID: PMC8942437 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.135936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The global data on the temporal tracking of the COVID-19 through wastewater surveillance needs to be comparatively evaluated to generate a proper and precise understanding of the robustness, advantages, and sensitivity of the wastewater-based epidemiological (WBE) approach. We reviewed the current state of knowledge based on several scientific articles pertaining to temporal variations in COVID-19 cases captured via viral RNA predictions in wastewater. This paper primarily focuses on analyzing the WBE-based temporal variation reported globally to check if the reported early warning lead-time generated through environmental surveillance is pragmatic or latent. We have compiled the geographical variations reported as lead time in various WBE reports to strike a precise correlation between COVID-19 cases and genome copies detected through wastewater surveillance, with respect to the sampling dates, separately for WASH and non-WASH countries. We highlighted sampling methods, climatic and weather conditions that significantly affected the concentration of viral SARS-CoV-2 RNA detected in wastewater, and thus the lead time reported from the various climatic zones with diverse WASH situations were different. Our major findings are: i) WBE reports around the world are not comparable, especially in terms of gene copies detected, lag-time gained between monitored RNA peak and outbreak/peak of reported case, as well as per capita RNA concentrations; ii) Varying sanitation facility and climatic conditions that impact virus degradation rate are two major interfering features limiting the comparability of WBE results, and iii) WBE is better applicable to WASH countries having well-connected sewerage system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Guangming Jiang
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Alok Kumar Thakur
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India
| | - Shreya Chatterjee
- Encore Insoltech Pvt Ltd, Randesan, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 307, India
| | - Tanushree Bhattacharya
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra 835215, India
| | - Sanjeeb Mohapatra
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tushara Chaminda
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka
| | - Vinay Kumar Tyagi
- Environmental BioTechnology Group (EBiTG), Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Prosun Bhattacharya
- COVID-19 Research@KTH, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology,SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Long D Nghiem
- Centre for Technology in Water & Wastewater, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, Australia
| | - Dibyendu Sarkar
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Christian Sonne
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde DK-4000, Denmark
| | - Jürgen Mahlknecht
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
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28
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Li J, Liu J, Yu H, Zhao W, Xia X, You S, Zhang J, Tong H, Wei L. Sources, fates and treatment strategies of typical viruses in urban sewage collection/treatment systems: A review. DESALINATION 2022; 534:115798. [PMID: 35498908 PMCID: PMC9033450 DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2022.115798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) throughout the world has severely threatened the global economy and public health. Due to receiving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a wide variety of sources (e.g., households, hospitals, slaughterhouses), urban sewage treatment systems are regarded as an important path for the transmission of waterborne viruses. This review presents a quantitative profile of the concentration distribution of typical viruses within wastewater collection systems and evaluates the influence of different characteristics of sewer systems on virus species and concentration. Then, the efficiencies and mechanisms of virus removal in the units of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are summarized and compared, among which the inactivation efficiencies of typical viruses by typical disinfection approaches under varied operational conditions are elucidated. Subsequently, the occurrence and removal of viruses in treated effluent reuse and desalination, as well as that in sewage sludge treatment, are discussed. Potential dissemination of viruses is emphasized by occurrence via aerosolization from toilets, the collection system and WWTP aeration, which might have a vital role in the transmission and spread of viruses. Finally, the frequency and concentration of viruses in reclaimed water, the probability of infection are also reviewed for discussing the potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Weixin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xinhui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shijie You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hailong Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Liangliang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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29
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Gholipour S, Ghalhari MR, Nikaeen M, Rabbani D, Pakzad P, Miranzadeh MB. Occurrence of viruses in sewage sludge: A systematic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153886. [PMID: 35182626 PMCID: PMC8848571 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses are of great importance in wastewater due to their high excretion from infected individuals, low removal in wastewater treatment processes, long-time survival in the environment, and low infectious dose. Among the other viruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) surveillance in wastewater systems has received particular attention as a result of the current COVID-19 epidemic. Viruses adhering to solid particles in wastewater treatment processes will end up as sewage sludge, and therefore insufficient sludge treatment may result in viral particles dissemination into the environment. Here, we review data on viruses' presence in sewage sludge, their detection and concentration methods, and information on human health issues associated with sewage sludge land application. We used combinations of the following keywords in the Scopus, Web of Science (WOS), and PubMed databases, which were published between 2010 and January 21th, 2022: sludge (sewage sludge, biosolids, sewage solids, wastewater solids) and virus (enteric virus, viral particles, viral contamination, SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus). The sources were searched twice, once with and then without the common enteric virus names (adenovirus, rotavirus, norovirus, enterovirus, hepatitis A virus). Studies suggest adenovirus and norovirus as the most prevalent enteric viruses in sewage sludge. Indeed, other viruses include rotavirus, hepatitis A virus, and enterovirus were frequently found in sewage sludge samples. Untreated biological sludge and thickened sludge showed more viral contamination level than digested sludge and the lowest prevalence of viruses was reported in lime stabilized sludge. The review reveals that land application of sewage sludge may pose viral infection risks to people due to accidently ingestion of sludge or intake of crops grown in biosolids amended soil. Moreover, contamination of groundwater and/or surface water may occur due to land application of sewage sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Gholipour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rezvani Ghalhari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Nikaeen
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Davarkhah Rabbani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Parichehr Pakzad
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagher Miranzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Mohapatra S, Menon NG. Factors responsible for the emergence of novel viruses: An emphasis on SARS-CoV-2. CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & HEALTH 2022; 27:100358. [PMID: 35369608 PMCID: PMC8958772 DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2022.100358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Structural and genetic differences among various viruses play a significant factor in host infectivity and vulnerability to environmental stressors. Zoonoses of viruses require several recombinations and mutations in their genetic material and among several viruses allowing them to switch hosts and infect new species. Additionally, the host genetics play a significant role in successful viral transmission among various hosts. For example, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Ebola virus and influenza viruses. In efficient zoonotic events, selective stresses in the host milieu-interieur are critical during viral infection of the first human host. The genetic rearrangement of the virus and the selective environmental pressure of the host immune system dominate the emergence of new viral disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeeb Mohapatra
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower, #15-02, 138602, Singapore
| | - N Gayathri Menon
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Science (CRNTS), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India
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Zamhuri SA, Soon CF, Nordin AN, Ab Rahim R, Sultana N, Khan MA, Lim GP, Tee KS. A review on the contamination of SARS-CoV-2 in water bodies: Transmission route, virus recovery and recent biosensor detection techniques. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2022; 36:100482. [PMID: 35251937 PMCID: PMC8889793 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2022.100482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of SARS-CoV-2 virus in the water bodies has been reported, and the risk of virus transmission to human via the water route due to poor wastewater management cannot be disregarded. The main source of the virus in water bodies is the sewage network systems which connects to the surface water. Wastewater-based epidemiology has been applied as an early surveillance tool to sense SARS-CoV-2 virus in the sewage network. This review discussed possible transmission routes of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the challenges of the existing method in detecting the virus in wastewater. One significant challenge for the detection of the virus is that the high virus loading is diluted by the sheer volume of the wastewater. Hence, virus preconcentration from water samples prior to the application of virus assay is essential to accurately detect traceable virus loading. The preparation time, materials and conditions, virus type, recovery percentage, and various virus recovery techniques are comprehensively discussed in this review. The practicability of molecular methods such as Polymer-Chain-Reaction (PCR) for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater will be revealed. The conventional virus detection techniques have several shortcomings and the potential of biosensors as an alternative is also considered. Biosensing techniques have also been proposed as an alternative to PCR and have reported detection limits of 10 pg/μl. This review serves to guide the reader on the future designs and development of highly sensitive, robust and, cost effective SARS-CoV-2 lab-on-a-chip biosensors for use in complex wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Adibah Zamhuri
- Microelectronics and Nanotechnology-Shamsuddin Research Centre, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Chin Fhong Soon
- Microelectronics and Nanotechnology-Shamsuddin Research Centre, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Anis Nurashikin Nordin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kulliyah of Engineering, International University of Islam Malaysia, 53100, Jalan Gombak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rosminazuin Ab Rahim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kulliyah of Engineering, International University of Islam Malaysia, 53100, Jalan Gombak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Muhammad Arif Khan
- Microelectronics and Nanotechnology-Shamsuddin Research Centre, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Gim Pao Lim
- Microelectronics and Nanotechnology-Shamsuddin Research Centre, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Kian Sek Tee
- Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
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Foladori P, Cutrupi F, Cadonna M, Manara S. Coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 in sewerage and their removal: Step by step in wastewater treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 207:112204. [PMID: 34656637 PMCID: PMC8516124 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The fate of Coronaviruses (CoVs) and in particular SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has not been completely understood yet, but an adequate knowledge on the removal performances in WWTPs could help to prevent waterborne transmission of the virus that is still under debate. CoVs and SARS-CoV-2 are discharged from faeces into the sewer network and reach WWTPs within a few hours. This review presents the fate of SARS-CoV-2 and other CoVs in the primary, secondary and tertiary treatments of WWTPs as well as in sludge treatments. The viral loads decrease progressively along with the treatments from 20 to 3.0E+06 GU/L (Genomic Units/L) in the influent wastewater to concentrations below 2.50E+05 GU/L after secondary biological treatments and finally to negative concentrations (below detection limit) in disinfected effluents. Reduction of CoVs is due to (i) natural decay under unfavourable conditions (solids, microorganisms, temperature) for relatively long hydraulic retention times and (ii) processes of sedimentation, filtration, predation, adsorption, disinfection. In primary and secondary settling, due to the hydrophobic properties, a partial accumulation of CoVs may occur in the separated sludge. In secondary treatment (i.e. activated sludge) CoVs and SARS-CoV-2 loads can be reduced only by about one logarithm (∼90%). To enhance this removal, tertiary treatment with ultrafiltration (Membrane Bioreactors) and chemical disinfection or UV light is needed. CoVs and SARS-CoV-2 in the sludge (1.2E+04-4.6E+08 GU/L) can be inactivated significantly in the thermophilic digestion (55 °C), while mesophilic temperatures (33-37 °C) are not efficient. Additional studies are required to investigate the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in WWTPs, especially in view of increasing interest in wastewater reclamation and reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Foladori
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering (DICAM) - University of Trento, via Mesiano, n. 77, 38123, Trento, Italy.
| | - Francesca Cutrupi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering (DICAM) - University of Trento, via Mesiano, n. 77, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Maria Cadonna
- ADEP - Agenzia per la Depurazione, Autonomous Province of Trento, via Gilli, n. 3, 38121, Trento, Italy
| | - Serena Manara
- Department of Cellular Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO) - University of Trento, via Sommarive, n. 9, 38123, Trento, Italy
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Nasir AM, Adam MR, Mohamad Kamal SNEA, Jaafar J, Othman MHD, Ismail AF, Aziz F, Yusof N, Bilad MR, Mohamud R, A Rahman M, Wan Salleh WN. A review of the potential of conventional and advanced membrane technology in the removal of pathogens from wastewater. Sep Purif Technol 2022; 286:120454. [PMID: 35035270 PMCID: PMC8741333 DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of pathogenic contaminated water has claimed the lives of many people. Hence, this scenario has emphasized the urgent need for research methods to avoid, treat and eliminate harmful pathogens in wastewater. Therefore, effective water treatment has become a matter of utmost importance. Membrane technology offers purer, cleaner, and pathogen-free water through the water separation method via a permeable membrane. Advanced membrane technology such as nanocomposite membrane, membrane distillation, membrane bioreactor, and photocatalytic membrane reactor can offer synergistic effects in removing pathogen through the integration of additional functionality and filtration in a single chamber. This paper also comprehensively discussed the application, challenges, and future perspective of the advanced membrane technology as a promising alternative in battling pathogenic microbial contaminants, which will also be beneficial and valuable in managing pandemics in the future as well as protecting human health and the environment. In addition, the potential of membrane technology in battling the ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was also discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atikah Mohd Nasir
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ridhwan Adam
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | | | - Juhana Jaafar
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Farhana Aziz
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Norhaniza Yusof
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Roil Bilad
- Department of Chemistry Education, Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika (UNDIKMA), Jl. Pemuda No. 59A, Mataram 83126, Indonesia
| | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus,Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mukhlis A Rahman
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Norhayati Wan Salleh
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
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Dharmadhikari T, Rajput V, Yadav R, Boargaonkar R, Patil D, Kale S, Kamble SP, Dastager SG, Dharne MS. High throughput sequencing based direct detection of SARS-CoV-2 fragments in wastewater of Pune, West India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:151038. [PMID: 34688738 PMCID: PMC8530769 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Given a large number of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals, clinical detection has proved challenging. The wastewater-based epidemiological paradigm would cover the clinically escaped asymptomatic individuals owing to the faecal shedding of the virus. We hypothesised using wastewater as a valuable resource for analysing SARS-CoV-2 mutations circulating in the wastewater of Pune region (Maharashtra; India), one of the most affected during the covid-19 pandemic. We conducted study in open wastewater drains from December 2020-March 2021 to assess the presence of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid and further detect mutations using ARTIC protocol of MinION sequencing. The analysis revealed 108 mutations across six samples categorised into 39 types of mutations. We report the occurrence of mutations associated with Delta variant lineage in March-2021 samples, simultaneously also reported as a Variant of Concern (VoC) responsible for the rapid increase in infections. The study also revealed four mutations; S:N801, S:C480R, NSP14:C279F and NSP3:L550del not currently reported from wastewater or clinical data in India but reported worldwide. Further, a novel mutation NSP13:G206F mapping to NSP13 region was observed from wastewater. Notably, S:P1140del mutation was detected in December 2020 samples while it was reported in February 2021 from clinical data, indicating the instrumentality of wastewater data in early detection. This is the first study in India to demonstrate utility of sequencing in wastewater-based epidemiology to identify mutations associated with SARS-CoV-2 virus fragments from wastewater as an early warning indicator system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Dharmadhikari
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Vinay Rajput
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Rakeshkumar Yadav
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | | | - Dhawal Patil
- Ecosan Services Foundation (ESF), Pune 411030, India
| | - Saurabh Kale
- Ecosan Services Foundation (ESF), Pune 411030, India
| | - Sanjay P Kamble
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Syed G Dastager
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Mahesh S Dharne
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Wang Z, Yang W, Hua P, Zhang J, Krebs P. Transmission risk of SARS-CoV-2 in the watershed triggered by domestic wastewater discharge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150888. [PMID: 34634348 PMCID: PMC8501193 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has already become an unprecedented global pandemic. However, the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, especially the protected SARS-CoV-2 RNA (pRNA) with infectious particles in waterways, is still largely unexplored. In this study, we developed a model to estimate SARS-CoV-2 transmission from the risk source in the excretion of patients to the final exposure in surface water. The model simulated the spatial and temporal distribution of the viral pRNA concentrations in the surface water of the Elbe watershed from March 2020 to January 2021. The results show that the WWTPs with the maximum capacity of >10,000 population equivalents were responsible for 95% of the viral load discharged into the surface water. We estimated the pRNA concentrations in surface water to be 1.33 × 10-2 copies·L-1 on average in the watershed based on the model simulation on viral transmission. It had considerable variations in spatial and temporal scales, which are dominantly controlled by epidemic situations and virus transport with decay in water, respectively. A quantitative microbial risk assessment was conducted to estimate the viral infection probability from surface water ingestion with consideration of the influence of toilet usage frequency and gender/age population groups. All the infection probabilities in the study period were lower than the reference risk levels of 10-4 and 10-5. The individuals aged 15-34 years had the highest infection probability of 4.86 × 10-9 on average from surface water ingestion during swimming activities. The data provided herein suggest that the low pRNA concentrations and infection probability reflected that the waterways were unlikely to be a significant transmission route for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Urban and Industrial Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wenyu Yang
- Institute of Urban and Industrial Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Pei Hua
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Ecology and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, China
| | - Peter Krebs
- Institute of Urban and Industrial Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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Haak L, Delic B, Li L, Guarin T, Mazurowski L, Dastjerdi NG, Dewan A, Pagilla K. Spatial and temporal variability and data bias in wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in a sewer system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150390. [PMID: 34818797 PMCID: PMC8445773 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The response to disease outbreaks, such as SARS-CoV-2, can be constrained by a limited ability to measure disease prevalence early at a localized level. Wastewater based epidemiology is a powerful tool identifying disease spread from pooled community sewer networks or at influent to wastewater treatment plants. However, this approach is often not applied at a granular level that permits detection of local hot spots. This study examines the spatial patterns of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage through a spatial sampling strategy across neighborhood-scale sewershed catchments. Sampling was conducted across the Reno-Sparks metropolitan area from November to mid-December of 2020. This research utilized local spatial autocorrelation tests to identify the evolution of statistically significant neighborhood hot spots in sewershed sub-catchments that were identified to lead waves of infection, with adjacent neighborhoods observed to lag with increasing viral RNA concentrations over subsequent dates. The correlations between the sub-catchments over the sampling period were also characterized using principal component analysis. Results identified distinct time series patterns, with sewersheds in the urban center, outlying suburban areas, and outlying urbanized districts generally following unique trends over the sampling period. Several demographic parameters were identified as having important gradients across these areas, namely population density, poverty levels, household income, and age. These results provide a more strategic approach to identify disease outbreaks at the neighborhood level and characterized how sampling site selection could be designed based on the spatial and demographic characteristics of neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Haak
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, MS-0258, Reno, NV 89557-0258, USA
| | - Blaga Delic
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, MS-0258, Reno, NV 89557-0258, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, MS-0258, Reno, NV 89557-0258, USA
| | - Tatiana Guarin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, MS-0258, Reno, NV 89557-0258, USA
| | - Lauren Mazurowski
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, MS-0258, Reno, NV 89557-0258, USA
| | - Niloufar Gharoon Dastjerdi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, MS-0258, Reno, NV 89557-0258, USA
| | - Aimee Dewan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, MS-0258, Reno, NV 89557-0258, USA
| | - Krishna Pagilla
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, MS-0258, Reno, NV 89557-0258, USA.
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Demarco CF, Afonso TF, Schoeler GP, Barboza VDS, Rocha LDS, Pieniz S, Giongo JL, Vaucher RDA, Igansi AV, Cadaval TRS, Andreazza R. New low-cost biofilters for SARS-CoV-2 using Hymenachne grumosa as a precursor. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2022; 331:130000. [PMID: 34898862 PMCID: PMC8650601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing global spread of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 2019 disease) is causing an unprecedented repercussion on human health and the economy. Despite the primary mode of transmission being through air droplets and contact, the transmission via wastewater is a critical concern. There is a lack of techniques able to provide complete disinfection, along with the uncertainty related to the behavior of SARS-CoV-2 in the natural environment and risks of contamination. This fact makes urgent the research towards new alternatives for virus removal from water and wastewater. Thus, this research aimed to characterize new lost-cost adsorbents for SARS-CoV-2 using Hymenachne grumosa as a precursor and verify its potential for removing SARS-CoV-2 from the solution. The aquatic macrophyte H. grumosa had in natura and activated carbon produced with H. grumosa and zinc chloride (ZnCl2,1:1) impregnation and carbonization (700 °C, 1 h) were incubated for 24 h with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 viral suspension, and then the ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted and viral load quantified through reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) technique. The results demonstrated the great adsorption potential, achieving removal of 98.44% by H. grumosa "in natura", and 99.61% by H. grumosa with carbon activation, being similar to commercial activated carbon (99.67%). Thus, this study highlights the possibility of low-cost biofilters to be used for SARS-CoV-2 removal, as an excellent alternative for wastewater treatment or watercourses decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Faccio Demarco
- Science and Engineering of Materials Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Pelotas, R. Gomes Carneiro 01, CEP 96010-610, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Thays França Afonso
- Science and Engineering of Materials Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Pelotas, R. Gomes Carneiro 01, CEP 96010-610, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Pereira Schoeler
- Environmental Sciences Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Pelotas. R. Benjamin Constant 989, CEP 96010-020, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Victor Dos Santos Barboza
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Bioprospecting, Research Laboratory in Biochemical and Molecular Biology of Microorganisms (LaPeBBiOM), Federal University of Pelotas, Av. Eliseu Maciel, Campus Universitário, S/n, Capão do Leão, CEP 96160-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Liziane Dos Santos Rocha
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Bioprospecting, Research Laboratory in Biochemical and Molecular Biology of Microorganisms (LaPeBBiOM), Federal University of Pelotas, Av. Eliseu Maciel, Campus Universitário, S/n, Capão do Leão, CEP 96160-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Simone Pieniz
- Environmental Sciences Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Pelotas. R. Benjamin Constant 989, CEP 96010-020, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Janice Luehring Giongo
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Bioprospecting, Research Laboratory in Biochemical and Molecular Biology of Microorganisms (LaPeBBiOM), Federal University of Pelotas, Av. Eliseu Maciel, Campus Universitário, S/n, Capão do Leão, CEP 96160-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo de Almeida Vaucher
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Bioprospecting, Research Laboratory in Biochemical and Molecular Biology of Microorganisms (LaPeBBiOM), Federal University of Pelotas, Av. Eliseu Maciel, Campus Universitário, S/n, Capão do Leão, CEP 96160-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Andrei Vallerão Igansi
- School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande, Av. Itália, Km 8, S/n, Carreiros, CEP 96203-000, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Tito Roberto Sant'Anna Cadaval
- School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande, Av. Itália, Km 8, S/n, Carreiros, CEP 96203-000, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Robson Andreazza
- Science and Engineering of Materials Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Pelotas, R. Gomes Carneiro 01, CEP 96010-610, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
- Environmental Sciences Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Pelotas. R. Benjamin Constant 989, CEP 96010-020, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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Population balance modeling of homogeneous viral aggregation. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.117035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sojobi AO, Zayed T. Impact of sewer overflow on public health: A comprehensive scientometric analysis and systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 203:111609. [PMID: 34216613 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Sewer overflow (SO), which has attracted global attention, poses serious threat to public health and ecosystem. SO impacts public health via consumption of contaminated drinking water, aerosolization of pathogens, food-chain transmission, and direct contact with fecally-polluted rivers and beach sediments during recreation. However, no study has attempted to map the linkage between SO and public health including Covid-19 using scientometric analysis and systematic review of literature. Results showed that only few countries were actively involved in SO research in relation to public health. Furthermore, there are renewed calls to scale up environmental surveillance to safeguard public health. To safeguard public health, it is important for public health authorities to optimize water and wastewater treatment plants and improve building ventilation and plumbing systems to minimize pathogen transmission within buildings and transportation systems. In addition, health authorities should formulate appropriate policies that can enhance environmental surveillance and facilitate real-time monitoring of sewer overflow. Increased public awareness on strict personal hygiene and point-of-use-water-treatment such as boiling drinking water will go a long way to safeguard public health. Ecotoxicological studies and health risk assessment of exposure to pathogens via different transmission routes is also required to appropriately inform the use of lockdowns, minimize their socio-economic impact and guide evidence-based welfare/social policy interventions. Soft infrastructures, optimized sewer maintenance and prescreening of sewer overflow are recommended to reduce stormwater burden on wastewater treatment plant, curtail pathogen transmission and marine plastic pollution. Comprehensive, integrated surveillance and global collaborative efforts are important to curtail on-going Covid-19 pandemic and improve resilience against future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarek Zayed
- Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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Ahmed W, Bivins A, Simpson SL, Smith WJM, Metcalfe S, McMinn B, Symonds EM, Korajkic A. Comparative analysis of rapid concentration methods for the recovery of SARS-CoV-2 and quantification of human enteric viruses and a sewage-associated marker gene in untreated wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 799:149386. [PMID: 34388890 PMCID: PMC8325557 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To support public-health-related disease surveillance and monitoring, it is crucial to concentrate both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses from domestic wastewater. To date, most concentration methods were developed for non-enveloped viruses, and limited studies have directly compared the recovery efficiency of both types of viruses. In this study, the effectiveness of two different concentration methods (Concentrating pipette (CP) method and an adsorption-extraction (AE) method amended with MgCl2) were evaluated for untreated wastewater matrices using three different viruses (SARS-CoV-2 (seeded), human adenovirus 40/41 (HAdV 40/41), and enterovirus (EV)) and a wastewater-associated bacterial marker gene targeting Lachnospiraceae (Lachno3). For SARS-CoV-2, the estimated mean recovery efficiencies were significantly greater by as much as 5.46 times, using the CP method than the AE method amended with MgCl2. SARS-CoV-2 RNA recovery was greater for samples with higher titer seeds regardless of the method, and the estimated mean recovery efficiencies using the CP method were 25.1 ± 11% across ten WWTPs when wastewater samples were seeded with 5 × 104 gene copies (GC) of SARS-CoV-2. Meanwhile, the AE method yielded significantly greater concentrations of indigenous HAdV 40/41 and Lachno3 from wastewater compared to the CP method. Finally, no significant differences in indigenous EV concentrations were identified in comparing the AE and CP methods. These data indicate that the most effective concentration method varies by microbial analyte and that the priorities of the surveillance or monitoring program should be considered when choosing the concentration method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Aaron Bivins
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Science, University of Notre Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | | | - Wendy J M Smith
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Suzanne Metcalfe
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Brian McMinn
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26W Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Erin M Symonds
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Ave South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Asja Korajkic
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26W Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29205, United States
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Koblenz 56068, Germany
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Giraud-Billoud M, Cuervo P, Altamirano JC, Pizarro M, Aranibar JN, Catapano A, Cuello H, Masachessi G, Vega IA. Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater as an epidemiological surveillance tool in Mendoza, Argentina. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 796:148887. [PMID: 34274669 PMCID: PMC8426053 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is an emerging tool that gives temporal and spatial information on a population's health status. Here, we report the epidemiological dynamics of a population of ~1.2 million residents in the metropolitan region of Mendoza province, Argentina, within the period July 2020 to January 2021. We combined the use of WBE of two wastewater treatment plants with epidemiological surveillance of the corresponding populations. We applied two viral concentration methods (polyethylene glycol precipitation and aluminum-based adsorption-flocculation) and RNA isolation methods in each wastewater sample to increase the possibility of detection and quantification of nucleocapsid markers (N1 and N2) of SARS-CoV-2 by RT-qPCR. Overall, our results allowed us to trace the rise, exponential growth, plateau, and fall of SARS-CoV-2 infections for 26 weeks. Individual analysis for each wastewater treatment plant showed a positive correlation between the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 genetic markers and COVID-19 cases that were diagnosed per week. Our findings indicate that WBE is a useful epidemiological indicator to anticipate the increase in COVID-19 cases and monitor the advance of the pandemic and different waves of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Giraud-Billoud
- IHEM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Casilla de Correo 33, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Fisiología, Casilla de Correo 33, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Villa Mercedes, Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud-Medicina, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, 5730 San Luis, Argentina
| | - Paula Cuervo
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Fisiología, Casilla de Correo 33, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina C Altamirano
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Casilla de Correo 33, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina; IANIGLA, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Casilla de Correo 330, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Marcela Pizarro
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Fisiología, Casilla de Correo 33, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Julieta N Aranibar
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Casilla de Correo 33, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina; IANIGLA, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Casilla de Correo 330, Mendoza, Argentina
| | | | - Héctor Cuello
- Laboratorio de Virología, Hospital Central de Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Gisela Masachessi
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, CP, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Israel A Vega
- IHEM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Casilla de Correo 33, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Fisiología, Casilla de Correo 33, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Casilla de Correo 33, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina.
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Gharoon N, Dewan A, Li L, Haak L, Mazurowski L, Guarin T, Pagilla K. Removal of SARS-CoV-2 viral markers through a water reclamation facility. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:2819-2827. [PMID: 34528319 PMCID: PMC8661921 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
There have been multiple reports of COVID-19 virus, SARS-CoV-2 RNA presence in influent wastewater of water reclamation facilities (WRFs) across the world. In this study, the removal of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was investigated in a WRF by collecting samples from various stages relayed to hydraulic retention time (HRT) and analyzed for viral RNA (N1 and N2) gene markers and wastewater characteristics. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 28 out of 28 influent wastewater and primary effluent samples. Secondary effluent showed 4 out of 9 positive samples, and all tertiary and final effluent samples were below the detection limit for the viral markers. The reduction was significant (p value < 0.005, one-way analysis of variance [ANOVA] test) in secondary treatment, ranging from 1.4 to 2.0 log10 removal. Adjusted N1 viral marker had a positive correlation with total suspended solids, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and ammonia concentrations (Spearman's ρ = 0.61, 0.67, and 0.53, respectively, p value < 0.05), while demonstrating a strongly negative correlation with HRT (Spearman's ρ = -0.58, p value < 0.01). PRACTITIONER POINTS: Viral RNA was present in all samples taken from influent and primary effluent of a WRF. SARS-CoV-2 gene marker was detected in secondary effluent in 4 out of 9 samples. Tertiary and final effluent samples tested nondetect for SARS-CoV-2 gene markers. Up to 0.5 and 2.0 log10 virus removal values were achieved by primary and secondary treatment, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Gharoon
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Nevada RenoRenoNVUSA
| | - Aimee Dewan
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Nevada RenoRenoNVUSA
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Nevada RenoRenoNVUSA
| | - Laura Haak
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Nevada RenoRenoNVUSA
| | - Lauren Mazurowski
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Nevada RenoRenoNVUSA
| | - Tatiana Guarin
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Nevada RenoRenoNVUSA
| | - Krishna Pagilla
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Nevada RenoRenoNVUSA
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Impacts of COVID-19 on the Aquatic Environment and Implications on Aquatic Food Production. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132011281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), resulted in ecological changes of aquatic ecosystems, affected the aquatic food supply chain, and disrupted the socio-economy of global populations. Due to reduced human activities during the pandemic, the aquatic environment was reported to improve its water quality, wild fishery stocks, and biodiversity. However, the sudden surge of plastics and biomedical wastes during the COVID-19 pandemic masked the positive impacts and increased the risks of aquatic pollution, especially microplastics, pharmaceuticals, and disinfectants. The transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from wastewater treatment plants to natural water bodies could have serious impacts on the environment and human health, especially in developing countries with poor waste treatment facilities. The presence and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in human excreta, wastewaters, and sludge and its transmission to aquatic ecosystems could have negative impacts on fisheries and aquaculture industries, which have direct implications on food safety and security. COVID-19 pandemic-related environmental pollution showed a high risk to aquatic food security and human health. This paper reviews the impacts of COVID-19, both positive and negative, and assesses the causes and consequences of anthropogenic activities that can be managed through effective regulation and management of eco-resources for the revival of biodiversity, ecosystem health, and sustainable aquatic food production.
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Parsa SM, Momeni S, Hemmat A, Afrand M. Effectiveness of solar water disinfection in the era of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic for contaminated water/wastewater treatment considering UV effect and temperature. JOURNAL OF WATER PROCESS ENGINEERING 2021; 43:102224. [PMID: 35592836 PMCID: PMC8285244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Long is the way and hard, that out of COVID-19 leads up to light. The virus is highly contagious and spread rapidly and the number of infections increases exponentially. The colossal number of infections and presence of the novel coronavirus RNA in human wastes (e.g. Excreta/urine) even after the patients recovered and the RT-PCR tests were negative, results in massive load of the viral in water environments. Numerous studies reported the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater samples. The risk of contaminating water bodies in the regions which suffer from the lack of proper sanitation system and wastewater treatment plants (mostly in developing countries) is higher. Since solar water disinfection (SODIS) is usually used by people in developing countries, there is a concern about using this method during the pandemic. Because the SARS-CoV-2 can be eliminated by high temperature (>56 °C) and UVC wavelength (100-280 nm) while SODIS systems mainly work at lower temperature (<45 °C) and use the available UVA (315-400 nm). Thus, during a situation like the ongoing pandemic using SODIS method for wastewater treatment (or providing drinking water) is not a reliable method. It should be reminded that the main aim of the present study is not just to give insights about the possibilities and risks of using SODIS during the ongoing pandemic but it has broader prospect for any future outbreak/pandemic that results in biological contamination of water bodies. Nevertheless, some experimental studies seem to be necessary by all researchers under conditions similar to developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Masoud Parsa
- Department of Energy Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Momeni
- Guilan University of Medical Science, Anzali International Campus, Bandar Anzali, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Hemmat
- Department of Medicine, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
| | - Masoud Afrand
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
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Haji Ali B, Shahin MS, Masoumi Sangani MM, Faghihinezhad M, Baghdadi M. Wastewater aerosols produced during flushing toilets, WWTPs, and irrigation with reclaimed municipal wastewater as indirect exposure to SARS-CoV-2. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021; 9:106201. [PMID: 34405082 PMCID: PMC8361049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2021.106201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in raw and treated wastewater can open up a fresh perspective to waterborne and aerosolized wastewater as a new transmission route of SARS-CoV-2 RNA during the current pandemic. The aim of this paper is to discuss the potential transmission of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from wastewater aerosols formed during toilet flushing, plumbing failure, wastewater treatment plants, and municipal wastewater reuse for irrigation. Moreover, how these aerosols might increase the risk of exposure to this novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 RNA). This article supplies a review of the literature on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in untreated wastewater, as well as the fate and stability of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater. We also reviewed the existing literatures on generation and transmission of aerosolized wastewater through flush a toilet, house's plumbing networks, WWTPs, wastewater reuse for irrigation of agricultural areas. Finally, the article briefly studies the potential risk of infection with exposure to the fecal bioaerosols of SARS-CoV-2 RNA for the people who might be exposed through flushing toilets or faulty building plumbing systems, operators/workers in wastewater treatment plants, and workers of fields irrigated with treated wastewater - based on current knowledge. Although this review highlights the indirect transmission of SARS-CoV-2 RNA through wastewater aerosols, no research has yet clearly demonstrated the role of aerosolized wastewater in disease transmission regarding the continuation of this pandemic. Therefore, there is a need for additional studies on wastewater aerosols in transmission of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banafsheh Haji Ali
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Mohsen Faghihinezhad
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Baghdadi
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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47
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Chen R, Kan L, Duan F, He L, Wang M, Cui J, Zhang Z, Zhang Z. Surface plasmon resonance aptasensor based on niobium carbide MXene quantum dots for nucleocapsid of SARS-CoV-2 detection. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:316. [PMID: 34476615 PMCID: PMC8412382 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04974-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel label-free surface plasmon resonance (SPR) aptasensor has been constructed for the detection of N-gene of SARS-CoV-2 by using thiol-modified niobium carbide MXene quantum dots (Nb2C-SH QDs) as the bioplatform for anchoring N-gene-targeted aptamer. In the presence of SARS-CoV-2 N-gene, the immobilized aptamer strands changed their conformation to specifically bind with N-gene. It thus increased the contact area or enlarged the distance between aptamer and the SPR chip, resulting in a change of the SPR signal irradiated by the laser (He-Ne) with the wavelength (λ) of 633 nm. Nb2C QDs were derived from Nb2C MXene nanosheets via a solvothermal method, followed by functionalization with octadecanethiol through a self-assembling method. Subsequently, the gold chip for SPR measurements was modified with Nb2C-SH QDs via covalent binding of the Au-S bond also by self-assembling interaction. Nb2C-SH QDs not only resulted in high bioaffinity toward aptamer but also enhanced the SPR response. Thus, the Nb2C-SH QD-based SPR aptasensor had low limit of detection (LOD) of 4.9 pg mL−1 toward N-gene within the concentration range 0.05 to 100 ng mL−1. The sensor also showed excellent selectivity in the presence of various respiratory viruses and proteins in human serum and high stability. Moreover, the Nb2C-SH QD-based SPR aptasensor displayed a vast practical application for the qualitative analysis of N-gene from different samples, including seawater, seafood, and human serum. Thus, this work can provide a deep insight into the construction of the aptasensor for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyuan Chen
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, No. 136, Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Lun Kan
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, No. 136, Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenghe Duan
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, No. 136, Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Linghao He
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, No. 136, Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghua Wang
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, No. 136, Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Cui
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, No. 136, Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, No. 136, Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhonghou Zhang
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, No. 136, Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
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48
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Adelodun B, Ajibade FO, Tiamiyu AO, Nwogwu NA, Ibrahim RG, Kumar P, Kumar V, Odey G, Yadav KK, Khan AH, Cabral-Pinto MMS, Kareem KY, Bakare HO, Ajibade TF, Naveed QN, Islam S, Fadare OO, Choi KS. Monitoring the presence and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in water-food-environmental compartments: State of the knowledge and research needs. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111373. [PMID: 34033834 PMCID: PMC8142028 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The recent spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SAR-CoV-2) and the accompanied coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has continued ceaselessly despite the implementations of popular measures, which include social distancing and outdoor face masking as recommended by the World Health Organization. Due to the unstable nature of the virus, leading to the emergence of new variants that are claimed to be more and rapidly transmissible, there is a need for further consideration of the alternative potential pathways of the virus transmissions to provide the needed and effective control measures. This review aims to address this important issue by examining the transmission pathways of SARS-CoV-2 via indirect contacts such as fomites and aerosols, extending to water, food, and other environmental compartments. This is essentially required to shed more light regarding the speculation of the virus spread through these media as the available information regarding this is fragmented in the literature. The existing state of the information on the presence and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in water-food-environmental compartments is essential for cause-and-effect relationships of human interactions and environmental samples to safeguard the possible transmission and associated risks through these media. Furthermore, the integration of effective remedial measures previously used to tackle the viral outbreaks and pandemics, and the development of new sustainable measures targeting at monitoring and curbing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 were emphasized. This study concluded that alternative transmission pathways via human interactions with environmental samples should not be ignored due to the evolving of more infectious and transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Adelodun
- Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea; Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, 240103, Nigeria.
| | - Fidelis Odedishemi Ajibade
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | | | - Nathaniel Azubuike Nwogwu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Federal University of Technology Owerri, PMB 1526, Nigeria; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | | | - Pankaj Kumar
- Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar, 249404, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar, 249404, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Golden Odey
- Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Madhyanchal Professional University, Ratibad, Bhopal, 462044, India
| | - Afzal Husain Khan
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Jazan University, 114, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marina M S Cabral-Pinto
- Geobiotec Research Centre, Department of Geoscience, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Kola Yusuff Kareem
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, 240103, Nigeria
| | | | - Temitope Fausat Ajibade
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | | | - Saiful Islam
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Asir, Saudi Arabia
| | - Oluniyi Olatunji Fadare
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Division of Environmental and Earth Sciences, Centre for Energy Research and Development, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, 220001, Nigeria
| | - Kyung Sook Choi
- Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea; Institute of Agricultural Science & Technology, Kyungpook, National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
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49
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González-Reyes JR, Hernández-Flores MDLL, Paredes-Zarco JE, Téllez-Jurado A, Fayad-Meneses O, Carranza-Ramírez L. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Wastewater Northeast of Mexico City: Strategy for Monitoring and Prevalence of COVID-19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8547. [PMID: 34444296 PMCID: PMC8393920 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A month-long wastewater sampling project was conducted along the northeast periphery of Mexico City, specifically in the state of Hidalgo, to assess the presence of SARS-CoV-2. To determine the prevalence of infection and obtain a range of COVID-19 cases in the main metropolitan zones. Viral RNA residues (0-197,655 copies/L) were measured in wastewater from the five central municipalities in the state. By recording the number of RNA viral copies per liter, micro-basins delimitation, demographic and physiological data, an interval of infected people and virus prevalence was estimated using a Monte Carlo model (with 90% confidence) in the micro-basin of five municipalities with metropolitan influence or industrial activity. Our procedure determined that the percentage of the infected population ranges from 1.4% to 41.7%, while the official data reports 0.1-0.3%. This model is proposed as a helpful method of regional epidemiological monitoring through the analysis of viral prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Roberto González-Reyes
- Investigación Aplicada para el Bienestar Social y Ambiental Asociación Civil (INABISA A.C.), Pachuca 42088, Mexico; (J.R.G.-R.); (J.E.P.-Z.)
| | | | - Jesús Eduardo Paredes-Zarco
- Investigación Aplicada para el Bienestar Social y Ambiental Asociación Civil (INABISA A.C.), Pachuca 42088, Mexico; (J.R.G.-R.); (J.E.P.-Z.)
| | - Alejandro Téllez-Jurado
- Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca, Carretera Pachuca-Cd. Sahagún km 20, Zempoala 43830, Mexico;
| | - Omar Fayad-Meneses
- Consejo Ejecutivo del Complejo Científico y Tecnológico Sincrotrón, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42163, Mexico; (O.F.-M.); (L.C.-R.)
| | - Lamán Carranza-Ramírez
- Consejo Ejecutivo del Complejo Científico y Tecnológico Sincrotrón, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42163, Mexico; (O.F.-M.); (L.C.-R.)
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50
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Mohapatra S, Sharma N, Mohapatra G, Padhye LP, Mukherji S. Seasonal variation in fluorescence characteristics of dissolved organic matter in wastewater and identification of proteins through HRLC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 413:125453. [PMID: 33930968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, wastewater samples acquired from five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), located in western India were characterized using fluorescence spectroscopy, and resin-based fractionation was conducted to fractionate DOM into hydrophobic and hydrophilic base, acid, and neutral fractions. Among several fractions, the hydrophilic acid (HIA) and hydrophilic neutral (HIN) fractions were present in higher abundance (more than 50% of DOC) compared to the hydrophilic base (HIB) fraction in both influent and effluent wastewater stream obtained from WWTPs. Tryptophan-like and tyrosine-like substances were also abundant in the influent and effluent stream of WWTPs. Further, LC-MS/MS analysis could identify 235 and 288 DOM proteins in the influent and effluent stream of WWTP-1, respectively. These proteins revealed varying percentage of tryptophan and tyrosine residues. The tryptophan residues primarily contributed to protein-like fluorescence in wastewater. The proteins were further classified based on their role in biological processes, location in the cell, and molecular function. Among several proteins, Alzheimer's and Huntington disease biomarkers were identified at WWTP-1. Their presence in the surface water can serve as an early warning system for wastewater-based epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeeb Mohapatra
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Neha Sharma
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Lokesh P Padhye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Suparna Mukherji
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India.
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