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Viswanathan S, Sandeep Oza P, Bellad A, Uttarilli A. Conotruncal Heart Defects: A Narrative Review of Molecular Genetics, Genomics Research and Innovation. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2024; 28:324-346. [PMID: 38986083 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2024.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are most prevalent cardiac defects that occur at birth, leading to significant neonatal mortality and morbidity, especially in the developing nations. Among the CHDs, conotruncal heart defects (CTDs) are particularly noteworthy, comprising a significant portion of congenital cardiac anomalies. While advances in imaging and surgical techniques have improved the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of CTDs, their molecular genetics and genomic substrates remain incompletely understood. This expert review covers the recent advances from January 2016 onward and examines the complexities surrounding the genetic etiologies, prevalence, embryology, diagnosis, and clinical management of CTDs. We also emphasize the known copy number variants and single nucleotide variants associated with CTDs, along with the current planetary health research efforts aimed at CTDs in large cohort studies. In all, this comprehensive narrative review of molecular genetics and genomics research and innovation on CTDs draws from and highlights selected works from around the world and offers new ideas for advances in CTD diagnosis, precision medicine interventions, and accurate assessment of prognosis and recurrence risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Viswanathan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bengaluru, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Prachi Sandeep Oza
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bengaluru, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Anikha Bellad
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bengaluru, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Anusha Uttarilli
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bengaluru, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Ramirez A, Vyzas CA, Zhao H, Eng K, Degenhardt K, Astrof S. Buffering Mechanism in Aortic Arch Artery Formation and Congenital Heart Disease. Circ Res 2024; 134:e112-e132. [PMID: 38618720 PMCID: PMC11081845 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.322767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The resiliency of embryonic development to genetic and environmental perturbations has been long appreciated; however, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the robustness of developmental processes. Aberrations resulting in neonatal lethality are exemplified by congenital heart disease arising from defective morphogenesis of pharyngeal arch arteries (PAAs) and their derivatives. METHODS Mouse genetics, lineage tracing, confocal microscopy, and quantitative image analyses were used to investigate mechanisms of PAA formation and repair. RESULTS The second heart field (SHF) gives rise to the PAA endothelium. Here, we show that the number of SHF-derived endothelial cells (ECs) is regulated by VEGFR2 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2) and Tbx1. Remarkably, when the SHF-derived EC number is decreased, PAA development can be rescued by the compensatory endothelium. Blocking such compensatory response leads to embryonic demise. To determine the source of compensating ECs and mechanisms regulating their recruitment, we investigated 3-dimensional EC connectivity, EC fate, and gene expression. Our studies demonstrate that the expression of VEGFR2 by the SHF is required for the differentiation of SHF-derived cells into PAA ECs. The deletion of 1 VEGFR2 allele (VEGFR2SHF-HET) reduces SHF contribution to the PAA endothelium, while the deletion of both alleles (VEGFR2SHF-KO) abolishes it. The decrease in SHF-derived ECs in VEGFR2SHF-HET and VEGFR2SHF-KO embryos is complemented by the recruitment of ECs from the nearby veins. Compensatory ECs contribute to PAA derivatives, giving rise to the endothelium of the aortic arch and the ductus in VEGFR2SHF-KO mutants. Blocking the compensatory response in VEGFR2SHF-KO mutants results in embryonic lethality shortly after mid-gestation. The compensatory ECs are absent in Tbx1+/- embryos, a model for 22q11 deletion syndrome, leading to unpredictable arch artery morphogenesis and congenital heart disease. Tbx1 regulates the recruitment of the compensatory endothelium in an SHF-non-cell-autonomous manner. CONCLUSIONS Our studies uncover a novel buffering mechanism underlying the resiliency of PAA development and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- AnnJosette Ramirez
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, 07103
- Multidisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Sciences: Cell Biology, Neuroscience and Physiology Track, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, 07103
| | - Christina A. Vyzas
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, 07103
- Multidisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Sciences: Cell Biology, Neuroscience and Physiology Track, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, 07103
| | - Huaning Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, 07103
| | - Kevin Eng
- Department of Statistics, Rutgers University, School of Arts and Sciences, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Karl Degenhardt
- Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Sophie Astrof
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, 07103
- Multidisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Sciences: Cell Biology, Neuroscience and Physiology Track, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, 07103
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Soliman O, Acharya Y, Gilard M, Duffy G, Wijns W, Kannan V, Sultan S. Systematic review of cardiovascular neurocristopathy-contemporary insights and future perspectives. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1333265. [PMID: 38660479 PMCID: PMC11040563 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1333265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neural crest cells (NCCs) are multipotent and are attributed to the combination of complex multimodal gene regulatory mechanisms. Cardiac neural crest (CNC) cells, originating from the dorsal neural tube, are pivotal architects of the cardio-neuro-vascular domain, which orchestrates the embryogenesis of critical cardiac and vascular structures. Remarkably, while the scientific community compiled a comprehensive inventory of neural crest derivatives by the early 1980s, our understanding of the CNC's role in various cardiovascular disease processes still needs to be explored. This review delves into the differentiation of NCC, specifically the CNC cells, and explores the diverse facets of non-syndromic cardiovascular neurocristopathies. Methods A systematic review was conducted as per the PRISMA Statement. Three prominent databases, PubMed, Scopus, and Embase, were searched, which yielded 1,840 studies. We excluded 1,796 studies, and the final selection of 44 studies formed the basis of this comprehensive review. Results Neurocristopathies are a group of genetic disorders that affect the development of cells derived from the NC. Cardiovascular neurocristopathy, i.e., cardiopathy and vasculopathy, associated with the NCC could occur in the form of (1) cardiac septation disorders, mainly the aortico-pulmonary septum; (2) great vessels and vascular disorders; (3) myocardial dysfunction; and (4) a combination of all three phenotypes. This could result from abnormalities in NCC migration, differentiation, or proliferation leading to structural abnormalities and are attributed to genetic, familial, sporadic or acquired causes. Discussion Phenotypic characteristics of cardiovascular neurocristopathies, such as bicuspid aortic valve and thoracic aortic aneurysm, share a common embryonic origin and are surprisingly prevalent in the general population, necessitating further research to identify the underlying pathogenic and genetic factors responsible for these cardiac anomalies. Such discoveries are essential for enhancing diagnostic screening and refining therapeutic interventions, ultimately improving the lives of individuals affected by these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Soliman
- Department of Cardiology, Galway University Hospital, Galway, Ireland
- CORRIB-CURAM-Vascular Group Collaborators, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Yogesh Acharya
- CORRIB-CURAM-Vascular Group Collaborators, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Western Vascular Institute, Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Galway, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Martine Gilard
- CORRIB-CURAM-Vascular Group Collaborators, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Cardiology, La Cavale Blanche Hospital, Brest, France
| | - Garry Duffy
- CORRIB-CURAM-Vascular Group Collaborators, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - William Wijns
- Department of Cardiology, Galway University Hospital, Galway, Ireland
- CORRIB-CURAM-Vascular Group Collaborators, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Venkatesh Kannan
- CORRIB-CURAM-Vascular Group Collaborators, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Irish Centre for High-End Computing (ICHEC), University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sherif Sultan
- CORRIB-CURAM-Vascular Group Collaborators, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Western Vascular Institute, Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Galway, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Surgery, Galway Clinic, Doughiska, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and University of Galway Affiliated Hospital, Galway, Ireland
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Ramirez A, Vyzas CA, Zhao H, Eng K, Degenhardt K, Astrof S. Identification of novel buffering mechanisms in aortic arch artery development and congenital heart disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.03.02.530833. [PMID: 38370627 PMCID: PMC10871175 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.02.530833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Rationale The resiliency of embryonic development to genetic and environmental perturbations has been long appreciated; however, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the robustness of developmental processes. Aberrations resulting in neonatal lethality are exemplified by congenital heart disease (CHD) arising from defective morphogenesis of pharyngeal arch arteries (PAA) and their derivatives. Objective To uncover mechanisms underlying the robustness of PAA morphogenesis. Methods and Results The second heart field (SHF) gives rise to the PAA endothelium. Here, we show that the number of SHF-derived ECs is regulated by VEGFR2 and Tbx1 . Remarkably, when SHF-derived EC number is decreased, PAA development can be rescued by the compensatory endothelium. Blocking such compensatory response leads to embryonic demise. To determine the source of compensating ECs and mechanisms regulating their recruitment, we investigated three-dimensional EC connectivity, EC fate, and gene expression. Our studies demonstrate that the expression of VEGFR2 by the SHF is required for the differentiation of SHF-derived cells into PAA ECs. The deletion of one VEGFR2 allele (VEGFR2 SHF-HET ) reduces SHF contribution to the PAA endothelium, while the deletion of both alleles (VEGFR2 SHF-KO ) abolishes it. The decrease in SHF-derived ECs in VEGFR2 SHF-HET and VEGFR2 SHF-KO embryos is complemented by the recruitment of ECs from the nearby veins. Compensatory ECs contribute to PAA derivatives, giving rise to the endothelium of the aortic arch and the ductus in VEGFR2 SHF-KO mutants. Blocking the compensatory response in VEGFR2 SHF-KO mutants results in embryonic lethality shortly after mid-gestation. The compensatory ECs are absent in Tbx1 +/- embryos, a model for 22q11 deletion syndrome, leading to unpredictable arch artery morphogenesis and CHD. Tbx1 regulates the recruitment of the compensatory endothelium in an SHF-non-cell-autonomous manner. Conclusions Our studies uncover a novel buffering mechanism underlying the resiliency of PAA development and remodeling. Nonstandard Abbreviations and Acronyms in Alphabetical Order CHD - congenital heart disease; ECs - endothelial cells; IAA-B - interrupted aortic arch type B; PAA - pharyngeal arch arteries; RERSA - retro-esophageal right subclavian artery; SHF - second heart field; VEGFR2 - Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2.
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Nappi F. In-Depth Genomic Analysis: The New Challenge in Congenital Heart Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1734. [PMID: 38339013 PMCID: PMC10855915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of next-generation sequencing has provided new insights into the causes and mechanisms of congenital heart disease (CHD). Examinations of the whole exome sequence have detected detrimental gene variations modifying single or contiguous nucleotides, which are characterised as pathogenic based on statistical assessments of families and correlations with congenital heart disease, elevated expression during heart development, and reductions in harmful protein-coding mutations in the general population. Patients with CHD and extracardiac abnormalities are enriched for gene classes meeting these criteria, supporting a common set of pathways in the organogenesis of CHDs. Single-cell transcriptomics data have revealed the expression of genes associated with CHD in specific cell types, and emerging evidence suggests that genetic mutations disrupt multicellular genes essential for cardiogenesis. Metrics and units are being tracked in whole-genome sequencing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Nappi
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Centre Cardiologique du Nord, 93200 Saint-Denis, France
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Notenboom ML, Van Hoof L, Schuermans A, Takkenberg JJM, Rega FR, Taverne YJHJ. Aortic Valve Embryology, Mechanobiology, and Second Messenger Pathways: Implications for Clinical Practice. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2024; 11:49. [PMID: 38392263 PMCID: PMC10888685 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd11020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
During the Renaissance, Leonardo Da Vinci was the first person to successfully detail the anatomy of the aortic root and its adjacent structures. Ever since, novel insights into morphology, function, and their interplay have accumulated, resulting in advanced knowledge on the complex functional characteristics of the aortic valve (AV) and root. This has shifted our vision from the AV as being a static structure towards that of a dynamic interconnected apparatus within the aortic root as a functional unit, exhibiting a complex interplay with adjacent structures via both humoral and mechanical stimuli. This paradigm shift has stimulated surgical treatment strategies of valvular disease that seek to recapitulate healthy AV function, whereby AV disease can no longer be seen as an isolated morphological pathology which needs to be replaced. As prostheses still cannot reproduce the complexity of human nature, treatment of diseased AVs, whether stenotic or insufficient, has tremendously evolved, with a similar shift towards treatments options that are more hemodynamically centered, such as the Ross procedure and valve-conserving surgery. Native AV and root components allow for an efficient Venturi effect over the valve to allow for optimal opening during the cardiac cycle, while also alleviating the left ventricle. Next to that, several receptors are present on native AV leaflets, enabling messenger pathways based on their interaction with blood and other shear-stress-related stimuli. Many of these physiological and hemodynamical processes are under-acknowledged but may hold important clues for innovative treatment strategies, or as potential novel targets for therapeutic agents that halt or reverse the process of valve degeneration. A structured overview of these pathways and their implications for cardiothoracic surgeons and cardiologists is lacking. As such, we provide an overview on embryology, hemodynamics, and messenger pathways of the healthy and diseased AV and its implications for clinical practice, by relating this knowledge to current treatment alternatives and clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliaan L Notenboom
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas Van Hoof
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Art Schuermans
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johanna J M Takkenberg
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Filip R Rega
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yannick J H J Taverne
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Shaikh Qureshi WM, Hentges KE. Functions of cilia in cardiac development and disease. Ann Hum Genet 2024; 88:4-26. [PMID: 37872827 PMCID: PMC10952336 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Errors in embryonic cardiac development are a leading cause of congenital heart defects (CHDs), including morphological abnormalities of the heart that are often detected after birth. In the past few decades, an emerging role for cilia in the pathogenesis of CHD has been identified, but this topic still largely remains an unexplored area. Mouse forward genetic screens and whole exome sequencing analysis of CHD patients have identified enrichment for de novo mutations in ciliary genes or non-ciliary genes, which regulate cilia-related pathways, linking cilia function to aberrant cardiac development. Key events in cardiac morphogenesis, including left-right asymmetric development of the heart, are dependent upon cilia function. Cilia dysfunction during left-right axis formation contributes to CHD as evidenced by the substantial proportion of heterotaxy patients displaying complex CHD. Cilia-transduced signaling also regulates later events during heart development such as cardiac valve formation, outflow tract septation, ventricle development, and atrioventricular septa formation. In this review, we summarize the role of motile and non-motile (primary cilia) in cardiac asymmetry establishment and later events during heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasay Mohiuddin Shaikh Qureshi
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Kathryn E. Hentges
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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8
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Kanai SM, Clouthier DE. Endothelin signaling in development. Development 2023; 150:dev201786. [PMID: 38078652 PMCID: PMC10753589 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of endothelin 1 (EDN1) in 1988, the role of endothelin ligands and their receptors in the regulation of blood pressure in normal and disease states has been extensively studied. However, endothelin signaling also plays crucial roles in the development of neural crest cell-derived tissues. Mechanisms of endothelin action during neural crest cell maturation have been deciphered using a variety of in vivo and in vitro approaches, with these studies elucidating the basis of human syndromes involving developmental differences resulting from altered endothelin signaling. In this Review, we describe the endothelin pathway and its functions during the development of neural crest-derived tissues. We also summarize how dysregulated endothelin signaling causes developmental differences and how this knowledge may lead to potential treatments for individuals with gene variants in the endothelin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley M. Kanai
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David E. Clouthier
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Tani-Matsuhana S, Kawata Y, Inoue K. The cardiac neural crest gene MafB ectopically directs CXCR4 expression in the trunk neural crest. Dev Biol 2023; 495:1-7. [PMID: 36565839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac neural crest is a subpopulation of cells arising from the caudal hindbrain. The delaminated cardiac neural crest cells migrate to the heart using the CXCR/SDF1 chemokine signaling system. These cells contribute to the formation of the cardiovascular system, including the septation of the outflow tract, which is unique to these cells. Here, we investigated the effect of ectopic expression of the cardiac neural crest gene MafB on trunk neural crest cells. First, we found that MafB has the potential to activate its own cis-regulatory element in enteric and trunk neural crest cells but not in cranial neural crest cells. Forced expression of two cardiac neural crest genes, Ets1 and Sox8, together with or without MafB, induced ectopic Sox10E2 enhancer activity in the trunk region. Finally, we uncovered that the expression of MafB, Ets1 and Sox8 can induce ectopic CXCR4 expression in the trunk neural crest cells, resulting in acquisition of responsiveness to the SDF1 signal. These results demonstrate that MafB, Ets1 and Sox8 are critical components for generation of the identity of the cardiac neural crest, especially the cell migration property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Tani-Matsuhana
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Yuga Kawata
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kunio Inoue
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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Wang M, Rücklin M, Poelmann RE, de Mooij CL, Fokkema M, Lamers GEM, de Bakker MAG, Chin E, Bakos LJ, Marone F, Wisse BJ, de Ruiter MC, Cheng S, Nurhidayat L, Vijver MG, Richardson MK. Nanoplastics causes extensive congenital malformations during embryonic development by passively targeting neural crest cells. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 173:107865. [PMID: 36907039 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are widespread in the human environment as pollutants, and are being actively developed for use in human medicine. We have investigated how the size and dose of polystyrene nanoparticles affects malformations in chicken embryos, and have characterized the mechanisms by which they interfere with normal development. We find that nanoplastics can cross the embryonic gut wall. When injected into the vitelline vein, nanoplastics become distributed in the circulation to multiple organs. We find that the exposure of embryos to polystyrene nanoparticles produces malformations that are far more serious and extensive than has been previously reported. These malformations include major congenital heart defects that impair cardiac function. We show that the mechanism of toxicity is the selective binding of polystyrene nanoplastics nanoparticles to neural crest cells, leading to the death and impaired migration of those cells. Consistent with our new model, most of the malformations seen in this study are in organs that depend for their normal development on neural crest cells. These results are a matter of concern given the large and growing burden of nanoplastics in the environment. Our findings suggest that nanoplastics may pose a health risk to the developing embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiru Wang
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Rücklin
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert E Poelmann
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen L de Mooij
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Fokkema
- Institute of Psychology, Methodology and Statistics, Pieter de la Court Building, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerda E M Lamers
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Merijn A G de Bakker
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ernest Chin
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lilla J Bakos
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Federica Marone
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Photon Science Department, Forschungsstrasse 111, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Bert J Wisse
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Marco C de Ruiter
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Shixiong Cheng
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Luthfi Nurhidayat
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Martina G Vijver
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University (CML), Van Steenis Building, Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michael K Richardson
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Erhardt S, Wang J. Cardiac Neural Crest and Cardiac Regeneration. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010111. [PMID: 36611905 PMCID: PMC9818523 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a vertebrate-specific, multipotent stem cell population that have the ability to migrate and differentiate into various cell populations throughout the embryo during embryogenesis. The heart is a muscular and complex organ whose primary function is to pump blood and nutrients throughout the body. Mammalian hearts, such as those of humans, lose their regenerative ability shortly after birth. However, a few vertebrate species, such as zebrafish, have the ability to self-repair/regenerate after cardiac damage. Recent research has discovered the potential functional ability and contribution of cardiac NCCs to cardiac regeneration through the use of various vertebrate species and pluripotent stem cell-derived NCCs. Here, we review the neural crest's regenerative capacity in various tissues and organs, and in particular, we summarize the characteristics of cardiac NCCs between species and their roles in cardiac regeneration. We further discuss emerging and future work to determine the potential contributions of NCCs for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Erhardt
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence:
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12
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Lin L, Pinto A, Wang L, Fukatsu K, Yin Y, Bamforth SD, Bronner ME, Evans SM, Nie S, Anderson RH, Terskikh AV, Grossfeld PD. ETS1 loss in mice impairs cardiac outflow tract septation via a cell migration defect autonomous to the neural crest. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:4217-4227. [PMID: 35899771 PMCID: PMC10148727 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ets1 deletion in some mouse strains causes septal defects and has been implicated in human congenital heart defects in Jacobsen syndrome, in which one copy of the Ets1 gene is missing. Here, we demonstrate that loss of Ets1 in mice results in a decrease in neural crest (NC) cells migrating into the proximal outflow tract cushions during early heart development, with subsequent malalignment of the cushions relative to the muscular ventricular septum, resembling double outlet right ventricle (DORV) defects in humans. Consistent with this, we find that cultured cardiac NC cells from Ets1 mutant mice or derived from iPS cells from Jacobsen patients exhibit decreased migration speed and impaired cell-to-cell interactions. Together, our studies demonstrate a critical role for ETS1 for cell migration in cardiac NC cells that are required for proper formation of the proximal outflow tracts. These data provide further insights into the molecular and cellular basis for development of the outflow tracts, and how perturbation of NC cells can lead to DORV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhu Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Antonella Pinto
- Department of Biology, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Institute of Medical Discovery, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kazumi Fukatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yan Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Simon D Bamforth
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Department of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Sylvia M Evans
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shuyi Nie
- Department of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Robert H Anderson
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Alexey V Terskikh
- Department of Biology, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Institute of Medical Discovery, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Paul D Grossfeld
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
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13
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Pasquinelly A, Delaviz H, Maklad A, Frank PW. Proposed neural crest involvement in concomitant bifid xiphoid process and atrial septal defect: A case study and review of literature. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN ANATOMY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2022.100225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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14
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Ito S, Lu HS, Daugherty A, Sawada H. Embryonic Heterogeneity of Smooth Muscle Cells in the Complex Mechanisms of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091618. [PMID: 36140786 PMCID: PMC9498804 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are the major cell type of the aortic wall and play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs). TAAs occur in a region-specific manner with the proximal region being a common location. In this region, SMCs are derived embryonically from either the cardiac neural crest or the second heart field. These cells of distinct origins reside in specific locations and exhibit different biological behaviors in the complex mechanism of TAAs. The purpose of this review is to enhance understanding of the embryonic heterogeneity of SMCs in the proximal thoracic aorta and their functions in TAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohei Ito
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Saha Aortic Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Hong S. Lu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Saha Aortic Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Saha Aortic Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Hisashi Sawada
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Saha Aortic Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(859)-218-1705
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15
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Asrar H, Tucker AS. Endothelial cells during craniofacial development: Populating and patterning the head. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:962040. [PMID: 36105604 PMCID: PMC9465086 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.962040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Major organs and tissues require close association with the vasculature during development and for later function. Blood vessels are essential for efficient gas exchange and for providing metabolic sustenance to individual cells, with endothelial cells forming the basic unit of this complex vascular framework. Recent research has revealed novel roles for endothelial cells in mediating tissue morphogenesis and differentiation during development, providing an instructive role to shape the tissues as they form. This highlights the importance of providing a vasculature when constructing tissues and organs for tissue engineering. Studies in various organ systems have identified important signalling pathways crucial for regulating the cross talk between endothelial cells and their environment. This review will focus on the origin and migration of craniofacial endothelial cells and how these cells influence the development of craniofacial tissues. For this we will look at research on the interaction with the cranial neural crest, and individual organs such as the salivary glands, teeth, and jaw. Additionally, we will investigate the methods used to understand and manipulate endothelial networks during the development of craniofacial tissues, highlighting recent advances in this area.
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16
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Li T, Wu Y, Chen WC, Xue X, Suo MJ, Li P, Sheng W, Huang GY. Functional analysis of HECA variants identified in congenital heart disease in the Chinese population. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24649. [PMID: 35949005 PMCID: PMC9459261 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a class of cardiovascular defects that includes septal defects, outflow tract abnormalities, and valve defects. Human homolog of Drosophila headcase (HECA) is a novel cell cycle regulator whose role in CHD has not been elucidated. This is the first study to determine the frequency of HECA mutations in patients with CHD and the association between HECA variants and CHD. Methods In this study, we identified a candidate gene, HECA, by whole‐exome sequencing of an atrial septal defect family. To investigate the association between HECA variants and CHD risk, targeted exon sequencing was conducted in 689 individuals with sporadic CHD. We further analyzed the effect of HECA gene abnormalities on cardiomyocyte phenotype behavior and related signaling pathways by Western blotting, reverse transcription‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and scratch assay. Results We found a novel de novo mutation, c.409_410insA (p. W137fs), in the HECA gene and identified five rare deleterious variants that met the filtering criteria in 689 individuals with sporadic CHD. Fisher's exact test revealed a significant association between HECA variations and CHD compared with those in gnomADv2‐East Asians(p = 0.0027). Further functional analysis suggested that the variant p. W137fs resulted in a deficiency of the normal HECA protein, and HECA deficiency altered AC16 cell cycle progression, increased cell proliferation, and migration, and promoted the activation of the PDGF‐BB/PDGFRB/AKT pathway. Conclusions Our study identified HECA and its six rare variants, expanding the spectrum of genes associated with CHD pathogenesis in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Wu
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Cheng Chen
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Xue
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei-Jiao Suo
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Li
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Sheng
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Ying Huang
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, China.,Research Unit of Early Intervention of Genetically Related Childhood Cardiovascular Diseases(2018RU002), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
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17
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Dave M, Levin J, Ruffins SW, Sato Y, Fraser S, Lansford R, Kawahara T. A Novel Egg-In-Cube System Enables Long-Term Culture and Dynamic Imaging of Early Embryonic Development. Front Physiol 2022; 13:893736. [PMID: 35634159 PMCID: PMC9133561 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.893736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian egg is a closed system that protects the growing embryo from external factors but prevents direct observation of embryo development. Various culture systems exist in the literature to study the development of the embryo for short periods of incubation (from 12 h up to a maximum of 60 h of egg incubation). A common flaw to these culture techniques is the inability to culture the unincubated avian blastoderm with intact tissue tensions on its native yolk. The goal of this work is to create a unique novel egg-in-cube system that can be used for long-term quail embryo culture initiated from its unincubated blastoderm stage. The egg-in-cube acts as an artificial transparent eggshell system that holds the growing embryo, making it amenable to microscopy. With the egg-in-cube system, quail embryos can be grown up to 9 days from the unincubated blastoderm (incubated in air, 20.9% O2), which improves to 15 days on switching to a hyperoxic environment of 60% O2. Using transgenic fluorescent quail embryos in the egg-in-cube system, cell movements in the unincubated blastoderm are imaged dynamically using inverted confocal microscopy, which has been challenging to achieve with other culture systems. Apart from these observations, several other imaging applications of the system are described in this work using transgenic fluorescent quail embryos with upright confocal or epifluorescence microscopy. To demonstrate the usefulness of the egg-in-cube system in perturbation experiments, the quail neural tube is electroporated with fluorescent mRNA “in cubo”, followed by the incubation of the electroporated embryo and microscopy of the electroporated region with the embryo in the cube. The egg-in-cube culture system in combination with the “in cubo” electroporation and dynamic imaging capabilities described here will enable researchers to investigate several fundamental questions in early embryogenesis with the avian (quail) embryo on its native yolk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Dave
- Department of Radiology and Developmental Neuroscience Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Joshua Levin
- Department of Radiology and Developmental Neuroscience Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Seth Walter Ruffins
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yuki Sato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Scott Fraser
- Translational Imaging Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rusty Lansford
- Department of Radiology and Developmental Neuroscience Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dana and Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Rusty Lansford, ; Tomohiro Kawahara,
| | - Tomohiro Kawahara
- Department of Biological Functions Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan
- *Correspondence: Rusty Lansford, ; Tomohiro Kawahara,
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18
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Woodward AA, Taylor DM, Goldmuntz E, Mitchell LE, Agopian A, Moore JH, Urbanowicz RJ. Gene-Interaction-Sensitive enrichment analysis in congenital heart disease. BioData Min 2022; 15:4. [PMID: 35151364 PMCID: PMC8841104 DOI: 10.1186/s13040-022-00287-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) uses gene-level univariate associations to identify gene set-phenotype associations for hypothesis generation and interpretation. We propose that GSEA can be adapted to incorporate SNP and gene-level interactions. To this end, gene scores are derived by Relief-based feature importance algorithms that efficiently detect both univariate and interaction effects (MultiSURF) or exclusively interaction effects (MultiSURF*). We compare these interaction-sensitive GSEA approaches to traditional χ2 rankings in simulated genome-wide array data, and in a target and replication cohort of congenital heart disease patients with conotruncal defects (CTDs). Results In the simulation study and for both CTD datasets, both Relief-based approaches to GSEA captured more relevant and significant gene ontology terms compared to the univariate GSEA. Key terms and themes of interest include cell adhesion, migration, and signaling. A leading edge analysis highlighted semaphorins and their receptors, the Slit-Robo pathway, and other genes with roles in the secondary heart field and outflow tract development. Conclusions Our results indicate that interaction-sensitive approaches to enrichment analysis can improve upon traditional univariate GSEA. This approach replicated univariate findings and identified additional and more robust support for the role of the secondary heart field and cardiac neural crest cell migration in the development of CTDs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at (10.1186/s13040-022-00287-w).
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19
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Ioannou E, Ruhrberg C. Whole-Mount Immunofluorescence Protocol for 3D Imaging, Reconstruction, and Quantification of Fourth Pharyngeal Arch Artery Formation. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2441:41-62. [PMID: 35099727 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2059-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pharyngeal arch arteries (PAA) are formed early during mouse embryogenesis and remodel soon thereafter into the aortic arch arteries. Failure of these vessels to form or remodel results in congenital heart defects. This protocol is designed to study the formation of the PAA using whole-mount immunofluorescence staining, followed by tissue clearing with benzyl alcohol/benzyl benzoate (BAAB) and imaging by confocal microscopy. The fine cellular resolution obtained with this technique allows the embryonic vasculature of the pharyngeal arch artery endothelium to be visualized by surface rendering and quantitatively analyzed by counting the number of endothelial cells in both the PAA and the vascular plexus surrounding them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ioannou
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
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20
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Henderson DJ, Eley L, Turner JE, Chaudhry B. Development of the Human Arterial Valves: Understanding Bicuspid Aortic Valve. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:802930. [PMID: 35155611 PMCID: PMC8829322 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.802930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in the arterial valves are some of the commonest congenital malformations, with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) occurring in as many as 2% of the population. Despite this, most of what we understand about the development of the arterial (semilunar; aortic and pulmonary) valves is extrapolated from investigations of the atrioventricular valves in animal models, with surprisingly little specifically known about how the arterial valves develop in mouse, and even less in human. In this review, we summarise what is known about the development of the human arterial valve leaflets, comparing this to the mouse where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J. Henderson
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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21
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Cappuccio G, Brunetti-Pierri N, Clift P, Learn C, Dykes JC, Mercer CL, Callewaert B, Meerschaut I, Spinelli AM, Bruno I, Gillespie MJ, Dorfman AT, Grimberg A, Lindsay ME, Lin AE. Expanded cardiovascular phenotype of Myhre syndrome includes tetralogy of Fallot suggesting a role for SMAD4 in human neural crest defects. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:1384-1395. [PMID: 35025139 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) can be associated with a wide range of extracardiac anomalies, with an underlying etiology identified in approximately 10% of cases. Individuals affected with Myhre syndrome due to recurrent SMAD4 mutations frequently have cardiovascular anomalies, including congenital heart defects. In addition to two patients in the literature with ToF, we describe five additional individuals with Myhre syndrome and classic ToF, ToF with pulmonary atresia and multiple aorto-pulmonary collaterals, and ToF with absent pulmonary valve. Aorta hypoplasia was documented in one patient and suspected in another two. In half of these individuals, postoperative cardiac dysfunction was thought to be more severe than classic postoperative ToF repair. There may be an increase in right ventricular pressure, and right ventricular dysfunction due to free pulmonic regurgitation. Noncardiac developmental abnormalities in our series and the literature, including corectopia, heterochromia iridis, and congenital miosis suggest an underlying defect of neural crest cell migration in Myhre syndrome. We advise clinicians that Myhre syndrome should be considered in the genetic evaluation of a child with ToF, short stature, unusual facial features, and developmental delay, as these children may be at risk for increased postoperative morbidity. Additional research is needed to investigate the hypothesis that postoperative hemodynamics in these patients may be consistent with restrictive myocardial physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerarda Cappuccio
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Paul Clift
- Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher Learn
- Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John C Dykes
- Departments of Pediatrics, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Catherine L Mercer
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Bert Callewaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilse Meerschaut
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Irene Bruno
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Matthew J Gillespie
- Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aaron T Dorfman
- Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adda Grimberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark E Lindsay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Angela E Lin
- Genetics Unit, Department of Pediatrics, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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22
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Morton SU, Quiat D, Seidman JG, Seidman CE. Genomic frontiers in congenital heart disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2022; 19:26-42. [PMID: 34272501 PMCID: PMC9236191 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The application of next-generation sequencing to study congenital heart disease (CHD) is increasingly providing new insights into the causes and mechanisms of this prevalent birth anomaly. Whole-exome sequencing analysis identifies damaging gene variants altering single or contiguous nucleotides that are assigned pathogenicity based on statistical analyses of families and cohorts with CHD, high expression in the developing heart and depletion of damaging protein-coding variants in the general population. Gene classes fulfilling these criteria are enriched in patients with CHD and extracardiac abnormalities, evidencing shared pathways in organogenesis. Developmental single-cell transcriptomic data demonstrate the expression of CHD-associated genes in particular cell lineages, and emerging insights indicate that genetic variants perturb multicellular interactions that are crucial for cardiogenesis. Whole-genome sequencing analyses extend these observations, identifying non-coding variants that influence the expression of genes associated with CHD and contribute to the estimated ~55% of unexplained cases of CHD. These approaches combined with the assessment of common and mosaic genetic variants have provided a more complete knowledge of the causes and mechanisms of CHD. Such advances provide knowledge to inform the clinical care of patients with CHD or other birth defects and deepen our understanding of the complexity of human development. In this Review, we highlight known and candidate CHD-associated human genes and discuss how the integration of advances in developmental biology research can provide new insights into the genetic contributions to CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah U. Morton
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,These authors contributed equally: Sarah U. Morton, Daniel Quiat
| | - Daniel Quiat
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,These authors contributed equally: Sarah U. Morton, Daniel Quiat
| | | | - Christine E. Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,
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23
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Abstract
Neural crest stem/progenitor cells arise early during vertebrate embryogenesis at the border of the forming central nervous system. They subsequently migrate throughout the body, eventually differentiating into diverse cell types ranging from neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system to bones of the face, portions of the heart, and pigmentation of the skin. Along the body axis, the neural crest is heterogeneous, with different subpopulations arising in the head, neck, trunk, and tail regions, each characterized by distinct migratory patterns and developmental potential. Modern genomic approaches like single-cell RNA- and ATAC-sequencing (seq) have greatly enhanced our understanding of cell lineage trajectories and gene regulatory circuitry underlying the developmental progression of neural crest cells. Here, we discuss how genomic approaches have provided new insights into old questions in neural crest biology by elucidating transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms that govern neural crest formation and the establishment of axial level identity. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 55 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Gandhi
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA; ,
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA; ,
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24
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Okuno H, Okano H. Modeling human congenital disorders with neural crest developmental defects using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Regen Ther 2021; 18:275-280. [PMID: 34504908 PMCID: PMC8390449 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest is said to be the fourth germ layer in addition to the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm because of its ability to differentiate into a variety of cells that contribute to the various tissues of the vertebrate body. Neural crest cells (NCCs) can be divided into three functional groups: cranial NCCs, cardiac NCCs and trunk NCCs. Defects related to NCCs can contribute to a broad spectrum of syndromes known as neurocristopathies. Studies on the neural crest have been carried out using animal models such as Xenopus, chicks, and mice. However, the precise control of human NCC development has not been elucidated in detail due to species differences. Using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, we developed an in vitro disease model of neurocristopathy by inducing the differentiation of patient-derived iPSCs into NCCs and/or neural crest derivatives. It is now possible to address complicated questions regarding the pathogenetic mechanisms of neurocristopathies by characterizing cellular biological features and transcriptomes and by transplanting patient-derived NCCs in vivo. Here, we provide some examples that elucidate the pathophysiology of neurocristopathies using disease modeling via iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Okuno
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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25
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The Cardiac Neural Crest Cells in Heart Development and Congenital Heart Defects. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8080089. [PMID: 34436231 PMCID: PMC8397082 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8080089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a multipotent and temporarily migratory cell population stemming from the dorsal neural tube during vertebrate embryogenesis. Cardiac neural crest cells (NCCs), a specified subpopulation of the NC, are vital for normal cardiovascular development, as they significantly contribute to the pharyngeal arch arteries, the developing cardiac outflow tract (OFT), cardiac valves, and interventricular septum. Various signaling pathways are shown to orchestrate the proper migration, compaction, and differentiation of cardiac NCCs during cardiovascular development. Any loss or dysregulation of signaling pathways in cardiac NCCs can lead to abnormal cardiovascular development during embryogenesis, resulting in abnormalities categorized as congenital heart defects (CHDs). This review focuses on the contributions of cardiac NCCs to cardiovascular formation, discusses cardiac defects caused by a disruption of various regulatory factors, and summarizes the role of multiple signaling pathways during embryonic development. A better understanding of the cardiac NC and its vast regulatory network will provide a deeper insight into the mechanisms of the associated abnormalities, leading to potential therapeutic advancements.
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Tani-Matsuhana S, Inoue K. Identification of regulatory elements for MafB expression in the cardiac neural crest. Cells Dev 2021; 167:203725. [PMID: 34324991 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac neural crest cells arise in the caudal hindbrain and then migrate to the heart through the pharyngeal arches. These cells contribute to the formation of the heart, including the outflow tract, and are unique to this neural crest population. MafB is a transcription factor expressed specifically in early migrating cardiac neural crest cells as well as in rhombomeres (r) 5 and 6. Here, we identified the regulatory region in the chicken genome controlling the expression of endogenous MafB transcripts and used these essential elements to express MafB in the cardiac neural crest in reporter assays. A reporter driven by this regulatory region was employed to trace the migration of these cells into the pharyngeal arches. This regulatory region demonstrated transcriptional activity in the cardiac neural crest but not in other neural crest cell subpopulations, such as the cranial and trunk cells. This study provides insights into the gene regulatory mechanisms that specify cardiac neural crest cells among neural crest cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Tani-Matsuhana
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Kunio Inoue
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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27
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Nie X, Ricupero CL, Jiao K, Yang P, Mao JJ. mTOR deletion in neural crest cells disrupts cardiac outflow tract remodeling and causes a spectrum of cardiac defects through the mTORC1 pathway. Dev Biol 2021; 477:241-250. [PMID: 34052210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A critical cell type participating in cardiac outflow tract development is a subpopulation of the neural crest cells, the cardiac neural crest cells (NCCs), whose defect causes a spectrum of cardiovascular abnormalities. Accumulating evidence indicates that mTOR, which belongs to the PI3K-related kinase family and impacts multiple signaling pathways in a variety of contexts, plays a pivotal role for NCC development. Here, we investigated functional roles of mTOR for cardiac neural crest development using several lines of mouse genetic models. We found that disruption of mTOR caused NCC defects and failure of cardiac outflow tract separation, which resulted in a spectrum of cardiac defects including persistent truncus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect and ventricular wall defect. Specifically, mutant neural crest cells showed reduced migration into the cardiac OFT and prematurely exited the cell cycle. A number of critical factors and fundamental signaling pathways, which are important for neural crest and cardiomyocyte development, were impaired. Moreover, actin dynamics was disrupted by mTOR deletion. Finally, by phenotyping the neural crest Rptor and Rictor knockout mice respectively, we demonstrate that mTOR acts principally through the mTORC1 pathway for cardiac neural crest cells. Altogether, these data established essential roles of mTOR for cardiac NCC development and imply that dysregulation of mTOR in NCCs may underline a spectrum of cardiac defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Nie
- Center for Birth Defects Research,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Christopher L Ricupero
- College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kai Jiao
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Peixin Yang
- Center for Birth Defects Research,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy J Mao
- College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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28
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Rufaihah AJ, Chen CK, Yap CH, Mattar CNZ. Mending a broken heart: In vitro, in vivo and in silico models of congenital heart disease. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:14/3/dmm047522. [PMID: 33787508 PMCID: PMC8033415 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.047522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Birth defects contribute to ∼0.3% of global infant mortality in the first month of life, and congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect among newborns worldwide. Despite the significant impact on human health, most treatments available for this heterogenous group of disorders are palliative at best. For this reason, the complex process of cardiogenesis, governed by multiple interlinked and dose-dependent pathways, is well investigated. Tissue, animal and, more recently, computerized models of the developing heart have facilitated important discoveries that are helping us to understand the genetic, epigenetic and mechanobiological contributors to CHD aetiology. In this Review, we discuss the strengths and limitations of different models of normal and abnormal cardiogenesis, ranging from single-cell systems and 3D cardiac organoids, to small and large animals and organ-level computational models. These investigative tools have revealed a diversity of pathogenic mechanisms that contribute to CHD, including genetic pathways, epigenetic regulators and shear wall stresses, paving the way for new strategies for screening and non-surgical treatment of CHD. As we discuss in this Review, one of the most-valuable advances in recent years has been the creation of highly personalized platforms with which to study individual diseases in clinically relevant settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Jalil Rufaihah
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228
| | - Ching Kit Chen
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228.,Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228
| | - Choon Hwai Yap
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat -National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore 119228.,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Citra N Z Mattar
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228 .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Health System, Singapore 119228
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29
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Kodo K, Uchida K, Yamagishi H. Genetic and Cellular Interaction During Cardiovascular Development Implicated in Congenital Heart Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:653244. [PMID: 33796576 PMCID: PMC8007765 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.653244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common life-threatening congenital anomaly. CHD occurs due to defects in cardiovascular development, and the majority of CHDs are caused by a multifactorial inheritance mechanism, which refers to the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. During embryogenesis, the cardiovascular system is derived from at least four distinct cell lineages: the first heart field, second heart field, cardiac neural crest, and proepicardial organ. Understanding the genes involved in each lineage is essential to uncover the genomic architecture of CHD. Therefore, we provide an overview of recent research progress using animal models and mutation analyses to better understand the molecular mechanisms and pathways linking cardiovascular development and CHD. For example, we highlight our recent work on genes encoding three isoforms of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3R1, 2, and 3) that regulate various vital and developmental processes, which have genetic redundancy during cardiovascular development. Specifically, IP3R1 and 2 have redundant roles in the atrioventricular cushion derived from the first heart field lineage, whereas IP3R1 and 3 exhibit redundancy in the right ventricle and the outflow tract derived from the second heart field lineage, respectively. Moreover, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is highly associated with CHD involving the outflow tract, characterized by defects of the cardiac neural crest lineage. However, our studies have shown that TBX1, a major genetic determinant of 22q11DS, was not expressed in the cardiac neural crest but rather in the second heart field, suggesting the importance of the cellular interaction between the cardiac neural crest and the second heart field. Comprehensive genetic analysis using the Japanese genome bank of CHD and mouse models revealed that a molecular regulatory network involving GATA6, FOXC1/2, TBX1, SEMA3C, and FGF8 was essential for reciprocal signaling between the cardiac neural crest and the second heart field during cardiovascular development. Elucidation of the genomic architecture of CHD using induced pluripotent stem cells and next-generation sequencing technology, in addition to genetically modified animal models and human mutation analyses, would facilitate the development of regenerative medicine and/or preventive medicine for CHD in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kodo
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Uchida
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamagishi
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Federici D, Ait-Ali L, Ravaglioli A, Festa P, Chiappino D, Pak V, Clemente A. Pitfalls in surgical repair of Fallot's tetralogy: The "ventricular subaortic pouch". J Card Surg 2021; 36:2164-2167. [PMID: 33682967 DOI: 10.1111/jocs.15480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fallot-type ventricular septal defect (VSD) is characterized by anterior malalignment of the outlet septum with variable degree of aortic dextroposition. Correct identification of the borders of the defect is crucial to achieve an optimal surgical repair. We describe a particular postsurgical lesion, identified by cardiac magnetic resonance and cardiac computed tomography, which results from an improper surgical closure technique of anterior malaligned VSD. Based on its anatomical features we defined this entity "subaortic pouch." A comprehensive description of this defect is here provided along with an in-depth analysis of the proper operative technique for Fallot-type VSD repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duccio Federici
- Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Heart Hospital, Monasterio Foundation, Massa, Italy
| | - Lamia Ait-Ali
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Massa, Italy
| | - Antonio Ravaglioli
- Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Heart Hospital, Monasterio Foundation, Massa, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Festa
- Pediatric Cardiology and GUCH Unit, Heart Hospital, Monasterio Foundation, Massa, Italy
| | - Dante Chiappino
- Imaging Department, Heart Hospital, Monasterio Foundation, Massa and Pisa, Italy
| | - Vitali Pak
- Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Heart Hospital, Monasterio Foundation, Massa, Italy
| | - Alberto Clemente
- Imaging Department, Heart Hospital, Monasterio Foundation, Massa and Pisa, Italy
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31
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Lou XY, Hou TT, Liu SY, Xu HM, Lin F, Tang X, MacLeod SL, Cleves MA, Hobbs CA. Innovative approach to identify multigenomic and environmental interactions associated with birth defects in family-based hybrid designs. Genet Epidemiol 2021; 45:171-189. [PMID: 32996630 PMCID: PMC8495752 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genes, including those with transgenerational effects, work in concert with behavioral, environmental, and social factors via complex biological networks to determine human health. Understanding complex relationships between causal factors underlying human health is an essential step towards deciphering biological mechanisms. We propose a new analytical framework to investigate the interactions between maternal and offspring genetic variants or their surrogate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and environmental factors using family-based hybrid study design. The proposed approach can analyze diverse genetic and environmental factors and accommodate samples from a variety of family units, including case/control-parental triads, and case/control-parental dyads, while minimizing potential bias introduced by population admixture. Comprehensive simulations demonstrated that our innovative approach outperformed the log-linear approach, the best available method for case-control family data. The proposed approach had greater statistical power and was capable to unbiasedly estimate the maternal and child genetic effects and the effects of environmental factors, while controlling the Type I error rate against population stratification. Using our newly developed approach, we analyzed the associations between maternal and fetal SNPs and obstructive and conotruncal heart defects, with adjustment for demographic and lifestyle factors and dietary supplements. Fourteen and 11 fetal SNPs were associated with obstructive and conotruncal heart defects, respectively. Twenty-seven and 17 maternal SNPs were associated with obstructive and conotruncal heart defects, respectively. In addition, maternal body mass index was a significant risk factor for obstructive defects. The proposed approach is a powerful tool for interrogating the etiological mechanism underlying complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yang Lou
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ting-Ting Hou
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shou-Ye Liu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Ming Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Lin
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Tang
- The US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Mario A. Cleves
- Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Charlotte A. Hobbs
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
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32
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Niskanen JE, Reunanen V, Salonen M, Bannasch D, Lappalainen AK, Lohi H, Hytönen MK. Canine DVL2 variant contributes to brachycephalic phenotype and caudal vertebral anomalies. Hum Genet 2021; 140:1535-1545. [PMID: 33599851 PMCID: PMC8519842 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-021-02261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A frameshift deletion variant in the Wnt pathway gene dishevelled 2 (DVL2) is associated with a truncated, kinked tail (“screw tail”) in English Bulldogs, French Bulldogs and Boston Terriers. These breeds are also characterized by distinctive morphological traits, including a wide head, flat face and short-limbed dwarfism, which are characteristic of Robinow syndrome in humans, caused by defects in genes such as DVL1 and DVL3. Based on these phenotypic and genetic similarities, it has previously been hypothesized that the canine DVL2 variant results in a syndromic phenotype called the Robinow-like syndrome. In our study, we investigated the distribution of the DVL2 variant in 1954 dogs from 15 breeds, identifying breeds with allele variation and enabling the dissection of the genotype–phenotype correlation for the first time. With CT examinations in American Staffordshire Terriers, we confirmed that the DVL2 allele is associated with caudal vertebral malformations and a brachycephalic phenotype. We also hypothesize that the variant may be linked to additional health conditions, including brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome and congenital heart defects. Altogether, our study strengthens the role of DVL2 as one of the contributors to the “bulldog type” morphology and features on the spectrum of human Robinow syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Niskanen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vilma Reunanen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Milla Salonen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Danika Bannasch
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Anu K Lappalainen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Marjo K Hytönen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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33
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Tian A, Wang S, Wang H, Li N, Liu H, Zhou H, Chen X, Liu X, Deng J, Xiao J, Liu C. Over-expression of Fgf8 in cardiac neural crest cells leads to persistent truncus arteriosus. J Mol Histol 2021; 52:351-361. [PMID: 33547543 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-021-09956-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
During cardiogenesis, the outflow tract undergoes a complicated morphogenesis, including the re-alignment of the great blood vessels, and the separation of aorta and pulmonary trunk. The deficiency of FGF8 in the morphogenesis of outflow tract has been well studied, however, the effect of over-dosed FGF8 on the development of outflow tract remains unknown. In this study, Rosa26R-Fgf8 knock-in allele was constitutively activated by Wnt1-cre transgene in the mouse neural crest cells presumptive for the endocardial cushion of outflow tract. Surprisingly, Wnt1-cre; Rosa26R-Fgf8 mouse embryos exhibited persistent truncus arteriosus and died prior to E15.5. The cardiac neural crest cells in Wnt1-cre; Rosa26R-Fgf8 truncus arteriosus did not degenerate as in WT controls, but proliferated into a thickened endocardial cushion and then, blocked the blood outflow from cardiac chambers into the lungs, which resulted in the embryonic lethality. Although the spiral aorticopulmonary septum failed to form, the differentiaion of the endothelium and smooth muscle in the Wnt1-cre; Rosa26R-Fgf8 truncus arteriosus were impacted little. However, lineage tracing assay showed that the neural crest derived cells aggregated in the cushion layer, but failed to differentiate into the endothelium of Wnt1-cre; Rosa26R-Fgf8 truncus arteriosus. Further investigation displayed the reduced p-Akt and p-Erk immunostaining, and the decreased Bmp2 and Bmp4 transcription in the endothelium of Wnt1-cre; Rosa26R-Fgf8 truncus arteriosus. Our findings suggested that Fgf8 over-expression in cardiac neural crest impaired the formation of aorticopulmonary septum by suppressing the endothelial differentiation and stimulating the proliferation of endocardial cushion cells, which implicated a novel etiology of persistent truncus arteriosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijuan Tian
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The 2nd Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shangqi Wang
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Haoru Wang
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.,Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.,Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Hailing Zhou
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xuena Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The 2nd Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jiamin Deng
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China. .,Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China. .,Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
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Warkala M, Chen D, Ramirez A, Jubran A, Schonning M, Wang X, Zhao H, Astrof S. Cell-Extracellular Matrix Interactions Play Multiple Essential Roles in Aortic Arch Development. Circ Res 2021; 128:e27-e44. [PMID: 33249995 PMCID: PMC7864893 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.318200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Defects in the morphogenesis of the fourth pharyngeal arch arteries (PAAs) give rise to lethal birth defects. Understanding genes and mechanisms regulating PAA formation will provide important insights into the etiology and treatments for congenital heart disease. OBJECTIVE Cell-ECM (extracellular matrix) interactions play essential roles in the morphogenesis of PAAs and their derivatives, the aortic arch artery and its major branches; however, their specific functions are not well-understood. Previously, we demonstrated that integrin α5β1 and Fn1 (fibronectin) expressed in the Isl1 lineages regulate PAA formation. The objective of the current studies was to investigate cellular mechanisms by which integrin α5β1 and Fn1 regulate aortic arch artery morphogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Using temporal lineage tracing, whole-mount confocal imaging, and quantitative analysis of the second heart field (SHF) and endothelial cell (EC) dynamics, we show that the majority of PAA EC progenitors arise by E7.5 in the SHF and contribute to pharyngeal arch endothelium between E7.5 and E9.5. Consequently, SHF-derived ECs in the pharyngeal arches form a plexus of small blood vessels, which remodels into the PAAs by 35 somites. The remodeling of the vascular plexus is orchestrated by signals dependent on the pharyngeal ECM microenvironment, extrinsic to the endothelium. Conditional ablation of integrin α5β1 or Fn1 in the Isl1 lineages showed that signaling by the ECM regulates aortic arch artery morphogenesis at multiple steps: (1) accumulation of SHF-derived ECs in the pharyngeal arches, (2) remodeling of the EC plexus in the fourth arches into the PAAs, and (3) differentiation of neural crest-derived cells adjacent to the PAA endothelium into vascular smooth muscle cells. CONCLUSIONS PAA formation is a multistep process entailing dynamic contribution of SHF-derived ECs to pharyngeal arches, the remodeling of endothelial plexus into the PAAs, and the remodeling of the PAAs into the aortic arch artery and its major branches. Cell-ECM interactions regulated by integrin α5β1 and Fn1 play essential roles at each of these developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Warkala
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
- Multidisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Sciences: Molecular Biology, Genetics, and Cancer Track, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Dongying Chen
- Graduate Program in Cell & Developmental Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - AnnJosette Ramirez
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
- Multidisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Sciences: Cell Biology, Neuroscience and Physiology Track, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Ali Jubran
- Graduate Program in Cell & Developmental Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Schonning
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
- Multidisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Sciences: Cell Biology, Neuroscience and Physiology Track, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | - Huaning Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Sophie Astrof
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
- Multidisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Sciences: Molecular Biology, Genetics, and Cancer Track, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
- Multidisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Sciences: Cell Biology, Neuroscience and Physiology Track, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
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35
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Deepe R, Fitzgerald E, Wolters R, Drummond J, Guzman KD, van den Hoff MJ, Wessels A. The Mesenchymal Cap of the Atrial Septum and Atrial and Atrioventricular Septation. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7040050. [PMID: 33158164 PMCID: PMC7712865 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7040050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this publication, dedicated to Professor Robert H. Anderson and his contributions to the field of cardiac development, anatomy, and congenital heart disease, we will review some of our earlier collaborative studies. The focus of this paper is on our work on the development of the atrioventricular mesenchymal complex, studies in which Professor Anderson has played a significant role. We will revisit a number of events relevant to atrial and atrioventricular septation and present new data on the development of the mesenchymal cap of the atrial septum, a component of the atrioventricular mesenchymal complex which, thus far, has received only moderate attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Deepe
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (R.D.); (E.F.); (R.W.); (J.D.); (K.D.G.)
| | - Emily Fitzgerald
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (R.D.); (E.F.); (R.W.); (J.D.); (K.D.G.)
| | - Renélyn Wolters
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (R.D.); (E.F.); (R.W.); (J.D.); (K.D.G.)
| | - Jenna Drummond
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (R.D.); (E.F.); (R.W.); (J.D.); (K.D.G.)
| | - Karen De Guzman
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (R.D.); (E.F.); (R.W.); (J.D.); (K.D.G.)
| | - Maurice J.B. van den Hoff
- Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, Department of Medical Biology, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Andy Wessels
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (R.D.); (E.F.); (R.W.); (J.D.); (K.D.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-843-792-8183
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George RM, Maldonado-Velez G, Firulli AB. The heart of the neural crest: cardiac neural crest cells in development and regeneration. Development 2020; 147:147/20/dev188706. [PMID: 33060096 DOI: 10.1242/dev.188706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac neural crest cells (cNCCs) are a migratory cell population that stem from the cranial portion of the neural tube. They undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and migrate through the developing embryo to give rise to portions of the outflow tract, the valves and the arteries of the heart. Recent lineage-tracing experiments in chick and zebrafish embryos have shown that cNCCs can also give rise to mature cardiomyocytes. These cNCC-derived cardiomyocytes appear to be required for the successful repair and regeneration of injured zebrafish hearts. In addition, recent work examining the response to cardiac injury in the mammalian heart has suggested that cNCC-derived cardiomyocytes are involved in the repair/regeneration mechanism. However, the molecular signature of the adult cardiomyocytes involved in this repair is unclear. In this Review, we examine the origin, migration and fates of cNCCs. We also review the contribution of cNCCs to mature cardiomyocytes in fish, chick and mice, as well as their role in the regeneration of the adult heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani M George
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN 46202-5225, USA
| | - Gabriel Maldonado-Velez
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN 46202-5225, USA
| | - Anthony B Firulli
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN 46202-5225, USA
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Zhang E, Yang J, Liu Y, Hong N, Xie H, Fu Q, Li F, Chen S, Yu Y, Sun K. MESP2 variants contribute to conotruncal heart defects by inhibiting cardiac neural crest cell proliferation. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:1035-1048. [PMID: 32572506 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01929-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Conotruncal heart defects (CTDs) are closely related to defective outflow tract (OFT) development, in which cardiac neural crest cells (CNCCs) play an indispensable role. However, the genetic etiology of CTDs remains unclear. Mesoderm posterior 2 (MESP2) is an important transcription factor regulating early cardiogenesis. Nevertheless, MESP2 variants have not been reported in congenital heart defect (CHD) patients. We first identified four MESP2 variants in 601 sporadic nonsyndromic CTD patients that were not detected in 400 healthy controls using targeted sequencing. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence assays revealed MESP2 expression in the OFT of Carnegie stage (CS) 11, CS13, and CS15 human embryos and embryonic day (E) 8.5, E10, and E11.5 mouse embryos. Functional analyses in HEK 293T cells, HL-1 cells, JoMa1 cells, and primary mouse CNCCs revealed that MESP2 directly regulates the transcriptional activities of downstream CTD-related genes and promotes CNCC proliferation by regulating cell cycle factors. Three MESP2 variants, c.346G>C (p.G116R), c.921C>G (p.Y307X), and c.59A>T (p.Q20L), altered the transcriptional activities of MYOCD, GATA4, NKX2.5, and CFC1 and inhibited CNCC proliferation by upregulating p21cip1 or downregulating Cdk4. Based on our findings, MESP2 variants disrupted MESP2 function by interfering with CNCC proliferation during OFT development, which may contribute to CTDs. KEY MESSAGES: This study first analyzed MESP2 variants identified in sporadic nonsyndromic CTD patients. MESP2 is expressed in the OFT of different stages of human and mouse embryos. MESP2 regulates the transcriptional activities of downstream CTD-related genes and promotes CNCC proliferation by regulating cell cycle factor p21cip1 or Cdk4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erge Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jianping Yang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Nanchao Hong
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Huilin Xie
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qihua Fu
- Medical Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fen Li
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sun Chen
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yu Yu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Institute for Developmental and Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Kun Sun
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Mengmeng X, Yuejuan X, Sun C, Yanan L, Fen L, Kun S. Novel mutations of the SRF gene in Chinese sporadic conotruncal heart defect patients. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:95. [PMID: 32380971 PMCID: PMC7203814 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conotruncal heart defects (CTDs) are a group of congenital heart malformations that cause anomalies of cardiac outflow tracts. In the past few decades, many genes related to CTDs have been reported. Serum response factor (SRF) is a ubiquitous nuclear protein that acts as transcription factor, and SRF was found to be a critical factor in heart development and to be strongly expressed in the myocardium of the developing mouse and chicken hearts. The targeted inactivation of SRF during heart development leads to embryonic lethality and myocardial defects in mice. METHODS To illustrate the relationship between SRF and human heart defects, we screened SRF mutations in 527 CTD patients, a cross sectional study. DNA was extracted from peripheral leukocyte cells for target sequencing. The mutations of SRF were detected and validated by Sanger sequencing. The affection of the mutations on wild-type protein was analyzed by in silico softwares. Western blot and real time PCR were used to analyze the changes of the expression of the mutant mRNA and protein. In addition, we carried out dual luciferase reporter assay to explore the transcriptional activity of the mutant SRF. RESULTS Among the target sequencing results of 527 patients, two novel mutations (Mut1: c.821A > G p.G274D, the adenine(A) was mutated to guanine(G) at position 821 of the SRF gene coding sequences (CDS), lead to the Glycine(G) mutated to Asparticacid(D) at position 274 of the SRF protein amino acid sequences; Mut2: c.880G > T p.G294C, the guanine(G) was mutated to thymine (T) at position 880 of the SRF CDS, lead to the Glycine(G) mutated to Cysteine (C) at position 294 of the SRF protein amino acid sequences.) of SRF (NM_003131.4) were identified. Western blotting and real-time PCR showed that there were no obvious differences between the protein expression and mRNA transcription of mutants and wild-type SRF. A dual luciferase reporter assay showed that both SRF mutants (G274D and G294C) impaired SRF transcriptional activity at the SRF promoter and atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) promoter (p < 0.05), additionally, the mutants displayed reduced synergism with GATA4. CONCLUSION These results suggest that SRF-p.G274D and SRF-p.G294C may have potential pathogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Mengmeng
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.1665 Kongjiang road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xu Yuejuan
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.1665 Kongjiang road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Chen Sun
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.1665 Kongjiang road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lu Yanan
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.1665 Kongjiang road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Li Fen
- Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1678, Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Sun Kun
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.1665 Kongjiang road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Ramirez A, Astrof S. Visualization and Analysis of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries using Whole-mount Immunohistochemistry and 3D Reconstruction. J Vis Exp 2020. [PMID: 32310236 DOI: 10.3791/60797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Improper formation or remodeling of the pharyngeal arch arteries (PAAs) 3, 4, and 6 contribute to some of the most severe forms of congenital heart disease. To study the formation of PAAs, we developed a protocol using whole-mount immunofluorescence coupled with benzyl alcohol/benzyl benzoate (BABB) tissue clearing, and confocal microscopy. This allows for the visualization of the pharyngeal arch endothelium at a fine cellular resolution as well as the 3D connectivity of the vasculature. Using software, we have established a protocol to quantify the number of endothelial cells (ECs) in PAAs, as well as the number of ECs within the vascular plexus surrounding the PAAs within pharyngeal arches 3, 4, and 6. When applied to the whole embryo, this methodology provides a comprehensive visualization and quantitative analysis of embryonic vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- AnnJosette Ramirez
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences; Multidisciplinary PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences: Cell Biology, Neuroscience and Physiology Track, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences
| | - Sophie Astrof
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences;
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Roberts C. Regulating Retinoic Acid Availability during Development and Regeneration: The Role of the CYP26 Enzymes. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:jdb8010006. [PMID: 32151018 PMCID: PMC7151129 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of the Cytochrome p450 subfamily 26 (CYP26) retinoic acid (RA) degrading enzymes during development and regeneration. Cyp26 enzymes, along with retinoic acid synthesising enzymes, are absolutely required for RA homeostasis in these processes by regulating availability of RA for receptor binding and signalling. Cyp26 enzymes are necessary to generate RA gradients and to protect specific tissues from RA signalling. Disruption of RA homeostasis leads to a wide variety of embryonic defects affecting many tissues. Here, the function of CYP26 enzymes is discussed in the context of the RA signalling pathway, enzymatic structure and biochemistry, human genetic disease, and function in development and regeneration as elucidated from animal model studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Roberts
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects, UCL-GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford St, London WC1N 1EH, UK;
- Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting, London SW17 0RE, UK
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41
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Wei W, Li B, Li F, Sun K, Jiang X, Xu R. Identification of FOXH1 mutations in patients with sporadic conotruncal heart defect. Clin Genet 2020; 97:576-585. [PMID: 32003456 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Conotruncal heart defects (CTD) are an important subtype of congenital heart disease that occur due to abnormality in the development of the cardiac outflow tract (OFT). FOXH1 is a transcription factor that participates in the morphogenesis of the right ventricle and OFT. In this study, we confirmed the expression of FOXH1 in mouse and human embryos during OFT development. We also scanned the coding exons and splicing regions of the FOXH1 gene in 605 patients with sporadic CTD and 300 unaffected controls, from which we identified seven heterozygous FOXH1 gene mutations. According to bioinformatics analysis results, they were predicted potentially deleterious at conserved amino acid sites. Western blot was used to show that all the variants decreased the expression of FOXH1 protein, while dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that six of them, with an exception of p.P35R, had enhanced abilities to modulate the expression of MEF2C, which interacts with NKX2.5 and is involved in cardiac growth. The electrophoretic mobility shift assays result showed that two mutations altered DNA-binding abilities of mutant FOXH1 proteins. Phenotype heterogeneity was found in patients with the same mutation. These results indicate that FOXH1 mutations lead to disease-causing functional changes that contribute to the occurrence of CTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bojian Li
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fen Li
- Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Sun
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuechao Jiang
- Scientific Research Center, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School, Shanghai, China
| | - Rang Xu
- Scientific Research Center, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School, Shanghai, China
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Witman N, Zhou C, Grote Beverborg N, Sahara M, Chien KR. Cardiac progenitors and paracrine mediators in cardiogenesis and heart regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 100:29-51. [PMID: 31862220 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian hearts have the least regenerative capabilities among tissues and organs. As such, heart regeneration has been and continues to be the ultimate goal in the treatment against acquired and congenital heart diseases. Uncovering such a long-awaited therapy is still extremely challenging in the current settings. On the other hand, this desperate need for effective heart regeneration has developed various forms of modern biotechnologies in recent years. These involve the transplantation of pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac progenitors or cardiomyocytes generated in vitro and novel biochemical molecules along with tissue engineering platforms. Such newly generated technologies and approaches have been shown to effectively proliferate cardiomyocytes and promote heart repair in the diseased settings, albeit mainly preclinically. These novel tools and medicines give somehow credence to breaking down the barriers associated with re-building heart muscle. However, in order to maximize efficacy and achieve better clinical outcomes through these cell-based and/or cell-free therapies, it is crucial to understand more deeply the developmental cellular hierarchies/paths and molecular mechanisms in normal or pathological cardiogenesis. Indeed, the morphogenetic process of mammalian cardiac development is highly complex and spatiotemporally regulated by various types of cardiac progenitors and their paracrine mediators. Here we discuss the most recent knowledge and findings in cardiac progenitor cell biology and the major cardiogenic paracrine mediators in the settings of cardiogenesis, congenital heart disease, and heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevin Witman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chikai Zhou
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niels Grote Beverborg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Makoto Sahara
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, CT, USA.
| | - Kenneth R Chien
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Malashicheva A, Kostina A, Kostareva A, Irtyuga O, Gordeev M, Uspensky V. Notch signaling in the pathogenesis of thoracic aortic aneurysms: A bridge between embryonic and adult states. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165631. [PMID: 31816439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aneurysms of the thoracic aorta are a "silent killer" with no evident clinical signs until the fatal outcome. Molecular and genetic bases of thoracic aortic aneurysms mainly include transforming growth factor beta signaling, smooth muscle contractile units and metabolism genes, and extracellular matrix genes. In recent studies, a role of Notch signaling, among other pathways, has emerged in disease pathogenesis. Notch is a highly conserved signaling pathway that regulates the development and differentiation of many types of tissues and influences major cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Mutations in several Notch signaling components have been associated with a number of heart defects, demonstrating an essential role of Notch signaling both in cardiovascular system development and its maintenance during postnatal life. This review discusses the role of Notch signaling in the pathogenesis of thoracic aortic aneurysms considering development and maintenance of the aortic root and how developmental regulations by Notch signaling may influence thoracic aortic aneurysms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Malashicheva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova, 2, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretskiy, 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia; Saint Petersburg State University, Department of Embryology, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9, 199034, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Aleksandra Kostina
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova, 2, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretskiy, 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Kostareva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova, 2, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga Irtyuga
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova, 2, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail Gordeev
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova, 2, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir Uspensky
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova, 2, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Metalloprotease-Dependent Attenuation of BMP Signaling Restricts Cardiac Neural Crest Cell Fate. Cell Rep 2019; 29:603-616.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Poelmann RE, Gittenberger-de Groot AC. Development and evolution of the metazoan heart. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:634-656. [PMID: 31063648 PMCID: PMC6767493 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of the evolution and development of the heart in metazoans are highlighted, starting with the evolutionary origin of the contractile cell, supposedly the precursor of cardiomyocytes. The last eukaryotic common ancestor is likely a combination of several cellular organisms containing their specific metabolic pathways and genetic signaling networks. During evolution, these tool kits diversified. Shared parts of these conserved tool kits act in the development and functioning of pumping hearts and open or closed circulations in such diverse species as arthropods, mollusks, and chordates. The genetic tool kits became more complex by gene duplications, addition of epigenetic modifications, influence of environmental factors, incorporation of viral genomes, cardiac changes necessitated by air‐breathing, and many others. We evaluate mechanisms involved in mollusks in the formation of three separate hearts and in arthropods in the formation of a tubular heart. A tubular heart is also present in embryonic stages of chordates, providing the septated four‐chambered heart, in birds and mammals passing through stages with first and second heart fields. The four‐chambered heart permits the formation of high‐pressure systemic and low‐pressure pulmonary circulation in birds and mammals, allowing for high metabolic rates and maintenance of body temperature. Crocodiles also have a (nearly) separated circulation, but their resting temperature conforms with the environment. We argue that endothermic ancestors lost the capacity to elevate their body temperature during evolution, resulting in ectothermic modern crocodilians. Finally, a clinically relevant paragraph reviews the occurrence of congenital cardiac malformations in humans as derailments of signaling pathways during embryonic development. The cardiac regulatory toolkit contains many factors including epigenetic, genetic, viral, hemodynamic, and environmental factors, but also transcriptional activators, repressors, duplicated genes, redundancies and dose‐dependancies. Numerous toolkits regulate mechanisms including cell‐cell interactions, EMT, mitosis patterns, cell migration and differentiation and left/right sidedness involved in the development of endocardial cushions, looping, septum complexes, pharyngeal arch arteries, chamber and valve formation and conduction system. Evolutionary development of the yolk sac circulation likely preceded the advent of endothermy in amniotes. Parallel evolutionary traits regulate the development of contractile pumps in various taxa often in conjunction with the gut, lungs and excretory organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Poelmann
- Institute of Biology, Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Wu Y, Zhang J, Wang M, Yang L, Wang Y, Hu T, Liu A, Cheng Q, Fu Z, Zhang P, Cao L. Proteomics analysis indicated the protein expression pattern related to the development of fetal conotruncal defects. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:13544-13556. [PMID: 30635921 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal development of embryonic conus arteriosus could lead to conotruncal defects in fetal heart, and increase the incidence of fetal congenital heart disease. Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is one of the most common forms of congenital heart disease. It may be helpful for us to solve this clinical problem through exploring the molecular mechanisms of development in embryonic congenital heart disease. Proteomics has attracted much attention in understanding the development of human diseases during the past decades. However, there is still little information about the relationship between protein expression pattern and TOF. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential linkage of proteomics and TOF development. Briefly, 121 differentially expressed proteins were identified from a TOF group, compared with a control group. The expression levels of 34 of these proteins were significantly different (>1.5 absolute fold change, p < 0.05) between the two groups. Gene ontology (GO) and pathway analysis showed that these proteins were mainly associated with carbon metabolism, biosynthesis of antibodies, positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, nucleus, ATP binding, and so on. The ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) results indicated that 435 of upstream regulators were identified of these differentially expressed proteins, which might be involved in the development of TOF. Data of string analysis showed the protein-protein interaction network among the differentially expressed proteins and regulators, which are related to TOF. In conclusion, our study explored the protein expression pattern of TOF, which might provide new insights into understanding the mechanism of TOF development and afford potential targets for TOF diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wu
- Department of Echocardiography, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Ultrasonography, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Yongmei Wang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Department of Ultrasonography, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - An Liu
- Department of Ultrasonography, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Cheng
- Department of Ultrasonography, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyi Fu
- Department of Ultrasonography, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Pingyang Zhang
- Department of Echocardiography, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Ultrasonography, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
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Chikkabyrappa S, Mahadevaiah G, Buddhe S, Alsaied T, Tretter J. Common Arterial Trunk: Physiology, Imaging, and Management. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2018; 23:225-236. [PMID: 30596352 DOI: 10.1177/1089253218821382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Common arterial trunk (CAT), or truncus arteriosus, is a rare form of cyanotic congenital heart disease and is highly associated with DiGeorge syndrome (microdeletion 22q11.2). Prenatal diagnosis is highly feasible, allowing proper delivery planning and postnatal management. The clinical presentation is highly variable depending on the anatomical variation; however, most commonly presenting with mild cyanosis and significant tachypnea, although these patients can often go undetected in the immediate newborn period. Transthoracic echocardiography is adequate for diagnosis and detailed anatomical delineation in the majority. Additional imaging modalities such as cardiac catheterization, computed tomography angiography, or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging can be helpful in those with more complex pulmonary artery (PA) or aortic anatomy, or in the older repaired. The surgical management of CAT is complete repair in the neonatal period with resection of branch PAs from the CAT with placement of a right ventricular (RV)-to-PA conduit and patch closure of the ventricular septal defect. Overall surgical outcomes are excellent in most centers, with the expectation that the child will eventually outgrow the RV-to-PA conduit and require reoperation. Other potential reoperations or postsurgical interventions in addition to the RV-to-PA conduit may involve the truncal valve or branch PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sujatha Buddhe
- 1 Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tarek Alsaied
- 3 Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Justin Tretter
- 3 Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Mostefa Kara M, Houyel L, Bonnet D. A new anatomic approach of the ventricular septal defect in the interruption of the aortic arch. J Anat 2018; 234:193-200. [PMID: 30525196 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse the anatomy of the ventricular septal defect (VSD) in heart specimens with interruption of the aortic arch (IAA) in order to explore the hypothesis of different embryologic mechanisms for the different anatomic types of IAA. We examined 42 human heart specimens, 25 with IAA as the main disease with concordant atrioventricular and ventriculo-arterial connections and two distinct great arteries, and 17 hearts with IAA associated with other malformations [six common arterial trunk (CAT), five double-outlet right ventricle (DORV), three transposition of the great arteries (TGA), three atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD)]. The interruption was classified according to Celoria and Patton. We focused on the anatomy of the VSD viewed from the right ventricular side. There were 15 IAA type A, 27 type B, no type C. The VSD in IAA type B was always an outlet VSD, located between the two limbs of the septal band, with posterior malalignment of the outlet septum in hearts with concordant ventriculo-arterial connections, without any fibrous tricuspid-aortic continuity. In addition, the aortic arch was always completely absent. Conversely, the VSD in IAA type A could be of any type (outlet in six, muscular in four, central perimembranous in two, inlet in three) and the aortic arch was either atretic or absent. In addition, IAA type B, when found in the setting of another anomaly, was always associated with neural crest-related anomalies (CAT and DORV), whereas IAA type A was found in association with anomalies not related to the neural crest (TGA and AVSD). These results reinforce the hypothesis that different pathogenic mechanisms are responsible for the two types of IAA, and the inclusion of IAA type B in the group of neural crest defects. Conversely, IAA type A could be due to overlapping mechanisms: flow-related defect (coarctation-like) and neural crest contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Mostefa Kara
- Paediatric Cardiology, Centre de Référence Malformations Cardiaques Congénitales Complexes - M3C, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Lucile Houyel
- Congenital Cardiac Surgery, Hôpital Marie-Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Damien Bonnet
- Paediatric Cardiology, Centre de Référence Malformations Cardiaques Congénitales Complexes - M3C, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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49
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Hubert F, Payan SM, Rochais F. FGF10 Signaling in Heart Development, Homeostasis, Disease and Repair. Front Genet 2018; 9:599. [PMID: 30546382 PMCID: PMC6279889 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential muscular organ that provides the whole body with oxygen and nutrients, the heart is the first organ to function during embryonic development. Cardiovascular diseases, including acquired and congenital heart defects, are the leading cause of mortality in industrialized countries. Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) are involved in a variety of cellular responses including proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Among the 22 human/mouse FGFs, the secreted FGF10 ligand through the binding of its specific receptors (FGFR1b and FGFR2b) and subsequent activation of downstream signaling is known to play essential role in cardiac development, homeostasis and disease. FGF10 is one of the major marker of the early cardiac progenitor cells and a crucial regulator of differentiated cardiomyocyte proliferation in the developing embryo. Increasing evidence support the hypothesis that a detailed understanding of developmental processes is essential to identify targets for cardiac repair and regeneration. Indeed the activation of resident cardiomyocyte proliferation together with the injection of cardiac progenitors represent the most promising therapeutical strategies for cardiac regenerative medicine. The recent findings showing that FGF10 promotes adult cardiomyocyte cell cycle reentry and directs stem cell differentiation and cell reprogramming toward the cardiogenic lineage provide new insights into therapeutical strategies for cardiac regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Hubert
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, U1251, Marseille, France
| | - Sandy M Payan
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, U1251, Marseille, France
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50
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Chick embryonic cells as a source for generating in vitro model of muscle cell dystrophy. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2018; 54:756-769. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-018-0297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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