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Kreutz A, Oyetade OB, Chang X, Hsieh JH, Behl M, Allen DG, Kleinstreuer NC, Hogberg HT. Integrated Approach for Testing and Assessment for Developmental Neurotoxicity (DNT) to Prioritize Aromatic Organophosphorus Flame Retardants. TOXICS 2024; 12:437. [PMID: 38922117 PMCID: PMC11209292 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12060437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) are abundant and persistent in the environment but have limited toxicity information. Their similarity in structure to organophosphate pesticides presents great concern for developmental neurotoxicity (DNT). However, current in vivo testing is not suitable to provide DNT information on the amount of OPFRs that lack data. Over the past decade, an in vitro battery was developed to enhance DNT assessment, consisting of assays that evaluate cellular processes in neurodevelopment and function. In this study, behavioral data of small model organisms were also included. To assess if these assays provide sufficient mechanistic coverage to prioritize chemicals for further testing and/or identify hazards, an integrated approach to testing and assessment (IATA) was developed with additional information from the Integrated Chemical Environment (ICE) and the literature. Human biomonitoring and exposure data were identified and physiologically-based toxicokinetic models were applied to relate in vitro toxicity data to human exposure based on maximum plasma concentration. Eight OPFRs were evaluated, including aromatic OPFRs (triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), isopropylated phenyl phosphate (IPP), 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDP), tricresyl phosphate (TMPP), isodecyl diphenyl phosphate (IDDP), tert-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (BPDP)) and halogenated FRs ((Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP)). Two representative brominated flame retardants (BFRs) (2,2'4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) and 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)) with known DNT potential were selected for toxicity benchmarking. Data from the DNT battery indicate that the aromatic OPFRs have activity at similar concentrations as the BFRs and should therefore be evaluated further. However, these assays provide limited information on the mechanism of the compounds. By integrating information from ICE and the literature, endocrine disruption was identified as a potential mechanism. This IATA case study indicates that human exposure to some OPFRs could lead to a plasma concentration similar to those exerting in vitro activities, indicating potential concern for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kreutz
- Inotiv, Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA; (A.K.); (O.B.O.); (X.C.); (D.G.A.)
| | - Oluwakemi B. Oyetade
- Inotiv, Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA; (A.K.); (O.B.O.); (X.C.); (D.G.A.)
| | - Xiaoqing Chang
- Inotiv, Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA; (A.K.); (O.B.O.); (X.C.); (D.G.A.)
| | - Jui-Hua Hsieh
- NIH/NIEHS/DTT/PTB, Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA;
| | - Mamta Behl
- Neurocrine Biosciences Inc., San Diego, CA 92130, USA;
| | - David G. Allen
- Inotiv, Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA; (A.K.); (O.B.O.); (X.C.); (D.G.A.)
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Abstract
Brain development in humans is achieved through precise spatiotemporal genetic control, the mechanisms of which remain largely elusive. Recently, integration of technological advances in human stem cell-based modelling with genome editing has emerged as a powerful platform to establish causative links between genotypes and phenotypes directly in the human system. Here, we review our current knowledge of complex genetic regulation of each key step of human brain development through the lens of evolutionary specialization and neurodevelopmental disorders and highlight the use of human stem cell-derived 2D cultures and 3D brain organoids to investigate human-enriched features and disease mechanisms. We also discuss opportunities and challenges of integrating new technologies to reveal the genetic architecture of human brain development and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Wang L, Zhou R, Liu Y, Guo S, Yi D, Zhao J, Li Q, Zhang Y, Liang C, Wang J, Shan G, Cen S. A cell-based assay to discover inhibitors of Zika virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Virology 2024; 589:109939. [PMID: 37979208 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) belongs to Flaviviridae, the Flavivirus genus. Its infection causes congenital brain abnormalities and Guillain-Barré syndrome. However, there are no effective vaccines, no FDA-approved drugs to manage ZIKV infection. The non-structural protein NS5 of ZIKV has been recognized as a valuable target of antivirals because of its RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and methyltransferase (MTase) activities essential for viral RNA synthesis. Here, we report a cell-based assay for discovering inhibitors of ZIKV NS5 and found that 5-Azacytidine potently inhibits ZIKV NS5, with EC50 of 4.9 μM. Furthermore, 5-Azacytidine suppresses ZIKV replication by inhibiting NS5-mediated viral RNA transcription. Therefore, we have developed a cell-based ZIKV NS5 assay which can be deployed to discover ZIKV NS5 inhibitors and demonstrated the potential of 5-Azacytidine for further development as a ZIKV NS5 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Wang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantanxili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantanxili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yitong Liu
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantanxili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Saisai Guo
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantanxili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Dongrong Yi
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantanxili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jianyuan Zhao
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantanxili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Quanjie Li
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantanxili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yongxin Zhang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantanxili, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Jing Wang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantanxili, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Guangzhi Shan
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantanxili, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Shan Cen
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Tiantanxili, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Shin M, Kang H, Shin KR, Lee R, Kim K, Min K, Cho KN, Sohn EJ, Kim KS, Kim SH, Cho YJ, Park J, Hahn TW. Plant-expressed Zika virus envelope protein elicited protective immunity against the Zika virus in immunocompetent mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22955. [PMID: 38151523 PMCID: PMC10752873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47428-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus infection causes multiple clinical issues, including Guillain-Barré syndrome and neonatal malformation. Vaccination is considered as the only strategy for the prevention of ZIKV-induced clinical issues. This study developed a plant-based recombinant vaccine that transiently expressed the ZIKV envelope protein (ZikaEnv:aghFc) in Nicotiana benthamiana and evaluated the protective immunity afforded by it in immunocompetent mice. ZikaEnv:aghFc induced both humoral and cellular immunity at a low dose (1-5 μg). This immune-inducing potential was enhanced further when adjuvanted CIA09A. In addition, antigen-specific antibodies and neutralizing antibodies were vertically transferred from immunized females to their progeny and afforded both protective immunity to ZIKV and cross-protection to Dengue virus infection. These results suggest that our plant-based ZIKV vaccine provides a safe and efficient protective strategy with a competitive edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Shin
- INNOVAC, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyangju Kang
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park Complex, 394 Jigok-Ro Nam-Gu, Pohang, Korea.
| | | | - Rangyeon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiju Kim
- INNOVAC, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmin Min
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park Complex, 394 Jigok-Ro Nam-Gu, Pohang, Korea
| | - Kyou-Nam Cho
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park Complex, 394 Jigok-Ro Nam-Gu, Pohang, Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Sohn
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park Complex, 394 Jigok-Ro Nam-Gu, Pohang, Korea
| | - Kwang Sung Kim
- EYEGENE Inc., B-1211, 401 Yangcheon-Ro, Gangseo-Gu, Seoul, 07528, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hyun Kim
- EYEGENE Inc., B-1211, 401 Yangcheon-Ro, Gangseo-Gu, Seoul, 07528, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Je Cho
- EYEGENE Inc., B-1211, 401 Yangcheon-Ro, Gangseo-Gu, Seoul, 07528, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongho Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae-Wook Hahn
- INNOVAC, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Manole A, Wong T, Rhee A, Novak S, Chin SM, Tsimring K, Paucar A, Williams A, Newmeyer TF, Schafer ST, Rosh I, Kaushik S, Hoffman R, Chen S, Wang G, Snyder M, Cuervo AM, Andrade L, Manor U, Lee K, Jones JR, Stern S, Marchetto MC, Gage FH. NGLY1 mutations cause protein aggregation in human neurons. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113466. [PMID: 38039131 PMCID: PMC10826878 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biallelic mutations in the gene that encodes the enzyme N-glycanase 1 (NGLY1) cause a rare disease with multi-symptomatic features including developmental delay, intellectual disability, neuropathy, and seizures. NGLY1's activity in human neural cells is currently not well understood. To understand how NGLY1 gene loss leads to the specific phenotypes of NGLY1 deficiency, we employed direct conversion of NGLY1 patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to functional cortical neurons. Transcriptomic, proteomic, and functional studies of iPSC-derived neurons lacking NGLY1 function revealed several major cellular processes that were altered, including protein aggregate-clearing functionality, mitochondrial homeostasis, and synaptic dysfunctions. These phenotypes were rescued by introduction of a functional NGLY1 gene and were observed in iPSC-derived mature neurons but not astrocytes. Finally, laser capture microscopy followed by mass spectrometry provided detailed characterization of the composition of protein aggregates specific to NGLY1-deficient neurons. Future studies will harness this knowledge for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Manole
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Thomas Wong
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amanda Rhee
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sammy Novak
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shao-Ming Chin
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Katya Tsimring
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andres Paucar
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - April Williams
- The Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Traci Fang Newmeyer
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Simon T Schafer
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Idan Rosh
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Susmita Kaushik
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Rene Hoffman
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Songjie Chen
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Guangwen Wang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Leo Andrade
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Uri Manor
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kevin Lee
- Grace Science Foundation, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Jones
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shani Stern
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Maria C Marchetto
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Garcia G, Chakravarty N, Paiola S, Urena E, Gyani P, Tse C, French SW, Danielpour M, Breunig JJ, Nathanson DA, Arumugaswami V. Differential Susceptibility of Ex Vivo Primary Glioblastoma Tumors to Oncolytic Effect of Modified Zika Virus. Cells 2023; 12:2384. [PMID: 37830597 PMCID: PMC10572118 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common primary malignant brain tumor, is a highly lethal form of cancer with a very limited set of treatment options. High heterogeneity in the tumor cell population and the invasive nature of these cells decrease the likely efficacy of traditional cancer treatments, thus requiring research into novel treatment options. The use of oncolytic viruses as potential therapeutics has been researched for some time. Zika virus (ZIKV) has demonstrated oncotropism and oncolytic effects on GBM stem cells (GSCs). To address the need for safe and effective GBM treatments, we designed an attenuated ZIKV strain (ZOL-1) that does not cause paralytic or neurological diseases in mouse models compared with unmodified ZIKV. Importantly, we found that patient-derived GBM tumors exhibited susceptibility (responders) and non-susceptibility (non-responders) to ZOL-1-mediated tumor cell killing, as evidenced by differential apoptotic cell death and cell viability upon ZOL-1 treatment. The oncolytic effect observed in responder cells was seen both in vitro in neurosphere models and in vivo upon xenograft. Finally, we observed that the use of ZOL-1 as combination therapy with multiple PI3K-AKT inhibitors in non-responder GBM resulted in enhanced chemotherapeutic efficacy. Altogether, this study establishes ZOL-1 as a safe and effective treatment against GBM and provides a foundation to conduct further studies evaluating its potential as an effective adjuvant with other chemotherapies and kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (G.G.J.); (D.A.N.)
| | - Nikhil Chakravarty
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Sophia Paiola
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (G.G.J.); (D.A.N.)
| | - Estrella Urena
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (G.G.J.); (D.A.N.)
| | - Priya Gyani
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (G.G.J.); (D.A.N.)
| | - Christopher Tse
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (G.G.J.); (D.A.N.)
| | - Samuel W. French
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Moise Danielpour
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (M.D.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Joshua J. Breunig
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (M.D.); (J.J.B.)
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David A. Nathanson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (G.G.J.); (D.A.N.)
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (G.G.J.); (D.A.N.)
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Ng JH, Sun A, Je HS, Tan EK. Unravelling Pathophysiology of Neurological and Psychiatric Complications of COVID-19 Using Brain Organoids. Neuroscientist 2023; 29:30-40. [PMID: 34036855 PMCID: PMC9902967 DOI: 10.1177/10738584211015136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been increasingly recognized. However, the pathophysiology of COVID-19 in the central nervous system remains unclear. Brain organoid models derived from human pluripotent stem cells are potentially useful for the study of complex physiological and pathological processes associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as they recapitulate cellular heterogeneity and function of individual tissues. We identified brain organoid studies that provided insight into the neurotropic properties of SARS-CoV-2. While SARS-CoV-2 was able to infect neurons, the extent of neurotropism was relatively limited. Conversely, choroidal epithelial cells consistently showed a high susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Brain organoid studies also elucidated potential mechanism for cellular entry, demonstrated viral replication, and highlighted downstream cellular effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Collectively, they suggest that the neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19 may be contributed by both direct neuronal invasion and indirect consequences of neuroinflammation. The use of high throughput evaluation, patient-derived organoids, and advent of "assembloids" will provide a better understanding and functional characterization of the neuropsychiatric symptoms seen in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. With advancement of organoid technology, brain organoids offer a promising tool for unravelling pathophysiologic clues and potential therapeutic options for neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alfred Sun
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Eng-King Tan
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore,Eng-King Tan, National Neuroscience Institute, Duke NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
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Priyathilaka TT, Laaker CJ, Herbath M, Fabry Z, Sandor M. Modeling infectious diseases of the central nervous system with human brain organoids. Transl Res 2022; 250:18-35. [PMID: 35811019 PMCID: PMC11185418 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa are known to infect and induce diseases in the human central nervous system (CNS). Modeling the mechanisms of interaction between pathogens and the CNS microenvironment is essential to understand their pathophysiology and develop new treatments. Recent advancements in stem cell technologies have allowed for the creation of human brain organoids, which more closely resembles the human CNS microenvironment when compared to classical 2-dimensional (2D) cultures. Now researchers can utilize these systems to investigate and reinvestigate questions related to CNS infection in a human-derived brain organoid system. Here in this review, we highlight several infectious diseases which have been tested in human brain organoids and compare similarities in response to these pathogens across different investigations. We also provide a brief overview of some recent advancements which can further enrich this model to develop new and better therapies to treat brain infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanthrige Thiunuwan Priyathilaka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Collin James Laaker
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Melinda Herbath
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Zsuzsanna Fabry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Matyas Sandor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
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Li S, Armstrong N, Zhao H, Cruz-cosme R, Yang H, Zhong C, Fu W, Wang W, Yang D, Xia N, Cheng T, Tang Q. Zika Virus Infection Downregulates Connexin 43, Disrupts the Cardiomyocyte Gap Junctions and Induces Heart Diseases in A129 Mice. J Virol 2022; 96:e0137322. [PMID: 36226984 PMCID: PMC9645212 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01373-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is transmitted mostly via mosquito bites and no vaccine is available, so it may reemerge. We and others previously demonstrated that neonatal infection of ZIKV results in heart failure and can be fatal. Animal models implicated ZIKV involvement in viral heart diseases. It is unknown whether and how ZIKV causes heart failure in adults. Herein, we studied the effects of ZIKV infection on the heart function of adult A129 mice. First, we found that ZIKV productively infects the rat-, mouse-, or human-originated heart cell lines and caused ubiquitination-mediated degradation of and distortive effects on connexin 43 (Cx43) protein that is important for communications between cardiomyocytes. Second, ZIKV infection caused 100% death of the A129 mice with decreasing body weight, worsening health score, shrugging fur, and paralysis. The viral replication was detected in multiple organs. In searching for the viral effects on heart of the A129 mice, we found that ZIKV infection resulted in the increase of cardiac muscle enzymes, implicating a viral acute myocardial injury. ZIKV-caused heart injury was also demonstrated by electrocardiogram (ECG) showing widened and fragmented QRS waves, prolonged PR interval, and slower heart rate. The intercalated disc (ICD) between two cardiomyocytes was destroyed, as shown by the electronic microscopy, and the Cx43 distribution in the ICDs was less organized in the ZIKV-infected mice compared to that in the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated mice. Consistently, ZIKV productively infected the heart of A129 mice and decreased Cx43 protein. Therefore, we demonstrated that ZIKV infection caused heart failure, which might lead to fatal sequelae in ZIKV-infected A129 mice. IMPORTANCE Zika virus (ZIKV) is a teratogen causing devastating sequelae to the newborns who suffer a congenital ZIKV infection while it brings about only mild symptoms to the health-competent older children or adults. Mouse models have played an important role in mechanistic and pathogenic studies of ZIKV. In this study, we employed 3 to 4 week-old A129 mice for ZIKV infection. RT-qPCR assays discovered that ZIKV replicated in multiple organs, including the heart. As a result of ZIKV infection, the A129 mice experienced weight loss, health score worsening, paralysis, and deaths. We revealed that the ZIKV infection caused abnormal electrocardiogram presentations, increased cardiac muscle enzymes, downregulated Cx43, and destroyed the gap junction and the intercalated disc between the cardiomyocytes, implicating that ZIKV may cause an acute myocardial injury in A129 mice. Therefore, our data imply that ZIKV infection may jeopardize the immunocompromised population with a severe clinical consequence, such as heart defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxuan Li
- School of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Najealicka Armstrong
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Huan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Ruth Cruz-cosme
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hongwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Chunlian Zhong
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wenkun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Decheng Yang
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation - St. Paul’s Hospital, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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10
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Hofmann B, Zinöcker S, Holm S, Lewis J, Kavouras P. Organoids in the Clinic: A Systematic Review of Outcomes. Cells Tissues Organs 2022; 212:499-511. [PMID: 36170843 PMCID: PMC10906541 DOI: 10.1159/000527237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on organoids has undergone significant advances during the last decade. However, outcomes from the use of organoids in clinical trials have not yet been documented. Therefore, there is an urgent need to assess the reporting of clinically relevant outcomes from organoid research in the scientific literature. This article presents a systematic review and appraisal of the published literature in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, together with a synopsis of recent relevant reviews. Surprisingly, no randomized controlled trials have reported clinical outcomes with any types of organoids. We found very few ongoing and registered studies that may provide clinically relevant results within this decade. Our screening and interpretation of the literature, including review articles, indicate a focus on technical and preclinical aspects of organoid research. This is the first systematic review of clinical trials involving organoids. Few clinical studies are planned or already underway, and, so far, no high-quality evidence relating to the clinical outcomes of organoid research has been published. The many promises of organoid research still need to be translated from bench to bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Hofmann
- Centre for Medical Ethics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gjøvik, Norway
| | - Severin Zinöcker
- Centre for Medical Ethics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Søren Holm
- Centre for Medical Ethics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Social Ethics and Policy, Department of Law, School of Social Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jonathan Lewis
- Centre for Social Ethics and Policy, Department of Law, School of Social Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Panagiotis Kavouras
- RNanoLab, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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11
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Sotcheff SL, Chen JYC, Elrod N, Cao J, Jaworski E, Kuyumcu-Martinez MN, Shi PY, Routh AL. Zika Virus Infection Alters Gene Expression and Poly-Adenylation Patterns in Placental Cells. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080936. [PMID: 36015056 PMCID: PMC9414685 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are small RNA viruses that are mainly transmitted via arthropod vectors and are found in tropic and sub-tropical regions. Most infections are asymptomatic (90-95%), but symptoms can be as severe as hemorrhagic fever and encephalitis. One recently emerged flavivirus is Zika virus (ZIKV), which was originally isolated from rhesus monkeys in Uganda roughly 70 years ago but has recently spread east, reaching S. America in 2015-2016. This outbreak was associated with the development of Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults and microcephaly in infants born to expectant mothers infected early in pregnancy. ZIKV must traverse the placenta to impact the development of the fetus, but the mechanisms responsible are unknown. While flaviviruses are known to disrupt splicing patterns in host cells, little is known about how flaviviruses such as ZIKV impact the alternative polyadenylation (APA) of host transcripts. This is important as APA is well-established as a mechanism in the regulation of mRNA metabolism and translation. Thus, we sought to characterize transcriptomic changes including APA in human placental (JEG3) cells in response to ZIKV infection using Poly(A)-ClickSeq (PAC-Seq). We used our differential Poly(A)-cluster (DPAC) analysis pipeline to characterize changes in differential gene expression, alternative poly-adenylation (APA) and the use of alternative terminal exons. We identified 98 upregulated genes and 28 downregulated genes. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that many RNA processing and immune pathways were upregulated in ZIKV-infected JEG3 cells. We also updated DPAC to provide additional metrics of APA including the percentage-distal usage index (PDUI), which revealed that APA was extensive and the 3' UTRs of 229 genes were lengthened while 269 were shortened. We further found that there were 214 upregulated and 59 downregulated poly(A)-clusters (PACs). We extracted the nucleotide sequences surrounding these PACs and found that the canonical signals for poly-adenylation (binding site for poly-A binding protein (PABP) upstream and a GU-rich region down-stream of the PAC) were only enriched in the downregulated PACs. These results indicate that ZIKV infection makes JEG3 cells more permissive to non-canonical poly-adenylation signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanea L. Sotcheff
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - John Yun-Chung Chen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Nathan Elrod
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jun Cao
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Elizabeth Jaworski
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Mugé N. Kuyumcu-Martinez
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Andrew L. Routh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Correspondence:
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12
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Kumar A, Kumar D, Jose J, Giri R, Mysorekar IU. Drugs to limit Zika virus infection and implication for maternal-fetal health. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY 2022; 2. [PMID: 37064602 PMCID: PMC10104533 DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2022.928599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Although the placenta has robust defense mechanisms that protect the fetus from a viral infection, some viruses can manipulate or evade these mechanisms and disrupt physiology or cross the placental barrier. It is well established that the Zika virus is capable of vertical transmission from mother to fetus and can cause malformation of the fetal central nervous system (i.e., microcephaly), as well as Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults. This review seeks to gather and assess the contributions of translational research associated with Zika virus infection, including maternal-fetal vertical transmission of the virus. Nearly 200 inhibitors that have been evaluated in vivo and/or in vitro for their therapeutic properties against the Zika virus are summarized in this review. We also review the status of current vaccine candidates. Our main objective is to provide clinically relevant information that can guide future research directions and strategies for optimized treatment and preventive care of infections caused by Zika virus or similar pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, VPO-Kamand, Mandi, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Joyce Jose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, State College, United States
| | - Rajanish Giri
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, VPO-Kamand, Mandi, India
| | - Indira U. Mysorekar
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- CORRESPONDENCE Indira U. Mysorekar,
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13
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Nascimento JM, Gouvêa-Junqueira D, Zuccoli GS, Pedrosa CDSG, Brandão-Teles C, Crunfli F, Antunes ASLM, Cassoli JS, Karmirian K, Salerno JA, de Souza GF, Muraro SP, Proenca-Módena JL, Higa LM, Tanuri A, Garcez PP, Rehen SK, Martins-de-Souza D. Zika Virus Strains and Dengue Virus Induce Distinct Proteomic Changes in Neural Stem Cells and Neurospheres. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5549-5563. [PMID: 35732867 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02922-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Brain abnormalities and congenital malformations have been linked to the circulating strain of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil since 2016 during the microcephaly outbreak; however, the molecular mechanisms behind several of these alterations and differential viral molecular targets have not been fully elucidated. Here we explore the proteomic alterations induced by ZIKV by comparing the Brazilian (Br ZIKV) and the African (MR766) viral strains, in addition to comparing them to the molecular responses to the Dengue virus type 2 (DENV). Neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from induced pluripotent stem (iPSCs) were cultured both as monolayers and in suspension (resulting in neurospheres), which were then infected with ZIKV (Br ZIKV or ZIKV MR766) or DENV to assess alterations within neural cells. Large-scale proteomic analyses allowed the comparison not only between viral strains but also regarding the two- and three-dimensional cellular models of neural cells derived from iPSCs, and the effects on their interaction. Altered pathways and biological processes were observed related to cell death, cell cycle dysregulation, and neurogenesis. These results reinforce already published data and provide further information regarding the biological alterations induced by ZIKV and DENV in neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Minardi Nascimento
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP, 255, 13083-862, Brazil.,D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22281-100, Brazil.,Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Danielle Gouvêa-Junqueira
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP, 255, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Giuliana S Zuccoli
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP, 255, 13083-862, Brazil
| | | | - Caroline Brandão-Teles
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP, 255, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Crunfli
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP, 255, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - André S L M Antunes
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP, 255, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Juliana S Cassoli
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP, 255, 13083-862, Brazil.,Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Karina Karmirian
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22281-100, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre Salerno
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Fabiano de Souza
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stéfanie Primon Muraro
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Luiz Proenca-Módena
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiza M Higa
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia P Garcez
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22281-100, Brazil.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stevens K Rehen
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22281-100, Brazil. .,Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP, 255, 13083-862, Brazil. .,D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22281-100, Brazil. .,Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores Em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico E Tecnológico, São Paulo, Brazil.
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14
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Chen L, Zhou C, Chen Q, Shang J, Liu Z, Guo Y, Li C, Wang H, Ye Q, Li X, Zu S, Li F, Xia Q, Zhou T, Li A, Wang C, Chen Y, Wu A, Qin C, Man J. Oncolytic Zika virus promotes intratumoral T cell infiltration and improves immunotherapy efficacy in glioblastoma. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:522-534. [PMID: 35229030 PMCID: PMC8851082 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the deadliest primary brain tumor and is generally resistant to immunotherapy because of severe dysfunction of T cells. Novel treatment options are critically needed to overcome the immunotherapy resistance of GBM. Here we demonstrate that Zika virus (ZIKV) treatment improves the efficacy of anti-PD ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunotherapy in GBM. We found that ZIKV induces a strong pro-inflammatory response and increases CD4+ and CD8+ T cell intratumoral infiltration and activation in GBM mouse models. ZIKV treatment of mice bearing GBM tumors inhibits tumor growth and prolongs survival. These therapeutic effects of ZIKV on GBM tumors are negated in mice depleted of T cells. Moreover, ZIKV dramatically promotes activation of the type I interferon signaling pathway in GBM cells. ZIKV treatment potently sensitizes GBM to PD-L1 blockade and provides significant and durable survival benefits. Our findings reveal that ZIKV overcomes the resistance of GBM to immune checkpoint blockade, which may lead to therapeutic applications of ZIKV in individuals with GBM receiving immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention, and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jingzhe Shang
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.,Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Zhaodan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Chunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - HongJiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Qing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China
| | - XiaoFeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Shulong Zu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.,Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Fangye Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Qing Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ailing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chenhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention, and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Aiping Wu
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.,Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Chengfeng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, AMMS, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jianghong Man
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
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15
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Fan W, Christian KM, Song H, Ming GL. Applications of Brain Organoids for Infectious Diseases. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167243. [PMID: 34536442 PMCID: PMC8810605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain organoids are self-organized three-dimensional aggregates generated from pluripotent stem cells. They exhibit complex cell diversities and organized architectures that resemble human brain development ranging from neural tube formation, neuroepithelium differentiation, neurogenesis and gliogenesis, to neural circuit formation. Rapid advancements in brain organoid culture technologies have allowed researchers to generate more accurate models of human brain development and neurological diseases. These models also allow for direct investigation of pathological processes associated with infectious diseases affecting the nervous system. In this review, we first briefly summarize recent advancements in brain organoid methodologies and neurodevelopmental processes that can be effectively modeled by brain organoids. We then focus on applications of brain organoids to investigate the pathogenesis of neurotropic viral infection. Finally, we discuss limitations of the current brain organoid methodologies as well as applications of other organ specific organoids in the infectious disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Fan
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kimberly M Christian
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Epigenetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. https://twitter.com/UPenn_SongMing
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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16
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Zwernik SD, Adams BH, Raymond DA, Warner CM, Kassam AB, Rovin RA, Akhtar P. AXL receptor is required for Zika virus strain MR-766 infection in human glioblastoma cell lines. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2021; 23:447-457. [PMID: 34901388 PMCID: PMC8626839 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have shown that Zika virus (ZIKV) has oncolytic potential against human glioblastoma (GBM); however, the mechanisms underlying its tropism and cell entry are not completely understood. The receptor tyrosine kinase AXL has been identified as an entry receptor for ZIKV in a cell-type-specific manner. Interestingly, AXL is frequently overexpressed in GBM patients. Using commercially available GBM cell lines, we first show that cells expressing AXL are permissive for ZIKV infection, while cells that do not express AXL are not. Furthermore, inhibition of AXL kinase using R428 and antibody blockade of AXL receptor strongly attenuated virus entry in GBM cell lines. Additionally, CRISPR knockout of the AXL gene in GBM cell lines completely abolished ZIKV infection, significantly inhibited viral replication, and significantly reduced apoptosis compared with parental lines. Lastly, introduction of AXL receptor into non-expressing cell lines renders the cells susceptible to ZIKV infection. Together, these findings demonstrate that ZIKV entry into GBM cells in vitro is mediated by the AXL receptor and that following cell entry, productive infection is cytotoxic. Thus, ZIKV is a potential oncolytic virus for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Zwernik
- Advocate Aurora Research Institute, Advocate Aurora Health, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Beau H Adams
- Advocate Aurora Research Institute, Advocate Aurora Health, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Daniel A Raymond
- Advocate Aurora Research Institute, Advocate Aurora Health, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Catherine M Warner
- Advocate Aurora Research Institute, Advocate Aurora Health, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Amin B Kassam
- Aurora Neuroscience Innovation Institute, Advocate Aurora Health, Milwaukee, WI 53215, USA
| | - Richard A Rovin
- Aurora Neuroscience Innovation Institute, Advocate Aurora Health, Milwaukee, WI 53215, USA
| | - Parvez Akhtar
- Advocate Aurora Research Institute, Advocate Aurora Health, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
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17
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Su S, Liu X, Tian RR, Qiao KX, Zheng CB, Gao WC, Yang LM, Kang QZ, Zheng YT. Cell membrane skeletal protein 4.1R participates in entry of Zika virus into cells. Virus Res 2021; 306:198593. [PMID: 34637814 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a typical mosquito-borne flavivirus known to cause severe fetal microcephaly and adult Guillain-Barré syndrome. Currently, there are no specific drugs or licensed vaccines available for ZIKV infection, and further research is required to identify host cell proteins involved in the virus's life cycle. Viruses are known to use host cell membrane skeletal proteins, such as actin and spectrin, to complete cell entry, transportation, and release. Here, based on immunoprecipitation, the Axl and ZIKV envelope (E) protein were shown to interact with the cell membrane skeleton protein 4.1R. Furthermore, deletion of 4.1R significantly reduced virus titer and viral protein synthesis. Our study showed that 4.1R is an important host cell protein during ZIKV infection and may be involved in the process of viral entry into host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Su
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences /Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ren-Rong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences /Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Kai-Xuan Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences /Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chang-Bo Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wen-Cong Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Liu-Meng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences /Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Qiao-Zhen Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences /Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
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18
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Krenn V, Bosone C, Burkard TR, Spanier J, Kalinke U, Calistri A, Salata C, Rilo Christoff R, Pestana Garcez P, Mirazimi A, Knoblich JA. Organoid modeling of Zika and herpes simplex virus 1 infections reveals virus-specific responses leading to microcephaly. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1362-1379.e7. [PMID: 33838105 PMCID: PMC7611471 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Viral infection in early pregnancy is a major cause of microcephaly. However, how distinct viruses impair human brain development remains poorly understood. Here we use human brain organoids to study the mechanisms underlying microcephaly caused by Zika virus (ZIKV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV-1). We find that both viruses efficiently replicate in brain organoids and attenuate their growth by causing cell death. However, transcriptional profiling reveals that ZIKV and HSV-1 elicit distinct cellular responses and that HSV-1 uniquely impairs neuroepithelial identity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that, although both viruses fail to potently induce the type I interferon system, the organoid defects caused by their infection can be rescued by distinct type I interferons. These phenotypes are not seen in 2D cultures, highlighting the superiority of brain organoids in modeling viral infections. These results uncover virus-specific mechanisms and complex cellular immune defenses associated with virus-induced microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Krenn
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Camilla Bosone
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Thomas R Burkard
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Julia Spanier
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, and the Hanover Medical School, Hanover 30625, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, and the Hanover Medical School, Hanover 30625, Germany; Cluster of Excellence - Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST), Hanover Medical School, Hanover 30625, Germany
| | - Arianna Calistri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy
| | - Cristiano Salata
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy
| | - Raissa Rilo Christoff
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Patricia Pestana Garcez
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Ali Mirazimi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden; National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala 75189, Sweden
| | - Jürgen A Knoblich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria.
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19
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Velasco S, Paulsen B, Arlotta P. 3D Brain Organoids: Studying Brain Development and Disease Outside the Embryo. Annu Rev Neurosci 2021; 43:375-389. [PMID: 32640930 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Scientists have been fascinated by the human brain for centuries, yet knowledge of the cellular and molecular events that build the human brain during embryogenesis and of how abnormalities in this process lead to neurological disease remains very superficial. In particular, the lack of experimental models for a process that largely occurs during human in utero development, and is therefore poorly accessible for study, has hindered progress in mechanistic understanding. Advances in stem cell-derived models of human organogenesis, in the form of three-dimensional organoid cultures, and transformative new analytic technologies have opened new experimental pathways for investigation of aspects of development, evolution, and pathology of the human brain. Here, we consider the biology of brain organoids, compared and contrasted with the endogenous human brain, and highlight experimental strategies to use organoids to pioneer new understanding of human brain pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Velasco
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA; .,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Bruna Paulsen
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA; .,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Paola Arlotta
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA; .,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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20
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Abstract
Long-term effective use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) among people with HIV (PWH) has significantly reduced the burden of disease, yet a cure for HIV has not been universally achieved, likely due to the persistence of an HIV reservoir. The central nervous system (CNS) is an understudied HIV sanctuary. Importantly, due to viral persistence in the brain, cognitive disturbances persist to various degrees at high rates in PWH despite suppressive ART. Given the complexity and accessibility of the CNS compartment and that it is a physiologically and anatomically unique immune site, human studies to reveal molecular mechanisms of viral entry, reservoir establishment, and the cellular and structural interactions leading to viral persistence and brain injury to advance a cure and either prevent or limit cognitive impairments in PWH remain challenging. Recent advances in human brain organoids show that they can mimic the intercellular dynamics of the human brain and may recapitulate many of the events involved in HIV infection of the brain (neuroHIV). Human brain organoids can be produced, spontaneously or with addition of growth factors and at immature or mature states, and have become stronger models to study neurovirulent viral infections of the CNS. While organoids provide opportunities to study neuroHIV, obstacles such as the need to incorporate microglia need to be overcome to fully utilize this model. Here, we review the current achievements in brain organoid biology and their relevance to neuroHIV research efforts.
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21
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Ma L, Wang J, Ge J, Wang Y, Zhang W, Du Y, Luo J, Li Y, Wang F, Fan G, Chen R, Yao B, Zhao Z, Guo ML, Kim WK, Chai Y, Chen JF. Reversing neural circuit and behavior deficit in mice exposed to maternal inflammation by Zika virus. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51978. [PMID: 34232545 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy is linked to various developmental brain disorders. Infants who are asymptomatic at birth might have postnatal neurocognitive complications. However, animal models recapitulating these neurocognitive phenotypes are lacking, and the circuit mechanism underlying behavioral abnormalities is unknown. Here, we show that ZIKV infection during mouse pregnancy induces maternal immune activation (MIA) and leads to autistic-like behaviors including repetitive self-grooming and impaired social memory in offspring. In the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), ZIKV-affected offspring mice exhibit excitation and inhibition imbalance and increased cortical activity. This could be explained by dysregulation of inhibitory neurons and synapses, and elevated neural activity input from mPFC-projecting ventral hippocampus (vHIP) neurons. We find structure alterations in the synaptic connections and pattern of vHIP innervation of mPFC neurons, leading to hyperconnectivity of the vHIP-mPFC pathway. Decreasing the activity of mPFC-projecting vHIP neurons with a chemogenetic strategy rescues social memory deficits in ZIKV offspring mice. Our studies reveal a hyperconnectivity of vHIP to mPFC projection driving social memory deficits in mice exposed to maternal inflammation by ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jianlong Ge
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuan Wang
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yuanning Du
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jun Luo
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yangping Li
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Guoping Fan
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bing Yao
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ming-Lei Guo
- Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jian-Fu Chen
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA
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22
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Bhaduri A, Andrews MG, Kriegstein AR, Nowakowski TJ. Are Organoids Ready for Prime Time? Cell Stem Cell 2021; 27:361-365. [PMID: 32888425 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Innovations in organoid-based models of human tissues have made them an exciting experimental platform for studying development and disease. However, these models require systematic benchmarking against primary tissue to establish their value. We discuss key parameters that impact the utility of organoid models, primarily focusing on cerebral organoids as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Bhaduri
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Madeline G Andrews
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arnold R Kriegstein
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Tomasz J Nowakowski
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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23
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Shereen MA, Bashir N, Su R, Liu F, Wu K, Luo Z, Wu J. Zika virus dysregulates the expression of astrocytic genes involved in neurodevelopment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009362. [PMID: 33891593 PMCID: PMC8099136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a kind of flavivirus emerged in French Polynesia and Brazil, and has led to a worldwide public health concern since 2016. ZIKV infection causes various neurological conditions, which are associated with fetus brain development or peripheral and central nervous systems (PNS/CNS) functional problems. To date, no vaccine or any specific antiviral therapy against ZIKV infection are available. It urgently needs efforts to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of ZIKV-induced neural pathogenesis. ZIKV favorably infects neural and glial cells specifically astrocytes, consequently dysregulating gene expression and pathways with impairment of process neural cells. In this study, we applied a model for ZIKV replication in mouse primary astrocytes (MPAs) and profiled temporal alterations in the host transcriptomes upon ZIKV infection. Among the RNA-sequencing data of 27,812 genes, we examined 710 genes were significantly differentially expressed by ZIKV, which lead to dysregulation of numerous functions including neurons development and migration, glial cells differentiation, myelinations, astrocytes projection, neurogenesis, and brain development, along with multiple pathways including Hippo signaling pathway, tight junction, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and focal adhesion. Furthermore, we confirmed the dysregulation of the selected genes in MPAs and human astroglioma U251 cells. We found that PTBP1, LIF, GHR, and PTBP3 were upregulated while EDNRB and MBP were downregulated upon ZIKV infection. The current study highlights the ZIKV-mediated potential genes associated with neurodevelopment or related diseases. Zika virus (ZIKV) infection causes serious neurological disorders of central and peripheral nervous system, and fetal brain development disorders including microcephaly. There are still uncovered explorations for the underlying molecular mechanism of ZIKV-infected pathogenesis. This study reveals a series of dysregulation of neuropathic genes mRNA and protein expression in mouse and human astrocytes upon ZIKV infection. As an ideal ZIKV infection model in mouse primary astrocytes (MPAs), RNA-seq was performed to profile transcriptome alteration by ZIKV infection. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated the significant alterations of the 710 genes that were linked to glial cell differentiation and projection, neurogenesis and migration of neurons, myelination, as well as synaptic control. Among the top selected differentially expressed genes, such as PTBP1, LIF, GHR, PTBP3, EDNRB, and MBP, the mRNA and protein expressions were confirmed to identify the dysregulation of the transcriptome in MPAs upon ZIKV infection. Furthermore, ZIKV infection altered the mRNA and protein expression of these astrocytic genes involved in neurodevelopment in U251 cells following the analysis of the transcriptome. In conclusion, the alteration of astrocytic gene functions or associated-pathways suggest a novel clue of a mechanism involved in the ZIKV-induced neurodevelopment disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adnan Shereen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nadia Bashir
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Su
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kailang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (JW)
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (JW)
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24
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Moura LM, Ferreira VLDR, Loureiro RM, de Paiva JPQ, Rosa-Ribeiro R, Amaro E, Soares MBP, Machado BS. The Neurobiology of Zika Virus: New Models, New Challenges. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:654078. [PMID: 33897363 PMCID: PMC8059436 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.654078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) attracted attention due to one striking characteristic: the ability to cross the placental barrier and infect the fetus, possibly causing severe neurodevelopmental disruptions included in the Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS). Few years after the epidemic, the CZS incidence has begun to decline. However, how ZIKV causes a diversity of outcomes is far from being understood. This is probably driven by a chain of complex events that relies on the interaction between ZIKV and environmental and physiological variables. In this review, we address open questions that might lead to an ill-defined diagnosis of CZS. This inaccuracy underestimates a large spectrum of apparent normocephalic cases that remain underdiagnosed, comprising several subtle brain abnormalities frequently masked by a normal head circumference. Therefore, new models using neuroimaging and artificial intelligence are needed to improve our understanding of the neurobiology of ZIKV and its true impact in neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Edson Amaro
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ), Bahia, Brazil.,University Center SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Advanced Health Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), National Service of Industrial Learning - SENAI, Bahia, Brazil
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25
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Xie S, Zhang H, Liang Z, Yang X, Cao R. AXL, an Important Host Factor for DENV and ZIKV Replication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:575346. [PMID: 33954117 PMCID: PMC8092360 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.575346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses, as critically important pathogens, are still major public health problems all over the world. For instance, the evolution of ZIKV led to large-scale outbreaks in the Yap island in 2007. DENV was considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the 10 threats to global health in 2019. Enveloped viruses hijack a variety of host factors to complete its replication cycle. Phosphatidylserine (PS) receptor, AXL, is considered to be a candidate receptor for flavivirus invasion. In this review, we discuss the molecular structure of ZIKV and DENV, and how they interact with AXL to successfully invade host cells. A more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms of flavivirus-AXL interaction will provide crucial insights into the virus infection process and the development of anti-flavivirus therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengda Xie
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiru Zhang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenjie Liang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingmiao Yang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruibing Cao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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26
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Jacob F, Schnoll JG, Song H, Ming GL. Building the brain from scratch: Engineering region-specific brain organoids from human stem cells to study neural development and disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2021; 142:477-530. [PMID: 33706925 PMCID: PMC8363060 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human brain development is an intricate process that involves precisely timed coordination of cell proliferation, fate specification, neuronal differentiation, migration, and integration of diverse cell types. Understanding of these fundamental processes, however, has been largely constrained by limited access to fetal brain tissue and the inability to prospectively study neurodevelopment in humans at the molecular, cellular and system levels. Although non-human model organisms have provided important insights into mechanisms underlying brain development, these systems do not fully recapitulate many human-specific features that often relate to disease. To address these challenges, human brain organoids, self-assembled three-dimensional neural aggregates, have been engineered from human pluripotent stem cells to model the architecture and cellular diversity of the developing human brain. Recent advancements in neural induction and regional patterning using small molecules and growth factors have yielded protocols for generating brain organoids that recapitulate the structure and neuronal composition of distinct brain regions. Here, we first provide an overview of early mammalian brain development with an emphasis on molecular cues that guide region specification. We then focus on recent efforts in generating human brain organoids that model the development of specific brain regions and highlight endeavors to enhance the cellular complexity to better mimic the in vivo developing human brain. We also provide examples of how organoid models have enhanced our understanding of human neurological diseases and conclude by discussing limitations of brain organoids with our perspectives on future advancements to maximize their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Jacob
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jordan G Schnoll
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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27
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Song G, Lee EM, Pan J, Xu M, Rho HS, Cheng Y, Whitt N, Yang S, Kouznetsova J, Klumpp-Thomas C, Michael SG, Moore C, Yoon KJ, Christian KM, Simeonov A, Huang W, Xia M, Huang R, Lal-Nag M, Tang H, Zheng W, Qian J, Song H, Ming GL, Zhu H. An Integrated Systems Biology Approach Identifies the Proteasome as A Critical Host Machinery for ZIKV and DENV Replication. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2021; 19:108-122. [PMID: 33610792 PMCID: PMC8498969 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) and dengue virus (DENV) flaviviruses exhibit similar replicative processes but have distinct clinical outcomes. A systematic understanding of virus-host protein-protein interaction networks can reveal cellular pathways critical to viral replication and disease pathogenesis. Here we employed three independent systems biology approaches toward this goal. First, protein array analysis of direct interactions between individual ZIKV/DENV viral proteins and 20,240 human proteins revealed multiple conserved cellular pathways and protein complexes, including proteasome complexes. Second, an RNAi screen of 10,415 druggable genes identified the host proteins required for ZIKV infection and uncovered that proteasome proteins were crucial in this process. Third, high-throughput screening of 6016 bioactive compounds for ZIKV inhibition yielded 134 effective compounds, including six proteasome inhibitors that suppress both ZIKV and DENV replication. Integrative analyses of these orthogonal datasets pinpoint proteasomes as critical host machinery for ZIKV/DENV replication. Our study provides multi-omics datasets for further studies of flavivirus-host interactions, disease pathogenesis, and new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Song
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Emily M. Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Jianbo Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Miao Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Hee-Sool Rho
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yichen Cheng
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Nadia Whitt
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shu Yang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jennifer Kouznetsova
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carleen Klumpp-Thomas
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Samuel G. Michael
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cedric Moore
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ki-Jun Yoon
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kimberly M. Christian
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wenwei Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Madhu Lal-Nag
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Corresponding authors.
| | - Hengli Tang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA,Corresponding authors.
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Corresponding authors.
| | - Jiang Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Corresponding authors.
| | - Hongjun Song
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Corresponding authors.
| | - Guo-li Ming
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Corresponding authors.
| | - Heng Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Corresponding authors.
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28
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Blue R, Miranda SP, Gu BJ, Chen HI. A Primer on Human Brain Organoids for the Neurosurgeon. Neurosurgery 2021; 87:620-629. [PMID: 32421821 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyaa171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human brain organoids emerged in 2013 as a technology that, unlike prior in Vitro neural models, recapitulates brain development with a high degree of spatial and temporal fidelity. As the platform matured with more accurate reproduction of cerebral architecture, brain organoids became increasingly valuable for studying both normal cortical neurogenesis and a variety of congenital human brain disorders. While the majority of research utilizing human brain organoids has been in the realm of basic science, clinical applications are forthcoming. These present and future translational efforts have the potential to make a considerable impact on the field of neurosurgery. For example, glioma organoids are already being used to study tumor biology and drug responses, and adaptation for the investigation of other neurosurgery-relevant diseases is underway. Moreover, organoids are being explored as a structured neural substrate for repairing brain circuitry. Thus, we believe it is important for our field to be aware and have an accurate understanding of this emerging technology. In this review, we describe the key characteristics of human brain organoids, review their relevant translational applications, and discuss the ethical implications of their use through a neurosurgical lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Blue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen P Miranda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ben Jiahe Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - H Isaac Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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29
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Qian L, TCW J. Human iPSC-Based Modeling of Central Nerve System Disorders for Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1203. [PMID: 33530458 PMCID: PMC7865494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A high-throughput drug screen identifies potentially promising therapeutics for clinical trials. However, limitations that persist in current disease modeling with limited physiological relevancy of human patients skew drug responses, hamper translation of clinical efficacy, and contribute to high clinical attritions. The emergence of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology revolutionizes the paradigm of drug discovery. In particular, iPSC-based three-dimensional (3D) tissue engineering that appears as a promising vehicle of in vitro disease modeling provides more sophisticated tissue architectures and micro-environmental cues than a traditional two-dimensional (2D) culture. Here we discuss 3D based organoids/spheroids that construct the advanced modeling with evolved structural complexity, which propels drug discovery by exhibiting more human specific and diverse pathologies that are not perceived in 2D or animal models. We will then focus on various central nerve system (CNS) disease modeling using human iPSCs, leading to uncovering disease pathogenesis that guides the development of therapeutic strategies. Finally, we will address new opportunities of iPSC-assisted drug discovery with multi-disciplinary approaches from bioengineering to Omics technology. Despite technological challenges, iPSC-derived cytoarchitectures through interactions of diverse cell types mimic patients' CNS and serve as a platform for therapeutic development and personalized precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qian
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Ronald Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Julia TCW
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Ronald Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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30
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Nair S, Mazzoccoli L, Jash A, Govero J, Bais SS, Hu T, Fontes-Garfias CR, Shan C, Okada H, Shresta S, Rich JN, Shi PY, Diamond MS, Chheda MG. Zika virus oncolytic activity requires CD8+ T cells and is boosted by immune checkpoint blockade. JCI Insight 2021; 6:144619. [PMID: 33232299 PMCID: PMC7821591 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.144619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a fatal human cancer in part because GBM stem cells are resistant to therapy and recurrence is inevitable. Previously, we demonstrated Zika virus (ZIKV) targets GBM stem cells and prevents death of mice with gliomas. Here, we evaluated the immunological basis of ZIKV-mediated protection against GBM. Introduction of ZIKV into the brain tumor increased recruitment of CD8+ T and myeloid cells to the tumor microenvironment. CD8+ T cells were required for ZIKV-dependent tumor clearance because survival benefits were lost with CD8+ T cell depletion. Moreover, while anti–PD-1 antibody monotherapy moderately improved tumor survival, when coadministered with ZIKV, survival increased. ZIKV-mediated tumor clearance also resulted in durable protection against syngeneic tumor rechallenge, which also depended on CD8+ T cells. To address safety concerns, we generated an immune-sensitized ZIKV strain, which was effective alone or in combination with immunotherapy. Thus, oncolytic ZIKV treatment can be leveraged by immunotherapies, which may prompt combination treatment paradigms for adult patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Nair
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Luciano Mazzoccoli
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Arijita Jash
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jennifer Govero
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sachendra S Bais
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tong Hu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Camila R Fontes-Garfias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Chao Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery and.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California School of Medicine, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and.,Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Pathology & Immunology.,Department of Molecular Microbiology.,The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, and
| | - Milan G Chheda
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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31
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Yang S, Gorshkov K, Lee EM, Xu M, Cheng YS, Sun N, Soheilian F, de Val N, Ming G, Song H, Tang H, Zheng W. Zika Virus-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis via Increased Mitochondrial Fragmentation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:598203. [PMID: 33424801 PMCID: PMC7785723 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.598203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2015 to 2016 outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) infections in the Americas coincided with a dramatic increase in neurodevelopmental abnormalities, including fetal microcephaly, in newborns born to infected women. In this study, we observed mitochondrial fragmentation and disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential after 24 h of ZIKV infection in human neural stem cells and the SNB-19 glioblastoma cell line. The severity of these changes correlated with the amount of ZIKV proteins expressed in infected cells. ZIKV infection also decreased the levels of mitofusin 2, which modulates mitochondria fusion. Mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (Mdivi-1), a small molecule inhibiting mitochondria fission, ameliorated mitochondria disruptions and reduced cell death in ZIKV-infected cells. Collectively, this study suggests that abnormal mitochondrial fragmentation contributes to ZIKV-induced neuronal cell death; rebalancing mitochondrial dynamics of fission-fusion could be a therapeutic strategy for drug development to treat ZIKV-mediated neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kirill Gorshkov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Emily M Lee
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Miao Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yu-Shan Cheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nuo Sun
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ferri Soheilian
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Natalia de Val
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Guoli Ming
- Department of Neuroscience, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hengli Tang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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32
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Jacob F, Pather SR, Huang WK, Zhang F, Wong SZH, Zhou H, Cubitt B, Fan W, Chen CZ, Xu M, Pradhan M, Zhang DY, Zheng W, Bang AG, Song H, Carlos de la Torre J, Ming GL. Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells and Brain Organoids Reveal SARS-CoV-2 Neurotropism Predominates in Choroid Plexus Epithelium. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 27:937-950.e9. [PMID: 33010822 PMCID: PMC7505550 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurological complications are common in patients with COVID-19. Although severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causal pathogen of COVID-19, has been detected in some patient brains, its ability to infect brain cells and impact their function is not well understood. Here, we investigated the susceptibility of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived monolayer brain cells and region-specific brain organoids to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found that neurons and astrocytes were sparsely infected, but choroid plexus epithelial cells underwent robust infection. We optimized a protocol to generate choroid plexus organoids from hiPSCs and showed that productive SARS-CoV-2 infection of these organoids is associated with increased cell death and transcriptional dysregulation indicative of an inflammatory response and cellular function deficits. Together, our findings provide evidence for selective SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism and support the use of hiPSC-derived brain organoids as a platform to investigate SARS-CoV-2 infection susceptibility of brain cells, mechanisms of virus-induced brain dysfunction, and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Jacob
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sarshan R Pather
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wei-Kai Huang
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Samuel Zheng Hao Wong
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Haowen Zhou
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Beatrice Cubitt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wenqiang Fan
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Catherine Z Chen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Miao Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Manisha Pradhan
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel Y Zhang
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anne G Bang
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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33
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Tabari D, Scholl C, Steffens M, Weickhardt S, Elgner F, Bender D, Herrlein ML, Sabino C, Semkova V, Peitz M, Till A, Brüstle O, Hildt E, Stingl J. Impact of Zika Virus Infection on Human Neural Stem Cell MicroRNA Signatures. Viruses 2020; 12:E1219. [PMID: 33121145 PMCID: PMC7693339 DOI: 10.3390/v12111219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus, which can cause brain abnormalities in newborns, including microcephaly. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs, which post- transcriptionally regulate gene expression. They are involved in various processes including neurological development and host responses to viral infection, but their potential role in ZIKV pathogenesis remains poorly understood. MiRNAs can be incorporated into extracellular vesicles (EVs) and mediate cell-to-cell communication. While it is well known that in viral infections EVs carrying miRNAs can play a crucial role in disease pathogenesis, ZIKV effects on EV-delivered miRNAs and their contribution to ZIKV pathogenesis have not been elucidated. In the present study, we profiled intracellular and EV-derived miRNAs by next generation sequencing and analyzed the host mRNA transcriptome of neural stem cells during infection with ZIKV Uganda and French Polynesia strains. We identified numerous miRNAs, including miR-4792, which were dysregulated at the intracellular level and had altered levels in EVs during ZIKV infection. Integrated analyses of differentially expressed genes and miRNAs showed that ZIKV infection had an impact on processes associated with neurodevelopment and oxidative stress. Our results provide insights into the roles of intracellular and EV-associated host miRNAs in ZIKV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denna Tabari
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, 53175 Bonn, Germany; (D.T.); (M.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Catharina Scholl
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, 53175 Bonn, Germany; (D.T.); (M.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Michael Steffens
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, 53175 Bonn, Germany; (D.T.); (M.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Sandra Weickhardt
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, 53175 Bonn, Germany; (D.T.); (M.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Fabian Elgner
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany; (F.E.); (D.B.); (M.-L.H.); (C.S.); (E.H.)
| | - Daniela Bender
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany; (F.E.); (D.B.); (M.-L.H.); (C.S.); (E.H.)
| | - Marie-Luise Herrlein
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany; (F.E.); (D.B.); (M.-L.H.); (C.S.); (E.H.)
| | - Catarina Sabino
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany; (F.E.); (D.B.); (M.-L.H.); (C.S.); (E.H.)
| | - Vesselina Semkova
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (V.S.); (M.P.); (A.T.); (O.B.)
| | - Michael Peitz
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (V.S.); (M.P.); (A.T.); (O.B.)
- Cell Programming Core Facility, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53172 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Till
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (V.S.); (M.P.); (A.T.); (O.B.)
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (V.S.); (M.P.); (A.T.); (O.B.)
| | - Eberhard Hildt
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany; (F.E.); (D.B.); (M.-L.H.); (C.S.); (E.H.)
| | - Julia Stingl
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
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34
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Baggiani M, Dell’Anno MT, Pistello M, Conti L, Onorati M. Human Neural Stem Cell Systems to Explore Pathogen-Related Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cells 2020; 9:E1893. [PMID: 32806773 PMCID: PMC7464299 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Building and functioning of the human brain requires the precise orchestration and execution of myriad molecular and cellular processes, across a multitude of cell types and over an extended period of time. Dysregulation of these processes affects structure and function of the brain and can lead to neurodevelopmental, neurological, or psychiatric disorders. Multiple environmental stimuli affect neural stem cells (NSCs) at several levels, thus impairing the normal human neurodevelopmental program. In this review article, we will delineate the main mechanisms of infection adopted by several neurotropic pathogens, and the selective NSC vulnerability. In particular, TORCH agents, i.e., Toxoplasma gondii, others (including Zika virus and Coxsackie virus), Rubella virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes simplex virus, will be considered for their devastating effects on NSC self-renewal with the consequent neural progenitor depletion, the cellular substrate of microcephaly. Moreover, new evidence suggests that some of these agents may also affect the NSC progeny, producing long-term effects in the neuronal lineage. This is evident in the paradigmatic example of the neurodegeneration occurring in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Baggiani
- Unit of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Maria Teresa Dell’Anno
- Cellular Engineering Laboratory, Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, 56017 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Mauro Pistello
- Retrovirus Center and Virology Section, Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa and Virology Division, Pisa University Hospital, 56100 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Luciano Conti
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology—CIBIO, University of Trento, 38122 Trento, Italy;
| | - Marco Onorati
- Unit of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
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35
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Krefft O, Koch P, Ladewig J. Cerebral organoids to unravel the mechanisms underlying malformations of human cortical development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 111:15-22. [PMID: 32741653 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies identified multiple mutations associated with malformations of cortical development (MCD) in humans. When analyzing the underlying mechanisms in non-human experimental models it became increasingly evident, that these mutations accumulate in genes, which functions evolutionary progressed from rodents to humans resulting in an incomplete reflection of the molecular and cellular alterations in these models. Human brain organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells resemble early aspects of human brain development to a remarkable extent making them an attractive model to investigate MCD. Here we review how human brain organoids enable the generation of fundamental new insight about the underlying pathomechanisms of MCD. We show how phenotypic features of these diseases are reflected in human brain organoids and discuss challenges and future considerations but also limitations for the use of human brain organoids to model human brain development and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Krefft
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research (HITBR gGmbH), Mannheim, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Koch
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research (HITBR gGmbH), Mannheim, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Julia Ladewig
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research (HITBR gGmbH), Mannheim, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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36
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Kim DS. Cancer stem cell plasticity in glioblastoma multiforme: a perspective on future directions in oncolytic virotherapy. Future Oncol 2020; 16:2251-2264. [PMID: 32744059 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2019-0606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis suggests that a rare population of stem-like cells underpin tumorigenesis. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) demonstrate novel mechanisms of targeting the elusive CSCs with greater selectivity - promising therapeutic potential against solid tumors such as glioblastoma (GBM) that are resistant to conventional treatment. In general, OVs have failed to translate the efficacy from bench to bedside. The success of OVs rely on the hypothesis that eliminating CSCs is key to preventing recurrence. However, newly emerging evidence of CSC plasticity challenge this hypothesis by proposing that the CSC pool can be regenerated from non-CSCs post-treatment. We review this evidence surrounding the CSC hypothesis to propose an original perspective on why several advanced OVs may be failing to reflect their true potential in clinical trials. We argue that preventing non-CSC to CSC dedifferentiation may be critical to achieving long-term treatment efficacy in future OV clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Kim
- Medical Sciences Division, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 1DP, United Kingdom
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37
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Antibiotic fidaxomicin is an RdRp inhibitor as a potential new therapeutic agent against Zika virus. BMC Med 2020; 18:204. [PMID: 32731873 PMCID: PMC7392643 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01663-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is a global health problem, and its complications, including congenital Zika syndrome and Guillain-Barré syndrome, constitute a continued threat to humans. Unfortunately, effective therapeutics against ZIKV infection are not available thus far. METHODS We screened the compounds collection consisting of 1789 FDA-approved drugs by a computational docking method to obtain anti-ZIKV candidate compounds targeting ZIKV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). SPR (BIAcore) assay was employed to demonstrate the candidate compounds' direct binding to ZIKV RdRp, and polymerase activity assay was used to determine the inhibitory effect on ZIKV RdRp-catalyzed RNA synthesis. The antiviral effects on ZIKV in vitro and in vivo were detected in infected cultured cells and in Ifnar1-/- mice infected by ZIKV virus using plaque assay, western blotting, tissue immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Here, we report that a first-in-class macrocyclic antibiotic, which has been clinically used to treat Clostridium difficile infection, fidaxomicin, potently inhibits ZIKV replication in vitro and in vivo. Our data showed that fidaxomicin was effective against African and Asian lineage ZIKV in a wide variety of cell lines of various tissue origins, and prominently suppressed ZIKV infection and significantly improved survival of infected mice. In addition, fidaxomicin treatment reduced the virus load in the brains and testes, and alleviated ZIKV-associated pathological damages, such as paralysis, hunching, and neuronal necrosis in the cerebra. Furthermore, our mechanistic study showed that fidaxomicin directly bound ZIKV NS5 protein and inhibited the RNA synthesis-catalyzing activity of ZIKV RdRp. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that fidaxomicin may represent an effective anti-ZIKV agent. In the light that fidaxomicin is already a clinically used drug, there might be a promising prospect in the development of fidaxomicin to be an antiviral therapeutic.
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Single-cell transcriptomics reveals multiple neuronal cell types in human midbrain-specific organoids. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:463-476. [PMID: 32737576 PMCID: PMC7683480 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human stem cell-derived organoids have great potential for modelling physiological and pathological processes. They recapitulate in vitro the organization and function of a respective organ or part of an organ. Human midbrain organoids (hMOs) have been described to contain midbrain-specific dopaminergic neurons that release the neurotransmitter dopamine. However, the human midbrain contains also additional neuronal cell types, which are functionally interacting with each other. Here, we analysed hMOs at high-resolution by means of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), imaging and electrophysiology to unravel cell heterogeneity. Our findings demonstrate that hMOs show essential neuronal functional properties as spontaneous electrophysiological activity of different neuronal subtypes, including dopaminergic, GABAergic, glutamatergic and serotonergic neurons. Recapitulating these in vivo features makes hMOs an excellent tool for in vitro disease phenotyping and drug discovery.
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Yadav A, Seth B, Chaturvedi RK. Brain Organoids: Tiny Mirrors of Human Neurodevelopment and Neurological Disorders. Neuroscientist 2020; 27:388-426. [PMID: 32723210 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420943192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Unravelling the complexity of the human brain is a challenging task. Nowadays, modern neurobiologists have developed 3D model systems called "brain organoids" to overcome the technical challenges in understanding human brain development and the limitations of animal models to study neurological diseases. Certainly like most model systems in neuroscience, brain organoids too have limitations, as these minuscule brains lack the complex neuronal circuitry required to begin the operational tasks of human brain. However, researchers are hopeful that future endeavors with these 3D brain tissues could provide mechanistic insights into the generation of circuit complexity as well as reproducible creation of different regions of the human brain. Herein, we have presented the contemporary state of brain organoids with special emphasis on their mode of generation and their utility in modelling neurological disorders, drug discovery, and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Yadav
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Brashket Seth
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar Chaturvedi
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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40
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Jacob F, Pather SR, Huang WK, Wong SZH, Zhou H, Zhang F, Cubitt B, Chen CZ, Xu M, Pradhan M, Zhang DY, Zheng W, Bang AG, Song H, de A Torre JC, Ming GL. Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells and Brain Organoids Reveal SARS-CoV-2 Neurotropism. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.07.28.225151. [PMID: 32766575 PMCID: PMC7402032 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.28.225151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Neurological complications are common in patients with COVID-19. While SARS-CoV-2, the causal pathogen of COVID-19, has been detected in some patient brains, its ability to infect brain cells and impact their function are not well understood, and experimental models using human brain cells are urgently needed. Here we investigated the susceptibility of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived monolayer brain cells and region-specific brain organoids to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found modest numbers of infected neurons and astrocytes, but greater infection of choroid plexus epithelial cells. We optimized a protocol to generate choroid plexus organoids from hiPSCs, which revealed productive SARS-CoV-2 infection that leads to increased cell death and transcriptional dysregulation indicative of an inflammatory response and cellular function deficits. Together, our results provide evidence for SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism and support use of hiPSC-derived brain organoids as a platform to investigate the cellular susceptibility, disease mechanisms, and treatment strategies for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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41
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Zhang DY, Song H, Ming GL. Modeling neurological disorders using brain organoids. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 111:4-14. [PMID: 32561297 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are challenging to study given the complexity and species-specific features of the organ system. Brain organoids are three dimensional structured aggregates of neural tissue that are generated by self-organization and differentiation from pluripotent stem cells under optimized culture conditions. These brain organoids exhibit similar features of structural organization and cell type diversity as the developing human brain, creating opportunities to recapitulate disease phenotypes that are not otherwise accessible. Here we review the initial attempt in the field to apply brain organoid models for the study of many different types of human neurological disorders across a wide range of etiologies and pathophysiologies. Forthcoming advancements in both brain organoid technology as well as analytical methods have significant potentials to advance the understanding of neurological disorders and to uncover opportunities for meaningful therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Y Zhang
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Asian Zika Virus Isolate Significantly Changes the Transcriptional Profile and Alternative RNA Splicing Events in a Neuroblastoma Cell Line. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050510. [PMID: 32380717 PMCID: PMC7290316 DOI: 10.3390/v12050510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The alternative splicing of pre-mRNAs expands a single genetic blueprint to encode multiple, functionally diverse protein isoforms. Viruses have previously been shown to interact with, depend on, and alter host splicing machinery. The consequences, however, incited by viral infection on the global alternative slicing (AS) landscape are under-appreciated. Here, we investigated the transcriptional and alternative splicing profile of neuronal cells infected with a contemporary Puerto Rican Zika virus (ZIKVPR) isolate, an isolate of the prototypical Ugandan ZIKV (ZIKVMR), and dengue virus 2 (DENV2). Our analyses revealed that ZIKVPR induced significantly more differential changes in expressed genes compared to ZIKVMR or DENV2, despite all three viruses showing equivalent infectivity and viral RNA levels. Consistent with the transcriptional profile, ZIKVPR induced a higher number of alternative splicing events compared to ZIKVMR or DENV2, and gene ontology analyses highlighted alternative splicing changes in genes associated with mRNA splicing. In summary, we show that ZIKV affects cellular RNA homeostasis not only at the transcriptional levels but also through the alternative splicing of cellular transcripts. These findings could provide new molecular insights into the neuropathologies associated with this virus.
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Kelly AH, Lezaun J, Löwy I, Matta GC, de Oliveira Nogueira C, Rabello ET. Uncertainty in times of medical emergency: Knowledge gaps and structural ignorance during the Brazilian Zika crisis. Soc Sci Med 2020; 246:112787. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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44
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Ji W, Luo G. Zika virus NS5 nuclear accumulation is protective of protein degradation and is required for viral RNA replication. Virology 2020; 541:124-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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45
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Understanding Flavivirus Capsid Protein Functions: The Tip of the Iceberg. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9010042. [PMID: 31948047 PMCID: PMC7168633 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA arboviruses, infectious to humans and many other animals and are transmitted primarily via tick or mosquito vectors. Capsid is the primary structural protein to interact with viral genome within virus particles and is therefore necessary for efficient packaging. However, in cells, capsid interacts with many proteins and nucleic acids and we are only beginning to understand the broad range of functions of flaviviral capsids. It is known that capsid dimers interact with the membrane of lipid droplets, aiding in both viral packaging and storage of capsid prior to packaging. However, capsid dimers can bind a range of nucleic acid templates in vitro, and likely interact with a range of targets during the flavivirus lifecycle. Capsid may interact with host RNAs, resulting in altered RNA splicing and RNA transcription. Capsid may also bind short interfering-RNAs and has been proposed to sequester these species to protect flaviviruses from the invertebrate siRNA pathways. Capsid can also be found in the nucleolus, where it wreaks havoc on ribosome biogenesis. Here we review flavivirus capsid structure, nucleic acid interactions and how these give rise to multiple functions. We also discuss how these features might be exploited either in the design of effective antivirals or novel vaccine strategies.
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Modelling Neurotropic Flavivirus Infection in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215404. [PMID: 31671583 PMCID: PMC6862117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and their differentiation into a variety of cells and organoids have allowed setting up versatile, non-invasive, ethically sustainable, and patient-specific models for the investigation of the mechanisms of human diseases, including viral infections and host–pathogen interactions. In this study, we investigated and compared the infectivity and replication kinetics in hiPSCs, hiPSC-derived neural stem cells (NSCs) and undifferentiated neurons, and the effect of viral infection on host innate antiviral responses of representative flaviviruses associated with diverse neurological diseases, i.e., Zika virus (ZIKV), West Nile virus (WNV), and dengue virus (DENV). In addition, we exploited hiPSCs to model ZIKV infection in the embryo and during neurogenesis. The results of this study confirmed the tropism of ZIKV for NSCs, but showed that WNV replicated in these cells with much higher efficiency than ZIKV and DENV, inducing massive cell death. Although with lower efficiency, all flaviviruses could also infect pluripotent stem cells and neurons, inducing similar patterns of antiviral innate immune response gene expression. While showing the usefulness of hiPSC-based infection models, these findings suggest that additional virus-specific mechanisms, beyond neural tropism, are responsible for the peculiarities of disease phenotype in humans.
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47
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Wen F, Armstrong N, Hou W, Cruz-Cosme R, Obwolo LA, Ishizuka K, Ullah H, Luo MH, Sawa A, Tang Q. Zika virus increases mind bomb 1 levels, causing degradation of pericentriolar material 1 (PCM1) and dispersion of PCM1-containing granules from the centrosome. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18742-18755. [PMID: 31666336 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is a cytoplasmic nonenveloped organelle functioning as one of the microtubule-organizing centers and composing a centriole center surrounded by pericentriolar material (PCM) granules. PCM consists of many centrosomal proteins, including PCM1 and centrosomal protein 131 (CEP131), and helps maintain centrosome stability. Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus of the family Flaviviridae whose RNA and viral particles are replicated in the cytoplasm. However, how ZIKV interacts with host cell components during its productive infection stage is incompletely understood. Here, using several primate cell lines, we report that ZIKV infection disrupts and disperses the PCM granules. We demonstrate that PCM1- and CEP131-containing granules are dispersed in ZIKV-infected cells, whereas the centrioles remain intact. We found that ZIKV does not significantly alter cellular skeletal proteins, and, hence, these proteins may not be involved in the interaction between ZIKV and centrosomal proteins. Moreover, ZIKV infection decreased PCM1 and CEP131 protein, but not mRNA, levels. We further found that the protease inhibitor MG132 prevents the decrease in PCM1 and CEP131 levels and centriolar satellite dispersion. Therefore, we hypothesized that ZIKV infection induces proteasomal PCM1 and CEP131 degradation and thereby disrupts the PCM granules. Supporting this hypothesis, we show that ZIKV infection increases levels of mind bomb 1 (MIB1), previously demonstrated to be an E3 ubiquitin ligase for PCM1 and CEP131 and that ZIKV fails to degrade or disperse PCM in MIB1-ko cells. Our results imply that ZIKV infection activates MIB1-mediated ubiquitination that degrades PCM1 and CEP131, leading to PCM granule dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayuan Wen
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, D. C. 20059
| | - Najealicka Armstrong
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, D. C. 20059
| | - Wangheng Hou
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, D. C. 20059
| | - Ruth Cruz-Cosme
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, D. C. 20059
| | - Lilian Akello Obwolo
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, D. C. 20059
| | - Koko Ishizuka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Hemayet Ullah
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, D. C. 20059
| | - Min-Hua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, D. C. 20059.
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Chen HI, Wolf JA, Blue R, Song MM, Moreno JD, Ming GL, Song H. Transplantation of Human Brain Organoids: Revisiting the Science and Ethics of Brain Chimeras. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 25:462-472. [PMID: 31585092 PMCID: PMC7180006 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent demonstrations of human brain organoid transplantation in rodents have accentuated ethical concerns associated with these entities, especially as they relate to potential "humanization" of host animals. Consideration of established scientific principles can help define the realistic range of expected outcomes in such transplantation studies. This practical approach suggests that augmentation of discrete brain functions in transplant hosts is a more relevant ethical question in the near term than the possibility of "conscious" chimeric animals. We hope that this framework contributes to a balanced approach for proceeding with studies involving brain organoid transplantation and other forms of human-animal brain chimeras.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Isaac Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - John A Wolf
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rachel Blue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mingyan Maggie Song
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan D Moreno
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Philosophy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Gilbert‐Jaramillo J, Garcez P, James W, Molnár Z, Clarke K. The potential contribution of impaired brain glucose metabolism to congenital Zika syndrome. J Anat 2019; 235:468-480. [PMID: 30793304 PMCID: PMC6704275 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) became a major worldwide public concern in 2015 due to the congenital syndrome which presents the highest risk during the first trimester of pregnancy and includes microcephaly and eye malformations. Several cellular, genetic and molecular studies have shown alterations in metabolic pathways, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, immunity and dysregulation of RNA and energy metabolism both in vivo and in vitro. Here we summarise the main metabolic complications, with a particular focus on the possibility that brain energy metabolism is altered following ZIKV infection, contributing to developmental abnormalities. Brain energetic failure has been implicated in neurological conditions such as autism disorder and epilepsy, as well as in metabolic diseases with severe neurodevelopmental complications such as Glut-1 deficiency syndrome. Therefore, these energetic alterations are of wide-ranging interest as they might be directly implicated in congenital ZIKV syndrome. Data showing increased glycolysis during ZIKV infection, presumably required for viral replication, might support the idea that the virus can cause energetic stress in the developing brain cells. Consequences may include neuroinflammation, cell cycle dysregulation and cell death. Ketone bodies are non-glycolytic brain fuels that are produced during neonatal life, starvation or fasting, ingestion of high-fat low-carbohydrate diets, and following supplementation with ketone esters. We propose that dietary ketones might alter the course of the disease and could even provide some degree of prevention of ZIKV-associated abnormalities and potentially related neurological conditions characterised by brain glucose impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia Garcez
- Institute of Biomedical SciencesFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - William James
- Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Kieran Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Yilmaz V, Strati K. Regulating cellular plasticity to persist: a way for tumor viruses to triumph. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 39:1-7. [PMID: 31302443 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vural Yilmaz
- University of Cyprus, Department of Biological Sciences, 1 University Avenue, 2109, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Katerina Strati
- University of Cyprus, Department of Biological Sciences, 1 University Avenue, 2109, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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