1
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Pandita S, Garg K, Zhang J, Mobbs D. Three roots of online toxicity: disembodiment, accountability, and disinhibition. Trends Cogn Sci 2024:S1364-6613(24)00142-6. [PMID: 38981777 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Online communication is central to modern social life, yet it is often linked to toxic manifestations and reduced well-being. How and why online communication enables these toxic social effects remains unanswered. In this opinion, we propose three roots of online toxicity: disembodiment, limited accountability, and disinhibition. We suggest that virtual disembodiment results in a chain of psychological states primed for deleterious social interaction. Drawing from differences between face-to-face and online interactions, the framework highlights and addresses the fundamental problems that result in impaired communication between individuals and explicates its effects on social toxicity online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Pandita
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences and Computation, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, HSS 228-77, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Ketika Garg
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences and Computation, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, HSS 228-77, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jiajin Zhang
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences and Computation, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, HSS 228-77, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Dean Mobbs
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences and Computation, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, HSS 228-77, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Neural Systems Program at the California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, HSS 228-77, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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2
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Oguni R, Ishii C. Gratitude promotes prosocial behavior even in uncertain situation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14379. [PMID: 38909154 PMCID: PMC11193747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65460-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Gratitude is pivotal in promoting and maintaining prosocial interactions in human society. However, it is unclear whether the prosocial function of gratitude can be observed even in situations of uncertainty about whether one can provide benefits to others. Here, we examined whether gratitude promotes prosocial behavior in uncertain situations. Participants (N = 60) were randomly assigned to either a gratitude or neutral group. Following the emotion-induced manipulation, we examined whether participants would choose a non-unique resource when selecting one of four resources (one unique and three non-unique) to leave the choice to the follower. This represented an uncertain situation in which choosing a non-unique resource does not necessarily mean the follower will choose the unique one. Results showed that participants in the gratitude group were more likely to choose non-unique resources than those in the neutral group, suggesting that gratitude promotes prosocial behavior even in uncertain situations. Our findings indicate that gratitude is widely prevalent as a lubricant for interpersonal and cooperative relationships in human society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Oguni
- College of Comprehensive Psychology, Ritsumeikan University, 2-150 Iwakura-Cho, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Chikara Ishii
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, and Osaka University, 588-2 Iwaoka, Iwaoka-Cho, Nishi-Ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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3
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Soutschek A, Burke CJ, Kang P, Wieland N, Netzer N, Tobler PN. Neural Reward Representations Enable Utilitarian Welfare Maximization. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e2376232024. [PMID: 38621996 PMCID: PMC11112638 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2376-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
From deciding which meal to prepare for our guests to trading off the proenvironmental effects of climate protection measures against their economic costs, we often must consider the consequences of our actions for the well-being of others (welfare). Vexingly, the tastes and views of others can vary widely. To maximize welfare according to the utilitarian philosophical tradition, decision-makers facing conflicting preferences of others should choose the option that maximizes the sum of the subjective value (utility) of the entire group. This notion requires comparing the intensities of preferences across individuals. However, it remains unclear whether such comparisons are possible at all and (if they are possible) how they might be implemented in the brain. Here, we show that female and male participants can both learn the preferences of others by observing their choices and represent these preferences on a common scale to make utilitarian welfare decisions. On the neural level, multivariate support vector regressions revealed that a distributed activity pattern in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), a brain region previously associated with reward processing, represented the preference strength of others. Strikingly, also the utilitarian welfare of others was represented in the VMPFC and relied on the same neural code as the estimated preferences of others. Together, our findings reveal that humans can behave as if they maximized utilitarian welfare using a specific utility representation and that the brain enables such choices by repurposing neural machinery processing the reward others receive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Soutschek
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich 80802, Germany
| | | | - Pyungwon Kang
- Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8006, Switzerland
| | - Nuri Wieland
- Catholic University of Applied Sciences North Rhine-Westphalia, Cologne 50668, Germany
| | - Nick Netzer
- Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8006, Switzerland
| | - Philippe N Tobler
- Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8006, Switzerland
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4
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Shintaki R, Tanaka D, Suzuki S, Yoshimoto T, Sadato N, Chikazoe J, Jimura K. Continuous decision to wait for a future reward is guided by fronto-hippocampal anticipatory dynamics. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae217. [PMID: 38798003 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Deciding whether to wait for a future reward is crucial for surviving in an uncertain world. While seeking rewards, agents anticipate a reward in the present environment and constantly face a trade-off between staying in their environment or leaving it. It remains unclear, however, how humans make continuous decisions in such situations. Here, we show that anticipatory activity in the anterior prefrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus underpins continuous stay-leave decision-making. Participants awaited real liquid rewards available after tens of seconds, and their continuous decision was tracked by dynamic brain activity associated with the anticipation of a reward. Participants stopped waiting more frequently and sooner after they experienced longer delays and received smaller rewards. When the dynamic anticipatory brain activity was enhanced in the anterior prefrontal cortex, participants remained in their current environment, but when this activity diminished, they left the environment. Moreover, while experiencing a delayed reward in a novel environment, the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and hippocampus showed anticipatory activity. Finally, the activity in the anterior prefrontal cortex and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex was enhanced in participants adopting a leave strategy, whereas those remaining stationary showed enhanced hippocampal activity. Our results suggest that fronto-hippocampal anticipatory dynamics underlie continuous decision-making while anticipating a future reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Shintaki
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Daiki Tanaka
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Suzuki
- Centre for Brain, Mind and Markets, The University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Faculty of Social Data Science and HIAS Brain Research Center, Hitotsubashi University, 2-1 Naka, Kunitachi, 186-8601, Japan
| | - Takaaki Yoshimoto
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
- Section of Brain Function Information, Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Norihiro Sadato
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
- Section of Brain Function Information, Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Junichi Chikazoe
- Section of Brain Function Information, Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Araya, Inc., 1-11 Kanda Sakuma-cho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 101-0025, Japan
| | - Koji Jimura
- Department of Informatics, Gunma University, 4-2 Aramaki-machi, Maebashi, 371-8510, Japan
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5
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Moche H, Karlsson H, Västfjäll D. Victim identifiability, number of victims, and unit asking in charitable giving. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300863. [PMID: 38547164 PMCID: PMC10977801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examines the identifiable victim effect (being more willing to help an identified victim than an unidentified), the singularity effect (i.e., being more willing to help a single identified victim than a group of identified victims), and unit asking (first asking donors for their willingness to donate for one unit and then asking for donations for multiple units) in charitable giving. In five studies (N = 7996), we vary the level of identifiability, singularity, and group size. We find that unit asking is making people more sensitive to the number of people in need. Further, while the level of identifiability influences affective reactions, this effect does not extend to donations and, thus, is not affected by unit asking. We do, however, find an "emotion asking effect" where asking donors to rate their affect before donating increase donation levels (compared to donors asked to rate affect after). Emotion asking was attenuated when combined with unit asking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajdi Moche
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- JEDI-Lab, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hulda Karlsson
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- JEDI-Lab, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel Västfjäll
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- JEDI-Lab, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Decision Research, Eugene, OR, United States of America
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6
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Zhu R, Tang H, Xue J, Li Y, Liang Z, Wu S, Su S, Liu C. When advisors do not know what is best for advisees: Uncertainty inhibits advice giving. Psych J 2024. [PMID: 38530882 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
While seeking advice can be beneficial for advisees, advisors may not always possess the necessary knowledge to provide appropriate guidance. Poor-quality advice can mislead advisees rather than offering assistance. Despite the research interest in advisees, few studies have investigated advisors' psychological and behavioral responses, especially when they faced uncertainty regarding the optimal course of action for advisees. To fill this gap, we developed novel paradigms aiming at manipulating advisors' uncertainty, allowing for a systematic investigation of advisors' behavior, motivation, and emotion. Across four studies, we consistently found that advisors under uncertainty give less advice. Furthermore, we observed that uncertainty modulates advisors' motivation to influence, worry about harm to others, and/or sense of power. The motivation to influence and/or worry about harm to others can mediate the effect of uncertainty on advice giving. Besides, we identified nuanced distinctions in the effects of ambiguity and risk, two distinct types of uncertainty, on advisors' psychological processes. Our findings shed light on advisors' self-monitoring of the quality of their advice, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of advisor-advisee communication from the perspective of advisors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruida Zhu
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Honghong Tang
- Business School, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghua Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanping Li
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zilu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Simeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Song Su
- Business School, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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7
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Erfanian Abdoust M, Knecht S, Husain M, Le Heron C, Jocham G, Studer B. Effort-based decision making and motivational deficits in stroke patients. Brain Cogn 2024; 175:106123. [PMID: 38183905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2023.106123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Motivational deficits in patients recovering from stroke are common and can reduce active participation in rehabilitation and thereby impede functional recovery. We investigated whether stroke patients with clinically reduced drive, initiation, and endurance during functional rehabilitative training (n = 30) display systematic alterations in effort-based decision making compared to age, sex, and severity-matched stroke patients (n = 30) whose drive appeared unaffected. Notably, the two groups did not differ in self-reported ratings of apathy and depression. However, on an effort-based decision-making task, stroke patients with clinically apparent drive impairment showed intact willingness to accept effort for reward, but were more likely to fail to execute the required effort compared to patients without apparent drive impairments. In other words, the decision behavioural assessment revealed that stroke patients that displayed reduced drive, initiation, and endurance during inpatient neurorehabilitation failed to persist in goal-directed effort production, even over very short periods. These findings indicate that reduced drive during rehabilitative therapy in post-stroke patients is not due to a diminished motivation to invest physical effort, but instead is related to a reduced persistence with effortful behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Erfanian Abdoust
- Biological Psychology of Decision Making, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Mauritius Hospital Meerbusch, Meerbusch, Germany.
| | - Stefan Knecht
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Masud Husain
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Campbell Le Heron
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago (Christchurch), New Zealand; New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Gerhard Jocham
- Biological Psychology of Decision Making, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bettina Studer
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Mauritius Hospital Meerbusch, Meerbusch, Germany
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8
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Gradwohl N, Neth H, Giese H, Gaissmaier W. Explicit discrimination and ingroup favoritism, but no implicit biases in hypothetical triage decisions during COVID-19. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1213. [PMID: 38216652 PMCID: PMC10786932 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50385-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Disturbingly realistic triage scenarios during the COVID-19 pandemic provide an opportunity for studying discrimination in moral reasoning. Biases and favoritism do not need to be explicit and overt, but can remain implicit and covert. In addition to assessing laypeople's propensity for engaging in overt discrimination, the present study examines whether they reveal implicit biases through seemingly fair random allocations. We present a cross-sectional online study comprising 6 timepoints and a total of 2296 participants. Each individual evaluated 19 hypothetical scenarios that provide an allocation dilemma between two patients who are in need of ventilation and differ only in one focal feature. Participants could either allocate the last ventilator to a patient, or opt for random allocation to express impartiality. Overall, participants exhibited clear biases for the patient who was expected to be favored based on health factors, previous ethical or caretaking behaviors, and in-group favoritism. If one patient had been pre-allocated care, a higher probability of keeping the ventilator for the favored patient indicates persistent favoritism. Surprisingly, the absence of an asymmetry in random allocations indicates the absence of covert discrimination. Our results demonstrate that laypeople's hypothetical triage decisions discriminate overtly and show explicit biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Gradwohl
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence "Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour", University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
- Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Hansjörg Neth
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour", University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Helge Giese
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour", University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Gaissmaier
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour", University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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9
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Zheng Y, Guan C, Wang Z, Yang W, Gao B. Electrocortical correlates of hypersensitivity to large immediate rewards in sensation seeking. Neuroimage 2023; 284:120456. [PMID: 37977409 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensation seeking and delay discounting are strong predictors of various risk-taking behaviors. However, the relationship between sensation seeking and delay discounting remains elusive. Here, we addressed this issue by examining how high sensation seekers (HSS; N = 40) and low sensation seekers (LSS; N = 40) evaluated immediate and delayed rewards with low and high amounts during a behavioral task and an EEG task of delay discounting. Although HSS and LSS exhibited comparable discounting preference at the behavioral level, HSS relative to LSS was associated with a greater delay discounting effect at the neural level when earned rewards were large. This abnormality of reward magnitude was further corroborated by an electrocortical hypersensitivity to large immediate rewards and a stronger neural coding of reward magnitude for HSS as compared to LSS. Our findings support both the hyperactive approach theory and the optimal arousal theory in sensation seeking and have implications for the prevention and intervention targeting sensation seeking to reduce maladaptive risk-taking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zheng
- Department of Psychology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenlu Guan
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wendeng Yang
- Department of Psychology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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10
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Alreja A, Ward MJ, Ma Q, Russ BE, Bickel S, Van Wouwe NC, González-Martínez JA, Neimat JS, Abel TJ, Bagić A, Parker LS, Richardson RM, Schroeder CE, Morency LP, Ghuman AS. A new paradigm for investigating real-world social behavior and its neural underpinnings. Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:2333-2352. [PMID: 35877024 PMCID: PMC10841340 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-01882-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Eye tracking and other behavioral measurements collected from patient-participants in their hospital rooms afford a unique opportunity to study natural behavior for basic and clinical translational research. We describe an immersive social and behavioral paradigm implemented in patients undergoing evaluation for surgical treatment of epilepsy, with electrodes implanted in the brain to determine the source of their seizures. Our studies entail collecting eye tracking with other behavioral and psychophysiological measurements from patient-participants during unscripted behavior, including social interactions with clinical staff, friends, and family in the hospital room. This approach affords a unique opportunity to study the neurobiology of natural social behavior, though it requires carefully addressing distinct logistical, technical, and ethical challenges. Collecting neurophysiological data synchronized to behavioral and psychophysiological measures helps us to study the relationship between behavior and physiology. Combining across these rich data sources while participants eat, read, converse with friends and family, etc., enables clinical-translational research aimed at understanding the participants' disorders and clinician-patient interactions, as well as basic research into natural, real-world behavior. We discuss data acquisition, quality control, annotation, and analysis pipelines that are required for our studies. We also discuss the clinical, logistical, and ethical and privacy considerations critical to working in the hospital setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arish Alreja
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA.
- Machine Learning Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
| | - Michael J Ward
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Qianli Ma
- Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Brian E Russ
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, USA
| | - Stephan Bickel
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Northwell Health, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, USA
| | - Nelleke C Van Wouwe
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA
| | | | - Joseph S Neimat
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA
| | - Taylor J Abel
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Anto Bagić
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Lisa S Parker
- School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - R Mark Richardson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Charles E Schroeder
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, USA
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | | | - Avniel Singh Ghuman
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- Departments of Psychology, Neurobiology, and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
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11
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Fišerová A, Havlíček J, Urban M, Urban K, Štěrbová Z. Parental Interference in Offspring's Mate Choice: Sets of Actions and Counteractions Based on Both Perspectives. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:2447-2463. [PMID: 36800066 PMCID: PMC9936925 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02544-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mate choice in humans is specific by the involvement of kin both in partner choice and in the functioning of the relationship. The influence of relatives ranges from providing advice all the way to arranged marriages. Existing research so far tended to map neither the actual parental interventions and further reactions (counteractions) nor the independently pursued behavior (actions) by which the offspring or their partners assert their interests. This study identified such sets of behaviors through semi-structured individual interviews with members of 20 dyads of adult offspring and their biological parents (five son-mother, five son-father, five daughter-mother, and five daughter-father dyads). Thematic analysis revealed sets of parental actions aimed at the offspring, their partners, and the couple as a whole, as well as further counteractions (reactions to parental interference) and independently pursued behavior (actions) of the offspring and their partners aimed at the parents in the context of the offspring's previous or current relationship. Our findings showed that parental interference differed depending on the recipient: toward the couple were applied mainly indirect and supportive parental actions, whereas when facing their offspring or offspring's partner, parents' actions were more direct and disruptive. Our results thus indicate the importance of reporting about actual interactions which differ from the hypothetical settings used in prior studies by lower intensity. Moreover, by interviewing both members of dyads, we expanded the sets of actions and counteractions identified by prior studies and managed to limit self-reporting bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fišerová
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Havlíček
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Urban
- Faculty of Humanities, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Urban
- Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Štěrbová
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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12
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Jiang Y, McDonald KR, Pearson JM, Platt ML. Neuronal mechanisms of dynamic strategic competition. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2524549. [PMID: 36993358 PMCID: PMC10055525 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2524549/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Competitive social interactions, as in chess or poker, often involve multiple moves and countermoves deployed tactically within a broader strategic plan. Such maneuvers are supported by mentalizing or theory-of-mind-reasoning about the beliefs, plans, and goals of an opponent. The neuronal mechanisms underlying strategic competition remain largely unknown. To address this gap, we studied humans and monkeys playing a virtual soccer game featuring continuous competitive interactions. Humans and monkeys deployed similar tactics within broadly identical strategies, which featured unpredictable trajectories and precise timing for kickers, and responsiveness to opponents for goalies. We used Gaussian Process (GP) classification to decompose continuous gameplay into a series of discrete decisions predicated on the evolving states of self and opponent. We extracted relevant model parameters as regressors for neuronal activity in macaque mid-superior temporal sulcus (mSTS), the putative homolog of human temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), an area selectively engaged during strategic social interactions. We discovered two spatially-segregated populations of mSTS neurons that signaled actions of self and opponent, sensitivities to state changes, and previous and current trial outcomes. Inactivating mSTS reduced kicker unpredictability and impaired goalie responsiveness. These findings demonstrate mSTS neurons multiplex information about the current states of self and opponent as well as history of previous interactions to support ongoing strategic competition, consistent with hemodynamic activity found in human TPJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoguang Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kelsey R. McDonald
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - John M. Pearson
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Michael L. Platt
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Marketing Department, the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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13
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Lenoir M, Navailles S, Vandaele Y, Vouillac-Mendoza C, Guillem K, Ahmed SH. Large-scale brain correlates of sweet versus cocaine reward in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:423-439. [PMID: 36453530 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine induces many supranormal changes in neuronal activity in the brain, notably in learning- and reward-related regions, in comparison with nondrug rewards-a difference that is thought to contribute to its relatively high addictive potential. However, when facing a choice between cocaine and a nondrug reward (e.g., water sweetened with saccharin), most rats do not choose cocaine, as one would expect from the extent and magnitude of its global activation of the brain, but instead choose the nondrug option. We recently showed that cocaine, though larger in magnitude, is also an inherently more delayed reward than sweet water, thereby explaining why it has less value during choice and why rats opt for the more immediate nondrug option. Here, we used a large-scale Fos brain mapping approach to measure brain responses to each option in saccharin-preferring rats, with the hope to identify brain regions whose activity may explain the preference for the nondrug option. In total, Fos expression was measured in 142 brain levels corresponding to 52 brain subregions and composing 5 brain macrosystems. Overall, our findings confirm in rats with a preference for saccharin that cocaine induces more global brain activation than the preferred nondrug option does. Only very few brain regions were uniquely activated by saccharin. They included regions involved in taste processing (i.e., anterior gustatory cortex) and also regions involved in processing reward delay and intertemporal choice (i.e., some components of the septohippocampal system and its connections with the lateral habenula).
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Affiliation(s)
- Magalie Lenoir
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Youna Vandaele
- INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire des Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Karine Guillem
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France
| | - Serge H Ahmed
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France
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14
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Lohmann PM, Gsottbauer E, You J, Kontoleon A. Anti-social behaviour and economic decision-making: Panel experimental evidence in the wake of COVID-19. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR & ORGANIZATION 2023; 206:136-171. [PMID: 36531911 PMCID: PMC9744689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We systematically examine the acute impact of exposure to a public health crisis on anti-social behaviour and economic decision-making using unique experimental panel data from China, collected just before the outbreak of COVID-19 and immediately after the first wave was overcome. Exploiting plausibly exogenous geographical variation in virus exposure coupled with a dataset of longitudinal experiments, we show that participants who were more intensely exposed to the virus outbreak became more anti-social than those with lower exposure, while other aspects of economic and social preferences remain largely stable. The finding is robust to multiple hypothesis testing and a similar, yet less pronounced pattern emerges when using alternative measures of virus exposure, reflecting societal concern and sentiment, constructed using social media data. The anti-social response is particularly pronounced for individuals who experienced an increase in depression or negative affect, which highlights the important role of psychological health as a potential mechanism through which the virus outbreak affected behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Lohmann
- El-Erian Institute of Behavioural Economics and Policy, Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Centre for Environment, Energy and Natural Resource Governance, Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Gsottbauer
- Institute of Public Finance, University of Innsbruck, Austria
- London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, United Kingdom
| | - Jing You
- School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Renmin University of China, China
| | - Andreas Kontoleon
- Centre for Environment, Energy and Natural Resource Governance, Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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15
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Six of one, half dozen of the other: Suboptimal prioritizing for equal and unequal alternatives. Mem Cognit 2023; 51:486-503. [PMID: 36223005 PMCID: PMC9950175 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-022-01356-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
It is possible to accomplish multiple goals when available resources are abundant, but when the tasks are difficult and resources are limited, it is better to focus on one task and complete it successfully than to divide your efforts and fail on both. Previous research has shown that people rarely apply this logic when faced with prioritizing dilemmas. The pairs of tasks in previous research had equal utility, which according to some models, can disrupt decision-making. We investigated whether the equivalence of two tasks contributes to suboptimal decisions about how to prioritize them. If so, removing or manipulating the arbitrary nature of the decision between options should facilitate optimal decisions about whether to focus effort on one goal or divide effort over two. Across all three experiments, however, participants did not appropriately adjust their decisions with task difficulty. The only condition in which participants adopted a strategy that approached optimal was when they had voluntarily placed more reward on one task over the other. For the task that was more rewarded, choices were modified more effectively with task difficulty. However, participants were more likely to choose to distribute rewards equally than unequally. The results demonstrate that situations involving choices between options with equal utility are not avoided and are even slightly preferred over unequal options, despite unequal options having larger potential gains and leading to more effective prioritizing strategies.
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16
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Chen PJ, Coricelli C, Kaya S, Rumiati RI, Foroni F. The role of associative learning in healthy and sustainable food evaluations: An event-related potential study. Neurosci Res 2022; 183:61-75. [PMID: 35820553 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Individuals in industrialized societies frequently include processed foods in their diet. However, overconsumption of heavily processed foods leads to imbalanced calorie intakes as well as negative health consequences and environmental impacts. In the present study, normal-weight healthy individuals were recruited in order to test whether associative learning (Evaluative Conditioning, EC) could strengthen the association between food-types (minimally processed and heavily processed foods) and concepts (e.g., healthiness), and whether these changes would be reflected at the implicit associations, at the explicit ratings and in behavioral choices. A Semantic Congruency task (SC) during electroencephalography recordings was used to examine the neural signature of newly acquired associations between foods and concepts. The accuracy after EC towards minimally processed food (MP-food) in the SC task significantly increased, indicating strengthened associations between MP-food and the concept of healthiness through EC. At the neural level, a more negative amplitude of the N400 waveform, which reflects semantic incongruency, was shown in response to MP-foods paired with the concept of unhealthiness in proximity of the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). This implied the possible role of the left DLPFC in changing food representations by integrating stimuli's features with existing food-relevant information. Finally, the N400 effect was modulated by individuals' attentional impulsivity as well as restrained eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol Coricelli
- Area of Neuroscience, SISSA, Trieste, Italy; Department of Psychology, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Sinem Kaya
- Area of Neuroscience, SISSA, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Foroni
- Area of Neuroscience, SISSA, Trieste, Italy; School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, NSW, Australia
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17
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Rethinking delusions: A selective review of delusion research through a computational lens. Schizophr Res 2022; 245:23-41. [PMID: 33676820 PMCID: PMC8413395 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Delusions are rigid beliefs held with high certainty despite contradictory evidence. Notwithstanding decades of research, we still have a limited understanding of the computational and neurobiological alterations giving rise to delusions. In this review, we highlight a selection of recent work in computational psychiatry aimed at developing quantitative models of inference and its alterations, with the goal of providing an explanatory account for the form of delusional beliefs in psychosis. First, we assess and evaluate the experimental paradigms most often used to study inferential alterations in delusions. Based on our review of the literature and theoretical considerations, we contend that classic draws-to-decision paradigms are not well-suited to isolate inferential processes, further arguing that the commonly cited 'jumping-to-conclusion' bias may reflect neither delusion-specific nor inferential alterations. Second, we discuss several enhancements to standard paradigms that show promise in more effectively isolating inferential processes and delusion-related alterations therein. We further draw on our recent work to build an argument for a specific failure mode for delusions consisting of prior overweighting in high-level causal inferences about partially observable hidden states. Finally, we assess plausible neurobiological implementations for this candidate failure mode of delusional beliefs and outline promising future directions in this area.
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18
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Białaszek W, Marcowski P, Mizak S. Everything Comes at a Price: Considerations in Modeling Effort-Based Choice. Behav Processes 2022; 200:104692. [PMID: 35753582 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
When observing human behavior, one of the key factors determining choice is effort. It is often assumed that people prefer an easier course of action when the alternative yields the same benefits. However, recent research demonstrates that this is not always the case: effort is not always costly and can also add value. A promising avenue to study effort-based choice is to utilize formal decision models that enable quantitative modeling. In this paper, we aim to present an overview of the current approaches to modeling effort-based choice and discuss some considerations that stem from theoretical and practical issues (present and previous) in studies on the role of effort, focusing on the connections and discrepancies between formal models and the findings from the body of empirical research. Considering that effort can, in some circumstances, act as a cost and as a benefit, reconciling these discrepancies is a practical and theoretical challenge that can ultimately lead to better predictions and increased model validity. Our review identifies and discusses these discrepancies providing direction for future empirical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Białaszek
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, DecisionLab: Center for Behavioral Research in Decision Making, Institute of Psychology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Marcowski
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, DecisionLab: Center for Behavioral Research in Decision Making, Institute of Psychology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Szymon Mizak
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, DecisionLab: Center for Behavioral Research in Decision Making, Institute of Psychology, Warsaw, Poland
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19
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Bo O’Connor B, Lee K, Campbell D, Young L. Moral psychology from the lab to the wild: Relief registries as a paradigm for studying real-world altruism. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269469. [PMID: 35696389 PMCID: PMC9191725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental psychology’s recent shift toward low-effort, high-volume methods (e.g., self-reports, online studies) and away from the more effortful study of naturalistic behavior raises concerns about the ecological validity of findings from these fields, concerns that have become particularly apparent in the field of moral psychology. To help address these concerns, we introduce a method allowing researchers to investigate an important, widespread form of altruistic behavior–charitable donations–in a manner balancing competing concerns about internal validity, ecological validity, and ease of implementation: relief registries, which leverage existing online gift registry platforms to allow research subjects to choose among highly needed donation items to ship directly to charitable organizations. Here, we demonstrate the use of relief registries in two experiments exploring the ecological validity of the finding from our own research that people are more willing to help others after having imagined themselves doing so. In this way, we sought to provide a blueprint for researchers seeking to enhance the ecological validity of their own research in a narrow sense (i.e., by using the relief registry method we introduce) and in broader terms by adapting methods that take advantage of modern technology to directly impact others’ lives outside the lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Bo O’Connor
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Karen Lee
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dylan Campbell
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Liane Young
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
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21
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Abstract
Bike-sharing systems (BSS) are offered in many cities and urban municipalities and urban areas without such systems are thinking about their introduction. In addition, many studies on BSS are available; however, neither mode nor route choice parameters are available for station-based BSS, which are required for the implementation of BSS in local and regional transport demand models. As a result, this makes it impossible to simulate demand model-based effects of these systems on other transport modes and e.g., calculate scenario-guided modal shifts. The paper presents results obtained from a survey study, which aims to estimate BSS-related choice parameters. The study combined computer-assisted telephone interviews (CATI) for a collection of revealed preferences (RP) on the use of BSS with a follow-up paper-and-pencil survey on stated preferences (SP) of 220 BSS users and non-users from the Rhine-Neckar area in mid-west Germany. Considering the three transport modes BSS, public transport (PT), and private motorized transport (PMT), results from this choice experiment and, according to behavioural parameters, allow integration of BSS in transport demand models and a simulation of modal shifts. Survey design, mode-choice experiment, and choice models are presented in this paper.
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22
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Hackethal A, Kirchler M, Laudenbach C, Razen M, Weber A. On the role of monetary incentives in risk preference elicitation experiments. JOURNAL OF RISK AND UNCERTAINTY 2022; 66:189-213. [PMID: 36945231 PMCID: PMC10023624 DOI: 10.1007/s11166-022-09377-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Incentivized experiments in which individuals receive monetary rewards according to the outcomes of their decisions are regarded as the gold standard for preference elicitation in experimental economics. These task-related real payments are considered necessary to reveal subjects' "true preferences." Using a systematic, large-sample approach with three subject pools of private investors, professional investors, and students, we test the effect of task-related monetary incentives on risk preferences in four standard experimental tasks. We find no significant differences in behavior between and within subjects in the incentivized and non-incentivized regimes. We discuss implications for academic research and forions in the field. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11166-022-09377-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hackethal
- Goethe University Frankfurt and Leibniz Institute for Financial Research SAFE, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Annika Weber
- Goethe University Frankfurt and Leibniz Institute for Financial Research SAFE, Frankfurt, Germany
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23
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Abstract
Problem gamblers discount delayed rewards more rapidly than do non-gambling controls. Understanding this impulsivity is important for developing treatment options. In this article, we seek to make two contributions: First, we ask which of the currently debated economic models of intertemporal choice (exponential versus hyperbolic versus quasi-hyperbolic) provides the best description of gamblers' discounting behavior. Second, we ask how problem gamblers differ from habitual gamblers and non-gambling controls within the most favored parametrization. Our analysis reveals that the quasi-hyperbolic discounting model is strongly favored over the other two parametrizations. Within the quasi-hyperbolic discounting model, problem gamblers have both a significantly stronger present bias and a smaller long-run discount factor, which suggests that gamblers' impulsivity has two distinct sources.
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24
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Huang L, Xie Y, Chen X. A Review of Functions of Speculative Thinking. Front Psychol 2021; 12:728946. [PMID: 34721189 PMCID: PMC8554239 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.728946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Speculative thinking refers to thinking about past or future possibilities; it includes counterfactual thinking, prefactual thinking, and other types. In this narrative review, we discuss the traditional function of speculative thinking in improving future performance (i.e., the preparatory function). We also explore several non-preparatory functions of speculative thinking that have not been widely covered, namely the functions of conveying information and of supporting lying. In addition, we address temporal asymmetry; one perspective focuses on psychological distance in speculative thinking about the past and future, while another focuses on temporal asymmetry and reality/hypothetical differences in the preparatory function of speculative thinking. Overall, this review suggests that a broader functional theory is needed to address non-preparatory functions and the traditional preparatory function. Such a theory should cover all speculative thinking about the past and future rather than simply counterfactual thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Huang
- Management School, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yibo Xie
- Management School, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- Management School, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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25
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Tedeschi E, Armand S, Buyalskaya A, Silston B, Mobbs D. Fear in groups: Increasing group size reduces perceptions of danger. Emotion 2021; 21:1499-1510. [PMID: 34928692 PMCID: PMC8697704 DOI: 10.1037/emo0001004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
When we face danger or stress, the presence of others can provide a powerful signal of safety and support. However, despite a large literature on group living benefits in animals, few studies have been conducted on how group size alters subjective emotional responses and threat perception in humans. We conducted 5 experiments (N = 3,652) to investigate whether the presence of others decreases fear in response to threat under a variety of conditions. In Studies 1, 2 and 3, we experimentally manipulated group size in hypothetical and real-world situations and found that fear responses decreased as group size increased. In Studies 4 and 5 we again used a combination of hypothetical and real-world decisions to test whether increased anxiety in response to a potential threat would lead participants to choose larger groups for themselves. Participants consistently chose larger groups when threat and anxiety were high. Overall, our findings show that group size provides a salient signal of protection and safety in humans. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Tedeschi
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY
| | - Sophia Armand
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY
| | - Anastasia Buyalskaya
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences and Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
| | - Brian Silston
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY
| | - Dean Mobbs
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences and Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
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26
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Ugazio G, Grueschow M, Polania R, Lamm C, Tobler P, Ruff C. Neuro-Computational Foundations of Moral Preferences. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 17:nsab100. [PMID: 34508645 PMCID: PMC8881635 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsab100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Moral preferences pervade many aspects of our lives, dictating how we ought to behave, whom we can marry, and even what we eat. Despite their relevance, one fundamental question remains unanswered: Where do individual moral preferences come from? It is often thought that all types of preferences reflect properties of domain-general neural decision mechanisms that employ a common "neural currency" to value choice options in many different contexts. This view, however, appears at odds with the observation that many humans consider it intuitively wrong to employ the same scale to compare moral value (e.g., of a human life) with material value (e.g., of money). In this paper, we directly test if moral subjective values are represented by similar neural processes as financial subjective values. In a study combining fMRI with a novel behavioral paradigm, we identify neural representations of the subjective values of human lives or financial payoffs by means of structurally identical computational models. Correlating isomorphic model variables from both domains with brain activity reveals specific patterns of neural activity that selectively represent values in the moral (rTPJ) or financial (vmPFC) domain. Intriguingly, our findings show that human lives and money are valued in (at least partially) distinct neural currencies, supporting theoretical proposals that human moral behavior is guided by processes that are distinct from those underlying behavior driven by personal material benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ugazio
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics (ZNE), Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8006, Switzerland
- Moral Psychology Research Lab, Department of Psychology, Harvard University Cambridge, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Geneva Finance Research Institute, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Grueschow
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics (ZNE), Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8006, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Polania
- Decision Neuroscience Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claus Lamm
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philippe Tobler
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics (ZNE), Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8006, Switzerland
| | - Christian Ruff
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics (ZNE), Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8006, Switzerland
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27
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Navajas J, Heduan FÁ, Garbulsky G, Tagliazucchi E, Ariely D, Sigman M. Moral responses to the COVID-19 crisis. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210096. [PMID: 34527267 PMCID: PMC8439416 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has raised complex moral dilemmas that have been the subject of extensive public debate. Here, we study how people judge a set of controversial actions related to the crisis: relaxing data privacy standards to allow public control of the pandemic, forbidding public gatherings, denouncing a friend who violated COVID-19 protocols, prioritizing younger over older patients when medical resources are scarce, and reducing animal rights to accelerate vaccine development. We collected acceptability judgements in an initial large-scale study with participants from 10 Latin American countries (N = 15 420). A formal analysis of the intrinsic correlations between responses to different dilemmas revealed that judgements were organized in two dimensions: one that reflects a focus on human life expectancy and one that cares about the health of all sentient lives in an equitable manner. These stereotyped patterns of responses were stronger in people who endorsed utilitarian decisions in a standardized scale. A second pre-registered study performed in the USA (N = 1300) confirmed the replicability of these findings. Finally, we show how the prioritization of public health correlated with several contextual, personality and demographic factors. Overall, this research sheds light on the relationship between utilitarian decision-making and moral responses to the COVID-19 crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Navajas
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Av. Figueroa Alcorta 7350, Buenos Aires C1428BCW, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
| | | | | | - Enzo Tagliazucchi
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Intendente Guiraldes 2160, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Dan Ariely
- The Fuqua School of Business, Duke University, 100 Fuqua Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Mariano Sigman
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Av. Figueroa Alcorta 7350, Buenos Aires C1428BCW, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
- Facultad de Lenguas y Educación, Universidad Nebrija, Calle de Sta. Cruz de Marcenado 27, Madrid 28015, Spain
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28
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Tong Z, Xie Y, Xiao H. Effect of CSR contribution timing during COVID-19 pandemic on consumers' prepayment purchase intentions: Evidence from hospitality industry in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT 2021; 97:102997. [PMID: 36540070 PMCID: PMC9756378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.102997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) contributions are essential for hospitality companies during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, little is known about how CSR contribution timing during the pandemic might affect consumers' prepayment purchase intentions. This paper takes a hospitality company as an example, using two experiments to explore (a) the effect of CSR contribution timing on consumers' prepayment purchase intentions and (b) the potential roles of psychological contracts and distance to the COVID-19 risk center. Study 1 demonstrated that CSR contributions during the COVID-19 outbreak (vs. after its peak) led consumers to have higher prepayment purchase intentions, revealing the impact of CSR contribution timing. This effect was also driven by psychological contracts between consumers and the hospitality company. Study 2 showed that, when participants were in the peripheral area of a COVID-19 outbreak, CSR contributions during the outbreak (vs. after its peak) increased prepayment purchase intentions whereas the opposite effect occurred when consumers were in the risk center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Tong
- Management School, Hainan University, China
| | - Yibo Xie
- Management School, Hainan University, China
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Ferraro PJ, Fooks J, Iovanna R, Kecinski M, Larson J, Meiselman BS, Messer KD, Wilson M. Conservation outreach that acknowledges human contributions to climate change does not inhibit action by U.S. farmers: Evidence from a large randomized controlled trial embedded in a federal program on soil health. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253872. [PMID: 34197511 PMCID: PMC8248691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Technologies and practices that reduce the environmental impacts of US agriculture are well documented. Less is known about how best to encourage their adoption. We report on the results of a large randomized controlled trial conducted with nearly 10,000 agricultural producers in the United States. The experiment was embedded in US Department of Agriculture outreach efforts to improve soil conservation practices. USDA varied the content of mailings to test two sets of competing theories about outreach to agricultural producers. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we find no evidence that acknowledging the link between climate change and agricultural production discourages conservation action. Furthermore, we find that producers who were invited to a webinar were less likely to take any action to learn more about conservation practices than producers who were not told about the webinar, a result that runs counter to the popular wisdom that offering more options leads to more action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Ferraro
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Carey Business School, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jacob Fooks
- New York Life Insurance Company, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rich Iovanna
- United States Department of Agriculture, Farm Service Agency, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Maik Kecinski
- Department of Applied Economics and Statistics, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Joel Larson
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ben S. Meiselman
- United States Department of the Treasury, Office of Tax Policy, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kent D. Messer
- Department of Applied Economics and Statistics, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Mike Wilson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation Service, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
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30
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Peng M, Browne H, Cahayadi J, Cakmak Y. Predicting food choices based on eye-tracking data: Comparisons between real-life and virtual tasks. Appetite 2021; 166:105477. [PMID: 34171409 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
As eye-trackers become increasingly important in studies on consumer food choice, it is crucial to test the ecological validity of virtual eye-tracking tests. The present study aims to cross-examine eye-tracking data obtained from real-life versus virtual food choice tasks. Sixty-two healthy females participated in this study by attending two sessions, with virtual and real-life settings, respectively. Both sessions were constructed identically - with participants required to view eight common snack food items with different arrangements, while wearing mobile eye-trackers. To complete each task, the participants were asked to select three types of food for consumption. Analyses of summed dwell time (i.e., total visit duration - the summed latency of gaze visit on an 'area of interest' from entry to exit) were performed to assess food attention biases across test conditions, and between the selected and unselected food items. While the results revealed only minor differences in visual preferences between real-life and virtual settings, data from these two settings showed differential relationships to food choices. Eye-tracking data obtained in the virtual setting supported the notion that the selected food items were looked at longer (p < 0.05). However, the dwell time is shown inadequate to fully capture the more complex cognitive processes underpinning real-life food choices, with non-significant differences being reflected in dwell time for selected versus unselect foods. Overall, our study demonstrates inconsistent outcomes of eye-tracking food research in virtual versus real-life settings, highlighting the importance of accounting for environmental variation when interpreting eye-tracking data for food cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Peng
- Sensory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Hannah Browne
- Sensory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jimmy Cahayadi
- Sensory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yusuf Cakmak
- Department of Anatomy, School of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Snow JC, Culham JC. The Treachery of Images: How Realism Influences Brain and Behavior. Trends Cogn Sci 2021; 25:506-519. [PMID: 33775583 PMCID: PMC10149139 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the cognitive sciences aim to ultimately understand behavior and brain function in the real world, for historical and practical reasons, the field has relied heavily on artificial stimuli, typically pictures. We review a growing body of evidence that both behavior and brain function differ between image proxies and real, tangible objects. We also propose a new framework for immersive neuroscience to combine two approaches: (i) the traditional build-up approach of gradually combining simplified stimuli, tasks, and processes; and (ii) a newer tear-down approach that begins with reality and compelling simulations such as virtual reality to determine which elements critically affect behavior and brain processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline C Snow
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Jody C Culham
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C2, Canada; Brain and Mind Institute, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada.
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Vonasch AJ, Sjåstad H. Future-Orientation (as Trait and State) Promotes Reputation-Protective Choice in Moral Dilemmas. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550619899257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
By neglecting the lifelong importance of having a good reputation, humans can profit in the short run from immoral behavior. Thus, reputation-protection is an intertemporal choice. In three preregistered studies ( N = 1,492 Americans), we tested the hypothesis that future-orientation would increase people’s willingness to protect their reputation from harm. In hypothetical scenarios, people had to choose whether they would pay an immediate cost to prevent a devastating rumor from spreading. Study 1 found a positive correlation between future-orientation and reputation-protection. Study 2 manipulated time perspective experimentally and found that future focus (vs. present focus) had a positive and causal effect on reputation-protection. Study 3 was a high-powered replication, showing that the effect of future focus on reputation-protective choice was robust and mediated by reputational concern. In line with common advice around the world of protecting one’s reputation from harm, one way people may achieve that goal is to think about the future before acting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hallgeir Sjåstad
- SNF—Centre of Applied Research at NHH, Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway
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Weis C, Kowald M, Danalet A, Schmid B, Vrtic M, Axhausen KW, Mathys N. Surveying and analysing mode and route choices in Switzerland 2010-2015. TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR & SOCIETY 2021; 22:10-21. [PMID: 32839690 PMCID: PMC7438072 DOI: 10.1016/j.tbs.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Every five years, the Mobility and Transport Microcensus (MTMC), a one-day CATI diary survey representative of the Swiss population in terms of socio-economics and trip characteristics, is carried out. In the year 2015, for the second time after 2010, an additional stated preference (SP) survey on respondents' mode and route choices was linked to the MTMC. The combination of revealed preferences (RP) from the MTMC interview and stated preferences from the follow-up survey provides a valid set of parameters for a new generation of regional and national transport demand models in Switzerland that are sensitive in terms of trip purposes, target groups and spatial patterns. These models, in turn, are needed for reliable transport forecasts and thus build the foundation of future transport policy in Switzerland. Willingness-to-pay indicators savings are found to be rather stable over time, which bodes well for their use in cost-benefit analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Weis
- TransOptima GmbH, Olten & Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Antonin Danalet
- Swiss Federal Office for Spatial Development (ARE), Ittigen, Switzerland
| | - Basil Schmid
- Institute for Transport Planning and Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Kay W Axhausen
- Institute for Transport Planning and Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Mathys
- Swiss Federal Office for Spatial Development (ARE), Ittigen, Switzerland
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35
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Lloyd EC, Shehzad Z, Schebendach J, Bakkour A, Xue AM, Assaf NF, Jilani R, Walsh BT, Steinglass J, Foerde K. Food Folio by Columbia Center for Eating Disorders: A Freely Available Food Image Database. Front Psychol 2020; 11:585044. [PMID: 33424700 PMCID: PMC7785939 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.585044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Food images are useful stimuli for the study of cognitive processes as well as eating behavior. To enhance rigor and reproducibility in task-based research, it is advantageous to have stimulus sets that are publicly available and well characterized. Food Folio by Columbia Center for Eating Disorders is a publicly available set of 138 images of Western food items. The set was developed for the study of eating disorders, particularly for use in tasks that capture eating behavior characteristic of these illnesses. It contains foods that are typically eaten, as well as those typically avoided, by individuals with eating disorders. Each image has now been rated across 17 different attributes by a large general United States population sample via Amazon's Mechanical Turk (n = 1054). Ratings included subjective attributes (e.g., tastiness, healthiness, and favorable texture) as well as estimates of nutrient content (e.g., fat and carbohydrate). Each participant rated a subset of stimulus set food items (46 foods) on all 17 dimensions. Additional description of the image set is provided in terms of physical image information and accurate nutritional information. Correlations between subjective ratings were calculated and an exploratory factor analysis and exploratory cluster analysis completed. Outcomes of the factor analysis suggested foods may be described along three latent factors of healthiness, tastiness, and umami taste; the cluster analysis highlighted five distinct clusters of foods varying on these same dimensions. Descriptive outcomes indicated that the stimulus set includes a range of foods that vary along multiple dimensions and thus is likely to be useful in addressing various research questions surrounding eating behavior and cognition in healthy populations, as well as in those with eating disorders. The provision of comprehensive descriptive information allows for stimulus selection that is optimized for a given research question and promotes strong inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Caitlin Lloyd
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Zarrar Shehzad
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Janet Schebendach
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Akram Bakkour
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alice M Xue
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Rayman Jilani
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - B Timothy Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Joanna Steinglass
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Karin Foerde
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
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Developmental asymmetries in learning to adjust to cooperative and uncooperative environments. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21761. [PMID: 33303840 PMCID: PMC7729944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning to successfully navigate social environments is a critical developmental goal, predictive of long-term wellbeing. However, little is known about how people learn to adjust to different social environments, and how this behaviour emerges across development. Here, we use a series of economic games to assess how children, adolescents, and young adults learn to adjust to social environments that differ in their level of cooperation (i.e., trust and coordination). Our results show an asymmetric developmental pattern: adjustment requiring uncooperative behaviour remains constant across adolescence, but adjustment requiring cooperative behaviour improves markedly across adolescence. Behavioural and computational analyses reveal that age-related differences in this social learning are shaped by age-related differences in the degree of inequality aversion and in the updating of beliefs about others. Our findings point to early adolescence as a phase of rapid change in cooperative behaviours, and highlight this as a key developmental window for interventions promoting well-adjusted social behaviour.
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37
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Yilmaz Balban M, Cafaro E, Saue-Fletcher L, Washington MJ, Bijanzadeh M, Lee AM, Chang EF, Huberman AD. Human Responses to Visually Evoked Threat. Curr Biol 2020; 31:601-612.e3. [PMID: 33242389 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vision is the primary sense humans use to evaluate and respond to threats. Understanding the biological underpinnings of the human threat response has been hindered by lack of realistic in-lab threat paradigms. We established an immersive virtual reality (VR) platform to simultaneously measure behavior, physiological state, and neural activity from the human brain using chronically implanted electrodes. Subjects with high anxiety showed increased visual scanning in response to threats as compared to healthy controls. In both healthy and anxious subjects, the amount of scanning behavior correlated with the magnitude of physiological arousal, suggesting that visual scanning behavior is directly linked to internal state. Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) recordings from three subjects suggested that high-frequency gamma activity in the insula positively correlates with physiological arousal induced by visual threats and that low-frequency theta activity in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) negatively correlates with physiological arousal induced by visual threats. These findings reveal a key role of eye movements and suggest that distinct insula and OFC activation dynamics may be important for detecting and adjusting human stress in response to visually perceived threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Yilmaz Balban
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Erin Cafaro
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lauren Saue-Fletcher
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marlon J Washington
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Maryam Bijanzadeh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - A Moses Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Edward F Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Andrew D Huberman
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; BioX, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Finding the neural correlates of collaboration using a three-person fMRI hyperscanning paradigm. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:23066-23072. [PMID: 32843342 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917407117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have an extraordinary ability to interact and cooperate with others. Despite the social and evolutionary significance of collaboration, research on finding its neural correlates has been limited partly due to restrictions on the simultaneous neuroimaging of more than one participant (also known as hyperscanning). Several studies have used dyadic fMRI hyperscanning to examine the interaction between two participants. However, to our knowledge, no study to date has aimed at revealing the neural correlates of social interactions using a three-person (or triadic) fMRI hyperscanning paradigm. Here, we simultaneously measured the blood-oxygenation level-dependent signal from 12 triads (n = 36 participants), while they engaged in a collaborative drawing task based on the social game of Pictionary General linear model analysis revealed increased activation in the brain regions previously linked with the theory of mind during the collaborative phase compared to the independent phase of the task. Furthermore, using intersubject correlation analysis, we revealed increased synchronization of the right temporo-parietal junction (R TPJ) during the collaborative phase. The increased synchrony in the R TPJ was observed to be positively associated with the overall team performance on the task. In sum, our paradigm revealed a vital role of the R TPJ among other theory-of-mind regions during a triadic collaborative drawing task.
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39
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Attraction comes from many sources: Attentional and comparative processes in decoy effects. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500007889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe attraction effect emerges when adding a seemingly irrelevant option (decoy) to a binary choice shifts preference towards a target option. This suggests that choice behaviour is dynamic, i.e., choice values are developed during deliberation, rather than manifesting some pre-existing preference set. Whereas several models of multialternative and multiattribute decision making consider dynamic choice processes as crucial to explain the attraction effect, empirically investigating the exact nature of such processes requires complementing choice output with other data. In this study, we focused on asymmetrically dominated decoys (i.e., decoys that are clearly dominated only by the target option) to examine the attentional and comparative processes responsible for the attraction effect. Through an eye-tracker paradigm, we showed that the decoy option can affect subjects’ preferences in two different and not mutually exclusive ways: by focusing the attention on the salient option and the dominance attribute, and by increasing comparisons with the choice dominant pattern. Although conceptually and procedurally distinct, both pathways for decoy effects produce an increase in preferences for the target option, in line with attentional and dynamic models of decision making. Eye-tracking data provide further details to the verification of such models, by highlighting the context-dependent nature of attention and the development of similarity-driven competitive decisional processes.
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Yilmaz SK, Bohara AK, Chowdhury SR. Touch for Health: Use of Pavlovian Processes with Physical Touch as a Means to Improve Menstrual Hygiene Management Initiatives, Measured by Willingness to Pay. PHARMACOECONOMICS - OPEN 2020; 4:263-276. [PMID: 31338827 PMCID: PMC7248159 DOI: 10.1007/s41669-019-0168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To combat the lack of proper facilities and menstrual health knowledge in developing countries, many WASH (Water, Hygiene, and Sanitation) initiatives are including menstrual hygiene management (MHM) components. However, evidence shows that prior efforts have not been ultimately successful in inducing relevant behavior changes, due in part to cultural constraints and unidimensional interventions. As such, MHM research may need to include consideration of new theories/approaches. Evidence is growing of the role that physical presence/proximity and ability to touch objects has on incentives for consumers to purchase goods, captured through willingness to pay (WTP) figures. Such findings can be partially explained by Pavlovian processes. OBJECTIVE This study sought to provide field-work validation of such findings of the role of Pavlovian processes and endowment effect on WTP figures for a female hygiene kit, reflecting motivation to adopt better hygiene behaviors. METHODS This study used primary survey data collected from females in two upper-level schools in southwestern Nepal (n = 169). When presented in conjunction with a hygiene education session, one group of females was allowed physical interaction with a female hygiene kit, while another was not, before being surveyed on their WTP for the kit. Both non-parametric and parametric statistical analyses were performed to assess the impact of this ability to touch the kits on WTP figures. RESULTS Results show a statistically significant difference between the WTP figures of those females allowed interaction with the kits prior to being surveyed and those who did not. This confirms the positive impact of physical presence/touch on motivations to use/acquire hygiene-related tools. CONCLUSIONS Such findings reveal how, through application of the theory of Pavlovian processes, future (menstrual) health education efforts could harness the human instinct to consume, remember, and use those objects presented in physical form, and include personal contact and demonstrations of better health practices in future MHM and WASH education initiatives. Such an approach may allow protocols and interventions to have more success, and dissemination of healthier behaviors and knowledge to be more prominent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan K. Yilmaz
- Department of Economics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - Alok K. Bohara
- Department of Economics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
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Wu H, Liu X, Hagan CC, Mobbs D. Mentalizing during social InterAction: A four component model. Cortex 2020; 126:242-252. [PMID: 32092493 PMCID: PMC7739946 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mentalizing, conventionally defined as the process in which we infer the inner thoughts and intentions of others, is a fundamental component of human social cognition. Yet its role, and the nuanced layers involved, in real world social interaction are rarely discussed. To account for this lack of theory, we propose the interactive mentalizing theory (IMT) -to emphasize the role of metacognition in different mentalizing components. We discuss the connection between mentalizing, metacognition, and social interaction in the context of four elements of mentalizing: (i) Metacognition-inference of our own thought processes and social cognitions and which is central to all other components of mentalizing including: (ii) first-order mentalizing-inferring the thoughts and intentions of an agent's mind; (iii) personal second-order mentalizing-inference of other's mentalizing of one's own mind; (iv) Collective mentalizing: which takes at least two forms (a) vicarious mentalizing: adopting another's mentalizing of an agent (i.e., what we think others think of an agent) and (b) co-mentalizing: mentalizing about an agent in conjunction with others' mentalizing of that agent (i.e., conforming to others beliefs about another agent's internal states). The weights of these four elements is determined by metacognitive insight and confidence in one's own or another's mentalizing ability, yielding a dynamic interaction between these circuits. To advance our knowledge on mentalizing during live social interaction, we identify how these subprocesses can be organized by different target agents and facilitated by combining computational modeling and interactive brain approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, USA
| | - Xun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Cindy C Hagan
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, USA.
| | - Dean Mobbs
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, USA; Computation and Neural Systems Program at the California Institute of Technology, USA.
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Hayes T, Hudek N, Graham ID, Coyle D, Brehaut JC. When piloting health services interventions, what predicts real world behaviours? A systematic concept mapping review. BMC Med Res Methodol 2020; 20:76. [PMID: 32252648 PMCID: PMC7137431 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-020-00955-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Modeling studies to inform the design of complex health services interventions often involves elements that differ from the intervention’s ultimate real-world use. These “hypothetical” elements include pilot participants, materials, and settings. Understanding the conditions under which studies with “hypothetical” elements can yield valid results would greatly help advance health services research. Our objectives are: 1) to conduct a systematic review of the literature to identify factors affecting the relationship between hypothetical decisions and real-world behaviours, and 2) to summarise and organize these factors into a preliminary framework. Methods We conducted an electronic database search using PsycINFO and Medline on November 30th, 2015, updated March 7th, 2019. We also conducted a supplemental snowball search on December 9th 2015 and a reverse citation search using Scopus and Web of Science. Studies were eligible to be included in this review if they clearly addressed the consistency between some type of hypothetical decision and a corresponding real decision or behaviour. Two reviewers extracted data using a standardized data collection form developed through an iterative consensus-based process. We extracted basic study information and data about each study’s research area, design, and research question. Quotations from the articles were extracted and summarized into standardized factor statements. Results Of the 2444 articles that were screened, 68 articles were included in the review. The articles identified 27 factors that we grouped into 4 categories: decision maker factors, cognitive factors, task factors, and matching factors. Conclusions We have summarized a large number of factors that may be relevant when considering whether hypothetical health services pilot work can be expected to yield results that are consistent with real-world behaviours. Our descriptive framework can serve as the basis for organizing future work exploring which factors are most relevant when seeking to develop complex health services interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tavis Hayes
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Natasha Hudek
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ian D Graham
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Doug Coyle
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jamie C Brehaut
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Dores AR, Rocha A, Paiva T, Carvalho IP, Geraldo A, Griffiths MD, Barbosa F. Neurophysiological Correlates of the Near-Miss Effect in Gambling. J Gambl Stud 2020; 36:653-668. [PMID: 32170502 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-020-09937-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The near-miss effect in gambling refers to a losing situation that is (or perceived to be) close to a win by the gambler. This effect is one of the many cognitive distortions that can occur during gambling games. The main objective of the present study was to analyze the electrophysiological correlates of the near-miss effect via an event-related potential (ERP) study examining four distinct gambling outcomes: win, full miss, near-miss before the payline, and near-miss after the payline. This study comprised 23 healthy voluntary participants (10 women) with ages ranging between 19 and 34 years (M = 22.5; SD = 3.65). All participants completed the South Oaks Gambling Screen and played a computerized slot machine, programed to induce the near-miss effect and specifically designed for an ERP study. By splitting the near-miss effect in two subtypes (before and after the payline), increased feedback-related negativity (FRN) was found for the near-misses after the payline in comparison to losses and also to near-misses before the payline. Results also indicated an increased P300 amplitude for the near-misses before the payline compared both with losses and with near-misses after the payline. The results suggest that both FRN and P300 present different sensitivities to near-miss subtypes, suggesting a payline effect that is not demonstrated when the data of near-misses before and after the payline are analyzed together. This is the first study to analyze the effect of the near-miss subtype in an ERP study and confirms the findings of previous behavioral studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemisa Rocha Dores
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal. .,School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Rocha
- School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Paiva
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Irene P Carvalho
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Geraldo
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Division, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, UK
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
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Isler O, Isler B, Kopsacheilis O, Ferguson E. Limits of the social-benefit motive among high-risk patients: a field experiment on influenza vaccination behaviour. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:240. [PMID: 32066407 PMCID: PMC7027065 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8246-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza vaccine uptake remains low worldwide, inflicting substantial costs to public health. Messages promoting social welfare have been shown to increase vaccination intentions, and it has been recommended that health professionals communicate the socially beneficial aspects of vaccination. We provide the first test whether this prosocial vaccination hypothesis applies to actual vaccination behaviour of high-risk patients. Methods In a field experiment at a tertiary care public hospital in Istanbul, Turkey, we compare the effects of two motivational messages for promoting vaccination. Using a between-subjects single-blind experimental design patients were randomly assigned to frames emphasizing the vaccine’s benefits to self (n = 125) or social benefits (n = 119). Free influenza vaccination was offered to each patient. Results Among 222 patients who were not vaccinated for the season prior to the study (72% medically assessed to be at high risk), 42% in the self-benefit frame chose to receive a vaccination compared with 34% in the social-benefits frame, but the difference was not statistically significant (aOR = 1.63, 95% CI 0.90 to 2.95, p = 0.108). Reasons for vaccination focused primarily on self-benefit (67%) rather than social-benefit (5%). Exploratory analysis showed that the effect of messages depended on patient perception of risk group membership (aORHigh / aORLow = 5.59, 95% CI 1.30 to 24.05, p = 0.021). In particular, emphasis on self-benefit was more influential among patients who perceived themselves to be in the risk group (aOR = 6.22, 95% CI 1.69 to 22.88, p = 0.006). Conclusions In contrast to the literature observing intentions of low-risk populations, we found no evidence that social-benefit motivates actual vaccination behaviour among a high-risk patient population. Instead, those who self-categorize as being in the high risk group are more motivated by the self-benefit message. Our results suggest that a stratified approach can improve coverage: even if an emphasis on social-benefit could be effective among low-risk groups, an emphasis on self-benefit holds more promise for increasing vaccination in medical organizational settings where high-risk groups are prevalent. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04230343 Retrospectively registered on the 13th January 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozan Isler
- Centre for Behavioural Economics, Society and Technology (BEST), School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, 4000, Australia.,Centre for Decision Research and Experimental Economics (CeDEx), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Burcu Isler
- Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Department, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.,Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
| | - Orestis Kopsacheilis
- Centre for Decision Research and Experimental Economics (CeDEx), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. .,School of Economics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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Ack Baraly KT, Muyingo L, Beaudoin C, Karami S, Langevin M, Davidson PSR. Database of Emotional Videos from Ottawa (DEVO). COLLABRA-PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1525/collabra.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a collection of emotional video clips that can be used in ways similar to static images (e.g., the International Affective Picture System, IAPS; Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 2008). The Database of Emotional Videos from Ottawa (DEVO) includes 291 brief video clips (mean duration = 5.42 s; SD = 2.89 s; range = 3–15 s) extracted from obscure sources to reduce their familiarity and to avoid influencing participants’ emotional responses. In Study 1, ratings of valence and arousal (measured with the Self Assessment Manikins from IAPS) and impact (Croucher, Calder, Ramponi, Barnard, & Murphy, 2011) were collected from 154 participants (82 women; mean age = 19.88 years; SD = 2.83 years), in a between-subjects design to avoid potential halo effects across the three ratings (Saal, Downey, & Lahey, 1980). Ratings collected online in a new set of 124 students with a within-subjects design (Study 2) were significantly correlated with the original sample’s. The clips were unfamiliar, having been seen previously by fewer than 2% of participants on average. The ratings consistently revealed the expected U-shaped relationships between valence and arousal/impact, and a strong positive correlation between arousal and impact. Hierarchical cluster analysis of the Study 1 ratings suggested seven groups of clips varying in valence, arousal, and impact, although the Study 2 ratings suggested five groups of clips. These clips should prove useful for a wide range of research on emotion and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylee T. Ack Baraly
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, CA
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LPNC, Grenoble, FR
- University of Savoie Mont Blanc, LPNC, Chambéry, FR
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Dungan JA, Young L. Asking 'why?' enhances theory of mind when evaluating harm but not purity violations. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 14:699-708. [PMID: 31269193 PMCID: PMC6778829 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work in psychology and neuroscience has revealed important differences in the cognitive processes underlying judgments of harm and purity violations. In particular, research has demonstrated that whether a violation was committed intentionally vs accidentally has a larger impact on moral judgments of harm violations (e.g. assault) than purity violations (e.g. incest). Here, we manipulate the instructions provided to participants for a moral judgment task to further probe the boundary conditions of this intent effect. Specifically, we instructed participants undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging to attend to either a violator’s mental states (why they acted that way) or their low-level behavior (how they acted) before delivering moral judgments. Results revealed that task instructions enhanced rather than diminished differences between how harm and purity violations are processed in brain regions for mental state reasoning or theory of mind. In particular, activity in the right temporoparietal junction increased when participants were instructed to attend to why vs how a violator acted to a greater extent for harm than for purity violations. This result constrains the potential accounts of why intentions matter less for purity violations compared to harm violations and provide further insight into the differences between distinct moral norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Dungan
- Booth School of Business, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Liane Young
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
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Do maximizers maximize in private? The influence of public versus private context on maximizing. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Modern decision neuroscience offers a powerful and broad account of human behaviour using computational techniques that link psychological and neuroscientific approaches to the ways that individuals can generate near-optimal choices in complex controlled environments. However, until recently, relatively little attention has been paid to the extent to which the structure of experimental environments relates to natural scenarios, and the survival problems that individuals have evolved to solve. This situation not only risks leaving decision-theoretic accounts ungrounded but also makes various aspects of the solutions, such as hard-wired or Pavlovian policies, difficult to interpret in the natural world. Here, we suggest importing concepts, paradigms and approaches from the fields of ethology and behavioural ecology, which concentrate on the contextual and functional correlates of decisions made about foraging and escape and address these lacunae.
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Hu Y, Ma J, Luan Z, Dubas JS, Xi J. Adolescent indirect reciprocity: Evidence from incentivized economic paradigms. J Adolesc 2019; 74:221-228. [PMID: 31254781 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Indirect reciprocity serves as a crucial component of how we interact with strangers. Two types of indirect reciprocity can be distinguished: pay-it-forward reciprocity and third party reciprocity. Pay-it-forward reciprocity refers to behaviors where people who have been treated well by others (either fairly or generously), extend that fairness or generosity to a stranger. Third-party reciprocity refers to behaviors where third-party bystanders altruistically punish those who transgress against others or kindly help the victims. The expansion of adolescents' social world increases opportunities to exercise indirect reciprocity yet very little research has focused on this topic in this age group. The current research addresses this lacuna and investigates how younger adolescents differ from older adolescents in pay-it-forward and third party reciprocity. METHODS With incentivized economic paradigms, we investigated both types of indirect reciprocity in younger (n = 50) and older adolescents (n = 46). RESULTS The pay-it-forward task revealed that receiving an equal (vs. unequal) distribution led both younger and older adolescents to become fairer to a third person. In the third-party task, older adolescents were more likely to devote their own resources to enforce fairness norms than younger adolescents. CONCLUSION Our results shed light on how adolescents perceive and act in complex social settings where direct reciprocity is unrealistic. Both younger and older adolescents are capable of engaging in both forms of indirect reciprocity with older adolescents being more discriminative in their norm-enforcing behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, China.
| | - Jichang Ma
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, China
| | - Ziyan Luan
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Judith Semon Dubas
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Juzhe Xi
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, China.
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50
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Lee AJ, DeBruine LM, Jones BC. Individual-specific mortality is associated with how individuals evaluate future discounting decisions. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2018.0304. [PMID: 29899065 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
How organisms discount the value of future rewards is associated with many important outcomes, and may be a central component of theories of life-history. According to life-history theories, prioritizing immediacy is indicative of an accelerated strategy (i.e. reaching reproductive maturity quickly and producing many offspring at the cost of long-term investment). Previous work extrapolating life-history theories to facultative calibration of life-history traits within individuals has theorized that cues to mortality can trigger an accelerated strategy; however, compelling evidence for this hypothesis in modern humans is lacking. We assessed whether country-level life expectancy predicts individual future discounting behaviour across multiple intertemporal choice items in a sample of 13 429 participants from 54 countries. Individuals in countries with lower life expectancy were more likely to prefer an immediate reward to one that is delayed. Individuals from countries with greater life expectancy were especially more willing to wait for a future reward when the relative gain in choosing the future reward was large and/or the delay period was short. These results suggest that cues to mortality can influence the way individuals evaluate intertemporal decisions, which in turn can inform life-history trade-offs. We also found that older (but not very old) participants were more willing to wait for a future reward when there is a greater relative gain and/or shorter delay period, consistent with theoretical models that suggest individuals are more future-orientated at middle age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Lee
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lisa M DeBruine
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Benedict C Jones
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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