Mango seed: Functional and nutritional properties

Untargeted metabolomics-based identification of bioactive compounds from Mangifera indica L. seed extracts in drug discovery through molecular docking and assessment of their anticancer potential

BACKGROUND

Mangifera indica L. (mango), a medicinal plant rich in biologically active compounds, has potential to be used in disease-preventing and health-promoting products. The present investigation reveals and uncovers bioactive metabolites with remarkable therapeutic efficiency from mango (family: Anacardiaceae) seeds.

RESULTS

Biological activity was determined by antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer assays, and metabolite profiling was performed on gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-QTOF-MS) and liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) platforms. Validation of active metabolites was carried out by in silico molecular docking (Molinspiration Cheminformatics Server and PASS). Extracted and identified metabolites were screened; 54 compounds associated with various groups were selected for the in silico interaction study.

CONCLUSIONS

Molecular docking revealed lead molecules with a potential binding energy score, efficacy and stable modulation with a selected protein domain. Investigation, directed by in vitro and in silico analysis, confirms mango seeds as an excellent source of potential metabolites as a therapeutic agent. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Development of ternary polymeric film based on modified mango seed kernel starch, carboxymethyl cellulose, and gum acacia to extend the shelf-life of bun-bread

Non-conventional starch sources have attracted substantial attention due to their preferred physicochemical and mechanical properties similar to conventional sources. This study aimed to enhance the mechanical properties of mango seed kernel starch (MSKS) based films reinforced with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and gum acacia (GA). Physical modification of MSKS was carried out using microwave-assisted at 180 W for 1 min. SEM results confirmed the oval and irregular shape of starch. The particle size of native starch (NS) (754.9 ± 20.4 nm) was higher compared to modified starch (MS) 336.6 ± 88.9 nm with a surface charge of -24.80 ± 3.92 to -34.87 ± 3.92 mV, respectively. Several functional groups including hydroxyl (OH) and carboxyl (CH) were confirmed in NS and MS. Different ratios of the MS, NS, CMC, and GA were used for the fabrication of films. Results revealed the higher tensile strength of M/C/G-1 (57.45 ± 0.05 nm) and M/C/G-2 (50.77 ± 0.58), compared to control C-4 (100 % native starch) (4.82 ± 0.04) respectively. The ternary complex provided excellent permeability against moisture and the film with a higher starch concentration confirmed the uniform thickness (0.09-0.10 mm). Furthermore, selected films (M/C/G-1 and M/C/G-2) reduced the microbial growth and weight loss of the bun compared to the control (C-4) film. Thus, the ternary complex maintained the freshness of the bun-bread for 14 days. It can be potentially used as a cost-effective and eco-friendly packaging material for food applications.

Isolation of bioactive compounds from low-cost agricultural resources and its utilization in daily life

The ethanolic (80 %), methanolic (80 %) and aqueous decoction (100 % distilled water) of whole plant of Oxalis corniculata Linn (Indian Sorrel) was evaluated for its anti-microbial and antioxidant properties by in vitro methods. Methanolic (80 %) and ethanolic (80 %) decoctions showed significant antibacterial property against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi bacterial strains. In comparison to Chloramphenicol (C30) against bacteria, 80 % ethanolic decoctions showed significant effect, among the decoctions. Nowadays though the standard soap is in huge demand but it's also facing major backlash due to the presence of synthetic compounds in it, which over long use may cause harmful effects on the skin health. Therefore, the organic soaps which are made up of natural ingredients, herbs or any sort Ayurvedic compound have fewer side effects on the human skin and are much safer than standard daily soap. The formulated therapeutic soap exhibits a significant amount of reducing potential (high FRAP and TAC values) and antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS assay).

Valorization of non-edible fruit seeds into valuable products: A sustainable approach towards circular bioeconomy

Global imperatives have recently shown a paradigm shift in the prevailing resource utilization model from a linear approach to a circular bioeconomy. The primary goal of the circular bioeconomy model is to minimize waste by effective re-usage of organic waste and efficient nutrient recycling. In essence, circular bioeconomy integrates the fundamental concept of circular economy, which strives to offer sustainable goods and services by leveraging biological resources and processes. Notably, the circular bioeconomy differs from conventional waste recycling by prioritizing the safeguarding and restoration of production ecosystems, focusing on harnessing renewable biological resources and their associated waste streams to produce value-added products like food, animal feed, and bioenergy. Amidst these sustainability efforts, fruit seeds are getting considerable attention, which were previously overlooked and commonly discarded but were known to comprise diverse chemicals with significant industrial applications, not limited to cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. While, polyphenols in these seeds offer extensive health benefits, the inadequate conversion of fruit waste into valuable products poses substantial environmental challenges and resource wastage. This review aims to comprehend the known information about the application of non-edible fruit seeds for synthesising metallic nanoparticles, carbon dots, biochar, biosorbent, and biodiesel. Further, this review sheds light on the potential use of these seeds as functional foods and feed ingredients; it also comprehends the safety aspects associated with their utilization. Overall, this review aims to provide a roadmap for harnessing the potential of non-edible fruit seeds by adhering to the principles of a sustainable circular bioeconomy.

Ultraviolet irradiation as alternative non-thermal cold pasteurization to improve quality and microbiological parameters of mango juice during cold storage

The objectives of this research were to study the effect of UV irradiation on quality characteristics of mango juice during cold storage. Mango juice exposed to UV radiation was also used to determine zero-order and first-order kinetic models of microbial (total plate count, yeast and mold count, and Escherichia coli) reduction. According to the microbiological results, UV light at 120 J/cm2 caused a 5.19 log reduction. It was found that microbial inactivation of all tested microorganisms followed first-order kinetic model. The treatments did not differ significantly in terms of the quality metrics. L*, b*, pH, total soluble solid, total phenolic compound, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity as measured by the DPPH and FRAP assay all tended to decline during storage at 4 °C, whereas a*, ∆E, titratable acidity, total plate count, yeast and mold count, as well as the total plate count, had an increasing trend. During storage at 4 °C, UV irradiation increased the shelf life of mango juice by about 14 days compared to the control sample. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the potential of UV treatment as an alternative to thermal pasteurization for preserving mango juice quality and safety while also prolonging shelf life.

A comprehensive review on mango allergy: Clinical relevance, causative allergens, cross-reactivity, influence of processing techniques, and management strategies

Mangoes (Mangifera indica) are widely prized for their abundant nutritional content and variety of beneficial bioactive compounds and are popularly utilized in various foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics industries. However, it is important to note that certain proteins present in mango can trigger various allergic reactions, ranging from mild oral allergy syndrome to severe life-threatening anaphylaxis. The immunoglobulin E-mediated hypersensitivity of mango is mainly associated with three major allergenic proteins: Man i 1 (class IV chitinase), Man i 2 (pathogenesis-related-10 protein; Bet v 1-related protein), and Man i 4 (profilin). Food processing techniques can significantly affect the structure of mango allergens, reducing their potential to cause allergies. However, it is worth mentioning that complete elimination of mango allergen immunoreactivity has not been achieved. The protection of individuals sensitized to mango should be carefully managed through an avoidance diet, immediate medical care, and long-term oral immunotherapy. This review covers various aspects related to mango allergy, including prevalence, pathogenesis, symptoms, and diagnosis. Furthermore, the characterization of mango allergens and their potential cross-reactivity with other fruits, vegetables, plant pollen, and seeds were discussed. The review also highlights the effects of food processing on mango and emphasizes the available strategies for managing mango allergy.

Valorization potential of Egyptian mango kernel waste product as analyzed via GC/MS metabolites profiling from different cultivars and geographical origins

Increasing attention has been given to mango (Mangifera indica) fruits owing to their characteristic taste, and rich nutritional value. Mango kernels are typically discarded as a major waste product in mango industry, though of potential economic value. The present study aims to outline the first comparison of different mango kernel cvs. originated from different localities alongside Egypt, e.g., Sharqia, Suez, Ismailia, and Giza. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) post silylation analysis revealed that sugars were the major class being detected at 3.5-290.9 µg/mg, with some kernels originating from Sharqia province being the richest amongst other cvs. In consistency with sugar results, sugar alcohols predominated in Sharqia cvs. at 1.3-38.1 µg/mg represented by ribitol, iditol, pinitol, and myo-inositol. No major variation was observed in the fatty acids profile either based on cv. type or localities, with butyl caprylate as a major component in most cvs. identified for the first time in mango. Regarding phenolics, Sedeeq cv. represented the highest level at 18.3 µg/mg and showing distinct variation among cvs. posing phenolics as better classification markers than sugars. Multivariate data analyses (MVA) confirmed that the premium cvs "Aweis and Fons" were less enriched in sugars, i.e., fructose, talose, and glucose compared to the other cvs. Moreover, MVA of Zabdeya cv. collected from three localities revealed clear segregation to be chemically distinct. Sharqia originated mango kernels were rich in sugars (e.g., glucose and fructose), whilst sarcosine esters predominated in other origins.

Synthesis of a novel functionalized biosorbent from mango stone and its application in the pharmaceutical's removal from water and a synthetic mixture

This paper explores the feasibility of functionalizing mango stones with iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MS-Fe3O4) by coprecipitation in batch adsorption processes. The synthesized material was characterized and applied in chloroquine (CQN) and sertraline hydrochloride (SER) removal from contaminated waters. The biosorbent was subjected to a regenerative study and treatment using a synthetic mixture of contaminants to evaluate its applicability in real effluents. The biosorbent was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy images, scanning electron microscopy, dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and zeta potential to characterize its chemical and morphology properties. The techniques applied showed the effectiveness of the proposed modification. In the adsorption experiments, the optimal adsorbent dosage was 0.01 g for both contaminants. The pH strongly influenced the adsorption of the drugs on MS-Fe3O4, and the best results were obtained in the pH range of 5-6. Kinetic data showed a better fit to the pseudo-second-order model, and the equilibrium time was achieved in 16 h for CQN and 4 h for SER. Isotherm studies revealed maximum adsorptive capacities of 49.42 and 64.79 mg g-1, respectively, for CQN and SER, at 318 K, demonstrating that the increase in temperature is a favorable factor, and the Sips model better describes the process. The thermodynamic parameters indicate an endothermic (ΔH° >0), spontaneous (ΔG° <0), and reversible (ΔS° >0) nature of the adsorption. This process is essentially governed by physical forces, such as hydrogen and π-π bonds. However, it is also valid to consider the presence of electrostatic forces due to the ionizing nature of CQN and SER. The MS-Fe3O4 biosorbent showed good performance when evaluated in a synthetic mixture of four contaminants, with an overall removal efficiency of approximately 86% and the regenerative capacity of three reusing cycles.

Insects, Plants, and Microorganisms from Dry Lands as Novel Sources of Proteins and Peptides for Human Consumption

Protein malnutrition is present in developing countries but also in developed ones due to actual eating habits involving insufficient protein intake. In addition to this, it is estimated by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations that the world's population will increase to 9.1 billion people in less than 30 years. This poses a significant challenge in terms of nourishing the population. Different strategies have been proposed to address this challenge, including exploring novel protein sources such as plants. For instance, Prosopis alba pods have an 85.5% protein content. Other examples are microorganisms, such as Halobacillus adaensis which produces 571 U/mL of protease, and insects such as those belonging to the Orthoptera order, like grasshoppers, which have a protein content of 65.96%. These sources have been found in dry lands and are being explored to address this challenge.

Sustainable Isolation of Bioactive Compounds and Proteins from Plant-Based Food (and Byproducts)

Plant-based food produces significantly less greenhouse gases, and due to its wealth of bioactive components and/or plant-based protein, it becomes an alternative in a sustainable food system. However, the processing and production of products from plant sources creates byproducts, which can be waste or a source of useful substances that can be reused. The waste produced during the production and processing of food is essentially nutrient- and energy-rich, and it is recognized as an excellent source of secondary raw materials that could be repurposed in the process of manufacturing and preparing food, or as feed for livestock. This review offers an overview of the sources and techniques of the sustainable isolation of bioactive substances and proteins from various sources that might represent waste in the preparation or production of food of plant origin. The aim is to uncover novel approaches to use waste and byproducts from the process of making food to provide this waste food an additional benefit, not forgetting the expectations of the end user, the consumer. For the successful isolation of bioactive ingredients and proteins from food of plant origin, it is crucial to develop more eco-friendly and efficient extraction techniques with a low CO2 footprint while considering the economic aspects.

Physicochemical Attributes and Antioxidant Potential of Kernel Oils from Selected Mango Varieties

The current study appraises the variations in the yield and physicochemical and antioxidant attributes among kernel oils from the seven most widely consumed varieties of Pakistani mangoes, namely, Anwar Ratul, Dasehri, Fajri, Laal Badshah, Langra, Safed Chaunsa, and Sindhri. The yield of mango kernel oil (MKO) among the tested varieties of mangoes varied significantly (p < 0.05), ranging from 6.33% (Sindhri) to 9.88% (Dasehri). Physicochemical properties, including the saponification value, refractive index, iodine no., P.V, % acid value, free fatty acids, and unsaponifiable matter, for MKOs were noted to be 143.00-207.10 mg KOH/g, 1.443-1.457, 28.00-36.00 g/100 g, 5.5-2.0 meq/kg, 1.00-7.7%, 0.5-3.9 mg/g, and 1.2-3.3%, respectively. The fatty acid composition determined by GC-TIC-MS revealed the presence of 15 different fatty acids with variable contributions of saturated (41.92-52.86%) and unsaturated (47.140-58.08%) fatty acids. Among unsaturated fatty acids, values of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids ranged from 41.92 to 52.85 and 7.72 to 16.47%, respectively. Oleic acid (25.69-48.57%), stearic acid (24.71-38.53%), linoleic acid (7.72-16.47%), and palmitic acid (10.00-13.26%) were the prominent fatty acids. The total phenolic content (TPC) and DPPH radical scavenging (IC₅₀) capacity of MKOs varied from 7.03 to 11.00 mg GAE/g and 4.33 to 8.32 mg/mL, respectively. The results of most of the tested attributes varied significantly (p < 0.05) among the varieties selected. It can be concluded from the findings of this research work that MKOs from the tested varieties are potential sources of valuable ingredients for the development of nutrapharmaceuticals due to their potent antioxidant properties and high oleic fatty acid profile.

Convective drying of mango stone for use as biomass

Mango stone is an interesting biomass by-product with a considerable net calorific value. Mango production has significantly risen in the last few years, meaning that mango waste has increased as well. However, mango stone has a moisture content of about 60% (wet basis) and it is very important to dry the samples for using them in electrical and thermal energy production. In this paper, the main parameters involved in the mass transfer during drying are determined. Drying was carried out in a convective dryer through a set of experiments based on five drying air temperatures (100 °C, 125 °C, 150 °C, 175 °C and 200 °C) and three air velocities (1 m/s, 2 m/s and 3 m/s). Drying times ranged between 2 and 23 h. The drying rate was calculated from the Gaussian model whose values ranged from 1.5·10^-6 to 6.3·10^-4 s^-1. Effective diffusivity was obtained as an overall parameter in the mass diffusion for each test. These values were found between 0.71·10^-9 and 13.6·10^-9 m²/s. The activation energy was calculated from the Arrhenius law for each test, made at different air velocities. These values were 36.7, 32.2 and 32.1 kJ/mol for 1, 2 and 3 m/s, respectively. This study provides information for future works on design, optimization and numerical simulation models in convective dryers for standard mango stone pieces according to industrial drying conditions.

Enhanced extraction of phenolic compounds from mango by-products using deep eutectic solvents

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) potential for the extraction of polyphenolic compounds (PC) from mango by-products (peel and seed) was evaluated. Ultrasound (US) and agitation were applied to evaluate the effects of solvent and extraction methodology. The extracts were characterized with antioxidant capacity and HPLC-DAD profile. A theoretical study was performed using density functional theory and the QTAIM approach. β-alanine and choline chloride based DESs were effective to extract PC from peel and seed. Some DES increased PC extraction up to three times for peel (23.05 ± 1.22 mg/g DW) and up to five time for seeds (60.01 ± 1.40 mg/g DW). The PC profile varied with the solvent (DES vs EtOH/MeOH), procedure (US vs agitation) and material (peel or seed). Mangiferin extraction from peels was significantly increased with β-alanine based DES (676.08 ± 20.34 μg/gDW). The strength of H-bonds had a determining effect on the viscosity of DESs. The solute-solvent solvation energy was suitable to estimate the strength of H-bond interactions between DES and target compounds. This study demonstrates the remarkable capacity of DESs to extract PC from mango by-products and provides insights into the factors controlling extraction properties.

Exploring the underutilized novel foods and starches for formulation of low glycemic therapeutic foods: a review

Rising incidences of life-style disorders like obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases are a matter of concern coupled with escalated consumption of highly refined and high energy foods with low nutrient density. Food choices of consumers have witnessed significant changes globally with rising preference to highly processed palatable foods. Thus, it calls food scientists, researchers and nutritionists' attention towards developing and promoting pleasant-tasting yet healthy foods with added nutritional benefits. This review highlights selected underutilized and novel ingredients from different food sources and their by-products that are gaining popularity because of their nutrient density, that can be employed to improve the nutritional quality of conventionally available empty-calorie foods. It also emphasizes on the therapeutic benefits of foods developed from these understudied grains, nuts, processing by-products of grains, fruits- and vegetable-byproducts and nutraceutical starches. This review aims to draw attention of food scientists and industrialists towards popularizing the utilization of these unconventional, yet nutrient rich foods sources in improving the nutritional profile of the conventional foods lacking in nutrient density.

Persistence and remote sensing of agri-food wastes in the environment: Current state and perspectives

Food demand is expected to increase globally by 60-110% from 2005 to 2050 due to diet shifts and population growth. This growth in food demand leads to the generation of enormous agri-food wastes (AFWs), which could be classified into pre-consumption and post-consumption. The AFW represents economic losses for all stakeholders along food supply chains, including consumers. It is reported that the direct financial, social, and environmental costs of food waste are 1, 0.9, and 0.7 trillion USD/year, respectively. Diverse conventional AFW management approaches are employed at the different life cycle levels (entre supply chain). The review indicates that inadequate transportation, erroneous packaging, improper storage, losses during processing, contamination, issues with handling, and expiry dates are the main reason for the generation of AFWs in the supply chain. Further, various variables such as cultural, societal, personal, and behavioral factors contribute to the AFW generation. The selection of a specific valorization technology is based on multiple physicochemical and biological parameters. Furthermore, other factors like heterogeneity of the AFWs, preferable energy carriers, by-products management, cost, end-usage applications, and environmental legislative and disposal processes also play a crucial role in adopting suitable technology. Valorization of AFW could significantly impact both economy and the environment. AFWs have been widely investigated for the development of engineered added-value biomaterials and renewable energy production. Considering this, this study has been carried out to highlight the significance of AFW cost, aggregation, quantification, and membrane-based strategies for its management. The study also explored the satellite remote sensing data for Spatio-temporal monitoring, mapping, optimization, and management of AFW management. Along with this, the study also explained the most recent strategies for AFW valorization and outlined the detailed policy recommendation along with opportunities and challenges. The review suggested that AFW should be managed using a triple-bottom-line strategy (economic, social, and environmental sustainability).

Effect of mango seeds as an untraditional source of energy on the productive performance of dairy Damascus goats

Eighteen dairy Damascus goats weighing 38-45 kg live body weight and aged 3-4 years were divided into three groups according to their body weight, with six goats in each group. Yellow corn grain in their concentrate feed mixture was replaced with mango seeds (MS) at levels of 0% MS in group 1 (G1, control), 20% MS in group 2 (G2), and 40% MS in group 3 (G3). The digestibility coefficients of the organic matter, dry matter, crude fiber, crude protein, ether extract, nitrogen-free extract, and total digestible nutrients increased (P < 0.05) upon feeding MS to G2 and G3. The amounts of dry matter, total digestible nutrients, and digestible crude protein required per 1 kg 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM) were lower (P < 0.05) in G2 and G3 vs. G1. Actual milk and 3.5% FCM yield increased (P < 0.05) with the increasing MS dietary level. G2 and G3 had the highest significant (P < 0.05) total solids, total protein, non-protein nitrogen, casein, ash, fat, solids not fat, lactose, and calcium contents compared with G1. Replacing yellow corn grain with MS in G2 and G3 significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the cholesterol concentration and AST activity. Feeding MS increased the concentrations of caprioc, caprylic, capric, stearic, oleic, elaidic, and linoleic acids and decreased the concentrations of butyric, laueic, tridecanoic, myristic, myristoleic, pentadecanoic, heptadecanoic, cis-10-Heptadecanoic, cis-11-eicosenoic, linolenic, arachidonic, and lignoseric acids in the milk fat. The results show that the replacement of corn grain with MS improved the digestibility, milk yield, feed conversion, and economic efficiency, with no adverse effects on the performance of Damascus goats.

Valorization of Fruit Waste for Bioactive Compounds and Their Applications in the Food Industry

The fruit production and processing sectors produce tremendous amounts of by-products and waste that cause significant economic losses and an undesirable impact on the environment. The effective utilization of these fruit wastes can help to reduce the carbon footprint and greenhouse gas emissions, thereby achieving sustainable development goals. These by-products contain a variety of bioactive compounds, such as dietary fiber, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, antioxidants, polysaccharides, and several other health-promoting nutrients and phytochemicals. These bioactive compounds can be extracted and used as value-added products in different industrial applications. The bioactive components extracted can be used in developing nutraceutical products, functional foods, or food additives. This review provides a comprehensive review of the recent developments in fruit waste valorization techniques and their application in food industries. The various extraction techniques, including conventional and emerging methods, have been discussed. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the active compounds extracted and isolated from fruit waste have been described. The most important food industrial application of bioactive compounds extracted from fruit waste (FW) has been provided. Finally, challenges, future direction, and concluding remarks on the topic are summarized.

Bioactive Compounds in Extracts from the Agro-Industrial Waste of Mango

Mango by-products are important sources of bioactive compounds generated by agro-industrial process. During mango processing, 35-60% of the fruit is discarded, in many cases without treatment, generating environmental problems and economic losses. These wastes are constituted by peels and seeds (tegument and kernel). The aim of this review was to describe the extraction, identification, and quantification of bioactive compounds, as well as their potential applications, published in the last ten years. The main bioactive compounds in mango by-products are polyphenols and carotenoids, among others. Polyphenols are known for their high antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Carotenoids show provitamin A and antioxidant activity. Among the mango by-products, the kernel has been studied more than tegument and peels because of the proportion and composition. The kernel represents 45-85% of the seed. The main bioactive components reported for the kernel are gallic, caffeic, cinnamic, tannic, and chlorogenic acids; methyl and ethyl gallates; mangiferin, rutin, hesperidin, and gallotannins; and penta-O-galloyl-glucoside and rhamnetin-3-[6-2-butenoil-hexoside]. Meanwhile, gallic acid, ferulic acid, and catechin are reported for mango peel. Although most of the reports are at the laboratory level, they include potential applications in the fields of food, active packaging, oil and fat, and pharmaceutics. At the market level, two trends will stimulate the industrial production of bioactive compounds from mango by-products: the increasing demand for industrialized fruit products (that will increase the by-products) and the increase in the consumption of bioactive ingredients.

Utilisation of Mangifera indica plant extracts and parts in antimicrobial formulations and as a pharmaceutical excipient: a review

Background

Antimicrobial resistance and the environmental threat posed by some synthetic antimicrobial agents necessitate more research into development of novel pharmaceutical products that are environmentally friendly. Also, the use of plant derived excipients is growing and opening up new avenue to solve current drug delivery issues in the pharmaceutical industry.

Main body

This review summarizes studies related to the antimicrobial property of Mangifera indica extracts, possible mechanisms of antimicrobial action and antimicrobial formulations from the plant and overview of researches relating to the use of M. indica as a pharmaceutical excipient. Electronic searches were conducted on databases such as Pub Med, Wiley Online Library (WOL) and Google Scholar with focus on published articles relating to M. indica. Inclusion and exclusion criteria include publications relating to antimicrobial properties of M. indica extracts, its antimicrobial formulations and its use as a pharmaceutical excipient. The electronic searches yielded about 190 articles. From the studies reviewed, the mechanisms of action of phytochemicals described corroborate the antimicrobial activity exhibited by M. indica extracts and its selected formulations. In addition, mango pectin was observed to possess potential as a pharmaceutical excipient. Very few previous review articles based their focus on incorporating mechanism of action of phytochemicals with antimicrobial activity.This review examined antimicrobial properties of M. indica extracts and formulations, major phytochemicals in the plant parts and their possible modes of action. In addition, the study assessed the use of natural polymer derived from mango plant as excipients in pharmaceutical and pharmacological preparations.

Conclusion

The study concluded that effective antimicrobial activity of mango plant extracts and formulations requires synergy of actions among various phytochemical constituents of the extract or formulation. It is recommended that more researches focused on discovery of new phytochemicals in M. indica, their mechanisms of action and effective utilization of the plant in the pharmaceutical industry should be further explored.

An Updated Review on Prebiotics: Insights on Potentials of Food Seeds Waste as Source of Potential Prebiotics

Prebiotics are a group of biological nutrients that are capable of being degraded by microflora in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), primarily Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria. When prebiotics are ingested, either as a food additive or as a supplement, the colonic microflora degrade them, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which are simultaneously released in the colon and absorbed into the blood circulatory system. The two major groups of prebiotics that have been extensively studied in relation to human health are fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS). The candidature of a compound to be regarded as a prebiotic is a function of how much of dietary fiber it contains. The seeds of fruits such as date palms have been reported to contain dietary fiber. An increasing awareness of the consumption of fruits and seeds as part of the daily diet, as well as poor storage systems for seeds, have generated an enormous amount of seed waste, which is traditionally discarded in landfills or incinerated. This cultural practice is hazardous to the environment because seed waste is rich in organic compounds that can produce hazardous gases. Therefore, this review discusses the potential use of seed wastes in prebiotic production, consequently reducing the environmental hazards posed by these wastes.

Mango 'criollo' by-products as a source of polyphenols with antioxidant capacity. Ultrasound assisted extraction evaluated by response surface methodology and HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS characterization

Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) was evaluated as a green procedure for the recovery of phenolic compounds with antioxidant capacity from underutilized mango 'criollo' (peel, pulp and seed). Magnetic stirred was performed as conventional extraction. Response surface methodology using a three-factor (% ethanol, amplitude and time) central composite design was used to maximize the extraction for total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoids and antioxidant capacity. The operational conditions to maximize extraction were: peel, 46% ethanol/amplitude 60% (36 µm)/6.5 min; pulp, 25% ethanol/amplitude 75% (45 µm)/30 min; seed 49% ethanol/100% (60 µm) amplitude/20 min. The phenolic composition of the optimized extracts was characterized by HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS and 45 compounds were tentatively identified as xanthones (mangiferin), flavonoids (quercetin), ellagic acid, benzophenones (maclurin), gallate derivatives and gallotannins. UAE increased TPC extraction (33%); interestingly mangiferin extraction increased 53% in peel, similarly, ellagic acid increased up to 2.5 and 4.4 times in peel and seed extracts.

Characterization of Unripe Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) and Its Use to Obtain Antioxidant Phenolic Compounds by Green Extraction

Thinning pruning is a process in modern viticulture to improve product quality when grapes are still in the immature fruit stage. Unripe grapes, which are waste, are mostly consumed locally as verjuices to meet domestic demand. This study aims to optimize a more efficient “green” technique for the extraction of total phenolic compounds (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (AC) from three varieties of unripe grape juice by response surface method (RSM) using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The influence of temperature (25–65°C) and extraction time (5–30 min) on total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (DPPH and CUPRAC) was investigated. In this study, physicochemical properties, mineral composition, phenolic and organic acid components of three different verjuices were also investigated. As a result, the optimal extraction points for extraction time (12 min) and temperature (30°C) were determined. All independent variables were found to be significantly effective on TPC and AC content during UAE. Verjuices are a rich source of antioxidants, phenols, organic acids, minerals, and vitamin C. This study is expected to contribute to the evaluation of unripe grape wastes, which are very rich in bioactive components, and to increase its economic potential by expanding local production, thus contributing to sustainable agri-food processing.

Novel Hydrocolloids Obtained from Mango (Mangifera indica) var. Hilaza: Chemical, Physicochemical, Techno-Functional, and Structural Characteristics

Background: Hydrocolloids are ingredients used to improve the technological properties of products; currently, there is a growing demand from the food industry and consumers to use natural ingredients and reduce the environmental impact. Methods: This work evaluated the effect of pH on hydrocolloid extraction from the pulp, seed, and peel of mango (Mangifera indica) var. hilaza and their chemical, physicochemical, techno-functional, and structural properties. Results: The main component of the hydrocolloid was the carbohydrates for pulp (22.59%) and peel (24.05%), and the protein for seed (21.48%) was corroborated by NIR spectra and associated with the technological and functional properties. The solubility increases with the temperature presenting values higher than 75% at 80 °C; the swelling index was higher than 30%, while the water holding capacity was higher in samples with higher carbohydrate content (110−121%). Moreover, a higher content of total phenolic compounds (21.61 ± 0.39−51.77 ± 2.48 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant activity (≥193.82 μMol Trolox/g) was obtained. The pH of extraction changes the color parameters and microstructural properties. Conclusions: Novel ingredients from mango pulp, seed, and peel at different pH levels have technological and functional properties that are potential use in the food industry as an alternative to the development of microstructural products.

Bioactive and Physicochemical Properties of Exotic Fruit Seed Powders: Mango (Mangefiera indica L.) and Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) Obtained by Various Drying Methods

Exotic fruits, which are becoming more and more popular in European countries, contain seeds, which are an unused and useless byproduct of fruit processing. Research conducted in recent years suggests that these unused waste products can be a source of nutrients and bioactive compounds in much more concentrated amounts than those found in the flesh of the fruit. Research on the physicochemical properties and the content of bioactive compounds in fruit seeds may allow the assessment of the possibility and purposefulness of their wider application in the production of functional food. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the physicochemical and bioactive properties of exotic, tropical fruit seed powders, such as mango (Mangefiera indica L.) and rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seeds, obtained by convective drying (CD) and sublimation drying (FD). In the tested powders, the water-holding capacity and water solubility were determined, the color was measured using the ‘electronic eye’ instrumental method, the taste profile was determined using the ‘electronic tongue’, and the content of selected bioactive compounds—such as tannins (titration method), total polyphenols and antioxidant activity was also determined using the spectrophotometric method. It was found that the studied powders were characterized by low water-holding capacity (1.2–1.6 g/1 g of powder), low solubility in water (9.5–17.4%), neutral color and varied taste profile, depending on the origin of the tested powder. Rambutan seed powders were characterized by a more bitter taste with a higher umami-flavor intensity compared to mango seed powders, which showed a more intense acidic and sweet taste. The conducted research shows that the applied methods of powder production, i.e., drying (to similar aw values) by convection vs. sublimation, had a much greater impact on changes in the content of bioactive compounds than on the tested physicochemical parameters. The freeze-dried seed powders were characterized by a higher content of polyphenolic compounds and a higher antioxidant activity than convection-dried seed powders. Considering the high content of polyphenols and high antioxidant activity, the studied powders may find applications in the production of dietary supplements and in the design of functional foods. Due to the low water solubility index, mango and rambutan powders can be used in the design of products where particle sensitivity is indicated. The use of the investigated exotic fruit seed powders, i.e., mango and rambutan, may not only be beneficial for nutritional reasons, but also may contribute to the reduction of post-production waste, in line with the recently widespread “zero waste” trend.

Changes in systolic blood pressure, postprandial glucose, and gut microbial composition following mango consumption in individuals with overweight and obesity

This study aimed to explore the impact of daily mango consumption (Mangifera indica) on cardiometabolic health and gut microbiota in individuals with overweight and obesity. Changes in cardiometabolic variables, gut microbiota diversity and composition, physical activity habits, and dietary intakes were assessed in 8 males and 19 females with overweight and obesity who consumed 280 g/day of mango pulp for 8 weeks. There were no significant changes in body weight, waist circumference, or plasma lipid levels. However, after consuming mangos for 8 weeks, participants showed a 3.5% reduction in systolic blood pressure (-4 ± 6 mm Hg, p = 0.011) as well as a 10.5% reduction in 2-hour plasma glucose concentration after a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (-0.58 ± 1.03 mmol/L, p = 0.008). These beneficial cardiometabolic outcomes were accompanied with enhanced gut microbiota diversity and with changes in the abundance of specific gut bacterial species. Mango consumption may have beneficial effects on both blood pressure and glucose homeostasis in individuals with overweight and obesity. Further studies are warranted to determine the impact of long-term and regular mango intake on cardiometabolic risk factors of individuals with overweight and obesity, and the potential mechanisms linking gut microbial changes to those health benefits. This study was registered with clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03825276. Novelty: A 3.5% reduction in systolic blood pressure is noted after consuming mangos for 8 weeks. A 10.5% reduction in 2-hour plasma glucose concentration of an oral glucose tolerance test is observed after consuming mangos for 8 weeks. Mango consumption for 8 weeks may enhance gut microbial diversity and abundance of specific bacterial species.

Chemometrics-Based Aroma Discrimination of 14 Egyptian Mango Fruits of Different Cultivars and Origins, and Their Response to Probiotics Analyzed via SPME Coupled to GC-MS

The present study investigated the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in 14 Egyptian mango specimens collected from three different regions and of different cultivars (cvs). VOCs were extracted via solid-phase microextraction, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The results obtained for sesquiterpene hydrocarbons' qualitative abundance were represented by 28 peaks, whereas monoterpene hydrocarbons amounted for the highest levels in most of the mango cvs. Multivariate data analyses were employed for sample classification and identification of markers. Unsupervised principal component analysis revealed that "zebdia" cv from the three origins combined together being enriched in terpinolene. Moreover, supervised orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis identified β-terpinene and (Z)-geranylacetone in the premium "awees" cv. The impact of probiotic bacteria on mango juice aroma was further assessed revealing no potential changes in the composition. This study provides the first comprehensive insights into Egyptian mango aroma and reveals that the cv type overcomes the geographical origin in their aroma profile.

Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Seed Kernels and Their Application as an Antioxidant in an Edible Oil

Phenolic compounds from mango (M. indica) seed kernels (MSK) var. Sugar were obtained using supercritical CO₂ and EtOH as an extraction solvent. For this purpose, a central composite design was carried out to evaluate the effect of extraction pressure (11–21 MPa), temperature (40–60 °C), and co-solvent contribution (5–15% w/w EtOH) on (i) extraction yield, (ii) oxidative stability (OS) of sunflower edible oil (SEO) with added extract using the Rancimat method, (iii) total phenolics content, (iv) total flavonoids content, and (v) DPPH radical assay. The most influential variable of the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) process was the concentration of the co-solvent. The best OS of SEO was reached with the extract obtained at 21.0 MPa, 60 °C and 15% EtOH. Under these conditions, the extract increased the OS of SEO by up to 6.1 ± 0.2 h (OS of SEO without antioxidant, Control, was 3.5 h). The composition of the extract influenced the oxidative stability of the sunflower edible oil. By SFE it was possible to obtain extracts from mango seed kernels (MSK) var. Sugar that transfer OS to the SEO. These promissory extracts could be applied to foods and other products.

Crystallization and melting properties studied by DSC and FTIR spectroscopy of goldenberry (Physalis peruviana) oil

The chemical and thermal characteristics of goldenberry pomace oil (GPO) and goldenberry seed oil (GSO) were investigated. GPO and GSO contained high levels of unsaturated fatty acids (90.1% and 85.1%, respectively), and the major fatty acid was linoleic (62.0% and 72.8%, respectively). Additionally, GPO contained eleven triacylglycerol (TAG) species, three of which represented 82.7%, namely C54:6, C54:4 and C52:4, and trilinolein was the dominant one (35.5%). GSO contained nine TAG species, two of which represented 80.3%, namely C54:6 and C52:4, and trilinolein was dominant (53.3%). The DSC analysis of GPO and GSO revealed that three exothermal peaks were detected during cooling. Three endothermal peaks (one of which is exothermal for GSO) were detected during melting, and the most significant peaks occurred at low temperatures. FTIR spectra indicated that GPO and GSO did not contain peroxides or trans fatty acids, but they did contain low concentrations of free fatty acids.

Ultrasound-microwave-assisted extraction of polyphenolic compounds from Mexican "Ataulfo" mango peels: Antioxidant potential and identification by HPLC/ESI/MS

INTRODUCTION

Mango is used in traditional medicine in many countries. However, the processing by-products are not currently used and generate large pollution problems and high handling costs.

OBJECTIVE

To study the effect of different parameters in the extraction of polyphenolic compounds from mango peels using modern and ecological ultrasound-microwave-assisted extraction technology.

METHODOLOGY

Various parameters of these processes were studied: the extract was recovered by liquid chromatography using Ambetlite XAD-16. The total polyphenol content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu's and HCl-butanol methods. Antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS+), 1,10-diphenyl-2-20-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and lipid oxidation inhibition methods. The recovered compounds were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS).

RESULTS

The best extraction conditions were solid/liquid ratio of 1/5 g/mL, ethanol percentage of 50%, and an extraction time of 10 min. Under these conditions, the total polyphenol content was 54.15 mg/g, and the antioxidant activities were greater than 90% inhibition in the three assays evaluated. According to the high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI/MS) analysis, nine polyphenolic compounds were identified; most of them were gallotannins, such as pentagalloyl glucose.

CONCLUSION

Ultrasound-microwave-assisted extraction was shown to be effective and allowed the recovery of antioxidant polyphenolic compounds. The results indicated that mango peel extracts can be used as natural antioxidant components in the pharmaceutical and functional food industries.

Effect of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Parameters on Total Polyphenols and Its Antioxidant Activity from Mango Residues (Mangifera indica L. var. Manililla)

Manililla is a mango variety whose residues contain bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and flavonoids, with high added value. The use of environmentally friendly extraction technology would be of great relevance; hence, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of solvent relation, sonication time and amplitude on the ultrasound-assisted extraction of total polyphenols in Manililla mango residues (peel, endocarp and kernel) and antioxidant activity. An experimental design 23 with a central point was used to evaluate the curvature behavior of the process variables. Conventional maceration was used as a control. The better conditions were obtained at the central point using 50% ethanol in water, 60% amplitude and 20 min of sonication time. We obtained values of up to 1814 mg GAE/100 g, 469 mg GAE/100 g and 672 mg GAE/100 g of total polyphenols and 1228 mg QE/100 g, 653 mg QE/100 g and 880 mg QE/100 g of total flavonoids for peel, endocarp and kernel, respectively. Mangiferin was quantified in ultrasound-assisted extraction at 150 mg/g in peel and 0.025 mg/g in the kernel, but it was not detectable in maceration. An antioxidant capacity of 87%, 14% and 83% inhibition for peel, endocarp and kernel, respectively, were obtained. Peel and kernel were the residues with higher potential as extraction material, while endocarp was not.

A Pilot-Scale Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction to Valorize Colombian Mango Seed Kernel

Colombian mango production, which exceeded 261,000 t in 2020, generates about 40% of the whole fruit as solid waste, of which more than 50% are seed kernels (over 52,000 t solid by-product); though none is currently used for commercial purposes. This study reports the results of the supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) extraction of an oil rich in essential fatty acids (EFAs) from revalorized mango seed kernels and the optimization of the process by the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). In pilot-scale scCO₂ experiments, pressure (23–37 MPa) and temperature (52–73 °C) were varied, using 4.5 kg of CO₂. The highest experimental oil extraction yield was 83 g/kg (37 MPa and 63 °C); while RSM predicted that 84 g/kg would be extracted at 35 MPa and 65 °C. Moreover, by fine-tuning pressure and temperature it was possible to obtain an EFA-rich lipid fraction in linoleic (37 g/kg) and α-linolenic (4 g/kg) acids, along with a high oleic acid content (155 g/kg), by using a relatively low extraction pressure (23 MPa), which makes the process a promising approach for the extraction of oil from mango waste on an industrial scale, based on a circular economy model.

Valorization and extraction optimization of Citrus seeds for food and functional food applications

Valorization of food byproducts has attracted recently considerable attention. Citrus fruits provide considerable non-edible residues reach 80% in juice production. They are considered agri-wastes to comprise peel, pulp and seeds. Previous investigations have focused on peel and pulp to recover value-added products. The review presents for the first-time phytochemical composition of Citrus seeds' products, i.e., oil and extracts. Fatty acids, phytosterols and tocopherols amounted as the major bioactives in Citrus seeds, in addition to limonoids, dietary fibers and flavonoids. Besides their nutritional values, these chemicals have promising applications including production of biodiesel, food enhancers and antioxidants, especially from mandarin and grapefruit seeds. Optimum conditions of the different Citrus seeds' valorization are discussed to improve extraction yield and lessen environmental hazards of solvent extraction. This review presents the best utilization practices for one of the largest cultivated fruit seeds worldwide and its different applications.

Profiling phenolic compounds in underutilized mango peel by-products from cultivars grown in Spanish subtropical climate over maturation course

Nutraceutical market has undergone an exponential growth worldwide due to its health link-up. With the purpose of evaluating nutraceutical value, the phenolic composition of underutilized mango peel by-products of three cultivars ('Keitt', 'Kent' and 'Osteen') grown in Spanish subtropical climate was monitored at three maturation stages (green, ripe and overripe). Tracking the total phenol content, mango peels were figured out to have until twenty-seven fold higher than edible fraction. Mango peels comprised a wide range of phenolic compounds such as mono- and di-galloyl compounds, gallotannins, phenolic acids, benzophenones and flavonoids. The influence of both factors, cultivar and maturation degree, on the phenolic composition was the main outcome of the research. 'Keitt' mango peel was revealed as the cultivar with the highest phenolic content mainly due to the great quantities of galloyl glucose, 5-galloylquinic acid, digalloylquinic acid, hexagalloyl glucose and macluring galloyl glucoside detected. Regarding to the effect of maturation degree, green mango peels showed the highest amounts of polyphenols, although this behaviour could be dependent on the mango cultivar. Therefore, mango peels resulted to be a promising and low-cost resource of phenolic compounds to be exploited in food industry, but to enhance the nutraceutical value, factors such as cultivar and maturation degree should be taken into account.

Innovative Technologies for Extraction and Microencapsulation of Bioactives from Plant-Based Food Waste and their Applications in Functional Food Development

The by-products generated from the processing of fruits and vegetables (F&V) largely are underutilized and discarded as organic waste. These organic wastes that include seeds, pulp, skin, rinds, etc., are potential sources of bioactive compounds that have health imparting benefits. The recovery of bioactive compounds from agro-waste by recycling them to generate functional food products is of increasing interest. However, the sensitivity of these compounds to external factors restricts their utility and bioavailability. In this regard, the current review analyses various emerging technologies for the extraction of bioactives from organic wastes. The review mainly aims to discuss the basic principle of extraction for extraction techniques viz. supercritical fluid extraction, subcritical water extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and pulsed electric field extraction. It provides insights into the strengths of microencapsulation techniques adopted for protecting sensitive compounds. Additionally, it outlines the possible functional food products that could be developed by utilizing components of agricultural by-products. The valorization of wastes can be an effective driver for accomplishing food security goals.

Pharmacological Screening of Mangifera indica Seeds for Antidepressant-like Action Along with a Mechanistic Study

Depression is emerging as a major global issue. There are several antidepressants available in the market, but their efficacy is usually unpredictable. Therefore, there is a need to find an alternative therapeutic agent with better therapeutic efficacy and availability. In the current investigation, the antidepressant-like action of the aqueous methanolic extract of Mangifera indica seeds (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) was evaluated by two predictive models like the tail suspension test and forced swimming test along with the determination of the mechanism of action working behind this action. The results of the acute treatment with the extract show a dose-dependent reduction in the duration of immobility in both models. The antidepressant-like action of the extract (100 mg/kg) was blocked by the administration of p-chlorophenyl alanine, α-methyl-p-tyrosine, prazosin, and sulpiride while remaining unaffected with propranolol. In contrast, the administration of d-serine along with the extract (a full agonist of glycine/N-methyl-d-aspartate, NMDA, receptors) diminished the anti-immobility action. The administration of the extract along with nitro-l-arginine-methyl ester synergizes into the anti-immobility action of the extract, and intake of l-arginine remained unable to effect this action, whereas sildenafil blocks the effect. The antidepressant-like action of the extract is probably due to the involvement of serotonergic and adrenergic (mainly α receptors are involved) systems, an NMDA receptor complex, and the nitric oxide pathway.