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Li B, Hou C, Li L, Li M, Gao S. The associations of adipokines with hypertension in youth with cardiometabolic risk and the mediation role of insulin resistance: The BCAMS study. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:1673-1683. [PMID: 36890271 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01243-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms link obesity and hypertension are not well understood. One possibility is the alterations in adipose-derived adipokines that modulate insulin resistance (IR) and cardiovascular homeostasis. We aimed to assess the associations between hypertension and four adipokine levels in Chinese youth, and to examine to what extent the associations are mediated by IR. We utilized cross-sectional data from the Beijing Children and Adolescents Metabolic Syndrome (BCAMS) Study Cohort (n = 559, mean age = 20.2 years). Plasma leptin, adiponectin, retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels were assayed. The relationships between adipokines and hypertension and the possible mediation effect of IR were evaluated. Youth with hypertension have lower adiponectin and higher leptin, FGF21 (all P < 0.001) and RBP4 levels (p = 0.06) compared to their counterparts. Moreover, the co-existence of these two or more adipokine abnormalities in youth leads to a 9-fold increased risk for hypertension (OR: 9.19; 95% CI, 4.01-21.08) compared with these without abnormalities. However, in the fully adjusted and BMI-adjusted analyses, only FGF21 was a significant predictor of hypertension (OR: 2.12; 95% CI, 1.34-3.36). Mediation analysis revealed that the associations between leptin, adiponectin, RBP4 and hypertension are totally mediated by IR (proportion: 63.9%, 65.4%, and 31.6%, respectively), while BMI and IR partly mediated the association between FGF21 and hypertension (proportion: 30.6%, 21.2%). Our findings suggest that dysregulation of adipokines might result in hypertension in youth. Leptin, adiponectin and RBP4 may exert their functions in hypertension through adiposity-related IR, whereas FGF21 might be used as an independent marker of hypertension in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Endocrinology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lianxia Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Endocrinology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of endocrinology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Liu L, Chen W, Wu D, Hu F. Metabolic Efficacy of Time-Restricted Eating in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:3428-3441. [PMID: 36190980 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Time-restricted eating (TRE), which restricts food intake to a limited duration of the day, is a key regimen of intermittent fasting. OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to provide an up-to-date meta-analysis and systematic review to evaluate the efficacy of TRE on weight loss and other metabolic-related parameters in adults. METHODS We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for relevant studies published before February 26, 2022. Study duration of TRE was at least 4 weeks. Body weight and other metabolic-related continuous parameters were described as weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% CI. RESULTS Seventeen randomized controlled trials involving 899 participants were analyzed. The pooled meta-analysis has shown that TRE contributed to a significant decrease in body weight with a WMD of -1.60 kg (95% CI -2.27 to -0.93) and fat mass with WMD -1.48 kg (95% CI -1.59 to -1.38). Subgroup analysis showed that TRE could reduce body weight and fat mass especially in overweight participants with WMD -1.43 kg (95% CI -2.05 to -0.81) and -1.56 kg (95% CI -1.67 to -1.44), respectively. TRE also showed beneficial effects on the lipid spectrum in overweight participants, including decreased levels of triglyceride (WMD -12.71 mg/dL, 95% CI -24.9 to -0.52), total cholesterol (WMD -6.45 mg/dL, 95% CI -7.40 to -5.49), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (WMD -7.0 mg/dL, 95% CI -9.74 to -4.25). However, compared with control, TRE had no significant effects on waist circumference, body mass index, glycosylated hemoglobin, or blood pressure. CONCLUSION This updated meta-analysis found that TRE may be an effective approach to improve the metabolic state of nonobese subjects, especially in overweight participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011 Hunan, China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011 Hunan, China
| | - Dan Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011 Hunan, China
| | - Fang Hu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011 Hunan, China
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Pryor JT, Cowley LO, Simonds SE. The Physiological Effects of Air Pollution: Particulate Matter, Physiology and Disease. Front Public Health 2022; 10:882569. [PMID: 35910891 PMCID: PMC9329703 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.882569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nine out of 10 people breathe air that does not meet World Health Organization pollution limits. Air pollutants include gasses and particulate matter and collectively are responsible for ~8 million annual deaths. Particulate matter is the most dangerous form of air pollution, causing inflammatory and oxidative tissue damage. A deeper understanding of the physiological effects of particulate matter is needed for effective disease prevention and treatment. This review will summarize the impact of particulate matter on physiological systems, and where possible will refer to apposite epidemiological and toxicological studies. By discussing a broad cross-section of available data, we hope this review appeals to a wide readership and provides some insight on the impacts of particulate matter on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T. Pryor
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Programme, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Woodrudge LTD, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lachlan O. Cowley
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Programme, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephanie E. Simonds
- Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Programme, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Stephanie E. Simonds
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Ren B, Chen M. Effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on patients with essential hypertension and pre-hypertension: a meta-analysis. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2022; 13:20420188221142450. [PMID: 36533186 PMCID: PMC9747874 DOI: 10.1177/20420188221142450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are novel, hypoglycemic drugs exhibiting cardiovascular protective activities. If SGLT2 inhibitors can be successfully used as antihypertensive drugs, they can be administered to patients with both hypertension and type 2 diabetes, thus diminishing the risk of polypharmacy-related complications. AIM The aim of this review was to evaluate the hypotensive efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with hypertension and pre-hypertension. DATA SOURCES AND METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane for randomized controlled trials comparing SGLT2 inhibitors and a placebo in patients with essential hypertension and pre-hypertension. Our main outcome was the mean change in office blood pressure (BP) and body weight. We assessed the pooled data using a fixed-effects model. RESULTS After screening 968 articles, nine trials were eligible (n = 2450 participants). Compared to the mean changes in systolic and diastolic BP in patients who were given a placebo, those in patients who used SGLT2 inhibitors were -5.04 mmHg and -1.67 mmHg, respectively. An intensive dose of SGLT2 inhibitors resulted in a stronger BP-lowering effect than the regular dose. Compared to that in the placebo group, the mean change in mean body weight was -1.74 kg in the SGLT2 inhibitor group. There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the risk of overall adverse events. The pooled effect estimates remained similar across all residual studies and their subgroups in the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSION SGLT2 inhibitors had a statistically significant BP-lowering effect on hypertension and pre-hypertension, which was further enhanced with increased drug dosage. SGLT2 inhibitors have the potential to be used as antihypertensive agents in patients with hypertension complicated by type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangjiaxin Ren
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Graduate School, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Dalmasso C, Leachman JR, Ghuneim S, Ahmed N, Schneider ER, Thibault O, Osborn JL, Loria AS. Epididymal Fat-Derived Sympathoexcitatory Signals Exacerbate Neurogenic Hypertension in Obese Male Mice Exposed to Early Life Stress. Hypertension 2021; 78:1434-1449. [PMID: 34601958 PMCID: PMC8516729 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Dalmasso
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (C.D., J.R.L., S.G., N.A., O.T., A.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Jacqueline R. Leachman
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (C.D., J.R.L., S.G., N.A., O.T., A.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Sundus Ghuneim
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (C.D., J.R.L., S.G., N.A., O.T., A.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Nermin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (C.D., J.R.L., S.G., N.A., O.T., A.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Eve R. Schneider
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences (E.R.S., J.L.O.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Olivier Thibault
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (C.D., J.R.L., S.G., N.A., O.T., A.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Jeffrey L. Osborn
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences (E.R.S., J.L.O.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Analia S. Loria
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (C.D., J.R.L., S.G., N.A., O.T., A.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
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Obesity-associated hyperleptinemia alters the gliovascular interface of the hypothalamus to promote hypertension. Cell Metab 2021; 33:1155-1170.e10. [PMID: 33951475 PMCID: PMC8183500 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pathologies of the micro- and macrovascular systems are a hallmark of the metabolic syndrome, which can lead to chronically elevated blood pressure. However, the underlying pathomechanisms involved still need to be clarified. Here, we report that an obesity-associated increase in serum leptin triggers the select expansion of the micro-angioarchitecture in pre-autonomic brain centers that regulate hemodynamic homeostasis. By using a series of cell- and region-specific loss- and gain-of-function models, we show that this pathophysiological process depends on hypothalamic astroglial hypoxia-inducible factor 1α-vascular endothelial growth factor (HIF1α-VEGF) signaling downstream of leptin signaling. Importantly, several distinct models of HIF1α-VEGF pathway disruption in astrocytes are protected not only from obesity-induced hypothalamic angiopathy but also from sympathetic hyperactivity or arterial hypertension. These results suggest that hyperleptinemia promotes obesity-induced hypertension via a HIF1α-VEGF signaling cascade in hypothalamic astrocytes while establishing a novel mechanistic link that connects hypothalamic micro-angioarchitecture with control over systemic blood pressure.
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Kaze AD, Musani SK, Bidulescu A, Correa A, Bertoni AG, Ahima RS, Golden SH, Abdalla M, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB. Plasma Leptin and Blood Pressure Progression in Blacks: The Jackson Heart Study. Hypertension 2021; 77:1069-1075. [PMID: 33641359 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud D Kaze
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore (A.D.K.)
| | - Solomon K Musani
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (S.K.M., A.C.)
| | - Aurelian Bidulescu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington (A.B.)
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (S.K.M., A.C.)
| | - Alain G Bertoni
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (A.G.B.)
| | - Rexford S Ahima
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (R.S.A., S.H.G., J.B.E.-T.)
| | - Sherita H Golden
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (R.S.A., S.H.G., J.B.E.-T.)
- Welch Prevention Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (S.H.G., J.B.E.-T.)
| | - Marwah Abdalla
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, NY (M.A.)
| | - Justin B Echouffo-Tcheugui
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (R.S.A., S.H.G., J.B.E.-T.)
- Welch Prevention Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (S.H.G., J.B.E.-T.)
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Leptin mediate central obesity on the severity of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in well-controlled type 2 diabetes and prediabetes. J Transl Med 2020; 18:396. [PMID: 33076921 PMCID: PMC7574496 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02559-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidences support the view that central obesity is an independently cardiovascular risk. It is thought that leptin contributes to autonomic dysfunction and cardiovascular risks in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM). This raises the possibility that leptin might mediate the relationship between central obesity and the severity of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) in patients with well-controlled T2DM and prediabetes. METHODS The complete cardiovascular reflex tests and biomarkers were assessed for each patient. The severity of CAN was assessed using composite autonomic scoring scale (CASS). A single-level three-variable mediation model was used to investigate the possible relationships among central obesity [as indicated by waist circumference (WC)], leptin level, and severity of CAN (as indicated by CASS value). RESULTS A total of 107 patients were included in this study: 90 with diabetes and 17 with prediabetes. The results demonstrate that increased WC is associated with increased severity of CAN (r = 0.242, P = 0.017). We further discovered that leptin level is positively correlated with WC (r = 0.504, P < 0.0001) and the CASS value (r = 0.36, P < 0.0001). Further mediation analysis shows that leptin level serves as mediators between higher WC and higher CASS. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlighted the relationship among leptin, central obesity, and severity of CAN. As the leptin level serves as mediator between central obesity and severity of CAN, a longitudinal study is needed to confirm that control of WC can decrease leptin levels and can be effective in reducing CAN progression.
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Hong SJ, Cho J, Boo CG, Youn MY, Pan JH, Kim JK, Shin EC. Inhalation of Patchouli ( Pogostemon Cablin Benth.) Essential Oil Improved Metabolic Parameters in Obesity-Induced Sprague Dawley Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2077. [PMID: 32668680 PMCID: PMC7400805 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated effects of patchouli essential oil (PEO) inhalation on metabolic parameters. First, to characterize aromatic compounds in PEO, solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometric detection was employed in which 19 aromatic compounds were identified. In GC-olfactometry analysis, linalool, α-patchoulene, and β-patchoulene were found to be the constituents exhibiting the highest similarity to the aromatic compounds in patchouli. In an animal experiment using Sprague Darley rats, groups with PEO inhalation had a reduced food intake compared to the control group. Additionally, body weight was lower in the obesity-induced animal model exposed to PEO inhalation than the group without PEO. However, we found no significant difference in organ weights between groups. In our serum analysis, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly higher in the PEO inhalation groups, while low-density lipoprotein cholesterol content was highest in the positive control group, suggesting that inhalation of the aromatic compounds present in patchouli may improve cholesterol profile. In addition, leptin levels were reduced in the groups treated with PEO inhalation, which explains the differences in food intake and body weight gains. Last, animal groups exposed to PEO inhalation showed a relatively lower systolic blood pressure which suggests that inhalation of PEO (or aromatic compounds therein) may assist in regulating blood pressure. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the inhalation of PEO influenced certain markers related to metabolic diseases, hence provide basic data for future research as to preventive/therapeutic applications of PEO as well as their aromatic constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Jun Hong
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Korea; (S.J.H.); (J.C.); (C.G.B.); (M.Y.Y.)
| | - Jinju Cho
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Korea; (S.J.H.); (J.C.); (C.G.B.); (M.Y.Y.)
| | - Chang Guk Boo
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Korea; (S.J.H.); (J.C.); (C.G.B.); (M.Y.Y.)
| | - Moon Yeon Youn
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Korea; (S.J.H.); (J.C.); (C.G.B.); (M.Y.Y.)
| | - Jeong Hoon Pan
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (J.H.P.); (J.K.K.)
| | - Jae Kyeom Kim
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (J.H.P.); (J.K.K.)
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Korea; (S.J.H.); (J.C.); (C.G.B.); (M.Y.Y.)
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Seoane-Collazo P, Martínez-Sánchez N, Milbank E, Contreras C. Incendiary Leptin. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020472. [PMID: 32069871 PMCID: PMC7071158 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a hormone released by adipose tissue that plays a key role in the control of energy homeostasis through its binding to leptin receptors (LepR), mainly expressed in the hypothalamus. Most scientific evidence points to leptin’s satiating effect being due to its dual capacity to promote the expression of anorexigenic neuropeptides and to reduce orexigenic expression in the hypothalamus. However, it has also been demonstrated that leptin can stimulate (i) thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and (ii) the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). Since the demonstration of the importance of BAT in humans 10 years ago, its study has aroused great interest, mainly in the improvement of obesity-associated metabolic disorders through the induction of thermogenesis. Consequently, several strategies targeting BAT activation (mainly in rodent models) have demonstrated great potential to improve hyperlipidemias, hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance and weight gain, leading to an overall healthier metabolic profile. Here, we review the potential therapeutic ability of leptin to correct obesity and other metabolic disorders, not only through its satiating effect, but by also utilizing its thermogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Seoane-Collazo
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.S.-C.); (N.M.-S.); (C.C.); Tel.: +81-298-533-301 (P.S.-C.); +34-913-941-650 (N.M.-S.); +44-01865285890 (C.C.)
| | - Noelia Martínez-Sánchez
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
- Correspondence: (P.S.-C.); (N.M.-S.); (C.C.); Tel.: +81-298-533-301 (P.S.-C.); +34-913-941-650 (N.M.-S.); +44-01865285890 (C.C.)
| | - Edward Milbank
- CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristina Contreras
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.S.-C.); (N.M.-S.); (C.C.); Tel.: +81-298-533-301 (P.S.-C.); +34-913-941-650 (N.M.-S.); +44-01865285890 (C.C.)
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Nguyen LV, Ta QV, Dang TB, Nguyen PH, Nguyen T, Pham TVH, Nguyen THT, Baker S, Le Tran T, Yang DJ, Kim KW, Doan KV. Carvedilol improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in treatment of adrenergic overdrive in high fat diet-induced obesity in mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224674. [PMID: 31682617 PMCID: PMC6827914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Catecholamine excess reflecting an adrenergic overdrive of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) has been proposed to link to hyperleptinemia in obesity and may contribute to the development of metabolic disorders. However, relationship between the catecholamine level and plasma leptin in obesity has not yet been investigated. Moreover, whether pharmacological blockade of the adrenergic overdrive in obesity by the third-generation beta-blocker agents such as carvedilol could help to prevent metabolic disorders is controversial and remains to be determined. Using the high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model, we found that basal plasma norepinephrine, the principal catecholamine as an index of SNS activity, was persistently elevated and highly correlated with plasma leptin concentration during obesity development. Targeting the adrenergic overdrive from this chronic norepinephrine excess in HFD-induced obesity with carvedilol, a third-generation beta-blocker with vasodilating action, blunted the HFD-induced hepatic glucose over-production by suppressing the induction of gluconeogenic enzymes, and enhanced the muscular insulin signaling pathway. Furthermore, carvedilol treatment in HFD-induced obese mice decreased the enlargement of white adipose tissue and improved the glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity without affecting body weight and blood glucose levels. Our results suggested that catecholamine excess in obesity might directly link to the hyperleptinemic condition and the therapeutic targeting of chronic adrenergic overdrive in obesity with carvedilol might be helpful to attenuate obesity-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh V. Nguyen
- School of Medicine, Tan Tao University, Long An, Viet Nam
| | - Quang V. Ta
- School of Biotechnology, Tan Tao University, Long An, Viet Nam
| | - Thao B. Dang
- School of Medicine, Tan Tao University, Long An, Viet Nam
| | | | - Thach Nguyen
- School of Medicine, Tan Tao University, Long An, Viet Nam
| | | | - Trang HT. Nguyen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit in Viet Nam, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam
| | - Stephen Baker
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit in Viet Nam, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam
| | - Trung Le Tran
- Division of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Joo Yang
- Division of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki Woo Kim
- Division of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail: (KWK); (KVD)
| | - Khanh V. Doan
- School of Medicine, Tan Tao University, Long An, Viet Nam
- * E-mail: (KWK); (KVD)
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Leptin and Leptin Resistance in the Pathogenesis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Possible Link to Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Complications. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:5137947. [PMID: 29675134 PMCID: PMC5841044 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5137947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-related sleep breathing disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) cause intermittent hypoxia (IH) during sleep, a powerful trigger of oxidative stress. Obesity also leads to dramatic increases in circulating levels of leptin, a hormone produced in adipose tissue. Leptin acts in the hypothalamus to suppress food intake and increase metabolic rate. However, obese individuals are resistant to metabolic effects of leptin. Leptin also activates the sympathetic nervous system without any evidence of resistance, possibly because these effects occur peripherally without a need to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. IH is a potent stimulator of leptin expression and release from adipose tissue. Hyperleptinemia and leptin resistance may upregulate generation of reactive oxygen species, increasing oxidative stress and promoting inflammation. The current review summarizes recent data on a possible link between leptin and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of sleep breathing disorders.
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Chen M, Qin X, Qiu L, Chen S, Zhou H, Xu Y, Hu Z, Zhang Y, Cao Q, Ying Z. Concentrated Ambient PM 2.5-Induced Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction in a Murine Model of Neural IKK2 Deficiency. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2018; 126:027003. [PMID: 29410383 PMCID: PMC6066335 DOI: 10.1289/ehp2311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with cardiovascular mortality, but underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms are not fully understood. Hypothalamic inflammation, characterized by the activation of Inhibitor kappaB kinase 2/Nuclear factor kappaB (IKK2/NF-κB) signaling pathway, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. We recently demonstrated that hypothalamic inflammation is increased in mice exposed to concentrated ambient PM2.5 (CAP). OBJECTIVES In the present study, we used a neuron-specific IKK2 knockout mouse model to examine the role of neural IKK2 expression and hypothalamic inflammation in the pathophysiologic effects of PM2.5. METHODS We assessed inflammatory and vascular responses in Nestin-creIKK2flox/flox (IKK2Neu-KO) and littermate Nestin-creIKK2flox/+ (control) mice after 4 mo of exposure to filtered air (FA) or CAP. RESULTS CAP exposure was associated with significantly higher tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin (IL)-6 mRNA in the hypothalamus of control mice, but not IKK2Neu-KO mice. In addition, CAP exposure-induced increases in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) leukocytes, pulmonary macrophage infiltration and IL-6 expression, plasma TNFα and IL-1β levels, adipose macrophage infiltration and IL-1β expression, and endothelial dysfunction were reduced or absent in IKK2Neu-KO mice compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support a role of neural IKK2 in CAP exposure-induced local and systemic pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, pulmonary and adipose inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction, thus providing insight into pathophysiologic mechanisms that may mediate effects of PM2.5 exposure. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2311.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Chen
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobo Qin
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Electrocardiography, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Lianglin Qiu
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Sufang Chen
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Huifen Zhou
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, China
| | - Yanyi Xu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziying Hu
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Provincial People's Hospital) , Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Cao
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhekang Ying
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Yang Q, Song C, Jiang J, Chen Y, Liang S, Ma N, Dong K, Nie W, Wang K. Association of reproductive history with hypertension and prehypertension in Chinese postmenopausal women: a population-based cross-sectional study. Hypertens Res 2017; 41:66-74. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2017.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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The Spleen: A Hub Connecting Nervous and Immune Systems in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061216. [PMID: 28590409 PMCID: PMC5486039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders have been identified as major health problems affecting a large portion of the world population. In addition, obesity and insulin resistance are principal risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Altered immune responses are common features of both hypertension and obesity and, moreover, the involvement of the nervous system in the modulation of immune system is gaining even more attention in both pathophysiological contexts. For these reasons, during the last decades, researches focused their efforts on the comprehension of the molecular mechanisms connecting immune system to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. On the other hand, it has been reported that in these pathological conditions, central neural pathways modulate the activity of the peripheral nervous system, which is strongly involved in onset and progression of the disease. It is interesting to notice that neural reflex can also participate in the modulation of immune functions. In this scenario, the spleen becomes the crucial hub allowing the interaction of different systems differently involved in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Here, we summarize the major findings that dissect the role of the immune system in disorders related to metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunctions, and how this could also be influenced by neural reflexes.
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Regulska-Ilow B, Mandecka A, Ilow R, Kowalisko A, Konikowska K. Prevalence of Diet Atherogenicity and Coexistence of Lipid Disorders and Arterial Hypertension among 50-year-old Inhabitants of Wroclaw, Poland. Cent Eur J Public Health 2017; 25:15-21. [PMID: 28399350 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a4365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The incorrect composition of a diet, its atherogenicity, is conducive to the occurrence of lipid disorders, arterial hypertension (HTN), diabetes, and metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of incorrect anthropometric and biochemical parameters as well as diet atherogenicity. METHODS The study group included 1,520 adults (880 women, 640 men). The nutritional status evaluation was based on respondents' BMI and waist circumference. The diet atherogenicity was estimated using Keys Index (KI) and P/S ratio. Total cholesterol (TCh), LDL cholesterol as well as triglycerides (TG) concentration in blood serum were also evaluated. RESULTS In 56.8% of women and 60.8% of men waist circumference exceeded referential values. The diets of 71.4% of women and 87.3% of men were atherogenic. HTN was observed in 64.1% of the study population. Hypercholesterolaemia was found in approximately 72% of the respondents. The increased LDL cholesterol concentration were found in 57.5% of women and 64.5% of men. Abnormal concentration of HDL cholesterol occurred among approximately 20% of respondents. Hypertriglyceridaemia was recognised in 26% of women and 44% of men. In the group of women and men with HTN, mean values, i.e. BMI, waist circumference and TG (with TCh concentration additionally noted in men) were found as significant. Normal lipid profile and arterial pressure values were observed in 6.6% of the population. CONCLUSIONS In the diets of men with HTN were observed higher values of KI compared to group without HTN. No significant differences were found in the frequency of occurrence of the analysed parameters either among the group of women with HTN or without it. In the group of men with HTN, the abnormal BMI, waist circumference and TG occurred more frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Mandecka
- Department of Dietetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Ilow
- Department of Food Science and Dietetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Preventive effect of Eucommia leaf extract on aortic media hypertrophy in Wistar-Kyoto rats fed a high-fat diet. Hypertens Res 2017; 40:546-551. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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19
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Thomas MC. Type 2 Diabetes and Heart Failure: Challenges and Solutions. Curr Cardiol Rev 2016; 12:249-55. [PMID: 27280301 PMCID: PMC5011193 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x12666160606120254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing numbers of older patients with type 2 diabetes, and their improved survival from cardiovascular events is seeing a massive increase in patients with both diabetes and heart failure. Already, at least a third of all patients with heart failure have diabetes. This close association is partly because all the major risk factors for heart failure also cluster in patients with type 2 diabetes, including obesity, hypertension, advanced age, sleep apnoea, dyslipidaemia, anaemia, chronic kidney disease, and coronary heart disease. However, diabetes may also cause cardiac dysfunction in the absence of overt macrovascular disease, as well as complicate the response to therapy. Current management is focused on targeting modifiable risk factors for heart failure including hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, obesity and anemia. But although these are important risk markers, none of these interventions substantially prevents heart failure or improves its outcomes. Much more needs to be done to focus on this issue, including the inclusion of hospital admission for heart failure as a pre-specified component of the primary composite cardiovascular outcomes and new trials in heart failure management specifically in the context of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin C Thomas
- Biochemistry of Diabetes Complications, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, P.O. Box: 6492, Melbourne, Australia.
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20
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Han C, Rice MW, Cai D. Neuroinflammatory and autonomic mechanisms in diabetes and hypertension. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E32-41. [PMID: 27166279 PMCID: PMC4967151 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00012.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interdisciplinary studies in the research fields of endocrinology and immunology show that obesity-associated overnutrition leads to neuroinflammatory molecular changes, in particular in the hypothalamus, chronically causing various disorders known as elements of metabolic syndrome. In this process, neural or hypothalamic inflammation impairs the neuroendocrine and autonomic regulation of the brain over blood pressure and glucose homeostasis as well as insulin secretion, and elevated sympathetic activation has been appreciated as a critical mediator. This review describes the involved physiology and mechanisms, with a focus on glucose and blood pressure balance, and suggests that neuroinflammation employs the autonomic nervous system to mediate the development of diabetes and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Han
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Diabetes Research Center, Institute of Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Matthew W Rice
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Diabetes Research Center, Institute of Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Dongsheng Cai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Diabetes Research Center, Institute of Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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Quarta C, Sánchez-Garrido MA, Tschöp MH, Clemmensen C. Renaissance of leptin for obesity therapy. Diabetologia 2016; 59:920-7. [PMID: 26983921 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3906-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity and its metabolic comorbidities constitute an overwhelming health crisis and there is an urgent need for safe and effective pharmacological interventions. Being largely shelved for decades, scientists are now revisiting the anti-obesity virtues of leptin. Whereas it remains evident that leptin as a stand-alone therapy is not an effective approach, the potential for employing sensitising pharmacology to unleash the weight-lowering properties of leptin has injected new hope into the field. Fascinatingly, these leptin-sensitising agents seem to act via distinct metabolic pathways and may thus, in parallel with their clinical development, serve as important research tools to progress our understanding of the molecular, physiological and behavioural pathways underlying energy homeostasis and obesity pathophysiology. This review summarises a presentation given at the 'Is leptin coming back?' symposium at the 2015 annual meeting of the EASD. It is accompanied by two other reviews on topics from this symposium (by Thomas Meek and Gregory Morton, DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3898-3 , and by Gerald Shulman and colleagues, DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3909-4 ) and an overview by the Session Chair, Ulf Smith (DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3894-7 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Quarta
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| | - Miguel A Sánchez-Garrido
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany.
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Munich, Germany.
| | - Christoffer Clemmensen
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
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Badoer E, Kosari S, Stebbing MJ. Resistin, an Adipokine with Non-Generalized Actions on Sympathetic Nerve Activity. Front Physiol 2015; 6:321. [PMID: 26617526 PMCID: PMC4639629 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization has called obesity a global epidemic. There is a strong association between body weight gain and blood pressure. A major determinant of blood pressure is the level of activity in sympathetic nerves innervating cardiovascular organs. A characteristic of obesity, in both humans and in animal models, is an increase in sympathetic nerve activity to the skeletal muscle vasculature and to the kidneys. Obesity is now recognized as a chronic, low level inflammatory condition, and pro-inflammatory cytokines are elevated including those produced by adipose tissue. The most well-known adipokine released from fat tissue is leptin. The adipokine, resistin, is also released from adipose tissue. Resistin can act in the central nervous system to influence the sympathetic nerve activity. Here, we review the effects of resistin on sympathetic nerve activity and compare them with leptin. We build an argument that resistin and leptin may have complex interactions. Firstly, they may augment each other as both are excitatory on sympathetic nerves innervating cardiovascular organs; In contrast, they could antagonize each other's actions on brown adipose tissue, a key metabolic organ. These interactions may be important in conditions in which leptin and resistin are elevated, such as in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Badoer
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Samin Kosari
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Martin J Stebbing
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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23
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Balland E, Cowley MA. New insights in leptin resistance mechanisms in mice. Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 39:59-65. [PMID: 26410445 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Leptin resistance is one of the main challenges of obesity. To date, two levels of resistance have been identified, first a decreased rate of leptin uptake into the brain and secondly a diminished central response to leptin. New findings have identified the mechanisms of leptin transport and demonstrated that it can be rescued in obesity, but it did not overcome the problem of central resistance. Alteration in the actions of leptin following diet-induced obesity (DIO) appears to be a multifactorial condition. Several phosphatases are inhibiting leptin signaling pathways in a pathological way. Besides, hypothalamic inflammation alters the neuronal circuits that control metabolism. Recent studies describing both mechanisms (inhibition of leptin signaling and inflammation), have provided key insights to potential new targets for treatment. However, recent data showing that DIO mice may conserve a cellular and physiological response to endogenous leptin, highlights the need to redefine the concept of "leptin resistance".
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Affiliation(s)
- Eglantine Balland
- Department of Physiology, Monash Obesity and Diabetes Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Michael A Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Monash Obesity and Diabetes Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Wu YK, Chu NF, Huang YH, Syu JT, Chang JB. BMI, body fat mass and plasma leptin level in relation to cardiovascular diseases risk factors among adolescents in Taitung. Obes Res Clin Pract 2015; 10:432-41. [PMID: 26365368 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases and its relation to BMI, body fat mass and plasma leptin level among adolescents in Taitung, Taiwan. METHODS A cross-sectional Taitung Children Heart Study for 500 young adolescents between ages 13 and 15 was conducted. Gender-specific regression models were used to determine the associations between BMI, percentage of body fat mass, plasma leptin level and seven CVDs risk factors (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol) before and after adjusting for weight status and age. RESULTS After adjusting for weight status and age, BMI was positively associated with systolic BP, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol levels but negatively associated with HDL-cholesterol level in boys while positively associated with systolic and diastolic BP, mean arterial pressure, and LDL-cholesterol level in girls. The percentage of body fat mass was positively associated with triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol in boys while positively associated with systolic BP, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol in girls. Plasma leptin was positively associated with triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in boys but no statistically significant associations with CVDs risk factors in girls. A strong relationship between the percentage of body fat mass and plasma leptin appeared among all participants (r=0.59, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS BMI, body fat mass and plasma leptin level may be used to identify certain CVDs risk factors among Taitung adolescents. Future researches could consider measuring body fat mass in the relationship of CVDs risk factors instead of plasma leptin among young adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ke Wu
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carrington Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7460, USA.
| | - Nain-Feng Chu
- Taitung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taiwan, ROC; School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei City 114, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Ya-Hsien Huang
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei City 114, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Jhu-Ting Syu
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei City 114, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Jin-Biou Chang
- Clinical Laboratory, Tri-Service General Hospital, No. 325, Sec. 2, Chenggong Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei City 114, Taiwan, ROC.
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de Punder K, Pruimboom L. Stress induces endotoxemia and low-grade inflammation by increasing barrier permeability. Front Immunol 2015; 6:223. [PMID: 26029209 PMCID: PMC4432792 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of work absence, disability, and mortality worldwide. Most of these diseases are associated with low-grade inflammation. Here, we hypothesize that stresses (defined as homeostatic disturbances) can induce low-grade inflammation by increasing the availability of water, sodium, and energy-rich substances to meet the increased metabolic demand induced by the stressor. One way of triggering low-grade inflammation is by increasing intestinal barrier permeability through activation of various components of the stress system. Although beneficial to meet the demands necessary during stress, increased intestinal barrier permeability also raises the possibility of the translocation of bacteria and their toxins across the intestinal lumen into the blood circulation. In combination with modern life-style factors, the increase in bacteria/bacterial toxin translocation arising from a more permeable intestinal wall causes a low-grade inflammatory state. We support this hypothesis with numerous studies finding associations with NCDs and markers of endotoxemia, suggesting that this process plays a pivotal and perhaps even a causal role in the development of low-grade inflammation and its related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin de Punder
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany ; Natura Foundation , Numansdorp , Netherlands
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Krüger J, Brachs S, Trappiel M, Kintscher U, Meyborg H, Wellnhofer E, Thöne-Reineke C, Stawowy P, Östman A, Birkenfeld AL, Böhmer FD, Kappert K. Enhanced insulin signaling in density-enhanced phosphatase-1 (DEP-1) knockout mice. Mol Metab 2015; 4:325-36. [PMID: 25830095 PMCID: PMC4354926 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Insulin resistance can be triggered by enhanced dephosphorylation of the insulin receptor or downstream components in the insulin signaling cascade through protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Downregulating density-enhanced phosphatase-1 (DEP-1) resulted in an improved metabolic status in previous analyses. This phenotype was primarily caused by hepatic DEP-1 reduction. Methods Here we further elucidated the role of DEP-1 in glucose homeostasis by employing a conventional knockout model to explore the specific contribution of DEP-1 in metabolic tissues. Ptprj−/− (DEP-1 deficient) and wild-type C57BL/6 mice were fed a low-fat or high-fat diet. Metabolic phenotyping was combined with analyses of phosphorylation patterns of insulin signaling components. Additionally, experiments with skeletal muscle cells and muscle tissue were performed to assess the role of DEP-1 for glucose uptake. Results High-fat diet fed-Ptprj−/− mice displayed enhanced insulin sensitivity and improved glucose tolerance. Furthermore, leptin levels and blood pressure were reduced in Ptprj−/− mice. DEP-1 deficiency resulted in increased phosphorylation of components of the insulin signaling cascade in liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue after insulin challenge. The beneficial effect on glucose homeostasis in vivo was corroborated by increased glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells in which DEP-1 was downregulated, and in skeletal muscle of Ptprj−/− mice. Conclusion Together, these data establish DEP-1 as novel negative regulator of insulin signaling.
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Key Words
- DEP-1, density-enhanced phosphatase-1
- Density-enhanced phosphatase-1
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- Glucose homeostasis
- HFD, high-fat diet
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- IR, insulin receptor
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- Insulin resistance
- Insulin signaling
- KO, knockout
- LFD, low-fat diet
- MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1
- PTP, protein tyrosine phosphatase
- Phosphorylation
- RER, respiratory exchange ratio
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- WT, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Krüger
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brachs
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela Trappiel
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kintscher
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Institute of Pharmacology, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Meyborg
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ernst Wellnhofer
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christa Thöne-Reineke
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Department of Experimental Medicine, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Stawowy
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arne Östman
- Cancer Center Karolinska, R8:03, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank D Böhmer
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kai Kappert
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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Kathyayani T, Reddy AH, Sri Lakshmi B, Venkatappa B. Neuro-endocrine immune networks leading to HIV-associated cardiovascular abnormalities: Role of leptin. HIV & AIDS REVIEW 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hivar.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Li YX, Zhang Q, Shang XM, Li YQ, Liu XK, Liu CQ, Liu XM, Zhang QH. Association of Two Well-defined Polymorphisms in Leptin and Leptin Receptor Genes with Hypertension and Circulating Leptin: A Meta-analysis. Arch Med Res 2015; 46:38-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Simonds S, Pryor J, Ravussin E, Greenway F, Dileone R, Allen A, Bassi J, Elmquist J, Keogh J, Henning E, Myers M, Licinio J, Brown R, Enriori P, O’Rahilly S, Sternson S, Grove K, Spanswick D, Farooqi I, Cowley M. Leptin mediates the increase in blood pressure associated with obesity. Cell 2014; 159:1404-16. [PMID: 25480301 PMCID: PMC4259491 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with increased blood pressure (BP), which in turn increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. We found that the increase in leptin levels seen in diet-induced obesity (DIO) drives an increase in BP in rodents, an effect that was not seen in animals deficient in leptin or leptin receptors (LepR). Furthermore, humans with loss-of-function mutations in leptin and the LepR have low BP despite severe obesity. Leptin's effects on BP are mediated by neuronal circuits in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), as blocking leptin with a specific antibody, antagonist, or inhibition of the activity of LepR-expressing neurons in the DMH caused a rapid reduction of BP in DIO mice, independent of changes in weight. Re-expression of LepRs in the DMH of DIO LepR-deficient mice caused an increase in BP. These studies demonstrate that leptin couples changes in weight to changes in BP in mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E. Simonds
- Department of Physiology, Monash Obesity and Diabetes Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jack T. Pryor
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK,Neurosolutions Ltd., Coventry CV4 7ZS, UK
| | - Eric Ravussin
- The Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Frank L. Greenway
- The Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Ralph Dileone
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Andrew M. Allen
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jaspreet Bassi
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Joel K. Elmquist
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Julia M. Keogh
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Elana Henning
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Martin G. Myers
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Julio Licinio
- Mind and Brain Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Russell D. Brown
- Department of Physiology, Monash Obesity and Diabetes Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Pablo J. Enriori
- Department of Physiology, Monash Obesity and Diabetes Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Stephen O’Rahilly
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Scott M. Sternson
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Kevin L. Grove
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - David C. Spanswick
- Department of Physiology, Monash Obesity and Diabetes Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia,Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - I. Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK,Corresponding author
| | - Michael A. Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Monash Obesity and Diabetes Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia,Corresponding author
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Alsmadi O, Melhem M, Hebbar P, Thareja G, John SE, Alkayal F, Behbehani K, Thanaraj TA. Leptin in association with common variants of MC3R mediates hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2014; 27:973-81. [PMID: 24487982 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpt285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research illustrates the role of central melanocortin signaling and leptin in the regulation of arterial blood pressure in animal models. Unraveling the genetic basis of interactions between melanocortin and leptin in humans will provide new insight into the regulation of arterial pressure. METHOD Our study population consisted of 332 Kuwaiti natives. Polymorphisms from exons of leptin, MC3R, and MC4R genes were identified by Sanger sequencing. MC3R expression and leptin levels were determined. Linear regression models, adjusted for age, gender, antihypertensive medication, and body mass index, were used to perform statistical association tests. RESULTS We observed a significant association between the MC3R missense variant (rs3827103 [Val81 Ile]) and systolic blood pressure (SBP; P = 0.01, β = 4.9). The N-terminus variant (rs3746619 [Thr6→Lys]) is in linkage disequilibrium (r2 = 0.65) with the rs3827103 variant. The AA haplotype of rs3746619-rs3827103 is significantly associated with SBP (P = 0.005, β=5.03). Minor allele frequencies of these two variants in the Kuwaiti population are twice those seen in European population. In individuals who harbor these variants, we found that the plasma leptin levels were positively correlated with SBP and that the expression of MC3R was downregulated. Leptin levels correlated with obesity traits irrespective of the genotypes at the variant positions. CONCLUSION An increase in leptin levels is known to increase sympathetic nerve activity that, in turn, increases blood pressure. Thus, it is possible that the observed MC3R variants in association with leptin levels are involved in regulation of blood pressure in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Alsmadi
- Dasman Genome Centre, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait
| | | | - Prashantha Hebbar
- Integrative Informatics Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait
| | - Gaurav Thareja
- Integrative Informatics Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait
| | - Sumi E John
- Integrative Informatics Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait
| | - Fadi Alkayal
- Dasman Genome Centre, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait
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Leptin-induced endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation of peripheral arteries in lean and obese rats: role of nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86744. [PMID: 24475175 PMCID: PMC3901689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue hormone leptin induces endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation mediated by nitric oxide (NO) and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHF). Previously it has been demonstrated that in short-term obesity the NO-dependent and the EDHF-dependent components of vascular effect of leptin are impaired and up-regulated, respectively. Herein we examined the mechanism of the EDHF-dependent vasodilatory effect of leptin and tested the hypothesis that alterations of acute vascular effects of leptin in obesity are accounted for by chronic hyperleptinemia. The study was performed in 5 groups of rats: (1) control, (2) treated with exogenous leptin for 1 week to induce hyperleptinemia, (3) obese, fed highly-palatable diet for 4 weeks, (4) obese treated with pegylated superactive rat leptin receptor antagonist (PEG-SRLA) for 1 week, (5) fed standard chow and treated with PEG-SRLA. Acute effect of leptin on isometric tension of mesenteric artery segments was measured ex vivo. Leptin relaxed phenylephrine-preconstricted vascular segments in NO- and EDHF-dependent manner. The NO-dependent component was impaired and the EDHF-dependent component was increased in the leptin-treated and obese groups and in the latter group both these effects were abolished by PEG-SRLA. The EDHF-dependent vasodilatory effect of leptin was blocked by either the inhibitor of cystathionine γ-lyase, propargylglycine, or a hydrogen sulfide (H2S) scavenger, bismuth (III) subsalicylate. The results indicate that NO deficiency is compensated by the up-regulation of EDHF in obese rats and both effects are accounted for by chronic hyperleptinemia. The EDHF-dependent component of leptin-induced vasorelaxation is mediated, at least partially, by H2S.
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Koehestanie P, Betzel B, Dogan K, Berends F, Janssen I, Aarts E, Groenen M, Wahab P. The feasibility of delivering a duodenal–jejunal bypass liner (endobarrier) endoscopically with patients under conscious sedation. Surg Endosc 2013; 28:325-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00464-013-3143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
In addition to effects on appetite and metabolism, leptin influences many neuroendocrine and physiological systems, including the sympathetic nervous system. Building on my Carl Ludwig Lecture of the American Physiological Society, I review the sympathetic and cardiovascular actions of leptin. The review focuses on a critical analysis of the concept of selective leptin resistance (SLR) and the role of leptin in the pathogenesis of obesity-induced hypertension in both experimental animals and humans. We introduced the concept of SLR in 2002 to explain how leptin might increase blood pressure (BP) in obese states, such as diet-induced obesity (DIO), that are accompanied by partial leptin resistance. This concept, analogous to selective insulin resistance in the metabolic syndrome, holds that in several genetic and acquired models of obesity, there is preservation of the renal sympathetic and pressor actions of leptin despite attenuation of the appetite and weight-reducing actions. Two potential overlapping mechanisms of SLR are reviewed: 1) differential leptin molecular signaling pathways that mediate selective as opposed to universal leptin action and 2) brain site-specific leptin action and resistance. Although the phenomenon of SLR in DIO has so far focused on preservation of sympathetic and BP actions of leptin, consideration should be given to the possibility that this concept may extend to preservation of other actions of leptin. Finally, I review perplexing data on the effects of leptin on sympathetic activity and BP in humans and its role in human obesity-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyn L Mark
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Obesity Research and Education Initiative, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
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Iyngkaran P, Anavekar N, Majoni W, Thomas MC. The role and management of sympathetic overactivity in cardiovascular and renal complications of diabetes. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2013; 39:290-8. [PMID: 23871308 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Feedback activation of neurohormonal pathways in the setting of kidney or heart failure contributes to the development and progression of dysfunction in the other. Diabetes and its management independently activate these same pathogenic pathways, feeding into this vicious cycle and contributing to a poor prognosis. One of the most important of these neurohormonal pathways is the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). The activity of the SNS in increased in patients with chronic kidney disease, even in the absence of renal impairment or heart failure. There is a strong relationship between SNS overactivity and prognosis, and evidence that blockade of SNS reduces morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes. However, modulation of SNS is underutilised as a strategy to protect both the diabetic kidney and the heart. This is partly because of the historically poor tolerability, adverse haemodynamic and metabolic effects, lack of selectivity of β-blockers and the lack of specificity of other interventions that might modify SNS activation. The advent of "vasodilating β-blockers" with better tolerability as well as more favourable effects on renal function and metabolic profiles opens the door for their more widespread utility in patients with diabetes. Radiofrequency renal sympathectomy and baroreflex activation technologies also offer exciting new ways to tackle the challenge of sympathetic overactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Iyngkaran
- Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia; Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Leptin's activity on the hydroxyl radical: a possible link to the oxidative stress-related endothelial vasodilation in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Lung 2013; 191:391-5. [PMID: 23689876 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-013-9466-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity, whereas the underlying mechanism is still eluding, the thought participants are chronic intermittent hypoxia with consequent increase in the reactive oxygen species, leading to endothelial cell damage and dysfunction in these patients. As the hydroxyl radical (·OH) mediates the vascular smooth muscle relaxation, identification of its scavengers might reveal sentinel markers of decreased vascular responsiveness and worse long-term comorbid outcome. We therefore assessed leptin's scavenger effect on (∙)OH using the electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) method. METHODS The (∙)OH was generated by the Fenton reaction in the presence of spin-trap 5-diethoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) with various concentrations of leptin (0.25, 2.5, and 25 μg/ml) and without leptin. EPR spectrometer settings were: modulation frequency, 100 kHz; X band microwave frequency, 9.5 GHz; microwave power, 20 mW (milliwatts); modulation amplitude, 1.0 G (gauss); time constant, 160 s; scan time, 200 s; and receiver gain, 1 × l0(5). EPR signal intensity between 3,440 and 3,540 G of measurements taken in at least three separate experiments was reported. Mannitol, a known (∙)OH scavenger, at 100 mM significantly decreased the DMPO-OH adduct formation and was used as the active-control agent. RESULTS Leptin added to aqueous solutions at all concentrations was associated with a statistically significant decrease in EPR signal compared with controls due to its scavenging activity towards the ·OH. CONCLUSIONS Leptin could be further investigated as a sentinel biomarker of decreased vascular responsiveness and future risk of atherosclerotic disease in obese OSA patients.
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