1
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McLean RT, Buist E, St Clair D, Wei J. Autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptors are increased in archived serum samples from patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2024; 267:8-13. [PMID: 38508027 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the levels of IgG against neurotransmitter receptors are increased in patients with schizophrenia. Genome-wide association (GWA) studies of schizophrenia confirmed that 108 loci harbouring over 300 genes were associated with schizophrenia. Although the functional implications of genetic variants are unclear, theoretical functional alterations of these genes could be replicated by the presence of autoantibodies. This study examined the levels of plasma IgG antibodies against four neurotransmitter receptors, CHRM4, GRM3, CHRNA4 and CHRNA5, using an in-house ELISA in 247 patients with schizophrenia and 344 non-psychiatric controls. Four peptides were designed based on in silico analysis with computational prediction of HLA-DRB1 restricted and B-cell epitopes. The relationship between plasma IgG levels and psychiatric symptoms, as defined by the Operational Criteria Checklist for Psychotic Illness and Affective Illness (OPCRIT), were examined. The results showed that the levels of plasma IgG against peptides derived from CHRM4 and CHRNA4 were significantly increased in patients with schizophrenia compared with control subjects, but there was no significant association of plasma IgG levels with any symptom domain or any specific symptoms. These preliminary results suggest that CHRM4 and CHRNA4 may be novel targets for autoantibody responses in schizophrenia, although the pathogenic relationship between increased serum autoantibody levels and schizophrenia symptoms remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Thomas McLean
- Institute of Health Research and Innovation, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Buist
- Institute of Health Research and Innovation, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK; New Craigs Hospital, Inverness, UK
| | - David St Clair
- Department of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jun Wei
- Institute of Health Research and Innovation, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
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2
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Olivero G, Roggeri A, Pittaluga A. Anti-NMDA and Anti-AMPA Receptor Antibodies in Central Disorders: Preclinical Approaches to Assess Their Pathological Role and Translatability to Clinic. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14905. [PMID: 37834353 PMCID: PMC10573896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies against NMDA and AMPA receptors have been identified in the central nervous system of patients suffering from brain disorders characterized by neurological and psychiatric symptoms. It has been demonstrated that these autoantibodies can affect the functions and/or the expression of the targeted receptors, altering synaptic communication. The importance to clarify, in preclinical models, the molecular mechanisms involved in the autoantibody-mediated effects has emerged in order to understand their pathogenic role in central disorders, but also to propose new therapeutic approaches for preventing the deleterious central consequences. In this review, we describe some of the available preclinical literature concerning the impact of antibodies recognizing NMDA and AMPA receptors in neurons. This review discusses the cellular events that would support the detrimental roles of the autoantibodies, also illustrating some contrasting findings that in our opinion deserve attention and further investigations before translating the preclinical observations to clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guendalina Olivero
- Department of Pharmacy (DiFar), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (G.O.); (A.R.)
| | - Alessandra Roggeri
- Department of Pharmacy (DiFar), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (G.O.); (A.R.)
| | - Anna Pittaluga
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, 3Rs Center, Department of Pharmacy (DiFar), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16145 Genoa, Italy
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3
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Shin HR, Kim M, Park KI. Electroconvulsive therapy and seizure: a double-edged sword? ENCEPHALITIS 2023; 3:103-108. [PMID: 37621189 PMCID: PMC10598284 DOI: 10.47936/encephalitis.2023.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a widely used therapeutic option of drug-refractory psychiatric disorders. ECT treats psychiatric symptoms by inducing brief controlled seizures through electrical stimulation, but ECT does not generally cause prolonged seizures or epilepsy. However, several studies have reported cases of prolonged seizures after ECT. This review aimed to determine the mechanism of epileptogenesis with neurobiological changes after ECT. Contrary to epileptogenesis by ECT, several cases have reported that ECT was successfully applied for treatment of refractory status epilepticus. In addition, ECT might be applied to hyperkinetic movement and psychiatric symptoms of encephalitis. We also investigated the anticonvulsant mechanism of ECT and how it controls encephalitis symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Rim Shin
- Department of Neurology, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Minah Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Il Park
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul, Korea
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4
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Lamanna J, Ferro M, Spadini S, Racchetti G, Malgaroli A. The Dysfunctional Mechanisms Throwing Tics: Structural and Functional Changes in Tourette Syndrome. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:668. [PMID: 37622808 PMCID: PMC10451670 DOI: 10.3390/bs13080668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a high-incidence multifactorial neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics co-occurring with several diverse comorbidities, including obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The origin of TS is multifactorial, with strong genetic, perinatal, and immunological influences. Although almost all neurotransmettitorial systems have been implicated in TS pathophysiology, a comprehensive neurophysiological model explaining the dynamics of expression and inhibition of tics is still lacking. The genesis and maintenance of motor and non-motor aspects of TS are thought to arise from functional and/or structural modifications of the basal ganglia and related circuitry. This complex wiring involves several cortical and subcortical structures whose concerted activity controls the selection of the most appropriate reflexive and habitual motor, cognitive and emotional actions. Importantly, striatal circuits exhibit bidirectional forms of synaptic plasticity that differ in many respects from hippocampal and neocortical plasticity, including sensitivity to metaplastic molecules such as dopamine. Here, we review the available evidence about structural and functional anomalies in neural circuits which have been found in TS patients. Finally, considering what is known in the field of striatal plasticity, we discuss the role of exuberant plasticity in TS, including the prospect of future pharmacological and neuromodulation avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Lamanna
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Ferro
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, 20143 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Spadini
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Racchetti
- Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Malgaroli
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Communication (BNC), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
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5
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Siriratnam P, McArthur L, Chen Z, Kempster P, Monif M. Movement disorders in cell surface antibody mediated autoimmune encephalitis: a meta-analysis. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1225523. [PMID: 37545714 PMCID: PMC10401600 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1225523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an increasingly recognized neuroinflammatory disease entity in which early detection and treatment leads to the best clinical outcomes. Movement disorders occur in AE but their characteristics are not well defined. Objectives To identify the frequency, classification, and prognostic significance of movement disorders in AE. Methods We conducted a systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis of movement disorders in cell surface antibody mediated AE. The frequency of any movement disorder as well as the classification of movement disorders in AE serotypes was determined. We looked at adults 18 years and older and included publications that described at least 10 cases. We used the following four electronic databases: Medline (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), APA Psychinfo, and Cochrane library. Results A total of 1,192 titles and abstracts were reviewed. Thirty-seven studies were included in the final meta-analysis. At least one kind of movement disorder was present in 40% of the entire AE cohort, 53% with anti-NMDA receptor antibodies, 33% with anti-CASPR2 antibodies, 30% with anti-LGI1 antibodies and 13% with anti-GABA receptor antibodies. Dyskinesia was the commonest movement disorder in anti-NMDA antibody mediated AE and faciobrachial dystonic seizures were most frequent in anti-LGI1 antibody mediated AE. Patients with a movement disorder tended to have a higher mortality. The risk of bias in the included studies was mostly moderate or high. Conclusion Movement disorders are common in AE and their identification, in conjunction with other clinical and paraclinical features, may facilitate earlier diagnosis. The prognostic implications of movement disorders in AE warrant further dedicated study. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier: CRD42023386920.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakeeran Siriratnam
- Neurosciences, The Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Zhibin Chen
- Neurosciences, The Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Kempster
- Neurosciences Department, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mastura Monif
- Neurosciences, The Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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6
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Son S, Lim KB, Yoo J, Song P, Kim J. Cognitive Impairment in a Child With Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis: A Case Report. BRAIN & NEUROREHABILITATION 2023; 16:e12. [PMID: 37554261 PMCID: PMC10404809 DOI: 10.12786/bn.2023.16.e12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor encephalitis is a complex autoimmune inflammatory neurological disorder that presents with epileptic seizures and rapid functional deterioration, including movement disorders and cognitive impairment, especially in young patients. Despite aggressive initial treatment with immune therapy, such as corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, and plasmapheresis, patients often need intensive rehabilitative therapies for their long-lasting deficits. We report a pediatric case of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis in Korea that presented with symptoms of muscle weakness of the four extremities, dysarthria, dysphagia, and cognitive impairment in the acute phase. The patient underwent 4 weeks of comprehensive rehabilitative treatment, including physical therapy, occupational therapy, swallowing rehabilitation therapy, cognitive rehabilitation therapy, and speech therapy. At the follow-up evaluation after 4 weeks of treatment, she showed significant improvements in limb muscle strength, balance ability, swallowing, language function, and the ability to perform activities of daily living. However, when assessed using the Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV, there was little improvement in cognitive function, particularly in working memory. While only a few cases have reported the progression of cognitive function using a standardized cognitive evaluation tool in patients with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis, this present case report adds to the accumulation of evidence of neurocognitive deficits in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongsik Son
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Kil-Byung Lim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jeehyun Yoo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Pamela Song
- Department of Neurology, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jiyong Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea
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7
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Guarino M, La Bella S, Santoro M, Caposiena D, Di Lembo E, Chiarelli F, Iannetti G. The Leading Role of Brain and Abdominal Radiological Features in the Work-Up of Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis in Children: An Up-To-Date Review. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13040662. [PMID: 37190627 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13040662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis (NMDARe) is the most common cause of nonviral encephalitis, mostly affecting young women and adolescents with a strong female predominance (F/M ratio of around 4:1). NMDARe is characterized by the presence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) antibodies against NMDARs, even though its pathophysiological mechanisms have not totally been clarified. The clinical phenotype of NMDARe is composed of both severe neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms, including generalized seizures with desaturations, behavioral abnormalities, and movement disorders. NMDARe is often a paraneoplastic illness, mainly due to the common presence of concomitant ovarian teratomas in young women. Abdominal ultrasonography (US) is a key imaging technique that should always be performed in suspected patients. The timely use of abdominal US and the peculiar radiological features observed in NMDARe may allow for a quick diagnosis and a good prognosis, with rapid improvement after the resection of the tumor and the correct drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriana Guarino
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti-Pescara "G. D'Annunzio", Via Dei Vestini 5, Ospedale Clinicizzato Chieti (CH), 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Saverio La Bella
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti-Pescara "G. D'Annunzio", Via Dei Vestini 5, Ospedale Clinicizzato Chieti (CH), 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Santoro
- Department of Radiology, Pescara Public Hospital "Santo Spirito", 65124 Pescara, Italy
| | - Daniele Caposiena
- Department of Radiology, Pescara Public Hospital "Santo Spirito", 65124 Pescara, Italy
| | - Enza Di Lembo
- Department of Internist Ultrasound, Pescara Public Hospital "Santo Spirito", 65124 Pescara, Italy
| | - Francesco Chiarelli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti-Pescara "G. D'Annunzio", Via Dei Vestini 5, Ospedale Clinicizzato Chieti (CH), 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Giovanni Iannetti
- Department of Internist Ultrasound, Pescara Public Hospital "Santo Spirito", 65124 Pescara, Italy
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8
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Social interaction, psychotic disorders and inflammation: A triangle of interest. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 122:110697. [PMID: 36521587 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Social interaction difficulties are a hallmark of psychotic disorders, which in some cases can be definitely traced back to autoimmunological causes. Interestingly, systemic and intrathecal inflammation have been shown to significantly influence social processing by increasing sensitivity to threatening social stimuli, which bears some resemblance to psychosis. In this article, we review evidence for the involvement of systemic and intrathecal inflammatory processes in psychotic disorders and how this might help to explain some of the social impairments associated with this group of disorders. Vice versa, we also discuss evidence for the immunomodulatory function of social interactions and their potential role for therapeutic interventions in psychotic disorders.
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9
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McLean RT, Buist E, St Clair D, Wei J. An examination of plasma autoantibodies against voltage gated calcium channels in schizophrenia. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 28:100603. [PMID: 36865984 PMCID: PMC9972490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies targeting the central nervous system have been shown to induce psychiatric symptoms resembling schizophrenia. Concurrently, genetic studies have characterised a number of risk variants associated with schizophrenia although their functional implications are largely unknown. Any biological effects of functional variants on protein function may potentially be replicated by the presence of autoantibodies against such proteins. Recent research has demonstrated that the R1346H variant in the CACNA1I gene coding for the Cav 3.3 protein results in a synaptic reduction of Cav3.3 voltage gated calcium channels and, consequently, sleep spindles, which have been shown to correlate with several symptom domains in patients with schizophrenia. The present study measured plasma levels of IgG against two peptides derived from CACNA1I and CACNA1C, respectively, in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. The results demonstrated that increased anti-CACNA1I IgG levels were associated with schizophrenia but not associated with any symptom domain related to the reduction of sleep spindles. In contrast to previously published work indicating that inflammation may be a marker for a depressive phenotype, plasma levels of IgG against either CACNA1I or CACNA1C peptides were not associated with depressive symptoms, suggesting that anti-Cav3.3 autoantibodies may function independently of pro-inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Thomas McLean
- Institute of Health Research and Innovation, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
| | - Elizabeth Buist
- Institute of Health Research and Innovation, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
- New Craigs Hospital, Inverness, UK
| | - David St Clair
- Department of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jun Wei
- Institute of Health Research and Innovation, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
- Corresponding author. Institute of Health Research and Innovation, University of the Highlands and Islands, Centre for Health Science, Old Perth Road, Inverness, IV2 3JH, UK.
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10
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Watne LO, Pollmann CT, Neerland BE, Quist-Paulsen E, Halaas NB, Idland AV, Hassel B, Henjum K, Knapskog AB, Frihagen F, Raeder J, Godø A, Ueland PM, McCann A, Figved W, Selbæk G, Zetterberg H, Fang EF, Myrstad M, Giil LM. Cerebrospinal fluid quinolinic acid is strongly associated with delirium and mortality in hip-fracture patients. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:163472. [PMID: 36409557 PMCID: PMC9843060 DOI: 10.1172/jci163472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDThe kynurenine pathway (KP) has been identified as a potential mediator linking acute illness to cognitive dysfunction by generating neuroactive metabolites in response to inflammation. Delirium (acute confusion) is a common complication of acute illness and is associated with increased risk of dementia and mortality. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying delirium, particularly in relation to the KP, remain elusive.METHODSWe undertook a multicenter observational study with 586 hospitalized patients (248 with delirium) and investigated associations between delirium and KP metabolites measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum by targeted metabolomics. We also explored associations between KP metabolites and markers of neuronal damage and 1-year mortality.RESULTSIn delirium, we found concentrations of the neurotoxic metabolite quinolinic acid in CSF (CSF-QA) (OR 2.26 [1.78, 2.87], P < 0.001) to be increased and also found increases in several other KP metabolites in serum and CSF. In addition, CSF-QA was associated with the neuronal damage marker neurofilament light chain (NfL) (β 0.43, P < 0.001) and was a strong predictor of 1-year mortality (HR 4.35 [2.93, 6.45] for CSF-QA ≥ 100 nmol/L, P < 0.001). The associations between CSF-QA and delirium, neuronal damage, and mortality remained highly significant following adjustment for confounders and multiple comparisons.CONCLUSIONOur data identified how systemic inflammation, neurotoxicity, and delirium are strongly linked via the KP and should inform future delirium prevention and treatment clinical trials that target enzymes of the KP.FUNDINGNorwegian Health Association and South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiv Otto Watne
- Oslo Delirium Research Group, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Geriatric Medicine and
| | | | | | | | | | - Ane-Victoria Idland
- Oslo Delirium Research Group, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Anesthesiology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Bjørnar Hassel
- Department of Neurohabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristi Henjum
- Oslo Delirium Research Group, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Frede Frihagen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Østfold Hospital Trust, Grålum, Norway
| | - Johan Raeder
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Anesthesiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aasmund Godø
- Department of Anesthesiology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Wender Figved
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Orthopaedic Department, Bærum Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
| | - Geir Selbæk
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom.,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Evandro F. Fang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo, and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.,The Norwegian Centre on Healthy Ageing (NO-Age), Oslo, Norway
| | - Marius Myrstad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bærum Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
| | - Lasse M. Giil
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Internal Medicine, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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11
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Heimberger AB, Lukas RV. The kynurenine pathway implicated in patient delirium: possible indications for indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase inhibitors. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:164577. [PMID: 36647830 PMCID: PMC9843043 DOI: 10.1172/jci164577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) metabolism plays a central role in sleep, mood, and immune system regulation. The kynurenine pathway (KP), which is regulated by the enzymes tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO), which catalyze the conversion of Trp to kynurenine (Kyn), facilitates immune regulation and influences neurocognition. Notably, Kyn metabolites bind the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), essential for memory encoding, and in turn, cognition. Aberrant NMDAR activity through agonist binding influences excitability and cell death. In this issue of the JCI, Watne and authors demonstrate that KP pathway end products were elevated in the serum and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of subjects with delirium. This observation provides insight regarding the basis of a variety of commonly observed clinical conditions including sundowning, abnormal sleep-wake cycles in hospitalized patients, neurodegenerative cognitive impairment, radiation-induced cognitive impairment, neurocognitive symptomatology related to COVID-19, and clinical outcomes observed in patients with CNS tumors, such as gliomas.
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12
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Sabet MF, Barman S, Beller M, Meuth SG, Melzer N, Aktas O, Goebels N, Prozorovski T. Myelinating Co-Culture as a Model to Study Anti-NMDAR Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010248. [PMID: 36613687 PMCID: PMC9820503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-NMDA receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is frequently associated with demyelinating disorders (e.g., multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated disease (MOGAD)) with regard to clinical presentation, neuropathological and cerebrospinal fluid findings. Indeed, autoantibodies (AABs) against the GluN1 (NR1) subunit of the NMDAR diminish glutamatergic transmission in both neurons and oligodendrocytes, leading to a state of NMDAR hypofunction. Considering the vital role of oligodendroglial NMDAR signaling in neuron-glia communication and, in particular, in tightly regulated trophic support to neurons, the influence of GluN1 targeting on the physiology of myelinated axon may be of importance. We applied a myelinating spinal cord cell culture model that contains all major CNS cell types, to evaluate the effects of a patient-derived GluN1-specific monoclonal antibody (SSM5) on neuronal and myelin integrity. A non-brain reactive (12D7) antibody was used as the corresponding isotype control. We show that in cultures at the late stage of myelination, prolonged treatment with SSM5, but not 12D7, leads to neuronal damage. This is characterized by neurite blebbing and fragmentation, and a reduction in the number of myelinated axons. However, this significant toxic effect of SSM5 was not observed in earlier cultures at the beginning of myelination. Anti-GluN1 AABs induce neurodegenerative changes and associated myelin loss in myelinated spinal cord cultures. These findings may point to the higher vulnerability of myelinated neurons towards interference in glutamatergic communication, and may refer to the disturbance of the NMDAR-mediated oligodendrocyte metabolic supply. Our work contributes to the understanding of the emerging association of NMDAR encephalitis with demyelinating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedeh Farhat Sabet
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sumanta Barman
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mathias Beller
- Institut für Mathematische Modellierung Biologischer Systeme, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven G. Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nico Melzer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Norbert Goebels
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Correspondence: (N.G.); (T.P.); Tel.: +49-211-81-04594 (N.G.); +49-211-81-05146 (T.P.)
| | - Tim Prozorovski
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Correspondence: (N.G.); (T.P.); Tel.: +49-211-81-04594 (N.G.); +49-211-81-05146 (T.P.)
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Luo Y, Yu Y, Zhang M, Fan N. GluN1 antibody causes behavioral deficits in prepulse inhibition and memory through CaMKIIβ signaling. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 373:577998. [PMID: 36417808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that some patients with schizophrenia have high production of autoantibodies against the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunit GluN1 and that these antibodies lead to cognitive impairment. However, the molecular mechanisms of the deficits seen in these patients are largely unknown. In the present study, we found that passive infusion of GluN1 antibody into the hippocampus of mice for 7 days led to decreased expression of GluN1, phosphor-Ser897-GluN1, and EphrinB2 receptor (EphB2R); deficits in long-term potentiation (LTP) and synaptic transmission in the hippocampal CA1 area; impairment in prepulse inhibition (PPI); and deterioration of recognition memory in novel object recognition test. We also found decreased expression of CaMKIIβ, ERK1/2, CREB, and NF-κB after 7 days of GluN1 antibody exposure, as was the phosphorylation of these signaling molecules. The decrease in GluN1 and phosphor-Ser897-GluN1 expression and the deficits in LTP, PPI, and recognition memory were ameliorated by CaMKIIβ overexpression. These results suggest that downregulation of CaMKIIβ-ERK1/2-CREB-NF-κB signaling is responsiable for GluN1 antibody-associated impairment in PPI and memory and that GluN1 antibody-induced NMDAR hypofunction is the underlying mechanism of this impairment. Our findings indicate possible strategies to ameliorate NMDAR antibody-associated cognitive impairment in neuropsychiatric disease. They also provide evidence that NMDAR hypofunction is an underlying mechanism for cognitive impairment in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayan Luo
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510370, China
| | - Yang Yu
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510370, China
| | - Minling Zhang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510370, China
| | - Ni Fan
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510370, China.
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Šiško Markoš I, Blažeković I, Peitl V, Jukić T, Supanc V, Karlović D, Fröbe A. Psychiatric Illness or Immune Dysfunction-Brain Perfusion Imaging Providing the Answer in a Case of Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12102377. [PMID: 36292066 PMCID: PMC9600880 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12102377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the potential use of SPECT quantification in addition to qualitative brain perfusion analysis for the detection of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. The question is how to normalize brain activity to be able to quantitatively detect perfusion patterns. Usually, brain activity is normalized to a structure considered unaffected by the disease. METHODS Brain [99mTc]-HMPAO SPECT was performed as a method to detect brain perfusion patterns. The patterns of abnormal brain perfusion cannot always be reliably and qualitatively assessed when dealing with rare diseases. Recent advances in SPECT quantification using commercial software have enabled more objective and detailed analysis of brain perfusion. The cerebellum and whole brain were used as the normalization structures and were compared with visual analysis. RESULTS The quantification analysis performed with whole brain normalization confirmed right parietal lobe hypoperfusion while also detecting statistically significant left-to-right perfusion differences between the temporal lobe and thalamus. Whole brain normalization further described bilateral frontal lobe hyperperfusion, predominantly of the left lobe, and was in accordance with visual analysis. CONCLUSION SPECT quantitative brain perfusion analysis, using the whole brain as the normalization structure rather than the cerebellum, in this case, improved confidence in the visual detection of anti-NMDAR encephalitis and provided unexpected solutions to atypical psychiatric dilemmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Šiško Markoš
- Department of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1-3787-620
| | - Ivan Blažeković
- Department of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vjekoslav Peitl
- School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Psychiatry, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Jukić
- Department of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Višnja Supanc
- Department of Neurology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dalibor Karlović
- School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Psychiatry, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Fröbe
- Department of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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15
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Cuenod M, Steullet P, Cabungcal JH, Dwir D, Khadimallah I, Klauser P, Conus P, Do KQ. Caught in vicious circles: a perspective on dynamic feed-forward loops driving oxidative stress in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1886-1897. [PMID: 34759358 PMCID: PMC9126811 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01374-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has emerged demonstrating a pathological link between oxidative stress and schizophrenia. This evidence identifies oxidative stress as a convergence point or "central hub" for schizophrenia genetic and environmental risk factors. Here we review the existing experimental and translational research pinpointing the complex dynamics of oxidative stress mechanisms and their modulation in relation to schizophrenia pathophysiology. We focus on evidence supporting the crucial role of either redox dysregulation, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction, neuroinflammation or mitochondria bioenergetics dysfunction, initiating "vicious circles" centered on oxidative stress during neurodevelopment. These processes would amplify one another in positive feed-forward loops, leading to persistent impairments of the maturation and function of local parvalbumin-GABAergic neurons microcircuits and myelinated fibers of long-range macrocircuitry. This is at the basis of neural circuit synchronization impairments and cognitive, emotional, social and sensory deficits characteristic of schizophrenia. Potential therapeutic approaches that aim at breaking these different vicious circles represent promising strategies for timely and safe interventions. In order to improve early detection and increase the signal-to-noise ratio for adjunctive trials of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and NMDAR modulator drugs, a reverse translation of validated circuitry approach is needed. The above presented processes allow to identify mechanism based biomarkers guiding stratification of homogenous patients groups and target engagement required for successful clinical trials, paving the way towards precision medicine in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Cuenod
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Steullet
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan-Harry Cabungcal
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniella Dwir
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ines Khadimallah
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Klauser
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Conus
- Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kim Q Do
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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16
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Bastiaansen AEM, de Bruijn MAAM, Schuller SL, Martinez-Hernandez E, Brenner J, Paunovic M, Crijnen YS, Mulder MJHL, Schreurs MWJ, de Graaff E, Smitt PAE, Neuteboom RF, de Vries JM, Titulaer MJ. Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis in the Netherlands, Focusing on Late-Onset Patients and Antibody Test Accuracy. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2022; 9:9/2/e1127. [PMID: 34937737 PMCID: PMC8696553 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives To describe the clinical features of anti-NMDAR encephalitis, emphasizing on late-onset patients and antibody test characteristics in serum and CSF. Methods Nationwide observational Dutch cohort study, in patients diagnosed with anti-NMDAR encephalitis between 2007 and 2019. Results One hundred twenty-six patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis were included with a median age of 24 years (range 1–86 years). The mean annual incidence was 1.00/million (95% CI 0.62–1.59). Patients ≥45 years of age at onset (19%) had fewer seizures (46% vs 71%, p = 0.021), fewer symptoms during disease course (3 vs 6 symptoms, p = 0.020), and more often undetectable serum antibodies compared with younger patients (p = 0.031). In the late-onset group, outcome was worse, and all tumors were carcinomas (both p < 0.0001). CSF was more accurate than serum to detect anti-NMDAR encephalitis (sensitivity 99% vs 68%, p < 0.0001). Using cell-based assay (CBA), CSF provided an unconfirmed positive test result in 11/2,600 patients (0.4%); 6/11 had a neuroinflammatory disease (other than anti-NMDAR encephalitis). Patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis, who tested positive in CSF only, had lower CSF antibody titers (p = 0.003), but appeared to have an equally severe disease course. Discussion Anti-NMDAR encephalitis occurs at all ages and is less rare in the elderly patients than initially anticipated. In older patients, the clinical phenotype is less outspoken, has different tumor association, and a less favorable recovery. Detection of antibodies in CSF is the gold standard, and although the CBA has very good validity, it is not perfect. The clinical phenotype should be leading, and confirmation in a research laboratory is recommended, when in doubt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E M Bastiaansen
- From the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., M.A.A.M.d.B., J.B., M.P., Y.S.C., M.J.H.L.M., P.A.E.S., R.F.N., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, the Netherlands; Bachlelor Student Psychobiology (S.L.S.), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Program and Department of Neurology (E.M.-H.), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology (E.d.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marienke A A M de Bruijn
- From the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., M.A.A.M.d.B., J.B., M.P., Y.S.C., M.J.H.L.M., P.A.E.S., R.F.N., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, the Netherlands; Bachlelor Student Psychobiology (S.L.S.), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Program and Department of Neurology (E.M.-H.), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology (E.d.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sabine L Schuller
- From the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., M.A.A.M.d.B., J.B., M.P., Y.S.C., M.J.H.L.M., P.A.E.S., R.F.N., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, the Netherlands; Bachlelor Student Psychobiology (S.L.S.), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Program and Department of Neurology (E.M.-H.), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology (E.d.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eugenia Martinez-Hernandez
- From the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., M.A.A.M.d.B., J.B., M.P., Y.S.C., M.J.H.L.M., P.A.E.S., R.F.N., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, the Netherlands; Bachlelor Student Psychobiology (S.L.S.), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Program and Department of Neurology (E.M.-H.), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology (E.d.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Juliëtte Brenner
- From the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., M.A.A.M.d.B., J.B., M.P., Y.S.C., M.J.H.L.M., P.A.E.S., R.F.N., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, the Netherlands; Bachlelor Student Psychobiology (S.L.S.), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Program and Department of Neurology (E.M.-H.), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology (E.d.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Manuela Paunovic
- From the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., M.A.A.M.d.B., J.B., M.P., Y.S.C., M.J.H.L.M., P.A.E.S., R.F.N., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, the Netherlands; Bachlelor Student Psychobiology (S.L.S.), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Program and Department of Neurology (E.M.-H.), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology (E.d.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Yvette S Crijnen
- From the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., M.A.A.M.d.B., J.B., M.P., Y.S.C., M.J.H.L.M., P.A.E.S., R.F.N., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, the Netherlands; Bachlelor Student Psychobiology (S.L.S.), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Program and Department of Neurology (E.M.-H.), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology (E.d.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maxim J H L Mulder
- From the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., M.A.A.M.d.B., J.B., M.P., Y.S.C., M.J.H.L.M., P.A.E.S., R.F.N., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, the Netherlands; Bachlelor Student Psychobiology (S.L.S.), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Program and Department of Neurology (E.M.-H.), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology (E.d.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marco W J Schreurs
- From the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., M.A.A.M.d.B., J.B., M.P., Y.S.C., M.J.H.L.M., P.A.E.S., R.F.N., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, the Netherlands; Bachlelor Student Psychobiology (S.L.S.), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Program and Department of Neurology (E.M.-H.), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology (E.d.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Esther de Graaff
- From the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., M.A.A.M.d.B., J.B., M.P., Y.S.C., M.J.H.L.M., P.A.E.S., R.F.N., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, the Netherlands; Bachlelor Student Psychobiology (S.L.S.), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Program and Department of Neurology (E.M.-H.), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology (E.d.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter A E Smitt
- From the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., M.A.A.M.d.B., J.B., M.P., Y.S.C., M.J.H.L.M., P.A.E.S., R.F.N., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, the Netherlands; Bachlelor Student Psychobiology (S.L.S.), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Program and Department of Neurology (E.M.-H.), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology (E.d.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rinze F Neuteboom
- From the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., M.A.A.M.d.B., J.B., M.P., Y.S.C., M.J.H.L.M., P.A.E.S., R.F.N., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, the Netherlands; Bachlelor Student Psychobiology (S.L.S.), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Program and Department of Neurology (E.M.-H.), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology (E.d.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Juna M de Vries
- From the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., M.A.A.M.d.B., J.B., M.P., Y.S.C., M.J.H.L.M., P.A.E.S., R.F.N., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, the Netherlands; Bachlelor Student Psychobiology (S.L.S.), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Program and Department of Neurology (E.M.-H.), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology (E.d.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten J Titulaer
- From the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., M.A.A.M.d.B., J.B., M.P., Y.S.C., M.J.H.L.M., P.A.E.S., R.F.N., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, the Netherlands; Bachlelor Student Psychobiology (S.L.S.), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Program and Department of Neurology (E.M.-H.), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology (E.d.G.), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Zhang Z, Fan S, Ren H, Zhou L, Guan H. Clinical characteristics and prognosis of anti-alpha-Amino-3-Hydroxy-5-Methyl-4-Isoxazolepropionic acid receptor encephalitis. BMC Neurol 2021; 21:490. [PMID: 34915865 PMCID: PMC8678635 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02520-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Encephalitis associated with antibodies against alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) is an extremely rare type of antibody-mediated encephalitis. This research aims to investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of anti-AMPAR encephalitis. METHODS This retrospective study enrolled nine patients with anti-AMPAR encephalitis. Demographic information, clinical manifestations, laboratory and radiological findings, treatment and response were collected and analyzed. These patients were followed up with an average period of 72 weeks to gather prognostic information. RESULTS Nine patients (7 females and 2 males) were enrolled with a mean age at disease onset of 59 years old. Three clinical pictures, including limbic encephalitis (n = 7; 78%), pure amnesia (n = 1; 11%) and fulminant encephalitis (n = 1; 11%) were identified. New symptoms of dysphagia and deafness were identified in the clinical spectrum of anti-AMPAR encephalitis. All patients had positive blood AMPAR antibodies, and six of them (67%) had paired positive antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was abnormal in 75% of the patients with no specific patterns recognized. Six patients (67%) had tumors, including lung cancers and thymomas. After immunotherapy and oncotherapy, partial improvement of neurological symptoms was observed among all 6 patients with available records during their hospitalization. After a mean follow-up of 72 weeks, 3 patients had marked decrease of modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score, 1 patient had unchanged mRS score, 4 patients died and the other one was lost. CONCLUSIONS Anti-AMPAR encephalitis mainly presents as limbic encephalitis, and is paraneoplastic in 67% of cases. Thus, intensive screening for tumors is recommended for all anti-AMPAR patients. Although patients showed a good short-term therapeutic response, the overall prognosis was not satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing and Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Siyuan Fan
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing and Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Haitao Ren
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing and Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lixin Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing and Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Hongzhi Guan
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing and Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
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18
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Chadwick JW, Brooks PJ, Singh JM, Lam DK. Prevention of oral and maxillofacial trauma secondary to orofacial dyskinesias associated with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: a case series. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:511. [PMID: 34629072 PMCID: PMC8502506 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01783-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis (anti-NMDARE) is a multi-stage autoimmune-mediated disease associated with a multitude of neuropsychiatric and dysautonomic features. Orofacial dyskinesias are frequently associated with this condition and manifest as abnormal movements of the orofacial musculature. These involuntary movements may result in significant trauma to the oral and maxillofacial complex including the avulsion of the dentition and orofacial lacerations.
Case presentation We describe the course of two female patients with anti-NMDARE in whom significant involuntary self-inflicted maxillofacial trauma was suffered despite the use of complex parenteral sedation regimens. The application of traditional maxillomandibular wiring techniques and pharmacologic strategies, including botulinum toxin, to immobilize the mandible were initially unsuccessful. These difficulties led to the fabrication and wire-based fixation of a patient-specific acrylic oral appliance that maintained the mandible in a depressed position and mitigated all lateral and protrusive movements. Discussion and conclusions These cases illustrate the first known successful use of an appliance-based therapy for managing orofacial dyskinesias in the anti-NMDARE patient population through an adaptation of traditional maxillomandibular fixation techniques. This approach eliminated further orofacial trauma and afforded physicians with safer means to manage and assess patients afflicted with this condition during their protracted intensive care unit admissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Chadwick
- Department of Dental Oncology and Maxillofacial Prosthetics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Room 2-933, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada. .,Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1G6, Canada.
| | - Patricia J Brooks
- Department of Dental Oncology and Maxillofacial Prosthetics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Room 2-933, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M Singh
- Medical-Surgical and Neuro-Intensive Care Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst St, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - David K Lam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, 155 Fifth Street, San Francisco, CA, 94103, USA
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N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibody and the choroid plexus in schizophrenia patients with tardive dyskinesia. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 142:290-298. [PMID: 34411812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune disturbance has been postulated to be one of the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of tardive dyskinesia (TD). Recently, the role of autoimmune abnormality in TD has been increasingly recognized. Autoantibodies against neuronal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) may be cross-reactive in the brain in neuropsychiatric disorders, and the choroid plexus (CP) is a crucial immune barrier in the central nervous system (CNS). We supposed that NMDAR antibodies might underlie the pathophysiological process of TD through the mediation of CP. METHODS Serum NMDAR antibody levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, CP and ventricle volumes were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging in schizophrenia patients with TD (n = 61), without TD (NTD, n = 61), and in healthy controls (n = 74). Psychopathology and TD severity were assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). RESULTS NMDAR antibody levels were significantly higher, CP volumes were larger in the TD group than in the NTD group (p = 0.022; p = 0.019, respectively). In the TD group, higher NMDAR antibody level was correlated with larger CP volume (β = 0.406, p = 0.002). An elevated NMDAR antibody level and enlarged CP volume were correlated with orofacial AIMS score (β = 0.331, p = 0.011; β = 0.459, p = 3.34 × 10-4, respectively). In a mediation model, the effect of NMDAR antibody level on the orofacial AIMS score was mediated by the CP volume (indirect effect: β = 0.08, 95% confidence interval = 0.002-0.225; direct effect: β = 0.14, p = 0.154). CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight a potential NMDAR antibody-associated mechanism in orofacial TD, which may be mediated by increased CP volume.
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Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-antibody in children with focal seizures of undetermined cause. Acta Neurol Belg 2021; 121:1275-1280. [PMID: 32333263 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-020-01361-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Anti-neuronal antibodies that are related with autoimmune encephalitis syndromes may also be found in children with new onset seizures or chronic epilepsy. To unravel the significance of autoimmune astrocytopathy in epilepsy, we investigated serum antibody to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), another autoantigen described in autoimmune encephalitis with seizures, in 38 children with focal seizures of undetermined cause. GFAP antibody was screened with cell based assay and indirect immunohistochemistry and was found in two boys with normal brain MRI and unrevealing medical history prior to seizures. The 2-year-old boy had chronic treatment-resistant frontal lobe epilepsy. The 2.5-year-old boy had a single episode of focal seizures and remained seizure free thereafter in a follow-up period of 4 years. Nevertheless, he showed severe cognitive and language impairment. These results suggest that autoimmune astrocytopathy may be present in some epilepsy patients. Whether this immune response is a bystander effect generated by seizure-induced astrocytosis or directly involved in epileptogenesis needs to be further studied.
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21
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Taraschenko O, Fox HS, Eldridge E, Wang W, Dowd SW, Al-Saleem F, Kattala CD, Dessain SK, Dingledine R. Monoclonal Antibodies From Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis Patient as a Tool to Study Autoimmune Seizures. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:710650. [PMID: 34512245 PMCID: PMC8427020 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.710650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis manifests with precipitous cognitive decline, abnormal movements, and severe seizures that can be challenging to control with conventional anti-seizure medications. We previously demonstrated that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of cerebrospinal fluid from affected patients, or purified NMDA receptor antibodies from encephalitis patients to mice precipitated seizures, thereby confirming that antibodies are directly pathogenic for seizures. Although different repertoires of anti-NMDA receptor antibodies could contribute to the distinct clinical manifestations in encephalitis patients, the role of specific antibodies in the expression of seizure, motor, and cognitive phenotypes remains unclear. Using three different patient-derived monoclonal antibodies with distinct epitopes within the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the NMDA receptor, we characterized the seizure burden, motor activity and anxiety-related behavior in mice. We found that continuous administration of 5F5, 2G6 or 3C11 antibodies for 2 weeks precipitated seizures, as measured with continuous EEG using cortical screw electrodes. The seizure burden was comparable in all three antibody-treated groups. The seizures were accompanied by increased hippocampal C-C chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) mRNA expression 3 days after antibody infusion had stopped. Antibodies did not affect the motor performance or anxiety scores in mice. These findings suggest that neuronal antibodies targeting different epitopes within the NMDA receptor may result in a similar seizure phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Taraschenko
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Division of Epilepsy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Howard S. Fox
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Division of Epilepsy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Ember Eldridge
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Division of Epilepsy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Samuel W. Dowd
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Division of Epilepsy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Fetweh Al-Saleem
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States
| | | | - Scott K. Dessain
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States
| | - Raymond Dingledine
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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22
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Beattie M, Goodfellow J, Oto M, Krishnadas R. Anti-NMDAR encephalitis for psychiatrists: the essentials. BJPsych Bull 2021; 46:1-7. [PMID: 34075874 PMCID: PMC9768510 DOI: 10.1192/bjb.2021.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis predominantly presents with psychiatric symptoms. Psychiatrists need to be alert to this diagnostic possibility, especially in female adolescents and young adults, as exemplified by the real (de-identified) case outlined below. Earlier diagnosis and immunotherapy improves long-term outcomes. Collaboration with neurology colleagues is essential for optimal care. 'Red flags' for autoimmune encephalitis and 'diagnostic clues' act as helpful aide memoires for this uncommon condition. The gold standard for testing is the detection of NMDAR antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid, but serum can be tested as a more accessible (but less reliable) preliminary step. The results of routine blood tests, magnetic resonance imaging of the head and electroencephalograms can be normal or show non-specific changes. Diagnostic criteria exist to define probable and definite cases. Immunotherapy for anti-NMDAR encephalitis is effective for many patients, but recovery is prolonged and relapses can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Beattie
- Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, UK
| | - John Goodfellow
- Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, UK
| | - Maria Oto
- Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, UK
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Murgia F, Gagliano A, Tanca MG, Or-Geva N, Hendren A, Carucci S, Pintor M, Cera F, Cossu F, Sotgiu S, Atzori L, Zuddas A. Metabolomic Characterization of Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS). Front Neurosci 2021; 15:645267. [PMID: 34121984 PMCID: PMC8194687 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.645267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction PANS is a controversial clinical entity, consisting of a complex constellation of psychiatric symptoms, adventitious changes, and expression of various serological alterations, likely sustained by an autoimmune/inflammatory disease. Detection of novel biomarkers of PANS is highly desirable for both diagnostic and therapeutic management of affected patients. Analysis of metabolites has proven useful in detecting biomarkers for other neuroimmune-psychiatric diseases. Here, we utilize the metabolomics approach to determine whether it is possible to define a specific metabolic pattern in patients affected by PANS compared to healthy subjects. Design This observational case-control study tested consecutive patients referred for PANS between June 2019 to May 2020. A PANS diagnosis was confirmed according to the PANS working criteria (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2010). Healthy age and sex-matched subjects were recruited as controls. Methods Thirty-four outpatients referred for PANS (mean age 9.5 years; SD 2.9, 71% male) and 25 neurotypical subjects matched for age and gender, were subjected to metabolite analysis. Serum samples were obtained from each participant and were analyzed using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Subsequently, multivariate and univariate statistical analyses and Receiver Operator Curves (ROC) were performed. Results Separation of the samples, in line with the presence of PANS diagnosis, was observed by applying a supervised model (R2X = 0.44, R2Y = 0.54, Q2 = 0.44, p-value < 0.0001). The significantly altered variables were 2-Hydroxybutyrate, glycine, glutamine, histidine, tryptophan. Pathway analysis indicated that phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan metabolism, as well as glutamine and glutamate metabolism, exhibited the largest deviations from neurotypical controls. Conclusion We found a unique plasma metabolic profile in PANS patients, significantly differing from that of healthy children, that suggests the involvement of specific patterns of neurotransmission (tryptophan, glycine, histamine/histidine) as well as a more general state of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress (glutamine, 2-Hydroxybutyrate, and tryptophan-kynurenine pathway) in the disorder. This metabolomics study offers new insights into biological mechanisms underpinning the disorder and supports research of other potential biomarkers implicated in PANS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Murgia
- Clinical Metabolomics Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonella Gagliano
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, "A. Cao" Peditric Hosptal, "G. Brotzu" Hospital Trust, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marcello G Tanca
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Noga Or-Geva
- Interdepartmental Program in Immunology, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Aran Hendren
- Clinical Metabolomics Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Carucci
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, "A. Cao" Peditric Hosptal, "G. Brotzu" Hospital Trust, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Manuela Pintor
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, "A. Cao" Peditric Hosptal, "G. Brotzu" Hospital Trust, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesca Cera
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Fausto Cossu
- Paediatric Clinic, "A. Cao" Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefano Sotgiu
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Luigi Atzori
- Clinical Metabolomics Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zuddas
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, "A. Cao" Peditric Hosptal, "G. Brotzu" Hospital Trust, Cagliari, Italy
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Bhagavati S. Autoimmune Disorders of the Nervous System: Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, and Therapy. Front Neurol 2021; 12:664664. [PMID: 33935958 PMCID: PMC8079742 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.664664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Remarkable discoveries over the last two decades have elucidated the autoimmune basis of several, previously poorly understood, neurological disorders. Autoimmune disorders of the nervous system may affect any part of the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system, CNS) and also the peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junction and skeletal muscle (peripheral nervous system, PNS). This comprehensive overview of this rapidly evolving field presents the factors which may trigger breakdown of self-tolerance and development of autoimmune disease in some individuals. Then the pathophysiological basis and clinical features of autoimmune diseases of the nervous system are outlined, with an emphasis on the features which are important to recognize for accurate clinical diagnosis. Finally the latest therapies for autoimmune CNS and PNS disorders and their mechanisms of action and the most promising research avenues for targeted immunotherapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyakam Bhagavati
- Department of Neurology, Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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25
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Vahabi Z, Etesam F, Zandifar A, Alizadeh F, Badrfam R. Anti N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis: from psychosis to cognitive impairment. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:2174-2178. [PMID: 33936658 PMCID: PMC8077307 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.3974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, while presenting a clinical case with early psychiatric manifestations, we emphasized the need to pay attention to neurological diagnoses such as Anti N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis at the time of manifestation of these common symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Vahabi
- Geriatric DepartmentZiaeian HospitalTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Memory and Behavioral Neurology DivisionRoozbeh HospitalTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Farnaz Etesam
- Psychosomatic Medicine Research CenterDepartment of PsychiatrySchool of MedicineImam Khomeini HospitalTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Atefeh Zandifar
- Social Determinants of Health Research CenterAlborz University of Medical SciencesKarajIran
- Department of PsychiatryImam Hossein HospitalSchool of MedicineAlborz University of Medical SciencesKarajIran
| | - Fatemeh Alizadeh
- Department of Genomic Psychiatry and Behavioral Genomics (DGPBG)Roozbeh HospitalSchool of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Rahim Badrfam
- Department of PsychiatryRoozbeh HospitalSchool of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Department of PsychiatryPsychosomatic Medicine Research CenterTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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26
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Wang N, Zeng Z, Wang B, Qin D, Wang T, Wang C, Guo S. High serum creatinine is associated with reduction of psychiatric symptoms in female patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Neurosci Lett 2021; 746:135650. [PMID: 33485991 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Serum creatinine (SCR) has been shown to be associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated the relationship between SCR levels and the incidence of psychiatric symptoms in patients with anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis. METHODS The SCR levels were tested in 69 patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis at admission. Clinical characteristics and blood and CSF parameters were compared between the group of patients with psychiatric symptoms (P + group) and the group of those without psychiatric symptoms (P- group). The association between SCR and the incidence of psychiatric symptoms was determined by multivariate-adjusted linear regression analyses. RESULTS The SCR levels in the P + group were significantly lower than those in the P- group (P < 0.001). In the female subgroup, the SCR levels in the P + group were significantly lower compared to the P- group (P < 0.001), whereas in the male subgroup, the SCR levels did not differ between the two groups (P = 0.084). Furthermore, the highest SCR tercile overall had a significantly lower incidence of psychiatric symptoms than the lowest tercile (P < 0.001), and a significant negative correlation between the SCR levels and the occurrence of psychiatric symptoms was observed (r = -0.392, P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the association was independent after adjusting for age, cystatin C and the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score (P = 0.001). A similar result was found in the female subgroup (P = 0.010), but not in the male subgroup (P = 0.225). CONCLUSION Our study indicated that the SCR level was negatively correlated with incidence of psychiatric symptoms in female patients, and higher SCR level could be a protective factor for psychiatric symptoms in female patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jing Wu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Ziling Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jing Wu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Baojie Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jing Wu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Danqing Qin
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jing Wu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jing Wu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Chunjuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jing Wu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Shougang Guo
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jing Wu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
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Lee ST. Symptomatic treatments of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis. ENCEPHALITIS 2021; 1:4-6. [PMID: 37492492 PMCID: PMC10295877 DOI: 10.47936/encephalitis.2020.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis presents with multiple symptoms including memory loss, seizure, psychosis, aphasia, altered mentality, dyskinesia, autonomic dysfunction, and central hypoventilation. While immunotherapy protocols are improving, morbidity and mortality in the disease largely depend on supportive care to control intractable symptoms. However, no prospective or controlled trials have been conducted on immunotherapy or supportive care principles in the disease. Thus, this study discusses and shares experience and ideas for symptomatic care of NMDAR encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Tae Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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28
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Hunter D, Jamet Z, Groc L. Autoimmunity and NMDA receptor in brain disorders: Where do we stand? Neurobiol Dis 2020; 147:105161. [PMID: 33166697 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, the identification of autoimmune encephalitis in which patients express autoantibodies directed against neurotransmitter receptors has generated great hope to shed new light on the molecular mechanisms underpinning neurological and psychiatric conditions. Among these autoimmune encephalitides, the discovery of autoantibodies directed against the glutamatergic NMDA receptor (NMDAR-Ab), in the anti-NMDAR encephalitis, has provided some key information on how complex neuropsychiatric symptoms can be caused by a deficit in NMDAR signalling. Yet, NMDAR-Abs have also been detected in several neurological and psychiatric conditions, as well as in healthy individuals. In addition, these various NMDAR-Abs appear to have different molecular properties and pathogenicities onto receptors and synaptic functions. Here, we discuss the current view on the variety of NMDAR-Abs and, in particular, how these autoantibodies can lead to receptor dysfunction in neuronal networks. Since our mechanistic understanding on patients' NMDAR-Abs is still in its infancy, several complementary processes can be proposed and further in-depth molecular and cellular investigations will surely reveal key insights. Autoantibodies represent a great opportunity to gain knowledge on the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders and pave the way for innovative therapeutic strategies. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: Current view on patients' autoantibody against NMDAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hunter
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Zoe Jamet
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Laurent Groc
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
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Shin HR, Jang Y, Shin YW, Chu K, Lee SK, Lee ST. High-Dose Diazepam Controls Severe Dyskinesia in Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis. Neurol Clin Pract 2020; 11:e480-e487. [PMID: 34484945 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000001001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective Because there is no standard treatment to control dyskinesia in anti-NMDA receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis, we analyzed the therapeutic efficacy of high-dose diazepam in dyskinesia associated with NMDAR encephalitis. Methods We reviewed patients with NMDAR encephalitis with dyskinesia who were admitted to Seoul National University Hospital between November 2012 and July 2018. High-dose diazepam was administered orally or via a nasogastric tube 3-6 times a day. We assessed the treatment effect by comparing dyskinesia severity between the first day of the highest dose of diazepam and one week after the treatment. Results Among 68 patients with NMDAR encephalitis during the study period, 33 patients were treated with enteral diazepam (ranging from 6 to 180 mg) to control dyskinesia, along with immunotherapy. The severity of dyskinesia improved from average grade 2.4 ± 0.6 to 1.1 ± 0.7 after 1 week of the highest dose of diazepam (mean severity change -1.4 ± 0.6, 95% confidence interval -1.2 to -1.6; p < 0.001). No patients had serious adverse events except for mild sedation. Conclusions Dyskinesia in NMDAR encephalitis improved after treatment with enteral diazepam without significant side effects. This study suggests that enteral diazepam could be a treatment option for control dyskinesia in NMDAR encephalitis. Classification of Evidence This study provides Class IV evidence that for patients with dyskinesias associated with NMDAR encephalitis, enteral diazepam is effective and safe in dyskinesia control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Rim Shin
- Department of Neurology (YJ, Y-WS, KC, SKL, S-TL), Seoul National University Hospital; Department of Neurology (H-RS), Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan; and Department of Neurosurgery (Y-WS), Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea
| | - Yoonhyuk Jang
- Department of Neurology (YJ, Y-WS, KC, SKL, S-TL), Seoul National University Hospital; Department of Neurology (H-RS), Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan; and Department of Neurosurgery (Y-WS), Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea
| | - Yong-Won Shin
- Department of Neurology (YJ, Y-WS, KC, SKL, S-TL), Seoul National University Hospital; Department of Neurology (H-RS), Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan; and Department of Neurosurgery (Y-WS), Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea
| | - Kon Chu
- Department of Neurology (YJ, Y-WS, KC, SKL, S-TL), Seoul National University Hospital; Department of Neurology (H-RS), Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan; and Department of Neurosurgery (Y-WS), Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea
| | - Sang Kun Lee
- Department of Neurology (YJ, Y-WS, KC, SKL, S-TL), Seoul National University Hospital; Department of Neurology (H-RS), Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan; and Department of Neurosurgery (Y-WS), Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea
| | - Soon-Tae Lee
- Department of Neurology (YJ, Y-WS, KC, SKL, S-TL), Seoul National University Hospital; Department of Neurology (H-RS), Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan; and Department of Neurosurgery (Y-WS), Seoul National University Hospital, South Korea
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Reduced serial dependence suggests deficits in synaptic potentiation in anti-NMDAR encephalitis and schizophrenia. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4250. [PMID: 32843635 PMCID: PMC7447775 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A mechanistic understanding of core cognitive processes, such as working memory, is crucial to addressing psychiatric symptoms in brain disorders. We propose a combined psychophysical and biophysical account of two symptomatologically related diseases, both linked to hypofunctional NMDARs: schizophrenia and autoimmune anti-NMDAR encephalitis. We first quantified shared working memory alterations in a delayed-response task. In both patient groups, we report a markedly reduced influence of previous stimuli on working memory contents, despite preserved memory precision. We then simulated this finding with NMDAR-dependent synaptic alterations in a microcircuit model of prefrontal cortex. Changes in cortical excitation destabilized within-trial memory maintenance and could not account for disrupted serial dependence in working memory. Rather, a quantitative fit between data and simulations supports alterations of an NMDAR-dependent memory mechanism operating on longer timescales, such as short-term potentiation. Stein, Barbosa et al. show that anti-NMDAR encephalitis and schizophrenia are characterized by reduced serial dependence in spatial working memory. Cortical network simulations show that this can be parsimoniously explained by a reduction in NMDAR-dependent short-term synaptic potentiation in these diseases.
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Carceles‐Cordon M, Mannara F, Aguilar E, Castellanos A, Planagumà J, Dalmau J. NMDAR
Antibodies Alter Dopamine Receptors and Cause Psychotic Behavior in Mice. Ann Neurol 2020; 88:603-613. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.25829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Carceles‐Cordon
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Francesco Mannara
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Esther Aguilar
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Aida Castellanos
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Jesús Planagumà
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Josep Dalmau
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) Barcelona Spain
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Carvalho AF, Solmi M, Sanches M, Machado MO, Stubbs B, Ajnakina O, Sherman C, Sun YR, Liu CS, Brunoni AR, Pigato G, Fernandes BS, Bortolato B, Husain MI, Dragioti E, Firth J, Cosco TD, Maes M, Berk M, Lanctôt KL, Vieta E, Pizzagalli DA, Smith L, Fusar-Poli P, Kurdyak PA, Fornaro M, Rehm J, Herrmann N. Evidence-based umbrella review of 162 peripheral biomarkers for major mental disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:152. [PMID: 32424116 PMCID: PMC7235270 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0835-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The literature on non-genetic peripheral biomarkers for major mental disorders is broad, with conflicting results. An umbrella review of meta-analyses of non-genetic peripheral biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia, including first-episode psychosis. We included meta-analyses that compared alterations in peripheral biomarkers between participants with mental disorders to controls (i.e., between-group meta-analyses) and that assessed biomarkers after treatment (i.e., within-group meta-analyses). Evidence for association was hierarchically graded using a priori defined criteria against several biases. The Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) instrument was used to investigate study quality. 1161 references were screened. 110 met inclusion criteria, relating to 359 meta-analytic estimates and 733,316 measurements, on 162 different biomarkers. Only two estimates met a priori defined criteria for convincing evidence (elevated awakening cortisol levels in euthymic BD participants relative to controls and decreased pyridoxal levels in participants with schizophrenia relative to controls). Of 42 estimates which met criteria for highly suggestive evidence only five biomarker aberrations occurred in more than one disorder. Only 15 meta-analyses had a power >0.8 to detect a small effect size, and most (81.9%) meta-analyses had high heterogeneity. Although some associations met criteria for either convincing or highly suggestive evidence, overall the vast literature of peripheral biomarkers for major mental disorders is affected by bias and is underpowered. No convincing evidence supported the existence of a trans-diagnostic biomarker. Adequately powered and methodologically sound future large collaborative studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- André F. Carvalho
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Centre for Addiction & Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Marco Solmi
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Neuroscience Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy ,grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Marcos Sanches
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Centre for Addiction & Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON Canada ,Krembil Centre for NeuroInformatics, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Myrela O. Machado
- grid.417199.30000 0004 0474 0188Division of Dermatology, Women’s College Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- grid.37640.360000 0000 9439 0839Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Olesya Ajnakina
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Biostatistics & Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Chelsea Sherman
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Yue Ran Sun
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Celina S. Liu
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Andre R. Brunoni
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation, Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27) and National Institute of Biomarkers in Psychiatry (INBioN), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil ,grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Department of Internal Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giorgio Pigato
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Neuroscience Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy ,grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Brisa S. Fernandes
- grid.267308.80000 0000 9206 2401Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX USA
| | | | - Muhammad I. Husain
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Centre for Addiction & Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Elena Dragioti
- grid.5640.70000 0001 2162 9922Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, and Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Joseph Firth
- grid.1029.a0000 0000 9939 5719NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia ,grid.5379.80000000121662407Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Theodore D. Cosco
- grid.61971.380000 0004 1936 7494Gerontology Research Center, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada ,grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Oxford Institute of Population Ageing, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael Maes
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand ,grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079IMPACT Strategic Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079IMPACT Strategic Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia ,grid.488501.0Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XCentre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XFlorey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Krista L. Lanctôt
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Centre for Addiction & Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Eduard Vieta
- grid.418264.d0000 0004 1762 4012Psychiatry and Psychology Department of the Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Diego A. Pizzagalli
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Psychiatry & McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478 USA
| | - Lee Smith
- grid.5115.00000 0001 2299 5510The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paolo Fusar-Poli
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK ,OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK ,grid.8982.b0000 0004 1762 5736Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paul A. Kurdyak
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.418647.80000 0000 8849 1617Canada Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES), Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada
| | - Michele Fornaro
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, Section of Psychiatr, University School of Medicine Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada ,grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada ,grid.448878.f0000 0001 2288 8774Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nathan Herrmann
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON Canada
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Vignal N, Boulay AC, San C, Cohen-Salmon M, Rizzo-Padoin N, Sarda-Mantel L, Declèves X, Cisternino S, Hosten B. Astroglial Connexin 43 Deficiency Protects against LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation: A TSPO Brain µPET Study with [ 18F]FEPPA. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020389. [PMID: 32046185 PMCID: PMC7072124 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Astroglial connexin 43 (Cx43) has been recognized as a crucial immunoregulating factor in the brain. Its inactivation leads to a continuous immune recruitment, cytokine expression modification and a specific humoral autoimmune response against the astrocytic extracellular matrix but without brain lesions or cell lysis. To assess the impact of Cx43 deletion on the brain’s inflammatory response, TSPO expression was studied by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with a specific radioligand, [18F]FEPPA, in basal conditions or upon Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced inflammatory challenge. Astroglial Cx43-deleted mice underwent [18F]FEPPA PET/CT dynamic imaging with or without LPS injection (5 mg/kg) 24 h before imaging. Quantification and pharmacokinetic data modelling with a 2TCM-1K compartment model were performed. After collecting the mice brains, TSPO expression was quantified and localized by Western blot and FISH analysis. We found that astroglial Cx43 deficiency does not significantly alter TSPO expression in the basal state as observed with [18F]FEPPA PET imaging, FISH and Western blot analysis. However, deletion of astrocyte Cx43 abolishes the LPS-induced TSPO increase. Autoimmune encephalopathy observed in astroglial Cx43-deleted mice does not involve TSPO overexpression. Consistent with previous studies showing a unique inflammatory status in the absence of astrocyte Cx43, we show that a deficient expression of astrocytic Cx43 protects the animals from LPS-induced neuroinflammation as addressed by TSPO expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Vignal
- Unité Claude Kellershohn, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France; (N.V.); (N.R.-P.); (L.S.-M.)
- Therapeutic Optimisation in Neuropsychopharmacology, INSERM UMR-S 1144, 75005 Paris, France; (X.D.); (S.C.)
- Hôpital Lariboisière: Service de médecine nucléaire, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Anne-Cécile Boulay
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France; (A.-C.B.); (M.C.-S.)
| | - Carine San
- Hôpital Saint-Louis: Service Pharmacie, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Unité Claude Kellershohn, 75010 Paris, France;
| | - Martine Cohen-Salmon
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France; (A.-C.B.); (M.C.-S.)
| | - Nathalie Rizzo-Padoin
- Unité Claude Kellershohn, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France; (N.V.); (N.R.-P.); (L.S.-M.)
- Therapeutic Optimisation in Neuropsychopharmacology, INSERM UMR-S 1144, 75005 Paris, France; (X.D.); (S.C.)
- Hôpital Saint-Louis: Service Pharmacie, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Unité Claude Kellershohn, 75010 Paris, France;
| | - Laure Sarda-Mantel
- Unité Claude Kellershohn, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France; (N.V.); (N.R.-P.); (L.S.-M.)
- Hôpital Lariboisière: Service de médecine nucléaire, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Declèves
- Therapeutic Optimisation in Neuropsychopharmacology, INSERM UMR-S 1144, 75005 Paris, France; (X.D.); (S.C.)
- Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
- Hôpital Cochin: Service de biologie du médicament et de toxicologie, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Salvatore Cisternino
- Therapeutic Optimisation in Neuropsychopharmacology, INSERM UMR-S 1144, 75005 Paris, France; (X.D.); (S.C.)
- Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
- Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades: Service de pharmacie, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Benoît Hosten
- Unité Claude Kellershohn, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France; (N.V.); (N.R.-P.); (L.S.-M.)
- Therapeutic Optimisation in Neuropsychopharmacology, INSERM UMR-S 1144, 75005 Paris, France; (X.D.); (S.C.)
- Hôpital Saint-Louis: Service Pharmacie, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Unité Claude Kellershohn, 75010 Paris, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-142-385-105
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Pollak TA, Lennox BR, Müller S, Benros ME, Prüss H, Tebartz van Elst L, Klein H, Steiner J, Frodl T, Bogerts B, Tian L, Groc L, Hasan A, Baune BT, Endres D, Haroon E, Yolken R, Benedetti F, Halaris A, Meyer JH, Stassen H, Leboyer M, Fuchs D, Otto M, Brown DA, Vincent A, Najjar S, Bechter K. Autoimmune psychosis: an international consensus on an approach to the diagnosis and management of psychosis of suspected autoimmune origin. Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7:93-108. [PMID: 31669058 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing recognition in the neurological and psychiatric literature of patients with so-called isolated psychotic presentations (ie, with no, or minimal, neurological features) who have tested positive for neuronal autoantibodies (principally N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies) and who have responded to immunotherapies. Although these individuals are sometimes described as having atypical, mild, or attenuated forms of autoimmune encephalitis, some authors feel that that these cases are sufficiently different from typical autoimmune encephalitis to establish a new category of so-called autoimmune psychosis. We briefly review the background, discuss the existing evidence for a form of autoimmune psychosis, and propose a novel, conservative approach to the recognition of possible, probable, and definite autoimmune psychoses for use in psychiatric practice. We also outline the investigations required and the appropriate therapeutic approaches, both psychiatric and immunological, for probable and definite cases of autoimmune psychoses, and discuss the ethical issues posed by this challenging diagnostic category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Pollak
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Belinda R Lennox
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Sabine Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Charité Campus Mitte (CCM), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael E Benros
- Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Harald Prüss
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, CharitéCrossOver, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ludger Tebartz van Elst
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Hans Klein
- Department of Assertive Community Treatment, Lentis Mental Health Institute, Leek, Netherlands; Department of Assertive Community Treatment, VNN Addiction Care Institute, Groningen, Netherlands; Medical Imaging Centre, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Frodl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Bogerts
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Li Tian
- Psychiatry Research Centre, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Laurent Groc
- Interdisciplinary Institute for NeuroSciences, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alkomiet Hasan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Florey Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Dominique Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Ebrahim Haroon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert Yolken
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Neurovirology Division, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Francesco Benedetti
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Angelos Halaris
- Department of Psychiatry, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Meyer
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Toronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medical Science, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hans Stassen
- Institute for Response-Genetics, Psychiatric University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Inserm U955, Fondation FondaMental, Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Mondor University Hospital, University Paris-Est-Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - David A Brown
- Department of Immunopathology and Department Clinical Immunology, New South Wales Health Pathology, Institute for Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Angela Vincent
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Souhel Najjar
- Department of Neurology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karl Bechter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy II, Ulm University, Bezirkskrankenhaus Günzburg, Günzburg, Germany
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Nakazawa K, Sapkota K. The origin of NMDA receptor hypofunction in schizophrenia. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 205:107426. [PMID: 31629007 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction plays a key role in pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Since NMDAR hypofunction has also been reported in autism, Alzheimer's disease and cognitive dementia, it is crucial to identify the location, timing, and mechanism of NMDAR hypofunction for schizophrenia for better understanding of disease etiology and for novel therapeutic intervention. In this review, we first discuss the shared underlying mechanisms of NMDAR hypofunction in NMDAR antagonist models and the anti-NMDAR autoantibody model of schizophrenia and suggest that NMDAR hypofunction could occur in GABAergic neurons in both models. Preclinical models using transgenic mice have shown that NMDAR hypofunction in cortical GABAergic neurons, in particular parvalbumin-positive fast-spiking interneurons, in the early postnatal period confers schizophrenia-related phenotypes. Recent studies suggest that NMDAR hypofunction can also occur in PV-positive GABAergic neurons with alterations of NMDAR-associated proteins, such as neuregulin/ErbB4, α7nAChR, and serine racemase. Furthermore, several environmental factors, such as oxidative stress, kynurenic acid and hypoxia, may also potentially elicit NMDAR hypofunction in GABAergic neurons in early postnatal period. Altogether, the studies discussed here support a central role for GABAergic abnormalities in the context of NMDAR hypofunction. We conclude by suggesting potential therapeutic strategies to improve the function of fast-spiking neurons.
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Dalmau J, Armangué T, Planagumà J, Radosevic M, Mannara F, Leypoldt F, Geis C, Lancaster E, Titulaer MJ, Rosenfeld MR, Graus F. An update on anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis for neurologists and psychiatrists: mechanisms and models. Lancet Neurol 2019; 18:1045-1057. [PMID: 31326280 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The identification of anti-NMDA receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis about 12 years ago made it possible to recognise that some patients with rapidly progressive psychiatric symptoms or cognitive impairment, seizures, abnormal movements, or coma of unknown cause, had an autoimmune disease. In this disease, autoantibodies serve as a diagnostic marker and alter NMDAR-related synaptic transmission. At symptom onset, distinguishing the disease from a primary psychiatric disorder is challenging. The severity of symptoms often requires intensive care. Other than clinical assessment, no specific prognostic biomarkers exist. The disease is more prevalent in women (with a female to male ratio of around 8:2) and about 37% of patients are younger than 18 years at presentation of the disease. Tumours, usually ovarian teratoma, and herpes simplex encephalitis are known triggers of NMDAR autoimmunity. About 80% of patients improve with immunotherapy and, if needed, tumour removal, but the recovery is slow. Animal models have started to reveal the complexity of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms and will lead to novel treatments beyond immunotherapy. Future studies should aim at identifying prognostic biomarkers and treatments that accelerate recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Dalmau
- Neuroimmunology Programme, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red para Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Thais Armangué
- Neuroimmunology Programme, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology, Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Planagumà
- Neuroimmunology Programme, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marija Radosevic
- Neuroimmunology Programme, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesco Mannara
- Neuroimmunology Programme, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frank Leypoldt
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Geis
- Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Eric Lancaster
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maarten J Titulaer
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Myrna R Rosenfeld
- Neuroimmunology Programme, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Francesc Graus
- Neuroimmunology Programme, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Malfussi H, Santana IV, Gasparotto J, Righy C, Tomasi CD, Gelain DP, Bozza FA, Walz R, Dal-Pizzol F, Ritter C. Anti-NMDA Receptor Autoantibody Is an Independent Predictor of Hospital Mortality but Not Brain Dysfunction in Septic Patients. Front Neurol 2019; 10:221. [PMID: 30930837 PMCID: PMC6428735 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of autoantibodies against neuronal cell surface or synaptic proteins and their relationship to autoimmune encephalitis have recently been characterized. These autoantibodies have been also reported in other pathologic conditions; however, their role during sepsis is not known. This study detected the presence of autoantibodies against neuronal cell surface or synaptic proteins in the serum of septic patients and determined their relationship to the occurrence of brain dysfunction and mortality. This prospective, observational cohort study was performed in four Brazilian intensive care units (ICUs). Sixty patients with community-acquired severe sepsis or septic shock admitted to the ICU were included. Blood samples were collected from patients within 24 h of ICU admission. Antibodies to six neuronal proteins were assessed, including glutamate receptors (types NMDA, AMPA1, and AMPA2); voltage-gated potassium channel complex (VGKC) proteins, leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 (LGI1), and contactin-associated protein-2 (Caspr2), as well as the GABAB1 receptor. There was no independent association between any of the measured autoantibodies and the occurrence of brain dysfunction (delirium or coma). However, there was an independent and significant relationship between anti-NMDAR fluorescence intensity and hospital mortality. In conclusion, anti-NMDAR was independently associated with hospital mortality but none of the measured antibodies were associated with brain dysfunction in septic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamilton Malfussi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Iara Vidigal Santana
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Juciano Gasparotto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cassia Righy
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Damiani Tomasi
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil.,Grupo de Pesquisa em Gestão do Cuidado, Integralidade e Educação na Saúde (GECIES) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pens Gelain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernando A Bozza
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roger Walz
- Serviço de Neurologia, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Centro de Cirurgia de Epilepsia de Santa Catarina (CEPESC), Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp), Hospital Universitário (HU), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil.,Hospital São José, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Ritter
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil.,Hospital São José, Criciúma, Brazil
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Taraschenko O, Fox HS, Pittock SJ, Zekeridou A, Gafurova M, Eldridge E, Liu J, Dravid SM, Dingledine R. A mouse model of seizures in anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis. Epilepsia 2019; 60:452-463. [PMID: 30740690 PMCID: PMC6684284 DOI: 10.1111/epi.14662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Seizures develop in 80% of patients with anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis, and these represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Anti-NMDAR antibodies have been linked to memory loss in encephalitis; however, their role in seizures has not been established. We determined whether anti-NMDAR antibodies from autoimmune encephalitis patients are pathogenic for seizures. METHODS We performed continuous intracerebroventricular infusion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or purified immunoglobulin (IgG) from the CSF of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis or polyclonal rabbit anti-NMDAR IgG, in male C57BL/6 mice. Seizure status during a 2-week treatment was assessed with video-electroencephalography. We assessed memory, anxiety-related behavior, and motor function at the end of treatment and assessed the extent of neuronal damage and gliosis in the CA1 region of hippocampus. We also performed whole-cell patch recordings from the CA1 pyramidal neurons in hippocampal slices of mice with seizures. RESULTS Prolonged exposure to rabbit anti-NMDAR IgG, patient CSF, or human IgG purified from the CSF of patients with encephalitis induced seizures in 33 of 36 mice. The median number of seizures recorded in 2 weeks was 13, 39, and 35 per mouse in these groups, respectively. We observed only 18 brief nonconvulsive seizures in 11 of 29 control mice (median seizure count of 0) infused with vehicle (n = 4), normal CSF obtained from patients with noninflammatory central nervous system (CNS) conditions (n = 12), polyclonal rabbit IgG (n = 7), albumin (n = 3), and normal human IgG (n = 3). We did not observe memory deficits, anxiety-related behavior, or motor impairment measured at 2 weeks in animals treated with CSF from affected patients or rabbit IgG. Furthermore, there was no evidence of hippocampal cell loss or astrocyte proliferation in the same mice. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings indicate that autoantibodies can induce seizures in anti-NMDAR encephalitis and offer a model for testing novel therapies for refractory autoimmune seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Taraschenko
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Division of Epilepsy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Howard S. Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Sean J. Pittock
- Departments of Neurology, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Anastasia Zekeridou
- Departments of Neurology, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Maftuna Gafurova
- University of Nebraska Omaha, College of Arts and Sciences, Omaha, NE
| | - Ember Eldridge
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Division of Epilepsy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Jinxu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE
| | | | - Raymond Dingledine
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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Olivero G, Vergassola M, Cisani F, Usai C, Pittaluga A. Immuno-Pharmacological Characterization of Presynaptic GluN3A-Containing NMDA Autoreceptors: Relevance to Anti-NMDA Receptor Autoimmune Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6142-6155. [PMID: 30734226 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1511-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mouse hippocampal glutamatergic nerve endings express presynaptic release-regulating NMDA autoreceptors (NMDARs). The presence of GluN1, GluN2A, GluN2B, and GluN3A subunits in hippocampal vesicular glutamate transporter type 1-positive synaptosomes was confirmed with confocal microscopy. GluN2C, GluN2D, and GluN3B immunopositivity was scarcely present. Incubation of synaptosomes with the anti-GluN1, the anti-GluN2A, the anti-GluN2B, or the anti-GluN3A antibody prevented the 30 μM NMDA/1 μM glycine-evoked [3H]D-aspartate ([3H]D-ASP) release. The NMDA/glycine-evoked [3H]D-ASP release was reduced by increasing the external protons, consistent with the participation of GluN1 subunits lacking the N1 cassette to the receptor assembly. The result also excludes the involvement of GluN1/GluN3A dimers into the NMDA-evoked overflow. Complement (1:300) released [3H]D-ASP in a dizocilpine-sensitive manner, suggesting the participation of a NMDAR-mediated component in the releasing activity. Accordingly, the complement-evoked glutamate overflow was reduced in anti-GluN-treated synaptosomes when compared to the control. We speculated that incubation with antibodies had favored the internalization of NMDA receptors. Indeed, a significant reduction of the GluN1 and GluN2B proteins in the plasma membranes of anti-GluN1 or anti-GluN2B antibody-treated synaptosomes emerged in biotinylation studies. Altogether, our findings confirm the existence of presynaptic GluN3A-containing release-regulating NMDARs in mouse hippocampal glutamatergic nerve endings. Furthermore, they unveil presynaptic alteration of the GluN subunit insertion in synaptosomal plasma membranes elicited by anti-GluN antibodies that might be relevant to the central alterations occurring in patients suffering from autoimmune anti-NMDA diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guendalina Olivero
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Vergassola
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Cisani
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cesare Usai
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, via De Marini 6, 16149, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Pittaluga
- Department of Pharmacy, DiFAR, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy. .,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.
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Early Functional Outcomes for Pediatric Patients Diagnosed with Anti–N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis during Inpatient Rehabilitation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2018; 98:529-535. [DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder of complex etiology. Immune processes have long been proposed to contribute to the development of schizophrenia, and accumulating evidence supports immune involvement in at least a subset of cases. In recent years, large-scale genetic studies have provided new insights into the role of the immune system in this disease. Here, we provide an overview of the immunogenetic architecture of schizophrenia based on findings from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). First, we review individual immune loci identified in secondary analyses of GWAS, which implicate over 30 genes expressed in both immune and brain cells. The function of the proteins encoded by these immune candidates highlight the role of the complement system, along with regulation of apoptosis in both immune and neuronal cells. Next, we review hypothesis-free pathway analyses which have so far been inconclusive with respect to identifying immune pathways involved in schizophrenia. Finally, we explore the genetic overlap between schizophrenia and immune-mediated diseases. Although there have been some inconsistencies across studies, genome-wide pleiotropy has been reported between schizophrenia and Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes, and ulcerative colitis. Overall, there are multiple lines of evidence supporting the role of immune genes in schizophrenia. Current evidence suggests that specific immune pathways are involved-likely those with dual functions in the central nervous system. Future studies focused on further elucidating the relevant pathways hold the potential to identify novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie G Pouget
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
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42
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Sharma R, Al-Saleem FH, Panzer J, Lee J, Puligedda RD, Felicori LF, Kattala CD, Rattelle AJ, Ippolito G, Cox RH, Lynch DR, Dessain SK. Monoclonal antibodies from a patient with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:935-951. [PMID: 30128318 PMCID: PMC6093837 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Anti‐NMDA receptor encephalitis (ANRE) is a potentially lethal encephalitis attributed to autoantibodies against the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR). We sought to clone and characterize monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from an ANRE patient. Methods We used a hybridoma method to clone two IgG mAbs from a female patient with ANRE without teratoma, and characterized their binding activities on NMDAR‐transfected cell lines, cultured primary rat neurons, and mouse hippocampus. We also assessed their effects on voluntary locomotor activity in mice and binding to NMDAR in vivo. Results The mAbs are structurally distinct and arose from distinct B‐cell lineages. They recognize different epitopes on the GluN1 amino terminal domain (ATD), yet both require amino acids important for post‐translational modification. Both mAbs bind subsets of GluN1 on cultured rat hippocampal neurons. The 5F5 mAb binds mouse brain hippocampal tissues, and the GluN1 recognized on cultured rat neurons was substantially extra‐synaptic. Antibody binding to primary hippocampal neurons induced receptor internalization. The NMDAR inhibitor MK‐801 inhibited internalization without preventing mAb binding; AP5 inhibited both mAb binding and internalization. Exposure of mice to the mAbs following permeabilization of the blood brain barrier increased voluntary wheel running activity, similar to low doses of the NMDAR inhibitor, MK‐801. Interpretation These mAbs recapitulate features demonstrated in previous studies of ANRE patient CSF, and exert effects on NMDAR in vitro and in vivo consistent with modulation of NMDAR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Sharma
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research Wynnewood Pennsylvania 19096
| | | | - Jessica Panzer
- Division of Neurology Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering College of Natural Sciences University of Texas Austin Texas 78712
| | | | - Liza F Felicori
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte MG Brazil.,Department of Molecular Biosciences College of Natural Sciences University of Texas Austin Texas 78712
| | | | - Amy J Rattelle
- Division of Neurology Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Gregory Ippolito
- Department of Molecular Biosciences College of Natural Sciences University of Texas Austin Texas 78712
| | - Robert H Cox
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research Wynnewood Pennsylvania 19096
| | - David R Lynch
- Division of Neurology Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Scott K Dessain
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research Wynnewood Pennsylvania 19096
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Giil LM, Aarsland D, Hellton K, Lund A, Heidecke H, Schulze-Forster K, Riemekasten G, Vik-Mo AO, Kristoffersen EK, Vedeler CA, Nordrehaug JE. Antibodies to Multiple Receptors are Associated with Neuropsychiatric Symptoms and Mortality in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Longitudinal Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 64:761-774. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lasse M. Giil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College, UK
- Centre for Age-Related Diseases (SESAM), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway
| | | | - Anders Lund
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Gabriela Riemekasten
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Audun Osland Vik-Mo
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Age-Related Diseases (SESAM), Stavanger University Hospital, Norway
| | - Einar K. Kristoffersen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christian A. Vedeler
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Erik Nordrehaug
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
- Department of Cardiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
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44
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Sharma R, Al-Saleem FH, Puligedda RD, Rattelle A, Lynch DR, Dessain SK. Membrane-bound and soluble forms of an NMDA receptor extracellular domain retain epitopes targeted in auto-immune encephalitis. BMC Biotechnol 2018; 18:41. [PMID: 29945600 PMCID: PMC6020338 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-018-0450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis (ANRE) is a potentially lethal disease attributed to auto-antibodies against the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). Full recovery is possible if therapy is initiated early in the disease course. Detection of ANRE antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is essential for diagnosis. The assays for ANRE-associated IgGs often rely on cells transiently transfected with NMDAR genes. A cell line that stably expresses pathogenic NMDAR epitopes could improve standardization of the assays and provide antigen that could be used in commercial solid state assay systems. Results We expressed the amino terminal domain (ATD) of the GluN1 NMDAR subunit (NR1) as a fusion protein on the outer plasma membrane of 293T cells, creating a stable cell population (293T-ATD) that is recognized by ANRE patient monoclonal antibodies in flow cytometry and immunofluorescence assays. The ATD fusion protein also contains a Myc tag and a 6XHIS tag, which provide functionality for immunoassays and antigen purification, and a TEV protease site, which allows the ATD domain to be specifically released from the cells in essentially pure form. ATD mobilized from the 293T ATD cell line maintained the pathogenic ANRE epitopes in ELISA binding assays. CSF (3/4) and sera (4/4) from ANRE patients also bound the 293T-ATD cell line, whereas normal CSF and sera did not. Conclusions The 293T-ATD cell line is potentially adaptable to a variety of formats to identify antibodies associated with ANRE, including cell-based and soluble antigen formats, and demonstrates a useful method to produce complex proteins for research, drug discovery, and clinical diagnosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12896-018-0450-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Sharma
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 E. Lancaster Ave, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA
| | - Fetweh H Al-Saleem
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 E. Lancaster Ave, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA
| | - Rama Devudu Puligedda
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 E. Lancaster Ave, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA
| | - Amy Rattelle
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David R Lynch
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Scott K Dessain
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 E. Lancaster Ave, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA.
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46
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Jézéquel J, Johansson EM, Leboyer M, Groc L. Pathogenicity of Antibodies against NMDA Receptor: Molecular Insights into Autoimmune Psychosis. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:502-511. [PMID: 29807730 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a flourishing literature on detection of circulating autoantibodies against neurotransmitter receptors in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders. These studies have generated hope for a better understanding of the underlying molecular dysfunctions and for appropriate therapeutic strategies. However, the detection of these autoantibodies in healthy subjects, and the lack of mechanistic insights have fostered debate about the pathogenic role of such autoantibodies. Here, we specifically discuss the biological evidence linking autoantibodies directed against the glutamatergic N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR-Abs) and psychosis, emphasising recent single-molecule imaging investigations that unveiled the impaired surface trafficking of NMDAR in the presence of NMDAR-Abs from psychotic patients. Although still in its infancy, the hypothesis that NMDAR-Abs from patients with psychosis play a pathogenic role is thus gaining support, opening avenues of fundamental and translational investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jézéquel
- Université de Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, IINS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - E M Johansson
- Université de Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, IINS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - M Leboyer
- University Paris Est Créteil, Psychiatry Department, Hopitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, AP-HP, DHU PePSY, INSERM, U955, Créteil, France
| | - L Groc
- Université de Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, IINS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.
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Phillips OR, Joshi SH, Narr KL, Shattuck DW, Singh M, Di Paola M, Ploner CJ, Prüss H, Paul F, Finke C. Superficial white matter damage in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2018; 89:518-525. [PMID: 29101253 PMCID: PMC5899027 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-316822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical brain MRI is normal in the majority of patients with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis. However, extensive deep white matter damage wasrecently identifiedin these patients using diffusion weighted imaging. Here, our aim was to study a particularly vulnerable brain compartment, the late myelinating superficial white matter. METHODS Forty-six patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis were included. Ten out of these were considered neurologically recovered (modified Rankin scale of zero), while 36 patients were non-recovered. In addition, 30 healthy controls were studied. MRI data were collected from all subjects and superficial white matter mean diffusivity derived from diffusion tensor imaging was compared between groups in whole brain, lobar and vertex-based analyses. Patients underwent comprehensive cognitive testing, and correlation analyses were performed between cognitive performance and superficial white matter integrity. RESULTS Non-recovered patients showed widespread superficial white matter damage in comparison to recovered patients and healthy controls. Vertex-based analyses revealed that damage predominated in frontal and temporal lobes. In contrast, the superficial white matter was intact in recovered patients. Importantly, persistent cognitive impairments in working memory, verbal memory, visuospatial memory and attention significantly correlated with damage of the superficial white matter in patients. CONCLUSIONS Anti-NMDAR encephalitis is associated with extensive superficial white matter damage in patients with incomplete recovery. The strong association with impairment in several cognitive domains highlights the clinical relevance of white matter damage in this disorder and warrants investigations of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Robert Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Shantanu H Joshi
- Department of Neurology, Ahmanson Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Katherine L Narr
- Department of Neurology, Ahmanson Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David W Shattuck
- Department of Neurology, Ahmanson Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Manpreet Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Margherita Di Paola
- Department of Mental Health, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Christoph J Ploner
- Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Prüss
- Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Finke
- Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Scott JG, Gillis D, Ryan AE, Hargovan H, Gundarpi N, McKeon G, Hatherill S, Newman MP, Parry P, Prain K, Patterson S, Wong RCW, Wilson RJ, Blum S. The prevalence and treatment outcomes of antineuronal antibody-positive patients admitted with first episode of psychosis. BJPsych Open 2018; 4:69-74. [PMID: 29971149 PMCID: PMC6020277 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2018.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antineuronal antibodies are associated with psychosis, although their clinical significance in first episode of psychosis (FEP) is undetermined. AIMS To examine all patients admitted for treatment of FEP for antineuronal antibodies and describe clinical presentations and treatment outcomes in those who were antibody positive. METHOD Individuals admitted for FEP to six mental health units in Queensland, Australia, were prospectively tested for serum antineuronal antibodies. Antibody-positive patients were referred for neurological and immunological assessment and therapy. RESULTS Of 113 consenting participants, six had antineuronal antibodies (anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies [n = 4], voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies [n = 1] and antibodies against uncharacterised antigen [n = 1]). Five received immunotherapy, which prompted resolution of psychosis in four. CONCLUSIONS A small subgroup of patients admitted to hospital with FEP have antineuronal antibodies detectable in serum and are responsive to immunotherapy. Early diagnosis and treatment is critical to optimise recovery. DECLARATION OF INTEREST None.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G. Scott
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland
(UQCCR), Metro North Mental Health, Royal Brisbane and Women's
Hospital (RBWH), and the Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (QCMHR),
Australia
| | - David Gillis
- Division of Immunology, Pathology Queensland
Central Laboratory, RBWH, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Sean Hatherill
- Metro South Addiction and Mental Health Service,
Child and Youth Academic Clinical Unit,
Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin P. Newman
- Division of Immunology, Pathology Queensland
Central Laboratory, RBWH, and Faculty of Medicine,
University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Parry
- Child and Youth Mental Health Service,
Children's Health Queensland, Australia
| | - Kerri Prain
- Division of Immunology, Pathology Queensland
Central Laboratory, RBWH, Australia
| | - Sue Patterson
- Metro North Mental Health, RBWH,
and Department of Applied Psychology, Griffith
University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard C. W. Wong
- Division of Immunology, Pathology Queensland
Central Laboratory, RBWH, and Department of Immunology,
Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland,
Australia
| | - Robert J. Wilson
- Division of Immunology, Pathology Queensland
Central Laboratory, RBWH, and Department of Immunology,
Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland,
Australia
| | - Stefan Blum
- Faculty of Medicine, University of
Queensland and Department of Neurology,
Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland,
Australia
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Fukata M, Yokoi N, Fukata Y. Neurobiology of autoimmune encephalitis. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 48:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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50
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Gastaldi M, Nosadini M, Spatola M, Sartori S, Franciotta D. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: laboratory diagnostics and comparative clinical features in adults and children. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2018; 18:181-193. [DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2018.1431124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Gastaldi
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, IRCCS Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Margherita Nosadini
- Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Marianna Spatola
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Switzerland and IDIBAPS (Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer) Barcelona, Spain, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefano Sartori
- Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Diego Franciotta
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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