1
|
Li Y, Yang J, Guo L. Role and mechanism of Lactobacillus casei in the modulation of alcohol preference in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 141:112902. [PMID: 39178519 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged alcohol consumption may lead to gastrointestinal tract dysfunction and cause abnormalities in the associated nervous system activity, thereby increasing the body's craving for alcohol. Lactobacillus casei is a probiotic that has been shown to reduce the incidence of alcohol-related diseases. However, it is unclear whether Lactobacillus casei can delay the development of alcohol dependence. METHODS The chronic intermittent active drinking method was used to establish a mouse alcohol dependence model. The mice were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups, as follows: (1) Control group: two bottles of distilled water alternately, 0.2 mL/d saline gavage. (2) Alcohol group: alternating water and alcohol, 0.2 mL/d saline gavage. (3) Low group: alternating water and alcohol, 0.2 mL/d 1 × 108CFU of Lactobacillus casei by gavage. (4) High group: alternating water and alcohol, 0.2 mL/d 1 × 109CFU of Lactobacillus casei by gavage. The daily water consumption (mL), alcohol consumption (mL) and body weight of each mouse were recorded. After that, pathological changes in the intestines, brain tissues and serum of the experimental animals were detected, while changes in the intestinal flora of the mice were analysed by 16S rRNA sequencing. RESULTS The Lactobacillus casei intervention did not produce a significant effect on body weight in alcohol-exposed mice (P>0.05), but significantly reduced alcohol preference in alcohol-exposed mice (P<0.05). Subsequent analyses showed that Lactobacillus casei significantly ameliorated intestinal, brain tissue, and systemic inflammatory responses in alcohol-exposed mice (P<0.05). 16S rRNA sequencing showed that alcohol-exposed mice treated with Lactobacillus casei exhibited a richer composition of intestinal microorganisms, such as f__Rikenellaceae, g__Alistipes_A_871400, and g__Bacteroides_H genera showed relative enrichment in the High group. CONCLUSION By showing that Lactobacillus casei slows down alcohol preference and alleviates gut and brain tissue inflammation in alcohol-exposed mice, our findings provide a possible strategy: Lactobacillus casei may be able to serve as a potential target for the prevention and treatment of alcohol dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangchun Li
- Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Jinyue Yang
- Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Lishuang Guo
- Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tomasini MC, Loche A, Cacciaglia R, Ferraro L, Beggiato S. GET73 modulates lipopolysaccharide- and ethanol-induced increase in cytokine/chemokine levels in primary cultures of microglia of rat cerebral cortex. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:1174-1183. [PMID: 39088104 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00632-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND - Alcohol-induced pro-inflammatory activation might influence cellular and synaptic pathology, thus contributing to the behavioral phenotypes associated with alcohol use disorders. In the present study, the possible anti-inflammatory properties of N-[(4-trifluoromethyl)-benzyl]4-methoxybutyramide (GET73), a promising therapeutic agent for alcohol use disorder treatment, were evaluated in primary cultures of rat cortical microglia. METHODS - Primary cultures of cerebral cortex microglial cells were treated with 100 ng/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 8 h, 37 °C) or 75 mM ethanol (EtOH; 4 days, 37 °C) alone or in the presence of GET73 (1-30 µM). At the end of the incubation period, multiparametric quantification of cytokines/chemokines was performed by using the xMAP technology and Luminex platform. Furthermore, cultured microglial cell viability following the treatment with EtOH and GET73, alone or in combination, has been measured by a colorimetric assay (i.e. MTT assay). RESULTS - GET73 (10 and 30 µM) partially or fully prevented the LPS-induced increase of IL-6, IL-1β, RANTES/CCL5 protein and MCP-1/CCL2 levels. On the contrary, GET73 failed to attenuate the TNF-α level increase induced by LPS. Furthermore, GET73 treatment (10-30 µM) significantly attenuated or prevented the EtOH-induced increase of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and MCP-1/CCL2 levels. Finally, at all the concentrations tested (1-30 µM), the GET73 treatment did not alter the EtOH-induced reduction of microglial cell viability. CONCLUSIONS - The current results provide the first in vitro evidence of GET73 protective properties against EtOH-induced neuroinflammation. These data add more information on the complex and multifactorial profile of action of the compound, further supporting the significance of developing GET73 as a therapeutic tool for the treatment of individuals with alcohol use disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Tomasini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 4412µ, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 4412µ, Ferrara, Italy.
- LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
- Psychiatric Department, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Sarah Beggiato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 4412µ, Ferrara, Italy
- Psychiatric Department, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Y, Wang L, Wang H, Leng X, Gao J, Huang D. Polysaccharides from Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. leaves alleviates alcohol-induced mouse brain injury and BV-2 microglial dysfunction. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:132887. [PMID: 38851621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Acute alcohol intoxication is a harmful clinical condition characterized by behavioral and neurological symptoms, for which few effective therapies are available at present. Dysfunction of microglial BV-2 cells has been reported to be associated with acute alcohol-induced brain injuries. In the present study, the protective effects of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. leaves polysaccharides (EULP) on acute alcoholic brain injury and microglial dysfunction were investigated. 14-day pretreatment of EULP significantly attenuated neurobehavioral deficit and neurotransmitter damage in the brain tissue of mice caused by acute alcohol exposure. Additionally, EULP regulated the metabolic disorder of brain tissue. Consistently, it was shown that EULP pretreatment significantly improved alcohol-induced phagocytosis decrease, oxidative stress and inflammation in BV-2 cells. Therefore, EULP may be proposed and employed as a potential therapeutic agent for alcohol-induced brain damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, International Institute of Food Innovation Co., Ltd., China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Luchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, International Institute of Food Innovation Co., Ltd., China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Huimei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, International Institute of Food Innovation Co., Ltd., China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xueping Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, International Institute of Food Innovation Co., Ltd., China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jiaming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, International Institute of Food Innovation Co., Ltd., China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Danfei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, International Institute of Food Innovation Co., Ltd., China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Soares AR, Garcia-Rivas V, Fai C, Thomas MA, Zheng X, Picciotto MR, Mineur YS. Role of microglia in stress-induced alcohol intake in female and male mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.05.597614. [PMID: 38895217 PMCID: PMC11185719 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.05.597614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Rates of alcohol use disorder (AUD) have escalated in recent years, with a particular increase among women. Women are more susceptible to stress-induced alcohol drinking, and preclinical data suggest that stress can increase alcohol intake in female rodents; however, a comprehensive understanding of sex-specific neurobiological substrates underlying this phenomenon is still emerging. Microglia, the resident macrophages of the brain, are essential for reshaping neuronal processes, and microglial activity contributes to overall neuronal plasticity. We investigated microglial dynamics and morphology in limbic brain structures of male and female mice following exposure to stress, alcohol or both challenges. In a modified paradigm of intermittent binge drinking (repeated "drinking in the dark"), we determined that female, but not male, mice increased their alcohol consumption after exposure to a physical stressor and re-exposure trials in the stress-paired context. Ethanol (EtOH) drinking and stress altered a number of microglial parameters, including overall number, in subregions of the amygdala and hippocampus, with effects that were somewhat more pronounced in female mice. We used the CSF1R antagonist PLX3397 to deplete microglia in female mice to determine whether microglia contribute to stress-induced escalation of EtOH intake. We observed that microglial depletion attenuated stress-induced alcohol intake with no effect in the unstressed group. These findings suggest that microglial activity can contribute to alcohol intake under stressful conditions, and highlight the importance of evaluating sex-specific mechanisms that could result in tailored interventions for AUD in women.
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen T, Huang X, Zhao YX, Zhou ZW, Zhou WS. NEAT1 inhibits the angiogenic activity of cerebral arterial endothelial cells by inducing the M1 polarization of microglia through the AMPK signaling pathway. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:62. [PMID: 38684954 PMCID: PMC11059773 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhancing angiogenesis may be an effective strategy to promote functional recovery after ischemic stroke. Inflammation regulates angiogenesis. Microglia are crucial cells that initiate inflammatory responses after various brain injuries. Long noncoding RNA nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) plays a role in regulating brain injury. This study aimed to explore the effects of NEAT1-regulated microglial polarization on the neovascularization capacity of cerebrovascular endothelial cells and the underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms. METHODS Mouse cerebral arterial endothelial cells (mCAECs) were co-cultured with BV-2 cells in different groups using a Transwell system. NEAT1 expression levels were measured by fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, Arg-1, IL-4, and IL-10 were determined using ELISA. Expression levels of CD86 and CD163 were detected by immunofluorescence. The neovascularization capacity of mCAECs was assessed using CCK-8, Transwell, Transwell-matrigel, and tube formation assays. Label-free quantification proteomics was carried out to identify differentially expressed proteins. Protein levels were measured by Western blotting. RESULTS NEAT1 overexpression induced M1 polarization in BV-2 cells, whereas NEAT1 knockdown blocked lipopolysaccharide-induced M1 polarization in microglia. NEAT1-overexpressing BV-2 cells suppressed the angiogenic ability of mCAECs, and NEAT1-knocking BV-2 cells promoted the angiogenic ability of mCAECs under lipopolysaccharide treatment. Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis identified 144 upregulated and 131 downregulated proteins that were induced by NEAT1 overexpression. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway was enriched in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis of the differentially expressed proteins. Further verification showed that NEAT1 inactivated the AMPK signaling pathway. Moreover, the AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide reversed the effect of NEAT1 on BV-2 polarization and the regulatory effect of NEAT1-overexpressing BV-2 cells on the angiogenic ability of mCAECs. CONCLUSIONS NEAT1 inhibits the angiogenic activity of mCAECs by inducing M1 polarization of BV-2 cells through the AMPK signaling pathway. This study further clarified the impact and mechanism of NEAT1 on microglia and the angiogenic ability of cerebrovascular endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Department of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, 410005, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, 410005, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, 410005, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, 410005, China.
| | - Wen-Sheng Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, 410005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lin X, Li X, Li C, Wang H, Zou L, Pan J, Zhang X, He L, Rong X, Peng Y. Activation of STING signaling aggravates chronic alcohol exposure-induced cognitive impairment by increasing neuroinflammation and mitochondrial apoptosis. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14689. [PMID: 38516831 PMCID: PMC10958405 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Chronic alcohol exposure leads to persistent neurological disorders, which are mainly attributed to neuroinflammation and apoptosis. Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) is essential in the cytosolic DNA sensing pathway and is involved in inflammation and cellular death processes. This study was to examine the expression pattern and biological functions of STING signaling in alcohol use disorder (AUD). METHODS Cell-free DNA was extracted from human and mouse plasma. C57BL/6J mice were given alcohol by gavage for 28 days, and behavior tests were used to determine their mood and cognition. Cultured cells were treated with ethanol for 24 hours. The STING agonist DMXAA, STING inhibitor C-176, and STING-siRNA were used to intervene the STING. qPCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence staining were used to assess STING signaling, inflammation, and apoptosis. RESULTS Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was increased in individuals with AUD and mice chronically exposed to alcohol. Upregulation of STING signaling under alcohol exposure led to inflammatory responses in BV2 cells and mitochondrial apoptosis in PC12 cells. DMXAA exacerbated alcohol-induced cognitive impairment and increased the activation of microglia, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), while C-176 exerted neuroprotection. CONCLUSION Activation of STING signaling played an essential role in alcohol-induced inflammation and mitochondrial apoptosis in the mPFC. This study identifies STING as a promising therapeutic target for AUD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinrou Lin
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision ImmunologySun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalFoshanChina
| | - Xiangpen Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Shenshan Medical Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShanweiChina
| | - Chenguang Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Hongxuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Lubin Zou
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision ImmunologySun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalFoshanChina
| | - Jingrui Pan
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Shenshan Medical Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShanweiChina
| | - Xiaoni Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Lei He
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaoming Rong
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision ImmunologySun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalFoshanChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rasool AE, Furlong T, Prasad AA. Microglia activity in the human basal ganglia is altered in alcohol use disorder and reversed with remission from alcohol. Addict Biol 2024; 29:e13374. [PMID: 38380734 PMCID: PMC10898843 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is characterized by cycles of abuse, withdrawal, and relapse. Neuroadaptations in the basal ganglia are observed in AUD; specifically in the putamen, globus pallidus (GP), and ventral pallidum (VP). These regions are associated with habit formation, drug-seeking behaviors, and reward processing. While previous studies have shown the crucial role of glial cells in drug seeking, it remains unknown whether glial cells in the basal ganglia are altered in AUD. Glial cells in the putamen, GP, and VP were examined in human post-mortem tissue of AUD and alcohol remission cases. Immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze cell count, staining intensity, and morphology of microglia and astrocytes, using markers Iba-1 and GFAP. Morphological analysis revealed a significant decrease in microglia cell size and process retraction, indicating activation or a dystrophic microglia phenotype in individuals with AUD compared to controls. Microglia staining intensity was also higher in the GP and VP in AUD cases, whereas microglia staining intensity and cell size in remission cases were not different to control cases. In contrast, no astrocyte changes were observed in examined brain regions for both AUD and remission cases compared to controls. These results suggest alcohol exposure alters microglia, potentially contributing to dysfunctions in the basal ganglia that maintain addiction, and abstinence from alcohol may reverse microglia changes and associated dysfunctions. Overall, this study further characterizes AUD neuropathology and implicates microglia in the putamen, GP, and VP as a potential target for therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ameer Elena Rasool
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Teri Furlong
- School of MedicineUniversity of New SouthSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Asheeta A. Prasad
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of PsychologyUniversity of New SouthSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Melbourne JK, Wooden JI, Carlson ER, Anasooya Shaji C, Nixon K. Neuroimmune Activation and Microglia Reactivity in Female Rats Following Alcohol Dependence. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1603. [PMID: 38338883 PMCID: PMC10855949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The rates of alcohol use disorder among women are growing, yet little is known about how the female brain is affected by alcohol. The neuroimmune system, and specifically microglia, have been implicated in mediating alcohol neurotoxicity, but most preclinical studies have focused on males. Further, few studies have considered changes to the microglial phenotype when examining the effects of ethanol on brain structure and function. Therefore, we quantified microglial reactivity in female rats using a binge model of alcohol dependence, assessed through morphological and phenotypic marker expression, coupled with regional cytokine levels. In a time- and region-dependent manner, alcohol altered the microglial number and morphology, including the soma and process area, and the overall complexity within the corticolimbic regions examined, but no significant increases in the proinflammatory markers MHCII or CD68 were observed. The majority of cytokine and growth factor levels examined were similarly unchanged. However, the expression of the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα was increased, and the anti-inflammatory IL-10, decreased. Thus, female rats showed subtle differences in neuroimmune reactivity compared to past work in males, consistent with reports of enhanced neuroimmune responses in females across the literature. These data suggest that specific neuroimmune reactions in females may impact their susceptibility to alcohol neurotoxicity and other neurodegenerative events with microglial contributions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kimberly Nixon
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (J.K.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Getachew B, Hauser SR, Bennani S, El Kouhen N, Sari Y, Tizabi Y. Adolescent alcohol drinking interaction with the gut microbiome: implications for adult alcohol use disorder. ADVANCES IN DRUG AND ALCOHOL RESEARCH 2024; 4:11881. [PMID: 38322648 PMCID: PMC10846679 DOI: 10.3389/adar.2024.11881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Reciprocal communication between the gut microbiota and the brain, commonly referred to as the "gut-brain-axis" is crucial in maintaining overall physiological homeostasis. Gut microbiota development and brain maturation (neuronal connectivity and plasticity) appear to be synchronized and to follow the same timeline during childhood (immature), adolescence (expansion) and adulthood (completion). It is important to note that the mesolimbic reward circuitry develops early on, whereas the maturation of the inhibitory frontal cortical neurons is delayed. This imbalance can lead to increased acquirement of reward-seeking and risk-taking behaviors during adolescence, and consequently eventuate in heightened risk for substance abuse. Thus, there is high initiation of alcohol drinking in early adolescence that significantly increases the risk of alcohol use disorder (AUD) in adulthood. The underlying causes for heightened AUD risk are not well understood. It is suggested that alcohol-associated gut microbiota impairment during adolescence plays a key role in AUD neurodevelopment in adulthood. Furthermore, alcohol-induced dysregulation of microglia, either directly or indirectly through interaction with gut microbiota, may be a critical neuroinflammatory pathway leading to neurodevelopmental impairments and AUD. In this review article, we highlight the influence of adolescent alcohol drinking on gut microbiota, gut-brain axis and microglia, and eventual manifestation of AUD. Furthermore, novel therapeutic interventions via gut microbiota manipulations are discussed briefly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruk Getachew
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Sheketha R. Hauser
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Samia Bennani
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Nacer El Kouhen
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Youssef Sari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Steinfeld MR, Torregrossa MM. Consequences of adolescent drug use. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:313. [PMID: 37802983 PMCID: PMC10558564 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance use in adolescence is a known risk factor for the development of neuropsychiatric and substance use disorders in adulthood. This is in part due to the fact that critical aspects of brain development occur during adolescence, which can be altered by drug use. Despite concerted efforts to educate youth about the potential negative consequences of substance use, initiation remains common amongst adolescents world-wide. Additionally, though there has been substantial research on the topic, many questions remain about the predictors and the consequences of adolescent drug use. In the following review, we will highlight some of the most recent literature on the neurobiological and behavioral effects of adolescent drug use in rodents, non-human primates, and humans, with a specific focus on alcohol, cannabis, nicotine, and the interactions between these substances. Overall, consumption of these substances during adolescence can produce long-lasting changes across a variety of structures and networks which can have enduring effects on behavior, emotion, and cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Steinfeld
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Mary M Torregrossa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mukherjee S, Tarale P, Sarkar DK. Neuroimmune Interactions in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Potential Therapeutic Targets and Intervention Strategies. Cells 2023; 12:2323. [PMID: 37759545 PMCID: PMC10528917 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are a set of abnormalities caused by prenatal exposure to ethanol and are characterized by developmental defects in the brain that lead to various overt and non-overt physiological abnormalities. Growing evidence suggests that in utero alcohol exposure induces functional and structural abnormalities in gliogenesis and neuron-glia interactions, suggesting a possible role of glial cell pathologies in the development of FASD. However, the molecular mechanisms of neuron-glia interactions that lead to the development of FASD are not clearly understood. In this review, we discuss glial cell pathologies with a particular emphasis on microglia, primary resident immune cells in the brain. Additionally, we examine the involvement of several neuroimmune molecules released by glial cells, their signaling pathways, and epigenetic mechanisms responsible for FASD-related alteration in brain functions. Growing evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in the communication between cells via transporting bioactive cargo from one cell to the other. This review emphasizes the role of EVs in the context of neuron-glia interactions during prenatal alcohol exposure. Finally, some potential applications involving nutritional, pharmacological, cell-based, and exosome-based therapies in the treatment of FASD are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayani Mukherjee
- The Endocrine Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1573, USA; (S.M.); (P.T.)
- Hormone Laboratory Research Group, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 91B, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Prashant Tarale
- The Endocrine Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1573, USA; (S.M.); (P.T.)
| | - Dipak K. Sarkar
- The Endocrine Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1573, USA; (S.M.); (P.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Raval NR, Angarita G, Matuskey D, Miller R, Drake LR, Kapinos M, Nabulsi N, Huang Y, Carson RE, O'Malley SS, Cosgrove KP, Hillmer AT. Imaging the brain's immune response to alcohol with [ 11C]PBR28 TSPO Positron Emission Tomography. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3384-3390. [PMID: 37532797 PMCID: PMC10743097 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
In humans, the negative effects of alcohol are linked to immune dysfunction in both the periphery and the brain. Yet acute effects of alcohol on the neuroimmune system and its relationships with peripheral immune function are not fully understood. To address this gap, immune response to an alcohol challenge was measured with positron emission tomography (PET) using the radiotracer [11C]PBR28, which targets the 18-kDa translocator protein, a marker sensitive to immune challenges. Participants (n = 12; 5 F; 25-45 years) who reported consuming binge levels of alcohol (>3 drinks for females; >4 drinks for males) 1-3 months before scan day were enrolled. Imaging featured a baseline [11C]PBR28 scan followed by an oral laboratory alcohol challenge over 90 min. An hour later, a second [11C]PBR28 scan was acquired. Dynamic PET data were acquired for at least 90 min with arterial blood sampling to measure the metabolite-corrected input function. [11C]PBR28 volume of distributions (VT) was estimated in the brain using multilinear analysis 1. Subjective effects, blood alcohol levels (BAL), and plasma cytokines were measured during the paradigm. Full completion of the alcohol challenge and data acquisition occurred for n = 8 (2 F) participants. Mean peak BAL was 101 ± 15 mg/dL. Alcohol significantly increased brain [11C]PBR28 VT (n = 8; F(1,49) = 34.72, p > 0.0001; Cohen's d'=0.8-1.7) throughout brain by 9-16%. Alcohol significantly altered plasma cytokines TNF-α (F(2,22) = 17.49, p < 0.0001), IL-6 (F(2,22) = 18.00, p > 0.0001), and MCP-1 (F(2,22) = 7.02, p = 0.004). Exploratory analyses identified a negative association between the subjective degree of alcohol intoxication and changes in [11C]PBR28 VT. These findings provide, to our knowledge, the first in vivo human evidence for an acute brain immune response to alcohol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nakul R Raval
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gustavo Angarita
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David Matuskey
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University New Haven, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rachel Miller
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lindsey R Drake
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Kapinos
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Kelly P Cosgrove
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ansel T Hillmer
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
McGregor R, Matzeu A, Thannickal TC, Wu F, Cornford M, Martin-Fardon R, Siegel JM. Sensitivity of Hypocretin System to Chronic Alcohol Exposure: A Human and Animal Study. Neuroscience 2023; 522:1-10. [PMID: 37121379 PMCID: PMC10681027 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Human heroin addicts and mice administered morphine for a 2 week period show a greatly increased number of hypothalamic hypocretin (Hcrt or orexin) producing neurons with a concomitant reduction in Hcrt cell size. Male rats addicted to cocaine similarly show an increased number of detectable Hcrt neurons. These findings led us to hypothesize that humans with alcohol use disorder (AUD) would show similar changes. We now report that humans with AUD have a decreased number and size of detectable Hcrt neurons. In addition, the intermingled melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons are reduced in size. We saw no change in the size and number of tuberomammillary histamine neurons in AUD. Within the Hcrt/MCH neuronal field we found that microglia cell size was increased in AUD brains. In contrast, male rats with 2 week alcohol exposure, sufficient to elicit withdrawal symptoms, show no change in the number or size of Hcrt, MCH and histamine neurons, and no change in the size of microglia. The present study indicates major differences between the response of Hcrt neurons to opioids and that to alcohol in human subjects with a history of substance abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald McGregor
- Neuropsychiatric Institute and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, USA; Neurobiology Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, Los Angele, California 91343, USA.
| | - Alessandra Matzeu
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SR-107, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Thomas C Thannickal
- Neuropsychiatric Institute and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, USA; Neurobiology Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, Los Angele, California 91343, USA
| | - Frank Wu
- Neuropsychiatric Institute and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, USA; Neurobiology Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, Los Angele, California 91343, USA
| | - Marcia Cornford
- Department of Pathology, Harbor University of California, Los Angeles, Medical, Center, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Rémi Martin-Fardon
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SR-107, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jerome M Siegel
- Neuropsychiatric Institute and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, USA; Neurobiology Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, Los Angele, California 91343, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hasegawa H, Tanaka T, Kondo M, Teramoto K, Nakayama K, Hwang GW. Blood vessel remodeling in the cerebral cortex induced by binge alcohol intake in mice. Toxicol Res 2023; 39:169-177. [PMID: 36726835 PMCID: PMC9839917 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-022-00164-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol is toxic to the brain and causes various neurological disorders. Although ethanol can directly exert toxicity on neurons, it also acts on other cell types in the central nervous system. Blood vessel endothelial cells interact with, and are affected by blood ethanol. However, the effects of ethanol on the vascular structures of the brain have not been well documented. In this study, we examined the effects of binge levels of ethanol on brain vasculature. Immunostaining analysis indicated structural alterations of blood vessels in the cerebral cortex, which became more tortuous than those in the control mice after ethanol administration. The interaction between the blood vessels and astrocytes decreased, especially in the upper layers of the cerebral cortex. Messenger RNA expression analysis revealed a unique downregulation of Vegfa mRNA encoding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A among VEGF, angiopoietin, endothelin family angiogenic and blood vessel remodeling factors. The expression of three proteoglycan core proteins, glypican-5, neurocan, and serglycin, was also altered after ethanol administration. Thus, binge levels of ethanol affect the expression of VEGF-A and blood vessel-supporting proteoglycans, resulting in changes in the vascular structure of the cerebral cortex. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43188-022-00164-y.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-Machi, Higashinada-Ku, Kobe, 6588558 Japan
| | - Toshiya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-Machi, Higashinada-Ku, Kobe, 6588558 Japan
| | - Mari Kondo
- Laboratory of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-Machi, Higashinada-Ku, Kobe, 6588558 Japan
| | - Koji Teramoto
- Laboratory of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-Machi, Higashinada-Ku, Kobe, 6588558 Japan
| | - Kei Nakayama
- Laboratory of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-Machi, Higashinada-Ku, Kobe, 6588558 Japan
| | - Gi-Wook Hwang
- Laboratory of Environmental and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi 9818558 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Crotty K, Anton P, Coleman LG, Morris NL, Lewis SA, Samuelson DR, McMahan RH, Hartmann P, Kim A, Ratna A, Mandrekar P, Wyatt TA, Choudhry MA, Kovacs EJ, McCullough R, Yeligar SM. A critical review of recent knowledge of alcohol's effects on the immunological response in different tissues. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 47:36-44. [PMID: 36446606 PMCID: PMC9974783 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol misuse contributes to the dysregulation of immune responses and multiorgan dysfunction across various tissues, which are associated with higher risk of morbidity and mortality in people with alcohol use disorders. Organ-specific immune cells, including microglia in the brain, alveolar macrophages in the lungs, and Kupffer cells in the liver, play vital functions in host immune defense through tissue repair and maintenance of homeostasis. However, binge drinking and chronic alcohol misuse impair these immune cells' abilities to regulate inflammatory signaling and metabolism, thus contributing to multiorgan dysfunction. Further complicating these delicate systems, immune cell dysfunction associated with alcohol misuse is exacerbated by aging and gut barrier leakage. This critical review describes recent advances in elucidating the potential mechanisms by which alcohol misuse leads to derangements in host immunity and highlights current gaps in knowledge that may be the focus of future investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Crotty
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Paige Anton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Alcohol Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Leon G Coleman
- Department of Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Niya L Morris
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Sloan A Lewis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Derrick R Samuelson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Rachel H McMahan
- Alcohol Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Phillipp Hartmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Adam Kim
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Anuradha Ratna
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pranoti Mandrekar
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Todd A Wyatt
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Mashkoor A Choudhry
- Alcohol Research Program, Department of Surgery, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Kovacs
- Alcohol Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rebecca McCullough
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Alcohol Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Samantha M Yeligar
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tonetto S, Weikop P, Brudek T, Thomsen M. Behavioral and biochemical effects of alcohol withdrawal in female C3H/HeNRj and C57BL/6JRj mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1143720. [PMID: 36910126 PMCID: PMC9995974 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1143720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a major problem of our society and is often characterized and worsened by relapse. Prolonged alcohol exposure leads to numerous biochemical alterations that, upon cessation of alcohol intake, cause an array of immediate and lasting withdrawal symptoms. Acute withdrawal and neuroinflammation can be harmful in themselves, and lasting withdrawal symptoms contribute to relapse. Here, we conducted an initial feasibility study assessing several behavioral and neurochemical factors in female C3H/HeNRj (C3H) and C57BL/6JRj (B6) mice to determine which strain showed the clearest alcohol withdrawal symptoms during long-term abstinence and neurochemical alterations following re-exposure. Methods Female C3H and B6 mice (n = 12 per group/strain) were intermittently exposed to alcohol-containing or control liquid diets for 3 weeks. Acute and prolonged withdrawal symptoms were assessed over a period of 3 weeks using a battery of behavioral test, comprised of alcohol self-administration, anhedonia, hyperalgesia, anxiety-like and depressive-like disturbances. Brain inflammation was measured by multiplex cytokine assay. Monoamine levels in the hippocampus and striatum, as well as exploratory analyses of cations levels in the cerebellum, were assessed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results Both C3H and B6 alcohol-exposed mice displayed decreased saccharin intake or preference and higher stress levels assessed by ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) recordings. B6 but not C3H alcohol-exposed mice also exhibited a slower decline of alcohol oral self-administration (OSA), hyperalgesia, elevated brain TNF-α and elevated serotonin turnover. Conclusion Our findings highlight the suitability of the B6 strain to study the behavioral and neurochemical alterations caused by alcohol withdrawal and the potential efficacy of experimental treatments, not only in early detoxification, but also in prolonged abstinence. The feasibility of these assays is important because long-lasting withdrawal symptoms are often the main cause of relapse in alcohol-dependent patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Tonetto
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pia Weikop
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tomasz Brudek
- Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morgane Thomsen
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hasegawa H, Kondo M. Astrocytic Responses to Binge Alcohol Intake in the Mouse Hindbrain. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:1194-1202. [PMID: 37661398 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol is the most commonly used toxic chemical in human cultures. Ethanol predominantly damages the brain causing various neurological disorders. Astrocytes are important cellular targets of ethanol in the brain and are involved in alcoholic symptoms. Recent studies have revealed the diversity of astrocyte populations in the brain. However, it is unclear how the different astrocyte populations respond to an excess of ethanol. Here we examined the effect of binge ethanol levels on astrocytes in the mouse brainstem and cerebellum. Ethanol administration for four consecutive days increased the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactive signals in the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve (stTN) and reticular nucleus (RN). Another astrocyte marker, aquaporin 4 (AQP4), was also increased in the stTN with a pattern similar to that of GFAP. However, in the RN, the immunoreactive signals of AQP4 were different from that of GFAP and were not changed by ethanol administration. In the cerebellum, GFAP-positive signals were found in all four astrocytic populations, and those in the Bergmann glia were selectively eliminated by ethanol administration. We next examined the effect of estradiol on the ethanol-induced changes in astrocytic immunoreactive signals. The administration of estradiol alone increased the AQP4-immunoreactivity in the stTN with a pattern similar to that of ethanol, whereas the co-administration of estradiol and ethanol suppressed the intensity of the AQP4-positive signals. Thus, binge levels of ethanol intake selectively affect astrocyte populations in the brainstem and cerebellum. Sex hormones can affect the ethanol-induced neurotoxicity via modulation of astrocyte reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mari Kondo
- Laboratory of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Guo Y, Chen X, Gong P, Li Z, Wu Y, Zhang J, Wang J, Yao W, Yang W, Chen F. Advances in the mechanisms of polysaccharides in alleviating depression and its complications. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 109:154566. [PMID: 36610126 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is one of the most serious mental illnesses worldwide that endangers the health of people. The pathogenesis of depression is complex and is associated with abnormal neurotransmitter levels, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, inflammation, and gut flora-related disorders. However, most of the current pharmacological therapies used to manage depression are inconsistent and are associated with side effects. Owing to their low toxicity and wide availability in nature, polysaccharides are gradually attracting attention and are being discovered to exert direct or indirect antidepressant effects. PURPOSE In this review, we have summarized the classification, dosage, and experimental models to study polysaccharides with antidepressant effects obtained from different sources. We have also reviewed the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of these polysaccharides in depression by modulating inflammation, the HPA axis, and intestinal flora. METHODS We searched the PubMed, Web of Science, and Google scholar databases and included studies that reported the use of polysaccharides in treating depression. RESULTS The unique benefits of natural polysaccharides as antidepressants lie in their potential to modulate inflammation, regulate the HPA axis, and regulate intestinal flora, giving full play to their antidepressant effects via multiple pathways and targets. CONCLUSION Natural polysaccharides may be a promising resource for use as adjuvant antidepressant therapy. Our study might therefore provide evidence for the development of polysaccharide resources as antidepressants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Guo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Xuefeng Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Pin Gong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Zixuan Li
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yanping Wu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Jiating Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Wenbo Yao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Wenjuan Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Fuxin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hu Y, Hill RA, Yoshimura M. Role of Adenylyl Cyclase Type 7 in Functions of BV-2 Microglia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010347. [PMID: 36613790 PMCID: PMC9820266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the role of adenylyl cyclase type 7 (AC7) in microglia's immune function, we generated AC7 gene knockout (AC7 KO) clones from a mouse microglial cell line, BV-2, using the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system. The ability of BV-2 cells to generate cAMP and their innate immune functions were examined in the presence or absence of ethanol. The parental BV-2 cells showed robust cAMP production when stimulated with prostaglandin-E1 (PGE1) and ethanol increased cAMP production in a dose-dependent manner. AC7 KO clones of BV-2 cells showed diminished and ethanol-insensitive cAMP production. The phagocytic activity of the parental BV-2 cells was inhibited in the presence of PGE1; AC7 KO BV-2 cells showed lower and PGE1-insensitive phagocytic activity. Innate immune activities of the parental BV-2 cells, including bacterial killing, nitric oxide synthesis, and expression of arginase 1 and interleukin 10 were activated as expected with small effects of ethanol. However, the innate immune activities of AC7 KO cells were either drastically diminished or not detected. The data presented suggest that AC7 has an important role in the innate immune functions of microglial cells. AC7's involvement in ethanol's effects on immune functions remains unclear. Further studies are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Hu
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Hill
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Masami Yoshimura
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+1-225-578-9759
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Attenuation of the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines prevents depressive-like behavior during ethanol withdrawal in mice. Brain Res Bull 2022; 191:9-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
21
|
Ramos A, Joshi RS, Szabo G. Innate immune activation: Parallels in alcohol use disorder and Alzheimer’s disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:910298. [PMID: 36157070 PMCID: PMC9505690 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.910298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder is associated with systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction especially in the liver and the brain. For more than a decade, studies have highlighted alcohol abuse-mediated impairment of brain function and acceleration of neurodegeneration through inflammatory mechanisms that directly involve innate immune cells. Furthermore, recent studies indicate overlapping genetic risk factors between alcohol use and neurodegenerative disorders, specifically regarding the role of innate immunity in the pathomechanisms of both areas. Considering the pressing need for a better understanding of the relevance of alcohol abuse in dementia progression, here we summarize the molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation observed in alcohol abuse and Alzheimer’s disease, the most common cause of dementia. In addition, we highlight mechanisms that are already established in the field of Alzheimer’s disease that may be relevant to explore in alcoholism to better understand alcohol mediated neurodegeneration and dementia, including the relevance of the liver-brain axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ramos
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Radhika S. Joshi
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Gyongyi Szabo,
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dai Y, Yan M, Wan J, Xiao T. Maf1 mitigates sevoflurane-induced microglial inflammatory damage and attenuates microglia-mediated neurotoxicity in HT-22 cells by activating the AMPK/Nrf2 signaling. Neurotoxicology 2022; 90:237-245. [PMID: 35430185 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maf1 has been found to play protective function against neuroinflammation and neuroapoptosis. This study seeks to explore whether and how Maf1 is involved in sevoflurane (Sev)-induced neuroinflammation and microglia-mediated neurotoxicity. METHODS qRT-PCR and western blot were used to detect the gene expression. ELISA was used to detect inflammatory factors. Cell viability was evaluated by using the Cell Counting Kit-8 kit. Neuroapoptosis was assessed with trhe Caspase-3 Assay Kit and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) technique. RESULTS Maf1 expression was downregulated in Sev-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. Maf1 overexpression down-regulates the expression of pro-inflammatory M1-type markers (CD86, iNOS, IFN-γ) and up-regulates the expression of anti-inflammatory M2-type markers (CD206, TGF-β, Arg-1), and Maf1 reduces the Sev-induced inflammatory response in BV2 cells. After Maf1 overexpression, the relative expression of p-AMPK/AMPK and nucleus-Nrf2 increased significantly in BV2 cells treated with Sev. Inhibition of AMPK/Nrf2 pathway by compound C reverses anti-inflammatory effect of Maf1 in Sev-stimulated BV2 cells. Compound C reverses the effect of Maf1 on microglia-mediated neurotoxicity in HT-22 hippocampal neuronal cells. CONCLUSIONS Maf1 mitigates Sev-induced microglial inflammatory damage and attenuates microglia-mediated neurotoxicity by activating the AMPK/Nrf2 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunyi Dai
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, China
| | - Mingguang Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, China
| | - Juan Wan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, China
| | - Tao Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sabzali M, Eidi A, Khaksari M, Khastar H. Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Antiapoptotic Action of Metformin Attenuates Ethanol Neurotoxicity in the Animal Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:605-613. [PMID: 35386022 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00499-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol exposure has permanent effects on the brain structure, leading to functional deficits in several aspects of behavior, including learning and memory. Alcohol-induced neurocognitive impairment in offsprings is included with activation of oxidative- inflammatory cascade followed with wide apoptotic neurodegeneration in several brain areas, such as the hippocampus. Metformin is the first-line treatment for diabetic patients. It rapidly crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. In this study, we evaluated the protective effects of metformin on ethanol-related neuroinflammation, as well as neuron apoptosis in the hippocampus of adult male rat in animal model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Treatment with ethanol in milk solution (5.25 and 27.8 g/kg, respectively) was conducted by intragastric intubation at 2-10 days after birth. To examine the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of metformin, an ELISA assay was performed for determining the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and antioxidant enzyme concentrations. Immunohistochemical staining was conducted for evaluating the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and cleaved caspase-3 expression. Based on the results, metformin caused a significant increase in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P < 0.05) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) (P < 0.01) activities. On the other hand, it reduced the concentrations of TNF-α and malondialdehyde, compared to the ethanol group (P < 0.01). In the metformin group, there was a reduction in cell apoptosis in the hippocampus, as well as GFAP-positive cells (P < 0.01). Overall, apoptotic signaling, regulated by the oxidative inflammatory cascade, can be suppressed by metformin in adult brain rats following animal model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sabzali
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Eidi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khaksari
- Addiction Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
| | - Hossein Khastar
- Addiction Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lippard ETC, Nemeroff CB. Going beyond risk factor: Childhood maltreatment and associated modifiable targets to improve life-long outcomes in mood disorders. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 215:173361. [PMID: 35219755 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment increases risk for mood disorders and is associated with earlier onset-and more pernicious disease course following onset-of mood disorders. While the majority of studies to date have been cross-sectional, longitudinal studies are emerging and support the devastating role(s) childhood maltreatment has on development of, and illness course in, mood disorders. This manuscript extends prior reviews to emphasize more recent work, highlighting longitudinal data, and discusses treatment studies that provide clues to mechanisms that mediate disease risk, course, relapse, and treatment response. Evidence suggesting systemic inflammation, alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neural systems, genetic and other familial factors as mechanisms that mediate risk and onset of, and illness course in, mood disorders following childhood maltreatment is discussed. Risky behaviors following maltreatment, e.g., substance use and unhealthy lifestyles, may further exacerbate alterations in the HPA axis, CRF neural systems, and systematic inflammation to contribute to a more pernicious disease course. More research on sex differences and the impact of maltreatment in vulnerable populations is needed. Future research needs to be aimed at leveraging knowledge on modifiable targets, going beyond childhood maltreatment as a risk factor, to inform prevention and treatment strategies and foster trauma-informed care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T C Lippard
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA; Institute of Early Life Adversity Research, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA; Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA; Mulva Clinic for Neuroscience, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Charles B Nemeroff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA; Institute of Early Life Adversity Research, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA; Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA; Mulva Clinic for Neuroscience, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Neurocognitive and substance use disorders in older adults: challenges and evidence. ADVANCES IN DUAL DIAGNOSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/add-01-2022-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to review the presentation of substance use disorders in older adults, how addiction intertwines with neurocognitive disorders and how to approach this vulnerable population.
Design/methodology/approach
Electronic data searches of PubMed, Medline and the Cochrane Library (years 2000–2021) were performed using the keywords “neurocognitive,” “dementia,” “substance use,” “addiction,” “older adults” and “elderly.” The authors, in consensus, selected pivotal studies and conducted a narrative synthesis of the findings.
Findings
Research about substance use disorders in older adults is limited, especially in those with superimposed neurocognitive disorders. Having dual diagnoses can make the identification and treatment of either condition challenging. Management should use a holistic multidisciplinary approach that involves medical professionals and caregivers.
Originality/value
This review highlights some of the intertwining aspects between substance use disorders and neurocognitive disorders in older adults. It provides a comprehensive summary of the available evidence on treatment in this population.
Collapse
|
26
|
Xu F, Mu J, Teng Y, Zhang X, Sundaram K, Sriwastva MK, Kumar A, Lei C, Zhang L, Liu QM, Yan J, McClain CJ, Merchant ML, Zhang HG. Restoring Oat Nanoparticles Mediated Brain Memory Function of Mice Fed Alcohol by Sorting Inflammatory Dectin-1 Complex Into Microglial Exosomes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2105385. [PMID: 34897972 PMCID: PMC8858573 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microglia modulate pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic activities. Edible plant-derived factors improve brain function. Current knowledge of the molecular interactions between edible plant-derived factors and the microglial cell is limited. Here an alcohol-induced chronic brain inflammation model is used to identify that the microglial cell is the novel target of oat nanoparticles (oatN). Oral administration of oatN inhibits brain inflammation and improves brain memory function of mice that are fed alcohol. Mechanistically, ethanol activates dectin-1 mediated inflammatory pathway. OatN is taken up by microglial cells via β-glucan mediated binding to microglial hippocalcin (HPCA) whereas oatN digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) prevents assess of oatN β-glucan to dectin-1. Subsequently endocytosed β-glucan/HPCA is recruited in an endosomal recycling compartment (ERC) via interaction with Rab11a. This complex then sequesters the dectin-1 in the ERC in an oatN β-glucan dependent manner and alters the location of dectin-1 from Golgi to early endosomes and lysosomes and increases exportation of dectin-1 into exosomes in an Rab11a dependent manner. Collectively, these cascading actions lead to preventing the activation of the alcoholic induced brain inflammation signing pathway(s). This coordinated assembling of the HPCA/Rab11a/dectin-1 complex by oral administration of oatN may contribute to the prevention of brain inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangyi Xu
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Jingyao Mu
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Yun Teng
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Xiangcheng Zhang
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of ICU, the Affiliated Huaian NO.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223300, China
| | - Kumaran Sundaram
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Mukesh K Sriwastva
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Anil Kumar
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Chao Lei
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Qiaohong M Liu
- Peak Neuromonitoring Associates-Kentucky, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Jun Yan
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Craig J McClain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Michael L Merchant
- Kidney Disease Program and Clinical Proteomics Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Huang-Ge Zhang
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY, 40206, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Agarwal K, Manza P, Chapman M, Nawal N, Biesecker E, McPherson K, Dennis E, Johnson A, Volkow ND, Joseph PV. Inflammatory Markers in Substance Use and Mood Disorders: A Neuroimaging Perspective. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:863734. [PMID: 35558424 PMCID: PMC9086785 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.863734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to addictive drugs in substance use disorders and stressors in mood disorders render the brain more vulnerable to inflammation. Inflammation in the brain, or neuroinflammation, is characterized by gliosis, microglial activation, and sustained release of cytokines, chemokines, and pro-inflammatory factors compromising the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. There is increased curiosity in understanding how substance misuse and/or repeated stress exposure affect inflammation and contribute to abnormal neuronal activity, altered neuroplasticity, and impaired cognitive control, which eventually promote compulsive drug-use behaviors and worsen mood disorders. This review will emphasize human imaging studies to explore the link between brain function and peripheral markers of inflammation in substance use disorders and mood disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu Agarwal
- Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism, Division of Intramural Research, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Peter Manza
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marquis Chapman
- Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nafisa Nawal
- Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Erin Biesecker
- Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Katherine McPherson
- Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Evan Dennis
- Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Allison Johnson
- Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nora D Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Paule V Joseph
- Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism, Division of Intramural Research, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Stafford AM, Yamamoto BK, Phillips TJ. Combined and sequential effects of alcohol and methamphetamine in animal models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:248-269. [PMID: 34543650 PMCID: PMC8642292 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Comorbid drug use, often alcohol with other drugs, poses significant health and societal concerns. Methamphetamine is among the illicit drugs most often co-used with alcohol. The current review examines the animal literature for impacts of comorbid alcohol and methamphetamine exposure. We found evidence for additive or synergistic effects of combined or sequential exposure on behavior and physiology. Dopaminergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic systems are all impacted by combined exposure to alcohol and methamphetamine and cyclooxygenase-2 activity plays an important role in their combined neurotoxic effects. Adverse consequences of comorbid exposure include altered brain development with prenatal exposure, impaired learning and memory, motor deficits, gastrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and augmented intake under some conditions. Given high susceptibility to drug experimentation in adolescence, studies of co-exposure during the adolescent period and of how adolescent exposure to one drug impacts later use or sensitivity to the other drug should be a priority. Further, to gain traction on prevention and treatment, additional research to identify motivational and neurobiological drivers and consequences of comorbid use is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Stafford
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Portland Alcohol Abuse Research Center and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Bryan K Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tamara J Phillips
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Portland Alcohol Abuse Research Center and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nutt D, Hayes A, Fonville L, Zafar R, Palmer EO, Paterson L, Lingford-Hughes A. Alcohol and the Brain. Nutrients 2021; 13:3938. [PMID: 34836193 PMCID: PMC8625009 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol works on the brain to produce its desired effects, e.g., sociability and intoxication, and hence the brain is an important organ for exploring subsequent harms. These come in many different forms such as the consequences of damage during intoxication, e.g., from falls and fights, damage from withdrawal, damage from the toxicity of alcohol and its metabolites and altered brain structure and function with implications for behavioral processes such as craving and addiction. On top of that are peripheral factors that compound brain damage such as poor diet, vitamin deficiencies leading to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Prenatal alcohol exposure can also have a profound impact on brain development and lead to irremediable changes of fetal alcohol syndrome. This chapter briefly reviews aspects of these with a particular focus on recent brain imaging results. Cardiovascular effects of alcohol that lead to brain pathology are not covered as they are dealt with elsewhere in the volume.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Nutt
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, UK; (A.H.); (L.F.); (R.Z.); (E.O.C.P.); (L.P.); (A.L.-H.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Neuroprotective effect of fucoidan by regulating gut-microbiota-brain axis in alcohol withdrawal mice. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
31
|
Rahimian R, Wakid M, O'Leary LA, Mechawar N. The emerging tale of microglia in psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:1-29. [PMID: 34536460 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As the professional phagocytes of the brain, microglia orchestrate the immunological response and play an increasingly important role in maintaining homeostatic brain functions. Microglia are activated by pathological events or slight alterations in brain homeostasis. This activation is dependent on the context and type of stressor or pathology. Through secretion of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, microglia can strongly influence the response to a stressor and can, therefore, determine the pathological outcome. Psychopathologies have repeatedly been associated with long-lasting priming and sensitization of cerebral microglia. This review focuses on the diversity of microglial phenotype and function in health and psychiatric disease. We first discuss the diverse homeostatic functions performed by microglia and then elaborate on context-specific spatial and temporal microglial heterogeneity. Subsequently, we summarize microglia involvement in psychopathologies, namely major depressive disorder, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, with a particular focus on post-mortem studies. Finally, we postulate microglia as a promising novel therapeutic target in psychiatry through antidepressant and antipsychotic treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rahimian
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada
| | - Marina Wakid
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Liam Anuj O'Leary
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Savage LM, Nunes PT, Gursky ZH, Milbocker KA, Klintsova AY. Midline Thalamic Damage Associated with Alcohol-Use Disorders: Disruption of Distinct Thalamocortical Pathways and Function. Neuropsychol Rev 2021; 31:447-471. [PMID: 32789537 PMCID: PMC7878584 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-020-09450-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The thalamus, a significant part of the diencephalon, is a symmetrical and bilateral central brain structure. The thalamus is subdivided into three major groups of nuclei based on their function: sensorimotor nuclei (or principal/relay nuclei), limbic nuclei and nuclei bridging these two domains. Anatomically, nuclei within the thalamus are described by their location, such as anterior, medial, lateral, ventral, and posterior. In this review, we summarize the role of medial and midline thalamus in cognition, ranging from learning and memory to flexible adaptation. We focus on the discoveries in animal models of alcohol-related brain damage, which identify the loss of neurons in the medial and midline thalamus as drivers of cognitive dysfunction associated with alcohol use disorders. Models of developmental ethanol exposure and models of adult alcohol-related brain damage and are compared and contrasted, and it was revealed that there are similar (anterior thalamus) and different (intralaminar [adult exposure] versus ventral midline [developmental exposure]) thalamic pathology, as well as disruptions of thalamo-hippocampal and thalamo-cortical circuits. The final part of the review summarizes approaches to recover alcohol-related brain damage and cognitive and behavioral outcomes. These approaches include pharmacological, nutritional and behavioral interventions that demonstrated the potential to mitigate alcohol-related damage. In summary, the medial/midline thalamus is a significant contributor to cognition function, which is also sensitive to alcohol-related brain damage across the life span, and plays a role in alcohol-related cognitive dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Savage
- Developmental Ethanol Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, 13902-6000, USA.
| | - Polliana T Nunes
- Developmental Ethanol Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, 13902-6000, USA
| | - Zachary H Gursky
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Katrina A Milbocker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Anna Y Klintsova
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dantas DMM, Cahú TB, Oliveira CYB, Abadie-Guedes R, Roberto NA, Santana WM, Gálvez AO, Guedes RCA, Bezerra RS. Chlorella vulgaris functional alcoholic beverage: Effect on propagation of cortical spreading depression and functional properties. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255996. [PMID: 34370788 PMCID: PMC8351948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in microalgae biotechnology have proven that these microorganisms contain a number of bioactive molecules, that can be used as food additives that help prevent disease. The green microalga Chlorella vulgaris presents several biomolecules, such as lutein and astaxanthin, with antioxidant capacity, which can play a protective role in tissues. In this study, we produced and analyzed a C. vulgaris functional alcoholic beverage (produced using a traditional Brazilian alcoholic beverage, cachaça, and C. vulgaris biomass). Assays were conducted in vitro by radical scavenging tests, and in vivo, by modeling cortical spreading depression in rat brains. Scavenging radical assays showed that consumption of the C. vulgaris alcoholic beverage had a DPPH inhibition of 77.2%. This functional alcoholic beverage at a concentration of 12.5 g L-1 significantly improved cortical spreading depression velocity in the rat brains (2.89 mm min-1), when compared with cachaça alone (3.68 mm min-1) and control (distilled water; 3.25 mm min-1). Moreover, animals that consumed the functional beverage gained less weight than those that consumed just alcohol and the control groups. These findings suggest that the C. vulgaris functional alcoholic beverage plays a protective physiologic role in protecting brain cells from the effects of drinking ethanol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielli M M Dantas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
- Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Thiago B Cahú
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Carlos Yure B Oliveira
- Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Nathalia A Roberto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Werlayne M Santana
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Alfredo O Gálvez
- Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Rubem C A Guedes
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Ranilson S Bezerra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Siemsen BM, Landin JD, McFaddin JA, Hooker KN, Chandler LJ, Scofield MD. Chronic intermittent ethanol and lipopolysaccharide exposure differentially alter Iba1-derived microglia morphology in the prelimbic cortex and nucleus accumbens core of male Long-Evans rats. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:1922-1939. [PMID: 32621337 PMCID: PMC7779701 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has linked pathological changes associated with chronic alcohol exposure to neuroimmune signaling mediated by microglia. Prior characterization of the microglial structure-function relationship demonstrates that alterations in activity states occur concomitantly with reorganization of cellular architecture. Accordingly, gaining a better understanding of microglial morphological changes associated with ethanol exposure will provide valuable insight into how neuroimmune signaling may contribute to ethanol-induced reshaping of neuronal function. Here we have used Iba1-staining combined with high-resolution confocal imaging and 3D reconstruction to examine microglial structure in the prelimbic (PL) cortex and nucleus accumbens (NAc) in male Long-Evans rats. Rats were either sacrificed at peak withdrawal following 15 days of exposure to chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) or 24 hr after two consecutive injections of the immune activator lipopolysaccharide (LPS), each separated by 24 hr. LPS exposure resulted in dramatic structural reorganization of microglia in the PL cortex, including increased soma volume, overall cellular volume, and branching complexity. In comparison, CIE exposure was associated with a subtle increase in somatic volume and differential effects on microglia processes, which were largely absent in the NAc. These data reveal that microglial activation following a neuroimmune challenge with LPS or exposure to chronic alcohol exhibits distinct morphometric profiles and brain region-dependent specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Siemsen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Justine D. Landin
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jon A. McFaddin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kaylee N. Hooker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Lawrence J. Chandler
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Michael D. Scofield
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gruol DL, Melkonian C, Huitron-Resendiz S, Roberts AJ. Alcohol alters IL-6 Signal Transduction in the CNS of Transgenic Mice with Increased Astrocyte Expression of IL-6. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:733-750. [PMID: 32447612 PMCID: PMC7680720 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00879-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimmune factors, including the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), are important chemical regulators of central nervous system (CNS) function under both physiological and pathological conditions. Elevated expression of IL-6 occurs in the CNS in a variety of disorders associated with altered CNS function, including excessive alcohol use. Alcohol-induced production of IL-6 has been reported for several CNS regions including the cerebellum. Cerebellar actions of alcohol occur through a variety of mechanisms, but alcohol-induced changes in signal transduction, transcription, and translation are known to play important roles. IL-6 is an activator of signal transduction that regulates gene expression. Thus, alcohol-induced IL-6 production could contribute to cerebellar effects of alcohol by altering gene expression, especially under conditions of chronic alcohol abuse, where IL-6 levels could be habitually elevated. To gain an understanding of the effects of alcohol on IL-6 signal transduction, we studied activation/expression of IL-6 signal transduction partners STAT3 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription), CCAAT-enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) beta, and p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) at the protein level. Cerebella of transgenic mice that express elevated levels of astrocyte produced IL-6 in the CNS were studied. Results show that the both IL-6 and chronic intermittent alcohol exposure/withdrawal affect IL-6 signal transduction partners and that the actions of IL-6 and alcohol interact to alter activation/expression of IL-6 signal transduction partners. The alcohol/IL-6 interactions may contribute to cerebellar actions of alcohol, whereas the effects of IL-6 alone may have relevance to cerebellar changes occurring in CNS disorders associated with elevated levels of IL-6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Gruol
- Neuroscience Department, SR301, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Claudia Melkonian
- Neuroscience Department, SR301, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | - Amanda J Roberts
- Animal Models Core Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tournier N, Pottier G, Caillé F, Coulon C, Goislard M, Jégo B, Negroni J, Leroy C, Saba W. Nalmefene alleviates the neuroimmune response to repeated binge-like ethanol exposure: A TSPO PET imaging study in adolescent rats. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12962. [PMID: 32896074 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A large body of preclinical research has shown that neuroimmunity plays a key role in the deleterious effects of alcohol (ethanol) to the brain. Translational imaging techniques are needed to monitor the efficacy of strategies to prevent or mitigate neuroinflammation and alleviate ethanol-induced neurotoxicity. Opioid receptor antagonists such as nalmefene are antagonists of the toll-like receptor 4, which may block the proinflammatory signaling cascade induced by ethanol at this specific target. Male adolescent rats received a validated protocol of ethanol injection (i.p, 3 g/kg daily for two consecutive days followed by two resting days) during 14 days. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) radioligand [18 F]DPA-714 was performed at day-15. Toxicity induced by repeated binge-like ethanol exposure (71% mortality) was drastically reduced by nalmefene pretreatment (0.4 mg/kg, 14% mortality). No mortality was observed in animals that received vehicle (control) or nalmefene alone. Compared with control animals (n = 10), a significant 2.8-fold to 4.6-fold increase in the volume of distribution (VT ) of [18 F]DPA-714 was observed among brain regions in animals exposed to ethanol only (n = 9). Pretreatment with nalmefene significantly alleviated the neuroimmune response to ethanol exposure in all brain regions (1.2-fold to 2.5-fold increase in VT ; n = 5). Nalmefene alone (n = 6) did not impact [18 F]DPA-714 VT compared with the control group. Nalmefene may protect against the neuroinflammatory response and overall toxicity associated with binge drinking. [18 F]DPA-714 PET imaging can be used to noninvasively address the neuroimmune impact of ethanol exposure and its modulation by pharmacological strategies in vivo, with translational perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Tournier
- BioMaps Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm Orsay France
- Institut des sciences du vivant Frédéric Joliot, CEA Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot Orsay France
| | - Géraldine Pottier
- Institut des sciences du vivant Frédéric Joliot, CEA Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot Orsay France
| | - Fabien Caillé
- BioMaps Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm Orsay France
- Institut des sciences du vivant Frédéric Joliot, CEA Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot Orsay France
| | - Christine Coulon
- BioMaps Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm Orsay France
- Institut des sciences du vivant Frédéric Joliot, CEA Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot Orsay France
| | - Maud Goislard
- BioMaps Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm Orsay France
- Institut des sciences du vivant Frédéric Joliot, CEA Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot Orsay France
| | - Benoit Jégo
- BioMaps Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm Orsay France
- Institut des sciences du vivant Frédéric Joliot, CEA Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot Orsay France
| | - Julia Negroni
- Institut des sciences du vivant Frédéric Joliot, CEA Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot Orsay France
| | - Claire Leroy
- BioMaps Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm Orsay France
- Institut des sciences du vivant Frédéric Joliot, CEA Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot Orsay France
| | - Wadad Saba
- BioMaps Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm Orsay France
- Institut des sciences du vivant Frédéric Joliot, CEA Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot Orsay France
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Warden AS, Triplett TA, Lyu A, Grantham EK, Azzam MM, DaCosta A, Mason S, Blednov YA, Ehrlich LI, Mayfield RD, Harris RA. Microglia depletion and alcohol: Transcriptome and behavioral profiles. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12889. [PMID: 32176824 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse induces changes in microglia morphology and immune function, but whether microglia initiate or simply amplify the harmful effects of alcohol exposure is still a matter of debate. Here, we determine microglia function in acute and voluntary drinking behaviors using a colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor (PLX5622). We show that microglia depletion does not alter the sedative or hypnotic effects of acute intoxication. Microglia depletion also does not change the escalation or maintenance of chronic voluntary alcohol consumption. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that although many immune genes have been implicated in alcohol abuse, downregulation of microglia genes does not necessitate changes in alcohol intake. Instead, microglia depletion and chronic alcohol result in compensatory upregulation of alcohol-responsive, reactive astrocyte genes, indicating astrocytes may play a role in regulation of these alcohol behaviors. Taken together, our behavioral and transcriptional data indicate that microglia are not the primary effector cell responsible for regulation of acute and voluntary alcohol behaviors. Because microglia depletion did not regulate acute or voluntary alcohol behaviors, we hypothesized that these doses were insufficient to activate microglia and recruit them to an effector phenotype. Therefore, we used a model of repeated immune activation using polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) to activate microglia. Microglia depletion blocked poly(I:C)-induced escalations in alcohol intake, indicating microglia regulate drinking behaviors with sufficient immune activation. By testing the functional role of microglia in alcohol behaviors, we provide insight into when microglia are causal and when they are consequential for the transition from alcohol use to dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Warden
- Waggoner Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
- Institute for Neuroscience University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
| | - Todd A. Triplett
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
- Department of Oncology University of Texas Dell Medical School, LiveSTRONG Cancer Institutes Austin TX USA
| | - Aram Lyu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
| | - Emily K. Grantham
- Waggoner Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
- Institute for Neuroscience University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
| | - Moatasem M. Azzam
- Waggoner Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
| | - Adriana DaCosta
- Waggoner Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
| | - Sonia Mason
- Waggoner Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
| | - Yuri A. Blednov
- Waggoner Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
| | - Lauren I.R. Ehrlich
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
- Department of Oncology University of Texas Dell Medical School, LiveSTRONG Cancer Institutes Austin TX USA
| | - R. Dayne Mayfield
- Waggoner Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
- Institute for Neuroscience University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
| | - R. Adron Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
- Institute for Neuroscience University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Simvastatin attenuates spatial memory impairment via inhibiting microgliosis and apoptotic cell death against ethanol induced neurotoxicity in the developing rat hippocampus. Brain Res 2021; 1758:147341. [PMID: 33548270 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol is associated with oxidative stress. Exposure to ethanol during childhood may lead to neurological disorders. Congenital disorders induced by alcohol are mainly caused by an oxidative-inflammatory cascade due to extensive apoptotic neurodegeneration in the brain, particularly in the hippocampus. Simvastatin, which acts as an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), is widely used to manage cardiovascular diseases. Recently, the neuroprotective effects of simvastatin against nervous system disorders have been introduced. In this study, we examined the protective effects of simvastatin on ethanol-related neurotoxicity in the hippocampus of rat pups. Ethanol (5.27 g/kg) in a milk solution (27.8 mL/kg) was administered to male rat pups via intragastric intubation at 2-10 days after birth. Also, 10 and 20 mg/kg of simvastatin were injected to the animals. By using Morris water maze task, the hippocampus-dependent memory and spatial learning was evaluated 36 days after birth. An ELISA assay was performed to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of simvastatin by measuring the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and antioxidant enzymes. To assess the expression levels of Iba1 immunohistochemical staining and caspase-3 immunofluorescence staining was performed. The current study demonstrated that administration of simvastatin significantly attenuates spatial memory impairment (P < 0.01) after ethanol neurotoxicity. Also simvastatin could considerably increase the total superoxide dismutaseand glutathione levels (P < 0.01). Moreover, it was associated with a greater reduction in malondialdehyde (P < 0.05) and TNF-α levels, compared to the ethanol group (P < 0.01). Furthermore, in the simvastatin group, the hippocampal level of caspase-3 and the level of Iba1-positive cells, reduced (P < 0.01). This study demonstrated that apoptotic signaling, mediated by the oxidative-inflammatory cascade, could be inhibited by simvastatin in rat pups with ethanol exposure in the postnatal period.
Collapse
|
39
|
Coker CR, Keller BN, Arnold AC, Silberman Y. Impact of High Fat Diet and Ethanol Consumption on Neurocircuitry Regulating Emotional Processing and Metabolic Function. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 14:601111. [PMID: 33574742 PMCID: PMC7870708 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.601111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of psychiatry disorders such as anxiety and depression has steadily increased in recent years in the United States. This increased risk for anxiety and depression is associated with excess weight gain, which is often due to over-consumption of western diets that are typically high in fat, as well as with binge eating disorders, which often overlap with overweight and obesity outcomes. This finding suggests that diet, particularly diets high in fat, may have important consequences on the neurocircuitry regulating emotional processing as well as metabolic functions. Depression and anxiety disorders are also often comorbid with alcohol and substance use disorders. It is well-characterized that many of the neurocircuits that become dysregulated by overconsumption of high fat foods are also involved in drug and alcohol use disorders, suggesting overlapping central dysfunction may be involved. Emerging preclinical data suggest that high fat diets may be an important contributor to increased susceptibility of binge drug and ethanol intake in animal models, suggesting diet could be an important aspect in the etiology of substance use disorders. Neuroinflammation in pivotal brain regions modulating metabolic function, food intake, and binge-like behaviors, such as the hypothalamus, mesolimbic dopamine circuits, and amygdala, may be a critical link between diet, ethanol, metabolic dysfunction, and neuropsychiatric conditions. This brief review will provide an overview of behavioral and physiological changes elicited by both diets high in fat and ethanol consumption, as well as some of their potential effects on neurocircuitry regulating emotional processing and metabolic function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin R. Coker
- Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Bailey N. Keller
- Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Amy C. Arnold
- Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Yuval Silberman
- Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kakanakova A, Popov S, Maes M. Immunological Disturbances and Neuroimaging Findings in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) Comorbid Patients. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:759-769. [PMID: 32108009 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200228093935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mood disorders and Major Depressive Disorder, in particular, appear to be some of the most common psychiatric disorders with a high rate of comorbidity most frequently of anxiety or substance abuse disorders (alcohol use disorder). In both cases - MDD and AUD, a number of immunological disturbances are observed, such as chronic mild inflammation response, increased level of cytokines, hypercortisolaemia, which lead to specific changes in brain neurotransmitter functions. Some of the contemporary brain imaging techniques are functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and magnetic spectroscopy which are most commonly used to assess the brain metabolism and functional connectivity changes such as altered responses to emotional stimuli in MDD or overactivation of ventromedial prefrontal areas during delayed and underactivation of dorsolateral prefrontal regions during impulsive reward decisions in AUD and dysfunction of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and/or glutamate neurotransmitter systems, low NAA and myo-Inositol in both MDD and AUD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andriana Kakanakova
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Medical University Plovdiv, Faculty of Medicine, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Stefan Popov
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Medical University Plovdiv, Faculty of Medicine, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Alvarez Cooper I, Beecher K, Chehrehasa F, Belmer A, Bartlett SE. Tumour Necrosis Factor in Neuroplasticity, Neurogenesis and Alcohol Use Disorder. Brain Plast 2020; 6:47-66. [PMID: 33680846 PMCID: PMC7903009 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-190095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder is a pervasive and detrimental condition that involves changes in neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. Alcohol activates the neuroimmune system and alters the inflammatory status of the brain. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a well characterised neuroimmune signal but its involvement in alcohol use disorder is unknown. In this review, we discuss the variable findings of TNF's effect on neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. Acute ethanol exposure reduces TNF release while chronic alcohol intake generally increases TNF levels. Evidence suggests TNF potentiates excitatory transmission, promotes anxiety during alcohol withdrawal and is involved in drug use in rodents. An association between craving for alcohol and TNF is apparent during withdrawal in humans. While anti-inflammatory therapies show efficacy in reversing neurogenic deficit after alcohol exposure, there is no evidence for TNF's essential involvement in alcohol's effect on neurogenesis. Overall, defining TNF's role in alcohol use disorder is complicated by poor understanding of its variable effects on synaptic transmission and neurogenesis. While TNF may be of relevance during withdrawal, the neuroimmune system likely acts through a larger group of inflammatory cytokines to alter neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. Understanding the individual relevance of TNF in alcohol use disorder awaits a more comprehensive understanding of TNF's effects within the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignatius Alvarez Cooper
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kate Beecher
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Chehrehasa
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Arnauld Belmer
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Selena E. Bartlett
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Alcohol-Induced Neuropathy in Chronic Alcoholism: Causes, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-020-00214-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of the Review
Alcohol abuse causes a wide range of disorders that affect the nervous system. These include confusion, cerebellar ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, and cognitive impairment. Chronic and excessive alcohol consumption is the primary cause of peripheral neuropathy. It is worth noting that peripheral neuropathy has no reliable treatment due to the poor understanding of its pathology.
Recent Findings
Coasting is a major feature of alcoholic neuropathy, largely due to chronic alcohol abuse. Its major features are hyperalgesia, allodynia, and burning pain. Even though much research was done in this area, still we do not have a full understanding of the mechanism of alcoholic neuropathy. However, some theories have been proposed. These include direct or indirect effects of alcohol metabolites, impaired axonal transport, suppressed excitatory nerve pathway activity, or imbalance in neurotransmitters. Activation of spinal cord microglia, mGlu5 spinal cord receptors, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis also seem to be implicated in the pathophysiology of this alcoholic neuropathy. The goal of treatment is to impede further damage to the peripheral nerves while also restoring their normal physiology. Alcohol abstinence, intake of balanced diets, and treatment with medications are suggested including benfotiamine, alpha-lipoic acid, acetyl-l-carnitine, vitamin E, methylcobalamin, myo-inositol, N-acetylcysteine, capsaicin, tricyclic antidepressants, or antiepileptic drugs.
Summary
This review focuses on the many pathways that play a role in the onset and development of alcohol-induced neuropathy, as well as present the possible treatment strategies of this disorder, providing insights into a further search of new treatment modalities.
Collapse
|
43
|
Socodato R, Henriques JF, Portugal CC, Almeida TO, Tedim-Moreira J, Alves RL, Canedo T, Silva C, Magalhães A, Summavielle T, Relvas JB. Daily alcohol intake triggers aberrant synaptic pruning leading to synapse loss and anxiety-like behavior. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/650/eaba5754. [PMID: 32963013 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aba5754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse adversely affects the lives of millions of people worldwide. Deficits in synaptic transmission and in microglial function are commonly found in human alcohol abusers and in animal models of alcohol intoxication. Here, we found that a protocol simulating chronic binge drinking in male mice resulted in aberrant synaptic pruning and substantial loss of excitatory synapses in the prefrontal cortex, which resulted in increased anxiety-like behavior. Mechanistically, alcohol intake increased the engulfment capacity of microglia in a manner dependent on the kinase Src, the subsequent activation of the transcription factor NF-κB, and the consequent production of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF. Pharmacological blockade of Src activation or of TNF production in microglia, genetic ablation of Tnf, or conditional ablation of microglia attenuated aberrant synaptic pruning, thereby preventing the neuronal and behavioral effects of the alcohol. Our data suggest that aberrant pruning of excitatory synapses by microglia may disrupt synaptic transmission in response to alcohol abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renato Socodato
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana F Henriques
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Camila C Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago O Almeida
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Tedim-Moreira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Renata L Alves
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Canedo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cátia Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Magalhães
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Summavielle
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - João B Relvas
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal. .,Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
De Santis S, Cosa-Linan A, Garcia-Hernandez R, Dmytrenko L, Vargova L, Vorisek I, Stopponi S, Bach P, Kirsch P, Kiefer F, Ciccocioppo R, Sykova E, Moratal D, Sommer WH, Canals S. Chronic alcohol consumption alters extracellular space geometry and transmitter diffusion in the brain. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba0154. [PMID: 32637601 PMCID: PMC7314532 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Already moderate alcohol consumption has detrimental long-term effects on brain function. However, how alcohol produces its potent addictive effects despite being a weak reinforcer is a poorly understood conundrum that likely hampers the development of successful interventions to limit heavy drinking. In this translational study, we demonstrate widespread increased mean diffusivity in the brain gray matter of chronically drinking humans and rats. These alterations appear soon after drinking initiation in rats, persist into early abstinence in both species, and are associated with a robust decrease in extracellular space tortuosity explained by a microglial reaction. Mathematical modeling of the diffusivity changes unveils an increased spatial reach of extrasynaptically released transmitters like dopamine that may contribute to alcohol's progressively enhanced addictive potency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia De Santis
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
| | - Alejandro Cosa-Linan
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Raquel Garcia-Hernandez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
| | - Lesia Dmytrenko
- Institute of Experimental Medicine AS CR, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lydia Vargova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine AS CR, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
- Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, 150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Vorisek
- Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, 150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | | | - Patrick Bach
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Kirsch
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Falk Kiefer
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Eva Sykova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - David Moratal
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Wolfgang H. Sommer
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Santiago Canals
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Matrisciano F, Pinna G. PPAR and functional foods: Rationale for natural neurosteroid-based interventions for postpartum depression. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 12:100222. [PMID: 32426424 PMCID: PMC7226878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Allopregnanolone, a GABAergic neurosteroid and progesterone derivative, was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of postpartum depression (PPD). Several mechanisms appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of PPD, including neuroendocrine dysfunction, neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter alterations, genetic and epigenetic modifications. Recent evidence highlights the higher risk for incidence of PPD in mothers exposed to unhealthy diets that negatively impact the microbiome composition and increase inflammation, all effects that are strongly correlated with mood disorders. Conversely, healthy diets have consistently been reported to decrease the risk of peripartum depression and to protect the body and brain against low-grade systemic chronic inflammation. Several bioactive micronutrients found in the so-called functional foods have been shown to play a relevant role in preventing neuroinflammation and depression, such as vitamins, minerals, omega-3 fatty acids and flavonoids. An intriguing molecular substrate linking functional foods with improvement of mood disorders may be represented by the peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) pathway, which can regulate allopregnanolone biosynthesis and brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and thereby may reduce inflammation and elevate mood. Herein, we discuss the potential connection between functional foods and PPAR and their role in preventing neuroinflammation and symptoms of PPD through neurosteroid regulation. We suggest that healthy diets by targeting the PPAR-neurosteroid axis and thereby decreasing inflammation may offer a suitable functional strategy to prevent and safely alleviate mood symptoms during the perinatal period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Matrisciano
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago (UIC), Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Graziano Pinna
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago (UIC), Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Deep proteome profiling reveals novel pathways associated with pro-inflammatory and alcohol-induced microglial activation phenotypes. J Proteomics 2020; 220:103753. [PMID: 32200115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, can exhibit a broad range of activation phenotypes, many of which have been implicated in several diseases and disorders of the central nervous system including those related to alcohol abuse. Given the complexity of global-scale molecular changes that define microglial activation, accurate phenotypic classification in the context of alcohol exposure is still lacking. We employed an optimized method for deep, quantitative proteome profiling of primary microglia in order to characterize their response to acute exposure to alcohol (ethanol) as well as the pro-inflammatory driver and TLR4 agonist, LPS. From this analysis, 5,062 total proteins were identified where 4,857 and 4,928 of those proteins were quantifiable by label-free quantitation in ethanol and LPS treatment groups, respectively. This study highlights the subtle, yet significant proteomic changes that occur in ethanol-treated microglia, which do not align with the robust pro-inflammatory phenotype induced by TLR4 activation. Specifically, our results indicate inhibition of several upstream regulators associated with inflammation, opposing effects on pathways such as phagocytosis upon comparison to TLR4-mediated pro-inflammatory phenotype, and a potential metabolic shift associated with increased expression of proteins related to OXPHOS and lipid homeostasis. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD14466. SIGNIFICANCE: Alcohol abuse has a significant impact on the central nervous system, which includes the pathophysiological mechanisms resulting from glial cell activation. Microglia, in particular, are the resident immune cells of the brain and exhibit a broad range of activation phenotypes. The molecular changes that drive microglial activation phenotype are complex and have yet to be fully characterized in the context of alcohol exposure. Our study highlights the first and most comprehensive characterization of alcohol-induced proteomic changes in primary microglia to date and has shed light on novel immune-related and metabolic pathways that are altered due to alcohol exposure. The results from this study provide an important foundation for future work aimed to understand the complexity of alcohol-induced microglial activation in vivo and other translational models of acute and chronic alcohol exposure.
Collapse
|
47
|
Lippard ET, Nemeroff CB. The Devastating Clinical Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect: Increased Disease Vulnerability and Poor Treatment Response in Mood Disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2020; 177:20-36. [PMID: 31537091 PMCID: PMC6939135 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A large body of evidence has demonstrated that exposure to childhood maltreatment at any stage of development can have long-lasting consequences. It is associated with a marked increase in risk for psychiatric and medical disorders. This review summarizes the literature investigating the effects of childhood maltreatment on disease vulnerability for mood disorders, specifically summarizing cross-sectional and more recent longitudinal studies demonstrating that childhood maltreatment is more prevalent and is associated with increased risk for first mood episode, episode recurrence, greater comorbidities, and increased risk for suicidal ideation and attempts in individuals with mood disorders. It summarizes the persistent alterations associated with childhood maltreatment, including alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and inflammatory cytokines, which may contribute to disease vulnerability and a more pernicious disease course. The authors discuss several candidate genes and environmental factors (for example, substance use) that may alter disease vulnerability and illness course and neurobiological associations that may mediate these relationships following childhood maltreatment. Studies provide insight into modifiable mechanisms and provide direction to improve both treatment and prevention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T.C. Lippard
- Department of Psychiatry, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA,Institute of Early Life Adversity Research, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, TX USA,Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas, Austin, TX USA,Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA,Mulva Clinic for Neuroscience, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, TX
| | - Charles B. Nemeroff
- Department of Psychiatry, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA,Institute of Early Life Adversity Research, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, TX USA,Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas, Austin, TX USA,Mulva Clinic for Neuroscience, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, TX
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sanchez-Alavez M, Nguyen W, Mori S, Wills DN, Otero D, Aguirre CA, Singh M, Ehlers CL, Conti B. Time Course of Blood and Brain Cytokine/Chemokine Levels Following Adolescent Alcohol Exposure and Withdrawal in Rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:2547-2558. [PMID: 31589333 PMCID: PMC6904424 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is a critical period for neural development, and alcohol exposure during adolescence can lead to an elevated risk for health consequences as well as alcohol use disorders. Clinical and experimental data suggest that chronic alcohol exposure may produce immunomodulatory effects that can lead to the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokine pathways as well as microglial markers. The present study evaluated, in brain and blood, the effects of adolescent alcohol exposure and withdrawal on microglia and on the most representative pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and major chemokines that can contribute to the establishing of a neuroinflammatory environment. METHODS Wistar rats (males, n = 96) were exposed to ethanol (EtOH) vapors, or air control, for 5 weeks over adolescence (PD22-PD58). Brains and blood samples were collected at 3 time points: (i) after 35 days of vapor/air exposure (PD58); (ii) after 1 day of withdrawal (PD59), and (iii) 28 days after withdrawal (PD86). The ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) was used to index microglial activation, and cytokine/chemokine responses were analyzed using magnetic bead panels. RESULTS After 35 days of adolescent vapor exposure, a significant increase in Iba-1 immunoreactivity was seen in amygdala, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and substantia nigra. However, Iba-1 density returned to control levels at both 1 day and 28 days of withdrawal except in the hippocampus where Iba-1 density was significantly lower than controls. In serum, adolescent EtOH exposure induced a reduction in IL-13 and an increase in fractalkine at day 35. After 1 day of withdrawal, IL-18 was reduced, and IP-10 was elevated, whereas both IP-10 and IL-10 were elevated at 28 days following withdrawal. In the frontal cortex, adolescent EtOH exposure induced an increase in IL-1β at day 35, and 28 days of withdrawal, and IL-10 was increased after 28 days of withdrawal. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that EtOH exposure during adolescence produces significant microglial activation; however, inflammatory markers seen in the blood appear to differ from those observed in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - William Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Simone Mori
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Derek N Wills
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Dennis Otero
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center and National Cancer Institute (NCI)-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Carlos A Aguirre
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Mona Singh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Cindy L Ehlers
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Bruno Conti
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
- Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Nunes PT, Kipp BT, Reitz NL, Savage LM. Aging with alcohol-related brain damage: Critical brain circuits associated with cognitive dysfunction. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 148:101-168. [PMID: 31733663 PMCID: PMC7372724 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholism is associated with brain damage and impaired cognitive functioning. The relative contributions of different etiological factors, such as alcohol, thiamine deficiency and age vulnerability, to the development of alcohol-related neuropathology and cognitive impairment are still poorly understood. One reason for this quandary is that both alcohol toxicity and thiamine deficiency produce brain damage and cognitive problems that can be modulated by age at exposure, aging following alcohol toxicity or thiamine deficiency, and aging during chronic alcohol exposure. Pre-clinical models of alcohol-related brain damage (ARBD) have elucidated some of the contributions of ethanol toxicity and thiamine deficiency to neuroinflammation, neuronal loss and functional deficits. However, the critical variable of age at the time of exposure or long-term aging with ARBD has been relatively ignored. Acute thiamine deficiency created a massive increase in neuroimmune genes and proteins within the thalamus and significant increases within the hippocampus and frontal cortex. Chronic ethanol treatment throughout adulthood produced very minor fluctuations in neuroimmune genes, regardless of brain region. Intermittent "binge-type" ethanol during the adolescent period established an intermediate neuroinflammatory response in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, that can persist into adulthood. Chronic excessive drinking throughout adulthood, adolescent intermittent ethanol exposure, and thiamine deficiency all led to a loss of the cholinergic neuronal phenotype within the basal forebrain, reduced hippocampal neurogenesis, and alterations in the frontal cortex. Only thiamine deficiency results in gross pathological lesions of the thalamus. The behavioral impairment following these types of treatments is hierarchical: Thiamine deficiency produces the greatest impairment of hippocampal- and prefrontal-dependent behaviors, chronic ethanol drinking ensues mild impairments on both types of tasks and adolescent intermittent ethanol exposure leads to impairments on frontocortical tasks, with sparing on most hippocampal-dependent tasks. However, our preliminary data suggest that as rodents age following adolescent intermittent ethanol exposure, hippocampal functional deficits began to emerge. A necessary requirement for the advancement of understanding the neural consequences of alcoholism is a more comprehensive assessment and understanding of how excessive alcohol drinking at different development periods (adolescence, early adulthood, middle-aged and aged) influences the trajectory of the aging process, including pathological aging and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Polliana Toledo Nunes
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Brian T Kipp
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Nicole L Reitz
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Lisa M Savage
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Loftis JM, Taylor J, Hudson R, Firsick EJ. Neuroinvasion and cognitive impairment in comorbid alcohol dependence and chronic viral infection: An initial investigation. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 335:577006. [PMID: 31325774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Viruses that invade the central nervous system (CNS) can cause neuropsychiatric impairments. Similarly, chronic alcohol exposure can induce inflammatory responses that alter brain function. However, the effects of a chronic viral infection and comorbid alcohol use on neuroinflammation and behavior are not well-defined. We investigated the role of heavy alcohol intake in regulating inflammatory responses and behavioral signs of cognitive impairments in mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13. LCMV-infected mice exposed to alcohol had increased peripheral inflammation and impaired cognitive function (as indicated by performance on the novel object recognition test). Initial findings suggest that brain region-specific dysregulation of microglial response to viral infection may contribute to cognitive impairments in the context of heavy alcohol use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Loftis
- Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Jonathan Taylor
- Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Rebekah Hudson
- Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Evan J Firsick
- Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|