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Dutta D, Guo X, Winter TD, Jahagirdar O, Ha E, Susztak K, Machiela MJ, Chanock SJ, Purdue MP. Transcriptome- and proteome-wide association studies identify genes associated with renal cell carcinoma. Am J Hum Genet 2024; 111:1864-1876. [PMID: 39137781 PMCID: PMC11393681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
We performed a series of integrative analyses including transcriptome-wide association studies (TWASs) and proteome-wide association studies (PWASs) of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) to nominate and prioritize molecular targets for laboratory investigation. On the basis of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 29,020 affected individuals and 835,670 control individuals and prediction models trained in transcriptomic reference models, our TWAS across four kidney transcriptomes (GTEx kidney cortex, kidney tubules, TCGA-KIRC [The Cancer Genome Atlas kidney renal clear-cell carcinoma], and TCGA-KIRP [TCGA kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma]) identified 38 gene associations (false-discovery rate <5%) in at least two of four transcriptomic panels and identified 12 genes that were independent of GWAS susceptibility regions. Analyses combining TWAS associations across 48 tissues from GTEx identified associations that were replicable in tumor transcriptomes for 23 additional genes. Analyses by the two major histologic types (clear-cell RCC and papillary RCC) revealed subtype-specific associations, although at least three gene associations were common to both subtypes. PWAS identified 13 associated proteins, all mapping to GWAS-significant loci. TWAS-identified genes were enriched for active enhancer or promoter regions in RCC tumors and hypoxia-inducible factor binding sites in relevant cell lines. Using gene expression correlation, common cancers (breast and prostate) and RCC risk factors (e.g., hypertension and BMI) display genetic contributions shared with RCC. Our work identifies potential molecular targets for RCC susceptibility for downstream functional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptavo Dutta
- Integrative Tumor Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Xinyu Guo
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Timothy D Winter
- Laboratory of Genetic Susceptibility, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Om Jahagirdar
- Integrative Tumor Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Eunji Ha
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mitchell J Machiela
- Integrative Tumor Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Laboratory of Genetic Susceptibility, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Mark P Purdue
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
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2
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Zhou Y, Song HM. Type I interferon pathway in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. World J Pediatr 2024; 20:653-668. [PMID: 38914753 PMCID: PMC11269505 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-024-00811-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been well established. However, unanswered questions remain regarding the applicability of these findings to pediatric-onset SLE. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the novel discoveries on IFN-I signaling in pediatric-onset SLE. DATA SOURCES A literature search was conducted in the PubMed database using the following keywords: "pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus" and "type I interferon". RESULTS IFN-I signaling is increased in pediatric SLE, largely due to the presence of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and pathways such as cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes-TANK-binding kinase 1 and Toll-like receptor (TLR)4/TLR9. Neutrophil extracellular traps and oxidative DNA damage further stimulate IFN-I production. Genetic variants in IFN-I-related genes, such as IFN-regulatory factor 5 and tyrosine kinase 2, are linked to SLE susceptibility in pediatric patients. In addition, type I interferonopathies, characterized by sustained IFN-I activation, can mimic SLE symptoms and are thus important to distinguish. Studies on interferonopathies also contribute to exploring the pathogenesis of SLE. Measuring IFN-I activation is crucial for SLE diagnosis and stratification. Both IFN-stimulated gene expression and serum IFN-α2 levels are common indicators. Flow cytometry markers such as CD169 and galectin-9 are promising alternatives. Anti-IFN therapies, such as sifalimumab and anifrolumab, show promise in adult patients with SLE, but their efficacy in pediatric patients requires further investigation. Janus kinase inhibitors are another treatment option for severe pediatric SLE patients. CONCLUSIONS This review presents an overview of the IFN-I pathway in pediatric SLE. Understanding the intricate relationship between IFN-I and pediatric SLE may help to identify potential diagnostic markers and targeted therapies, paving the way for improved patient care and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Mei Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.
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3
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Boltz T, Schwarz T, Bot M, Hou K, Caggiano C, Lapinska S, Duan C, Boks MP, Kahn RS, Zaitlen N, Pasaniuc B, Ophoff R. Cell-type deconvolution of bulk-blood RNA-seq reveals biological insights into neuropsychiatric disorders. Am J Hum Genet 2024; 111:323-337. [PMID: 38306997 PMCID: PMC10870131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have uncovered susceptibility loci associated with psychiatric disorders such as bipolar disorder (BP) and schizophrenia (SCZ). However, most of these loci are in non-coding regions of the genome, and the causal mechanisms of the link between genetic variation and disease risk is unknown. Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis of bulk tissue is a common approach used for deciphering underlying mechanisms, although this can obscure cell-type-specific signals and thus mask trait-relevant mechanisms. Although single-cell sequencing can be prohibitively expensive in large cohorts, computationally inferred cell-type proportions and cell-type gene expression estimates have the potential to overcome these problems and advance mechanistic studies. Using bulk RNA-seq from 1,730 samples derived from whole blood in a cohort ascertained from individuals with BP and SCZ, this study estimated cell-type proportions and their relation with disease status and medication. For each cell type, we found between 2,875 and 4,629 eGenes (genes with an associated eQTL), including 1,211 that are not found on the basis of bulk expression alone. We performed a colocalization test between cell-type eQTLs and various traits and identified hundreds of associations that occur between cell-type eQTLs and GWASs but that are not detected in bulk eQTLs. Finally, we investigated the effects of lithium use on the regulation of cell-type expression loci and found examples of genes that are differentially regulated according to lithium use. Our study suggests that applying computational methods to large bulk RNA-seq datasets of non-brain tissue can identify disease-relevant, cell-type-specific biology of psychiatric disorders and psychiatric medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Boltz
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Tommer Schwarz
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Merel Bot
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kangcheng Hou
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christa Caggiano
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sandra Lapinska
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chenda Duan
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marco P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Noah Zaitlen
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bogdan Pasaniuc
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roel Ophoff
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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4
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Duchniewicz M, Lee JYW, Menon DK, Needham EJ. Candidate Genetic and Molecular Drivers of Dysregulated Adaptive Immune Responses After Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2024; 41:3-12. [PMID: 37376743 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2023.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Neuroinflammation is a significant and modifiable cause of secondary injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI), driven by both central and peripheral immune responses. A substantial proportion of outcome after TBI is genetically mediated, with an estimated heritability effect of around 26%, but because of the comparatively small datasets currently available, the individual drivers of this genetic effect have not been well delineated. A hypothesis-driven approach to analyzing genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets reduces the burden of multiplicity testing and allows variants with a high prior biological probability of effect to be identified where sample size is insufficient to withstand data-driven approaches. Adaptive immune responses show substantial genetically mediated heterogeneity and are well established as a genetic source of risk for numerous disease states; importantly, HLA class II has been specifically identified as a locus of interest in the largest TBI GWAS study to date, highlighting the importance of genetic variance in adaptive immune responses after TBI. In this review article we identify and discuss adaptive immune system genes that are known to confer strong risk effects for human disease, with the dual intentions of drawing attention to this area of immunobiology, which, despite its importance to the field, remains under-investigated in TBI and presenting high-yield testable hypotheses for application to TBI GWAS datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Duchniewicz
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John Y W Lee
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David K Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J Needham
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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5
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Pellerin A, Tan Y, Lu S, Bonegio RG, Rifkin IR. Genetic Reduction of IRF5 Expression after Disease Initiation Reduces Disease in a Mouse Lupus Model by Impacting Systemic and End-Organ Pathogenic Pathways. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1308-1319. [PMID: 37721418 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Gain-of-function polymorphisms in the transcription factor IFN regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) are associated with an increased risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus. Global homozygous or heterozygous deficiency of IRF5 from birth confers protection in many lupus mouse models. However, less is known about the effects of IRF5 targeting after autoimmunity has already developed. This is an important point to clarify when considering IRF5 as a potential therapeutic target in lupus. In this study, we demonstrate that genetic reduction of IRF5 expression after disease initiation reduces disease severity in the FcγRIIB-/- Y-linked autoimmune accelerating mouse lupus model. Reduction of IRF5 expression resulted in a decrease in splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy and a reduction in splenic B cell activation and plasmablast numbers. Splenic T cell activation and differentiation were also impacted as demonstrated by an increase in the number of naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and a reduction in the number of memory/effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Although serum antinuclear autoantibody levels were not altered, reduction in IRF5 expression led to decreased immune complex deposition and complement activation, diminished glomerular and interstitial disease, and a reduction in immune cell infiltrate in the kidney. Mechanistically, myeloid cells in the kidney produced less inflammatory cytokines after TLR7 and TLR9 activation. Overall, we demonstrate that genetic reduction of IRF5 expression during an active autoimmune process is sufficient to reduce disease severity. Our data support consideration of IRF5 as a therapeutic target and suggest that approaches targeting IRF5 in systemic lupus erythematosus may need to impact IRF5 activity both systemically and in target organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Pellerin
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Ying Tan
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Simon Lu
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Ramon G Bonegio
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston
| | - Ian R Rifkin
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston
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6
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Boltz T, Schwarz T, Bot M, Hou K, Caggiano C, Lapinska S, Duan C, Boks MP, Kahn RS, Zaitlen N, Pasaniuc B, Ophoff R. Cell type deconvolution of bulk blood RNA-Seq to reveal biological insights of neuropsychiatric disorders. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.24.542156. [PMID: 37293101 PMCID: PMC10245943 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.24.542156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have uncovered susceptibility loci associated with psychiatric disorders like bipolar disorder (BP) and schizophrenia (SCZ). However, most of these loci are in non-coding regions of the genome with unknown causal mechanisms of the link between genetic variation and disease risk. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis of bulk tissue is a common approach to decipher underlying mechanisms, though this can obscure cell-type specific signals thus masking trait-relevant mechanisms. While single-cell sequencing can be prohibitively expensive in large cohorts, computationally inferred cell type proportions and cell type gene expression estimates have the potential to overcome these problems and advance mechanistic studies. Using bulk RNA-Seq from 1,730 samples derived from whole blood in a cohort ascertained for individuals with BP and SCZ this study estimated cell type proportions and their relation with disease status and medication. We found between 2,875 and 4,629 eGenes for each cell type, including 1,211 eGenes that are not found using bulk expression alone. We performed a colocalization test between cell type eQTLs and various traits and identified hundreds of associations between cell type eQTLs and GWAS loci that are not detected in bulk eQTLs. Finally, we investigated the effects of lithium use on cell type expression regulation and found examples of genes that are differentially regulated dependent on lithium use. Our study suggests that computational methods can be applied to large bulk RNA-Seq datasets of non-brain tissue to identify disease-relevant, cell type specific biology of psychiatric disorders and psychiatric medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Boltz
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tommer Schwarz
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Merel Bot
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kangcheng Hou
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christa Caggiano
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sandra Lapinska
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chenda Duan
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marco P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rene S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Noah Zaitlen
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bogdan Pasaniuc
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roel Ophoff
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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7
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An autoimmune pleiotropic SNP modulates IRF5 alternative promoter usage through ZBTB3-mediated chromatin looping. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1208. [PMID: 36869052 PMCID: PMC9984425 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36897-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic sharing is extensively observed for autoimmune diseases, but the causal variants and their underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Through systematic investigation of autoimmune disease pleiotropic loci, we found most of these shared genetic effects are transmitted from regulatory code. We used an evidence-based strategy to functionally prioritize causal pleiotropic variants and identify their target genes. A top-ranked pleiotropic variant, rs4728142, yielded many lines of evidence as being causal. Mechanistically, the rs4728142-containing region interacts with the IRF5 alternative promoter in an allele-specific manner and orchestrates its upstream enhancer to regulate IRF5 alternative promoter usage through chromatin looping. A putative structural regulator, ZBTB3, mediates the allele-specific loop to promote IRF5-short transcript expression at the rs4728142 risk allele, resulting in IRF5 overactivation and M1 macrophage polarization. Together, our findings establish a causal mechanism between the regulatory variant and fine-scale molecular phenotype underlying the dysfunction of pleiotropic genes in human autoimmunity.
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8
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Beisel C, Jordan-Paiz A, Köllmann S, Ahrenstorf AE, Padoan B, Barkhausen T, Addo MM, Altfeld M. Sex differences in the percentage of IRF5 positive B cells are associated with higher production of TNF-α in women in response to TLR9 in humans. Biol Sex Differ 2023; 14:11. [PMID: 36814288 PMCID: PMC9945365 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-023-00495-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical course and outcome of many diseases differ between women and men, with women experiencing a higher prevalence and more severe pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. The precise mechanisms underlying these sex differences still remain to be fully understood. IRF5 is a master transcription factor that regulates TLR/MyD88-mediated responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) in DCs and B cells. B cells are central effector cells involved in autoimmune diseases via the production of antibodies and pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as mediating T cell help. Dysregulation of IRF5 expression has been reported in autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, primary Sjögren syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS In the current study, we analyzed whether the percentage of IRF5 positive B cells differs between women and men and assessed the resulting consequences for the production of inflammatory cytokines after TLR7- or TLR9 stimulation. RESULTS The percentage of IRF5 positive B cells was significantly higher in B cells of women compared to men in both unstimulated and TLR7- or TLR9-stimulated B cells. B cells of women produced higher levels of TNF-α in response to TLR9 stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data contribute to the understanding of sex differences in immune responses and may identify IRF5 as a potential therapeutic target to reduce harmful B cell-mediated immune responses in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Beisel
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany. .,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany. .,Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, 20251, Hamburg, Germany. .,Department of Internal Medicine IV, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ana Jordan-Paiz
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Köllmann
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany ,grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Benedetta Padoan
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Barkhausen
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany ,Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marylyn M. Addo
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany ,grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany ,Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
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9
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Cords L, Woost R, Kummer S, Brehm TT, Kluge S, Schmiedel S, Jordan S, Lohse AW, Altfeld M, Addo MM, Schulze Zur Wiesch J, Beisel C. Frequency of IRF5+ dendritic cells is associated with the TLR7-induced inflammatory cytokine response in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cytokine 2023; 162:156109. [PMID: 36529029 PMCID: PMC9744680 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.156109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to enhanced inflammation driven by innate immune responses. Upon TLR7 stimulation, dendritic cells (DC) mediate the production of inflammatory cytokines, and in particular of type I interferons (IFN). Especially in DCs, IRF5 is a key transcription factor that regulates pathogen-induced immune responses via activation of the MyD88-dependent TLR signaling pathway. In the current study, the frequencies of IRF5+ DCs and the association with innate cytokine responses in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals with different disease courses were investigated. In addition to a decreased number of mDC and pDC subsets, we could show reduced relative IRF5+ frequencies in mDCs of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals compared with healthy donors. Functionally, mDCs of COVID-19 patients produced lower levels of IL-6 in response to in vitro TLR7 stimulation. IRF5+ mDCs more frequently produced IL-6 and TNF-α compared to their IRF5- counterparts upon TLR7 ligation. The correlation of IRF5+ mDCs with the frequencies of IL-6 and TNF-α producing mDCs were indicators for a role of IRF5 in the regulation of cytokine responses in mDCs. In conclusion, our data provide further insights into the underlying mechanisms of TLR7-dependent immune dysfunction and identify IRF5 as a potential immunomodulatory target in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Cords
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robin Woost
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silke Kummer
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas T Brehm
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg - Lübeck - Borstel - Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kluge
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schmiedel
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Jordan
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg - Lübeck - Borstel - Riems, Hamburg, Germany; Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marylyn M Addo
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg - Lübeck - Borstel - Riems, Hamburg, Germany; Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg - Lübeck - Borstel - Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Beisel
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg - Lübeck - Borstel - Riems, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine IV, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany.
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10
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Dodd KC, Menon M. Sex bias in lymphocytes: Implications for autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:945762. [PMID: 36505451 PMCID: PMC9730535 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.945762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by a significant sex dimorphism, with women showing increased susceptibility to disease. This is, at least in part, due to sex-dependent differences in the immune system that are influenced by the complex interplay between sex hormones and sex chromosomes, with contribution from sociological factors, diet and gut microbiota. Sex differences are evident in the number and function of lymphocyte populations. Women mount a stronger pro-inflammatory response than males, with increased lymphocyte proliferation, activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, whereas men display expanded regulatory cell subsets. Ageing alters the immune landscape of men and women in differing ways, resulting in changes in autoimmune disease susceptibility. Here we review the current literature on sex differences in lymphocyte function, the factors that influence this, and the implications for autoimmune disease. We propose that improved understanding of sex bias in lymphocyte function can provide sex-specific tailoring of treatment strategies for better management of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C. Dodd
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom,Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Madhvi Menon
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Madhvi Menon,
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11
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Qian Y, Chen B, Wang Z, Peng Y. Genetic association between the PTPN22, IRF5 and TYK2 gene variants and susceptibility to juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:756. [PMID: 36605568 PMCID: PMC9808742 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refers to a group of chronic childhood arthropathies of unknown etiology. In the present study, the genetic association between the variants in PTPN22, IRF5 and TYK2 genes and susceptibility to JIA was investigated. The distributions of 16 variants in PTPN22, IRF5 and TYK2 genes were analyzed by direct sequencing in 378 patients with JIA and 378 healthy controls. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were used to evaluate the association between the gene variants and JIA. The gene-gene interactions were investigated using multifactor dimensionality reduction. All allelic and dominant models of PTPN22 rs1214414, rs1214418, rs1746853, rs3765598 and rs3811021 were significantly associated with JIA risk (P<0.05). IRF5 rs10954213 in both allelic and dominant models, as well as the allelic model of rs2004640, was significantly related to JIA risk (P<0.05). In addition, the allelic, recessive and dominant models of TYK2 rs280500, rs280519, rs2304256 and rs12720270 were significantly related to JIA risk (P<0.05). In addition, three haplotypes (HC A G T C C, HC A G T T C and HC G T T C T ) in PTPN22 gene, three haplotypes (HD T A A, HI T A C and HD T G C) in IRF5 gene and two haplotypes (HA G G A T and HG A G G T) in TYK2 gene were associated with the risk of JIA (P<0.05). Furthermore, a three-way interaction between IRF5 rs10954213, rs2004640 and PTPN22 rs1214414 was shown to be associated with JIA risk. In conclusion, PTPN22 rs1214418, rs1746853, rs3765598, IRF5 rs2004640, TYK2 rs280500, rs2304256 and a three-way interaction between IRF5 rs10954213, rs2004640 and PTPN22 rs1214414 may be risk factors for JIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, First People's Hospital of Changshu City, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Mr Yufeng Qian, Department of Orthopedics, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, First People's Hospital of Changshu City, 1 Shuyuan Street, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, P.R. China
| | - Bingqian Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, First People's Hospital of Changshu City, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, P.R. China
| | - Zhengfei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, First People's Hospital of Changshu City, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, P.R. China
| | - Yuqin Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, First People's Hospital of Changshu City, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, P.R. China
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12
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Zhang Y, Liao Y, Hang Q, Sun D, Liu Y. GBP2 acts as a member of the interferon signalling pathway in lupus nephritis. BMC Immunol 2022; 23:44. [PMID: 36115937 PMCID: PMC9482746 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-022-00520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a common and serious clinical manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. However, the pathogenesis of LN is not fully understood. The currently available treatments do not cure the disease and appear to have a variety of side effects in the long term. The purpose of this study was to search for key molecules involved in the LN immune response through bioinformatics techniques to provide a reference for LN-specific targeted therapy. The GSE112943 dataset was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, and 20 of the samples were selected for analysis. In total, 2330 differentially expressed genes were screened. These genes were intersected with a list of immune genes obtained from the IMMPORT immune database to obtain 128 differentially expressed immune-related genes. Enrichment analysis showed that most of these genes were enriched in the interferon signalling pathway. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that the sample was significantly enriched for expression of the interferon signalling pathway. Further analysis of the core gene cluster showed that nine genes, GBP2, VCAM1, ADAR, IFITM1, BST2, MX2, IRF5, OAS1 and TRIM22, were involved in the interferon signalling pathway. According to our analysis, the guanylate binding protein 2 (GBP2), interferon regulatory factor 5 and 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1) genes are involved in three interferon signalling pathways. At present, we do not know whether GBP2 is associated with LN. Therefore, this study focused on the relationship between GBP2 and LN pathogenesis. We speculate that GBP2 may play a role in the pathogenesis of LN as a member of the interferon signalling pathway. Further immunohistochemical results showed that the expression of GBP2 was increased in the renal tissues of LN patients compared with the control group, confirming this conjecture. In conclusion, GBP2 is a member of the interferon signalling pathway that may have implications for the pathogenesis of LN and serves as a potential biomarker for LN.
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13
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Ni M, Chen Y, Sun X, Deng Y, Wang X, Zhang T, Wu Y, Yu L, Xu S, Yu H, Shuai Z, Pan F. DNA methylation and transcriptional profiles of IRF5 gene in ankylosing spondylitis: A case-control study. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:109033. [PMID: 35810492 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) plays an important role in the inflammation and immune responses, but its association with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is under investigated. We aimed to examine the association of IRF5 promoter methylation patterns and transcript levels with the susceptibility to AS. METHODS A total of 60 AS patients and 60 healthy controls were included in this study. We used the bisulfite conversion to detect the DNA methylation pattern of IRF5 promoter in whole blood, and the quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to detect the relative mRNA expression level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). RESULTS The overall methylation level of IRF5 promoter was lower in AS patients compared to healthy controls (P < 0.001). The methylation level of IRF5 promoter was negatively correlated with mRNA level (P = 0.005). The results of receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) showed that the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.810 (P < 0.001), and the sensitivity and specificity were 71.67% and 85.00%, respectively. There were significant differences between the severe dysfunction group and healthy control group, and between the mild dysfunction group and healthy control group (P = 0.006 and P < 0.001, respectively). Only CRP was significantly correlated with mRNA relative level, while the others were not significant. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that IRF5 methylation profile may be involved in the pathological process of AS, and that it may help identify AS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Ni
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yuting Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xiaoya Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yujie Deng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xinqi Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Ye Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Lingxiang Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Shenqian Xu
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunity, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Fuyang People's Hospital, 501 Sanqing Road, Fuyang, Anhui 236000, China
| | - Zongwen Shuai
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunity, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Faming Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.
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14
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Phalke S, Rivera-Correa J, Jenkins D, Flores Castro D, Giannopoulou E, Pernis AB. Molecular mechanisms controlling age-associated B cells in autoimmunity. Immunol Rev 2022; 307:79-100. [PMID: 35102602 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated B cells (ABCs) have emerged as critical components of immune responses. Their inappropriate expansion and differentiation have increasingly been linked to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders, aging-associated diseases, and infections. ABCs exhibit a distinctive phenotype and, in addition to classical B cell markers, often express the transcription factor T-bet and myeloid markers like CD11c; hence, these cells are also commonly known as CD11c+ T-bet+ B cells. Formation of ABCs is promoted by distinctive combinations of innate and adaptive signals. In addition to producing antibodies, these cells display antigen-presenting and proinflammatory capabilities. It is becoming increasingly appreciated that the ABC compartment exhibits a high degree of heterogeneity, plasticity, and sex-specific regulation and that ABCs can differentiate into effector progeny via several routes particularly in autoimmune settings. In this review, we will discuss the initial insights that have been obtained on the molecular machinery that controls ABCs and we will highlight some of the unique aspects of this control system that may enable ABCs to fulfill their distinctive role in immune responses. Given the expanding array of autoimmune disorders and pathophysiological settings in which ABCs are being implicated, a deeper understanding of this machinery could have important and broad therapeutic implications for the successful, albeit daunting, task of targeting these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Phalke
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Juan Rivera-Correa
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Jenkins
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Danny Flores Castro
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Evgenia Giannopoulou
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Biological Sciences Department, New York City College of Technology, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alessandra B Pernis
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Immunology & Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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15
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Herki̇loglu D, Gokce S, Cevi̇k O. Relationship of interferon regulator factor 5 and interferon‑γ with missed abortion. Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:356. [PMID: 35493426 PMCID: PMC9019773 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to reveal the association of missed abortion, a process integrated with the immune system, with interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and to demonstrate the function of these molecules by examining their levels in decidual tissue. This prospective cohort study included 13 patients with no additional systemic disease, between 6 and 10 weeks of gestation with negative fetal heartbeat, and 11 patients between 6 and 10 weeks of gestation with positive heartbeat who presented for voluntary termination of pregnancy. In the fresh decidual tissue materials recovered after therapeutic curettage, IFN-γ and IRF5 protein levels were determined by ELISA method and IFN-γ and IRF5 gene expression levels by qPCR method. The mean IFN-γ (86.5 vs. 27.3 pg/mg protein; P<0.001) and IRF5 (2.0 vs. 1.5 ng/mg protein; P<0.001) levels were significantly higher in pregnant women who had missed abortion compared to the voluntary abortion group. The increases in the mean IFN-γ/GAPDH (3.5 vs. 1.5-fold increase; P<0.001) and IRF5/GAPDH (3.9 vs. 1.4-fold increase; P<0.001) gene expression levels were significantly higher in the tissues of pregnant women with missed abortion than in the voluntary abortion group. A threshold value of 45.2 pg/mg protein for IFN-γ had a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 100% in determination of missed abortion. The findings of present study revealed, to the best of our knowledge for the first time in the literature, that IFN-γ and IRF5 may be associated with missed abortion, and that IFN-γ and IRF5 protein levels and gene expression levels were significantly increased in the case of missed abortion. According to our findings, IFN-γ and IRF5 play an important role in placental invasion and pregnancy and can be used as markers for endometrial implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di̇lsad Herki̇loglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gaziosmanpasa Hospital of Yeni Yuzyl University, İstanbul 34245, Turkey
| | - Sefi̇k Gokce
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gaziosmanpasa Hospital of Yeni Yuzyl University, İstanbul 34245, Turkey
| | - Ozge Cevi̇k
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin 09010, Turkey
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16
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Chiaranunt P, Tai SL, Ngai L, Mortha A. Beyond Immunity: Underappreciated Functions of Intestinal Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:749708. [PMID: 34650568 PMCID: PMC8506163 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.749708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract hosts the largest compartment of macrophages in the body, where they serve as mediators of host defense and immunity. Seeded in the complex tissue-environment of the gut, an array of both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells forms their immediate neighborhood. Emerging data demonstrate that the functional diversity of intestinal macrophages reaches beyond classical immunity and includes underappreciated non-immune functions. In this review, we discuss recent advances in research on intestinal macrophage heterogeneity, with a particular focus on how non-immune functions of macrophages impact tissue homeostasis and function. We delve into the strategic localization of distinct gut macrophage populations, describe the potential factors that regulate their identity and functional heterogeneity within these locations, and provide open questions that we hope will inspire research dedicated to elucidating a holistic view on macrophage-tissue cell interactions in the body's largest mucosal organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pailin Chiaranunt
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Siu Ling Tai
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Louis Ngai
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arthur Mortha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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17
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Ban T, Kikuchi M, Sato GR, Manabe A, Tagata N, Harita K, Nishiyama A, Nishimura K, Yoshimi R, Kirino Y, Yanai H, Matsumoto Y, Suzuki S, Hihara H, Ito M, Tsukahara K, Yoshimatsu K, Yamamoto T, Taniguchi T, Nakajima H, Ito S, Tamura T. Genetic and chemical inhibition of IRF5 suppresses pre-existing mouse lupus-like disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4379. [PMID: 34282144 PMCID: PMC8290003 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor IRF5 has been implicated as a therapeutic target for the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, IRF5 activation status during the disease course and the effects of IRF5 inhibition after disease onset are unclear. Here, we show that SLE patients in both the active and remission phase have aberrant activation of IRF5 and interferon-stimulated genes. Partial inhibition of IRF5 is superior to full inhibition of type I interferon signaling in suppressing disease in a mouse model of SLE, possibly due to the function of IRF5 in oxidative phosphorylation. We further demonstrate that inhibition of IRF5 via conditional Irf5 deletion and a newly developed small-molecule inhibitor of IRF5 after disease onset suppresses disease progression and is effective for maintenance of remission in mice. These results suggest that IRF5 inhibition might overcome the limitations of current SLE therapies, thus promoting drug discovery research on IRF5 inhibitors. IRF5 is a potential target for therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here the authors show using mouse SLE-like models that genetic or chemical inhibition of IRF5 after SLE onset could be more effective than, or an add on for, currently utilised type I interferon inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuma Ban
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Masako Kikuchi
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Go R Sato
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akio Manabe
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Noriko Tagata
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kayo Harita
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenichi Nishimura
- Department of Pediatrics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Yoshimi
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yohei Kirino
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yanai
- Department of Inflammology, Social Cooperation Program, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shuichi Suzuki
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroe Hihara
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masashi Ito
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Kentaro Yoshimatsu
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan.,RIN Institute Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- Cell Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Tadatsugu Taniguchi
- Department of Inflammology, Social Cooperation Program, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakajima
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Tamura
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan. .,Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
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18
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Vecellio M, Chen L, Cohen CJ, Cortes A, Li Y, Bonham S, Selmi C, Brown MA, Fischer R, Knight JC, Wordsworth BP. Functional Genomic Analysis of a RUNX3 Polymorphism Associated With Ankylosing Spondylitis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021; 73:980-990. [PMID: 33369221 PMCID: PMC8251554 DOI: 10.1002/art.41628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the functional consequences of the single-nucleotide polymorphism rs4648889 in a putative enhancer upstream of the RUNX3 promoter associated with susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis (AS). METHODS Using nuclear extracts from Jurkat cells and primary human CD8+ T cells, the effects of rs4648889 on allele-specific transcription factor (TF) binding were investigated by DNA pull-down assay and quantitative mass spectrometry (qMS), with validation by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), Western blotting of the pulled-down eluates, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis. Further functional effects were tested by small interfering RNA knockdown of the gene for interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5), followed by reverse transcription-qPCR (RT-qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure the levels of IFNγ messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein, respectively. RESULTS In nuclear extracts from CD8+ T cells, results of qMS showed that relative TF binding to the AS-risk A allele of rs4648889 was increased 3.7-fold (P < 0.03) for Ikaros family zinc-finger protein 3 (IKZF3; Aiolos) and components of the NuRD complex, including chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 4 (CHD4) (3.6-fold increase; P < 0.05) and retinoblastoma binding protein 4 (RBBP4) (4.1-fold increase; P < 0.03). In contrast, IRF5 bound significantly more to the AS-protective G allele compared to the AS-risk A allele (fold change 8.2; P = 0.003). Validation with Western blotting, EMSA, and ChIP-qPCR confirmed the differential allelic binding of IKZF3, CHD4, RBBP4, and IRF5. Silencing of IRF5 in CD8+ T cells increased the levels of IFNγ mRNA as measured by RT-qPCR (P = 0.03) and IFNγ protein as measured by ELISA (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the association of rs4648889 with AS reflects allele-specific binding of this enhancer-like region to certain TFs, including IRF5, IKZF3, and members of the NuRD complex. IRF5 may have crucial influences on the functions of CD8+ lymphocytes, a finding that could reveal new therapeutic targets for the management of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Vecellio
- NIHR Oxford Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, NIHR Oxford Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Liye Chen
- NIHR Oxford Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, NIHR Oxford Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carla J Cohen
- NIHR Oxford Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, NIHR Oxford Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adrian Cortes
- John Radcliffe Hospital, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yan Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Xiamen University School of Medicine, Xiamen, China
| | - Sarah Bonham
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carlo Selmi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Matthew A Brown
- NIHR Guy's and St. Thomas' Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK, and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roman Fischer
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julian C Knight
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - B Paul Wordsworth
- NIHR Oxford Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, NIHR Oxford Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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19
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Balkhi MY. Mechanistic understanding of innate and adaptive immune responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:268-275. [PMID: 33940513 PMCID: PMC8084627 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections have triggered global pandemic that continue to impact adversely human health. New understanding has emerged about the innate and adaptive immune responses elicited in SARS-CoV-2 infection. The understanding of innate immune responses generated in hosts early in SARS-CoV-2 infection is vital for treatment efforts. Antiviral cytokines are released by innate immune cells in response to viral infections that play a pivotal role in limiting viral replication, pathology and generating optimal adaptive immune responses alongside the long-term memory responses against reinfections. One aspect of innate immune response generated against SARS-CoV-2 in vivo and which has received much attention has been high proinflammatory cytokine release in COVID-19 patients. Another vital discovery has been that the antiviral cytokine type I Interferon (IFN) family IFN-α mediates upregulation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) membrane protein in airway epithelial cells. ACE2 is a receptor that SARS-CoV-2 binds to infect host cells. New understanding has emerged about the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 induced exaggerated proinflammatory cytokine release as well as transcriptional regulation of ACE2. This review discusses various mechanisms underlying SARS-CoV-2 induced exaggerated proinflammatory cytokine response as well as transcriptional regulation of ACE2 receptor. We further elaborate on adaptive and memory responses generated against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mumtaz Y Balkhi
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; IT Bio, LLC, Nest.Bio Labs, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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20
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Yan J, Pandey SP, Barnes BJ, Turner JR, Abraham C. T Cell-Intrinsic IRF5 Regulates T Cell Signaling, Migration, and Differentiation and Promotes Intestinal Inflammation. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107820. [PMID: 32610123 PMCID: PMC7409536 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IRF5 polymorphisms are associated with multiple immune-mediated diseases, including ulcerative colitis. IRF5 contributions are attributed to its role in myeloid lineages. How T cell-intrinsic IRF5 contributes to inflammatory outcomes is not well understood. We identify a previously undefined key role for T cell-intrinsic IRF5. In mice, IRF5 in CD4+ T cells promotes Th1- and Th17-associated cytokines and decreases Th2-associated cytokines. IRF5 is required for the optimal assembly of the TCR-initiated signaling complex and downstream signaling at early times, and at later times binds to promoters of Th1- and Th17-associated transcription factors and cytokines. IRF5 also regulates chemokine receptor-initiated signaling and, in turn, T cell migration. In vivo, IRF5 in CD4+ T cells enhances the severity of experimental colitis. Importantly, human CD4+ T cells from high IRF5-expressing disease-risk genetic carriers demonstrate increased chemokine-induced migration and Th1/Th17 cytokines and reduced Th2-associated and anti-inflammatory cytokines. These data demonstrate key roles for T cell-intrinsic IRF5 in inflammatory outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Surya P Pandey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Betsy J Barnes
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clara Abraham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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21
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Yu X, Feng Y, Liu R, Chen Q. Hypothermia Protects Mice Against Ischemic Stroke by Modulating Macrophage Polarization Through Upregulation of Interferon Regulatory Factor-4. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:1271-1281. [PMID: 33854355 PMCID: PMC8040092 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s303053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) has been proven to be protective in ischemic stroke (IS) due to its anti-inflammatory capacity. Recently, the interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) has been characterized as a central regulator of neuroinflammation in IS. Here we aim to determine whether IFR4 contributes to the neuroprotective effects of TH in IS. Methods In the present study, IRF4 knockout (IRF4−/-) and wild-type (IRF4+/+) mice were treated with or without TH after IS. Cerebral IRF4 expression, the production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and macrophage polarization were determined at 8 hours after reperfusion. In addition, cerebral infarct volume and neurological function were evaluated at 7 days after IS. Results TH attenuates IS together with enhanced IRF4 expression as well as reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, TH increased M2 macrophage polarization while inhibited M1 macrophage polarization. However, IRF4 knockout worsens neurological outcomes of stoke mice. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines were markedly increased in IRF4−/- mice as compared with IRF4+/+ mice at 8 h after stroke. Moreover, IRF4 knockout driven the macrophage polarization toward M1phenotype at 8 h after stroke. Most importantly, IRF4 knockout abolished the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of TH in IS. Conclusion Together, we report for the first time that TH attenuates neuroinflammation following IS by modulating M1/M2 macrophage polarization through the upregulation of IRF4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Renzhong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianxue Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
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22
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Stoy N. Involvement of Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase 4 and Interferon Regulatory Factor 5 in the Immunopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Implications for the Treatment of COVID-19. Front Immunol 2021; 12:638446. [PMID: 33936053 PMCID: PMC8085890 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.638446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) and interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) lie sequentially on a signaling pathway activated by ligands of the IL-1 receptor and/or multiple TLRs located either on plasma or endosomal membranes. Activated IRF5, in conjunction with other synergistic transcription factors, notably NF-κB, is crucially required for the production of proinflammatory cytokines in the innate immune response to microbial infection. The IRAK4-IRF5 axis could therefore have a major role in the induction of the signature cytokines and chemokines of the hyperinflammatory state associated with severe morbidity and mortality in COVID-19. Here a case is made for considering IRAK4 or IRF5 inhibitors as potential therapies for the "cytokine storm" of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Stoy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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23
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Yang Y, Zhang C, Jing D, He H, Li X, Wang Y, Qin Y, Xiao X, Xiong H, Zhou G. IRF5 Acts as a Potential Therapeutic Marker in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27:407-417. [PMID: 32737976 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), are chronic inflammatory disorders. As is well known, interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 5 is closely associated with the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases. But the exact role of IRF5 in IBD remains unclear. METHODS In this study, we detected IRF5 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and inflamed mucosa from IBD patients by immunohistochemistry, western blot, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Peripheral blood CD4+ T cells were stimulated with inflammatory cytokines and transfected by lentivirus. RESULTS In active IBD patients, the expression of IRF5 in PBMCs and inflamed colonic tissues was obviously increased and significantly associated with disease activity. Ectopic overexpression of IRF5 could promote the differentiation of IBD CD4+ T cells into Th1 and Th17 cells by regulating T-bet and RAR related orphan receptor C, whereas knockdown of IRF5 had the opposite effects. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α upregulated expression of IRF5 in CD4+ T cells, but anti-TNF treatment with infliximab could markedly reduce IRF5 expression in CD4+ T cells and intestinal mucosa of CD patients. CONCLUSION Our study reveals a novel mechanism that IRF5 levels are correlated with disease activity in IBD and might function as a possible marker for the management of IBD via regulating Th1 and Th17 immune responses and cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, P.R. China.,Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Cui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Dehuai Jing
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Heng He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yibo Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yufen Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Huabao Xiong
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Guangxi Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, P.R. China.,Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, P.R. China
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24
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Okude H, Ori D, Kawai T. Signaling Through Nucleic Acid Sensors and Their Roles in Inflammatory Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 11:625833. [PMID: 33633744 PMCID: PMC7902034 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.625833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen-derived nucleic acids by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) is essential for eliciting antiviral immune responses by inducing the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines. Such responses are a prerequisite for mounting innate and pathogen-specific adaptive immune responses. However, host cells also use nucleic acids as carriers of genetic information, and the aberrant recognition of self-nucleic acids by PRRs is associated with the onset of autoimmune or autoinflammatory diseases. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of nucleic acid sensing by PRRs, including Toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, and DNA sensor molecules, and their signaling pathways as well as the disorders caused by uncontrolled or unnecessary activation of these PRRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Okude
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ori
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
| | - Taro Kawai
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Japan
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25
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Forbester JL, Humphreys IR. Genetic influences on viral-induced cytokine responses in the lung. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:14-25. [PMID: 33184476 PMCID: PMC7658619 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Infection with respiratory viruses such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and coronavirus provides a difficult immunological challenge for the host, where a balance must be established between controlling viral replication and limiting damage to the delicate lung structure. Although the genetic architecture of host responses to respiratory viral infections is not yet understood, it is clear there is underlying heritability that influences pathogenesis. Immune control of virus replication is essential in respiratory infections, but overt activation can enhance inflammation and disease severity. Cytokines initiate antiviral immune responses but are implicated in viral pathogenesis. Here, we discuss how host genetic variation may influence cytokine responses to respiratory viral infections and, based on our current understanding of the role that cytokines play in viral pathogenesis, how this may influence disease severity. We also discuss how induced pluripotent stem cells may be utilised to probe the mechanistic implications of allelic variation in genes in virus-induced inflammatory responses. Ultimately, this could help to design better immune modulators, stratify high risk patients and tailor anti-inflammatory treatments, potentially expanding the ability to treat respiratory virus outbreaks in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Forbester
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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26
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Yan J, Hedl M, Abraham C. Myeloid Cell-Intrinsic IRF5 Promotes T Cell Responses through Multiple Distinct Checkpoints In Vivo, and IRF5 Immune-Mediated Disease Risk Variants Modulate These Myeloid Cell Functions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1024-1038. [PMID: 32690658 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Common IRF5 genetic risk variants associated with multiple immune-mediated diseases are a major determinant of interindividual variability in pattern-recognition receptor (PRR)-induced cytokines in myeloid cells. However, how myeloid cell-intrinsic IRF5 regulates the multiple distinct checkpoints mediating T cell outcomes in vivo and IRF5-dependent mechanisms contributing to these distinct checkpoints are not well defined. Using an in vivo Ag-specific adoptive T cell transfer approach into Irf5-/- mice, we found that T cell-extrinsic IRF5 regulated T cell outcomes at multiple critical checkpoints, including chemokine-mediated T cell trafficking into lymph nodes and PDK1-dependent soluble Ag uptake, costimulatory molecule upregulation, and secretion of Th1 (IL-12)- and Th17 (IL-23, IL-1β, and IL-6)-conditioning cytokines by myeloid cells, which then cross-regulated Th2 and regulatory T cells. IRF5 was required for PRR-induced MAPK and NF-κB activation, which, in turn, regulated these key outcomes in myeloid cells. Importantly, mice with IRF5 deleted from myeloid cells demonstrated T cell outcomes similar to those observed in Irf5-/- mice. Complementation of IL-12 and IL-23 was able to restore T cell differentiation both in vitro and in vivo in the context of myeloid cell-deficient IRF5. Finally, human monocyte-derived dendritic cells from IRF5 disease-associated genetic risk carriers leading to increased IRF5 expression demonstrated increased Ag uptake and increased PRR-induced costimulatory molecule expression and chemokine and cytokine secretion compared with monocyte-derived dendritic cells from low-expressing IRF5 genetic variant carriers. These data establish that myeloid cell-intrinsic IRF5 regulates multiple distinct checkpoints in T cell activation and differentiation and that these are modulated by IRF5 disease risk variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Matija Hedl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Clara Abraham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
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27
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Heinz LX, Lee J, Kapoor U, Kartnig F, Sedlyarov V, Papakostas K, César-Razquin A, Essletzbichler P, Goldmann U, Stefanovic A, Bigenzahn JW, Scorzoni S, Pizzagalli MD, Bensimon A, Müller AC, King FJ, Li J, Girardi E, Mbow ML, Whitehurst CE, Rebsamen M, Superti-Furga G. TASL is the SLC15A4-associated adaptor for IRF5 activation by TLR7-9. Nature 2020; 581:316-322. [PMID: 32433612 PMCID: PMC7610944 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have a crucial role in the recognition of pathogens and initiation of immune responses1–3. Here we show that a previously uncharacterized protein encoded by CXorf21—a gene that is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus4,5—interacts with the endolysosomal transporter SLC15A4, an essential but poorly understood component of the endolysosomal TLR machinery also linked to autoimmune disease4,6–9. Loss of this type-I-interferon-inducible protein, which we refer to as ‘TLR adaptor interacting with SLC15A4 on the lysosome’ (TASL), abrogated responses to endolysosomal TLR agonists in both primary and transformed human immune cells. Deletion of SLC15A4 or TASL specifically impaired the activation of the IRF pathway without affecting NF-κB and MAPK signalling, which indicates that ligand recognition and TLR engagement in the endolysosome occurred normally. Extensive mutagenesis of TASL demonstrated that its localization and function relies on the interaction with SLC15A4. TASL contains a conserved pLxIS motif (in which p denotes a hydrophilic residue and x denotes any residue) that mediates the recruitment and activation of IRF5. This finding shows that TASL is an innate immune adaptor for TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 signalling, revealing a clear mechanistic analogy with the IRF3 adaptors STING, MAVS and TRIF10,11. The identification of TASL as the component that links endolysosomal TLRs to the IRF5 transcription factor via SLC15A4 provides a mechanistic explanation for the involvement of these proteins in systemic lupus erythematosus12–14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonhard X Heinz
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - JangEun Lee
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Utkarsh Kapoor
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Kartnig
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vitaly Sedlyarov
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Konstantinos Papakostas
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adrian César-Razquin
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Essletzbichler
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Goldmann
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adrijana Stefanovic
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes W Bigenzahn
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefania Scorzoni
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mattia D Pizzagalli
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ariel Bensimon
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - André C Müller
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - F James King
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Enrico Girardi
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Lamine Mbow
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | | | - Manuele Rebsamen
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria. .,Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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28
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IRF5 Promotes Influenza Virus-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Myeloid Cells and Murine Models. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00121-20. [PMID: 32075938 PMCID: PMC7163152 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00121-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response to influenza A virus (IAV) participates in infection control but contributes to disease severity. After viral detection, intracellular pathways are activated, initiating cytokine production, but these pathways are incompletely understood. We show that interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) mediates IAV-induced inflammation and, in mice, drives pathology. This was independent of antiviral type 1 IFN and virus replication, implying that IRF5 could be specifically targeted to treat influenza virus-induced inflammation. We show for the first time that human iPSC technology can be exploited in genetic studies of virus-induced immune responses. Using this technology, we deleted IRF5 in human myeloid cells. These IRF5-deficient cells exhibited impaired influenza virus-induced cytokine production and revealed that IRF5 acts downstream of Toll-like receptor 7 and possibly retinoic acid-inducible gene I. Our data demonstrate the importance of IRF5 in influenza virus-induced inflammation, suggesting that genetic variation in the IRF5 gene may influence host susceptibility to viral diseases. Recognition of influenza A virus (IAV) by the innate immune system triggers pathways that restrict viral replication, activate innate immune cells, and regulate adaptive immunity. However, excessive innate immune activation can exaggerate disease. The pathways promoting excessive activation are incompletely understood, with limited experimental models to investigate the mechanisms driving influenza virus-induced inflammation in humans. Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is a transcription factor that plays important roles in the induction of cytokines after viral sensing. In an in vivo model of IAV infection, IRF5 deficiency reduced IAV-driven immune pathology and associated inflammatory cytokine production, specifically reducing cytokine-producing myeloid cell populations in Irf5−/− mice but not impacting type 1 interferon (IFN) production or virus replication. Using cytometry by time of flight (CyTOF), we identified that human lung IRF5 expression was highest in cells of the myeloid lineage. To investigate the role of IRF5 in mediating human inflammatory responses by myeloid cells to IAV, we employed human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hIPSCs) with biallelic mutations in IRF5, demonstrating for the first time that induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dendritic cells (iPS-DCs) with biallelic mutations can be used to investigate the regulation of human virus-induced immune responses. Using this technology, we reveal that IRF5 deficiency in human DCs, or macrophages, corresponded with reduced virus-induced inflammatory cytokine production, with IRF5 acting downstream of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and, possibly, retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) after viral sensing. Thus, IRF5 acts as a regulator of myeloid cell inflammatory cytokine production during IAV infection in mice and humans and drives immune-mediated viral pathogenesis independently of type 1 IFN and virus replication. IMPORTANCE The inflammatory response to influenza A virus (IAV) participates in infection control but contributes to disease severity. After viral detection, intracellular pathways are activated, initiating cytokine production, but these pathways are incompletely understood. We show that interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) mediates IAV-induced inflammation and, in mice, drives pathology. This was independent of antiviral type 1 IFN and virus replication, implying that IRF5 could be specifically targeted to treat influenza virus-induced inflammation. We show for the first time that human iPSC technology can be exploited in genetic studies of virus-induced immune responses. Using this technology, we deleted IRF5 in human myeloid cells. These IRF5-deficient cells exhibited impaired influenza virus-induced cytokine production and revealed that IRF5 acts downstream of Toll-like receptor 7 and possibly retinoic acid-inducible gene I. Our data demonstrate the importance of IRF5 in influenza virus-induced inflammation, suggesting that genetic variation in the IRF5 gene may influence host susceptibility to viral diseases.
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29
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Bo M, Niegowska M, Eames HL, Almuttaqi H, Arru G, Erre GL, Passiu G, Khoyratty TE, van Grinsven E, Udalova IA, Sechi LA. Antibody response to homologous epitopes of Epstein-Barr virus, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and IRF5 in patients with different connective tissue diseases and in mouse model of antigen-induced arthritis. J Transl Autoimmun 2020; 3:100048. [PMID: 32743529 PMCID: PMC7388397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2020.100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Improved knowledge of different biomarkers is crucial for early diagnosis of rheumatic diseases and to provide important insights for clinical management. In this study, we evaluated the seroreactivity of patients with different connective tissue diseases (CTDs) (rheumatoid arthritis, RA; systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE; systemic sclerosis, SSc; and Sjogren’s syndrome, SSj) to interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) peptide and homologs derived from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) experiments have been performed in control and IRF5 conditional knockout mice to reinforce the hypothesis that antibodies generated against the three homologous peptides are cross-reactive. Methods Reactivity against wild-type (wt) and citrullinated (cit) IRF5 (IRF5424-434), MAP (MAP_402718-32) and EBV (BOLF1305-320) peptides were tested by indirect ELISA in sera from 100 RA patients, 54 patients with other CTDs (14 SLE, 28 SSc and 12 SSj) and 100 healthy subjects (HCs). Antibody responses to the same wt peptides have been tested in AIA mouse sera after immunization with complete Freud’s adjuvant (CFA) and methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA) to induce arthritis in the knee joint. Results BOLF1, MAP_4027 and IRF5 peptides triggered different antibody responses in CTD diseases with a stronger reactivity in RA (p=0.0001). Similar trends were observed in AIA mice with significantly higher reactivity after 7 days from induction of arthritis. We also found statistically significant differences in antibody responses between SSc and HCs for BOLF1 (p=0.003), MAP_4027 (p=0.0076) and IRF5 (p=0.0042). Peripheral reactivity to cit peptides was lower compared to their wt counterparts, except for cit-MAP_402718-32, which induced stronger responses in RA than wt-MAP_402718-32 (46% vs. 26%, p=0.0170). Conclusion(s): Our results show differential antibody responses to BOLF1, MAP_4027 and IRF5 peptides among CTDs, highlighting their potential as diagnostic biomarkers in these diseases. Experiments performed in IRF5 conditional knockout mice support the hypothesis of cross-reactivity between the investigated homologous antigens. Serum IgG anti-BOLF1, MAP_4027 and IRF5 Abs responses are significantly higher in RA than in other rheumatic conditions. Antibody responses to epitopes of EBV, IRF5 and MAP in AIA mouse model is comparable to results obtained in humans. Antigens present in the CFA are homologous to MAP, EBV and IRF5 peptides trigger cross-reactive responses. MAP might be a possible triggering factor in the etiology of systemic sclerosis and RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Microbiology and Virology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Magdalena Niegowska
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Microbiology and Virology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Hayley L Eames
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford University, Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Almuttaqi
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford University, Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Giannina Arru
- Department of Clinical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Neurological Clinic, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 8, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Erre
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari, UOC of Rheumatology, Viale San Pietro 8, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Passiu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari, UOC of Rheumatology, Viale San Pietro 8, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Tariq E Khoyratty
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford University, Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Erinke van Grinsven
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford University, Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Irina A Udalova
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford University, Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Leonardo A Sechi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Microbiology and Virology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100, Sassari, Italy
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30
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Li D, Matta B, Song S, Nelson V, Diggins K, Simpfendorfer KR, Gregersen PK, Linsley P, Barnes BJ. IRF5 genetic risk variants drive myeloid-specific IRF5 hyperactivation and presymptomatic SLE. JCI Insight 2020; 5:124020. [PMID: 31877114 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.124020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants within or near the interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) locus associate with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) across ancestral groups. The major IRF5-SLE risk haplotype is common across populations, yet immune functions for the risk haplotype are undefined. We characterized the global immune phenotype of healthy donors homozygous for the major risk and nonrisk haplotypes and identified cell lineage-specific alterations that mimic presymptomatic SLE. Contrary to previous studies in B lymphoblastoid cell lines and SLE immune cells, IRF5 genetic variants had little effect on IRF5 protein levels in healthy donors. Instead, we detected basal IRF5 hyperactivation in the myeloid compartment of risk donors that drives the SLE immune phenotype. Risk donors were anti-nuclear antibody positive with anti-Ro and -MPO specificity, had increased circulating plasma cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and had enhanced spontaneous NETosis. The IRF5-SLE immune phenotype was conserved over time and probed mechanistically by ex vivo coculture, indicating that risk neutrophils are drivers of the global immune phenotype. RNA-Seq of risk neutrophils revealed increased IRF5 transcript expression, IFN pathway enrichment, and decreased expression of ROS pathway genes. Altogether, the data support that individuals carrying the IRF5-SLE risk haplotype are more susceptible to environmental/stochastic influences that trigger chronic immune activation, predisposing to the development of clinical SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Bharati Matta
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Su Song
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Victoria Nelson
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Kirsten Diggins
- Systems Immunology Division, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kim R Simpfendorfer
- Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Peter K Gregersen
- Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Peter Linsley
- Systems Immunology Division, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Betsy J Barnes
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Departments of Molecular Medicine and Pediatrics, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
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31
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Laviada-Molina HA, Leal-Berumen I, Rodriguez-Ayala E, Bastarrachea RA. Working Hypothesis for Glucose Metabolism and SARS-CoV-2 Replication: Interplay Between the Hexosamine Pathway and Interferon RF5 Triggering Hyperinflammation. Role of BCG Vaccine? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:514. [PMID: 32733388 PMCID: PMC7358362 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Leal-Berumen
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México
| | - Ernesto Rodriguez-Ayala
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Norte, Naucalpan de Juárez, México
| | - Raul A. Bastarrachea
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute and Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), San Antonio, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Raul A. Bastarrachea
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HMGB1-C1q complexes regulate macrophage function by switching between leukotriene and specialized proresolving mediator biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:23254-23263. [PMID: 31570601 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907490116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage polarization is critical to inflammation and resolution of inflammation. We previously showed that high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) can engage receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE) to direct monocytes to a proinflammatory phenotype characterized by production of type 1 IFN and proinflammatory cytokines. In contrast, HMGB1 plus C1q form a tetramolecular complex cross-linking RAGE and LAIR-1 and directing monocytes to an antiinflammatory phenotype. Lipid mediators, as well as cytokines, help establish a milieu favoring either inflammation or resolution of inflammation. This study focuses on the induction of lipid mediators by HMGB1 and HMGB1 plus C1q and their regulation of IRF5, a transcription factor critical for the induction and maintenance of proinflammatory macrophages. Here, we show that HMGB1 induces leukotriene production through a RAGE-dependent pathway, while HMGB1 plus C1q induces specialized proresolving lipid mediators lipoxin A4, resolvin D1, and resolvin D2 through a RAGE- and LAIR-1-dependent pathway. Leukotriene exposure contributes to induction of IRF5 in a positive-feedback loop. In contrast, resolvins (at 20 nM) block IRF5 induction and prevent the differentiation of inflammatory macrophages. Finally, we have generated a molecular mimic of HMGB1 plus C1q, which cross-links RAGE and LAIR-1 and polarizes monocytes to an antiinflammatory phenotype. These findings may provide a mechanism to control nonresolving inflammation in many pathologic conditions.
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33
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Ban T, Sato GR, Tamura T. Regulation and role of the transcription factor IRF5 in innate immune responses and systemic lupus erythematosus. Int Immunol 2019; 30:529-536. [PMID: 29860420 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor-5 (IRF5) plays an important role in innate immune responses via the TLR-MyD88 (Toll-like receptor - myeloid differentiation primary response 88) pathway. IRF5 is also involved in the pathogenesis of the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Recent studies have identified new regulators, both positive and negative, which act on IRF5 activation events in the TLR-MyD88 pathway such as post-translational modifications, dimerization and nuclear translocation. A model of the causal relationship between IRF5 activation and SLE pathogenesis proposes that a loss of the negative regulation of IRF5 causes its hyperactivation, resulting in hyperproduction of type I interferons and other cytokines, and ultimately in the development of SLE. Importantly, to our knowledge, all murine models of SLE studied thus far have shown that IRF5 is required for the pathogenesis of SLE-like diseases. During the development of SLE-like diseases, IRF5 plays key roles in various cell types, including dendritic cells and B cells. It is noteworthy that the onset of SLE-like diseases can be inhibited by reducing the activity or amount of IRF5 by half. Therefore, IRF5 is an important therapeutic target of SLE, and selective suppression of its activity and expression may potentially lead to the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuma Ban
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Go R Sato
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Tamura
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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34
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Wang J, Huang A, Yuan Z, Su L, Xu W. Association of IRF5 rs2004640 polymorphism and systemic lupus erythematosus: A meta‐analysis. Int J Rheum Dis 2019; 22:1598-1606. [PMID: 31347288 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐Min Wang
- Department of Evidence‐Based Medicine, School of Public Health Southwest Medical University Luzhou Sichuan China
| | - An‐Fang Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou Sichuan China
| | - Zhi‐Chao Yuan
- Department of Evidence‐Based Medicine, School of Public Health Southwest Medical University Luzhou Sichuan China
| | - Lin‐Chong Su
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Minda Hospital of Hubei Minzu University Enshi Hubei China
| | - Wang‐Dong Xu
- Department of Evidence‐Based Medicine, School of Public Health Southwest Medical University Luzhou Sichuan China
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35
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Reducing IRF5 expression attenuates colitis in mice, but impairs the clearance of intestinal pathogens. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:874-887. [PMID: 31053739 PMCID: PMC6688861 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
IRF5 genetic variants leading to decreased IRF5 expression reduce risk for ulcerative colitis. However, how IRF5 regulates intestinal inflammation and contributes to the balance between defenses against intestinal pathogens and inflammation in vivo, and the cells mediating this balance, are not known. We found that deleting IRF5 in mice led to reduced intestinal inflammation in the T cell transfer colitis model, with reduced Th1 and Th17, and increased Th2 cytokines. However, with orally-administered invasive S. Typhimurium, IRF5-/- mice demonstrated an increased bacterial burden in the context of reduced Th1 and Th17 cytokines. IRF5 in macrophages was required for PDK1-dependent phagocytosis and for NFκB-dependent pathways mediating intracellular bacterial clearance. Despite reduced bacterial clearance pathways, in IRF5-/- mice exposed to high levels of resident intestinal bacteria after DSS-induced injury, the lower levels of inflammatory cytokines were associated with reduced intestinal permeability, and in turn, reduced bacterial translocation and intestinal inflammation. Consistent with the myeloid cell-intrinsic roles for IRF5 in vitro, mice with IRF5 deleted from myeloid cells demonstrated outcomes similar to those observed in IRF5-/- mice. While these data suggest that inhibition of IRF5 may be therapeutic in colitis, this needs to be balanced with the identified IRF5 role in protecting against intestinal pathogens.
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36
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Kiselev I, Bashinskaya V, Baulina N, Kozin M, Popova E, Boyko A, Favorova O, Kulakova O. Genetic differences between primary progressive and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: The impact of immune-related genes variability. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 29:130-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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Hedl M, Yan J, Witt H, Abraham C. IRF5 Is Required for Bacterial Clearance in Human M1-Polarized Macrophages, and IRF5 Immune-Mediated Disease Risk Variants Modulate This Outcome. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:920-930. [PMID: 30593537 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Common IFN regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) variants associated with multiple immune-mediated diseases are a major determinant of interindividual variability in pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-induced cytokines in macrophages. PRR-initiated pathways also contribute to bacterial clearance, and dysregulation of bacterial clearance can contribute to immune-mediated diseases. However, the role of IRF5 in macrophage-mediated bacterial clearance is not well defined. Furthermore, it is unclear if macrophages from individuals who are carriers of low IRF5-expressing genetic variants associated with protection for immune-mediated diseases might be at a disadvantage in bacterial clearance. We found that IRF5 was required for optimal bacterial clearance in PRR-stimulated, M1-differentiated human macrophages. Mechanisms regulated by IRF5 included inducing reactive oxygen species through p40phox, p47phox and p67phox, NOS2, and autophagy through ATG5. Complementing these pathways in IRF5-deficient M1 macrophages restored bacterial clearance. Further, these antimicrobial pathways required the activation of IRF5-dependent MAPK, NF-κB, and Akt2 pathways. Importantly, relative to high IRF5-expressing rs2004640/rs2280714 TT/TT immune-mediated disease risk-carrier human macrophages, M1-differentiated GG/CC carrier macrophages demonstrated less reactive oxygen species, NOS2, and autophagy pathway induction and, consequently, reduced bacterial clearance. Increasing IRF5 expression to the rs2004640/rs2280714 TT/TT levels restored these antimicrobial pathways. We define mechanisms wherein common IRF5 genetic variants modulate bacterial clearance, thereby highlighting that immune-mediated disease risk IRF5 carriers might be relatively protected from microbial-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matija Hedl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Heiko Witt
- Pediatric Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Clara Abraham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520; and
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38
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Thompson CD, Matta B, Barnes BJ. Therapeutic Targeting of IRFs: Pathway-Dependence or Structure-Based? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2622. [PMID: 30515152 PMCID: PMC6255967 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are a family of master transcription factors that regulate pathogen-induced innate and acquired immune responses. Aberration(s) in IRF signaling pathways due to infection, genetic predisposition and/or mutation, which can lead to increased expression of type I interferon (IFN) genes, IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), and other pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, has been linked to the development of numerous diseases, including (but not limited to) autoimmune and cancer. What is currently lacking in the field is an understanding of how best to therapeutically target these transcription factors. Many IRFs are regulated by post-translational modifications downstream of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and some of these modifications lead to activation or inhibition. We and others have been able to utilize structural features of the IRFs in order to generate dominant negative mutants that inhibit function. Here, we will review potential therapeutic strategies for targeting all IRFs by using IRF5 as a candidate targeting molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherrie D Thompson
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Bharati Matta
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Betsy J Barnes
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
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39
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Assadiasl S, Shahi A, Salehi S, Afzali S, Amirzargar A. Interferon regulatory factors: Where to stand in transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2018; 51:76-80. [PMID: 30336215 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are implicated in regulating inflammatory responses to pathogens and alloantigens. Since transplantation is usually accompanied by ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), acute and chronic rejections, as well as immunodeficiency due to immunosuppressive drugs, IRFs seem to play a considerable role in allograft outcome. For instance, IRF-1 has been shown to be involved in pathogenesis of IRI; however, IRF-2 exhibits an opposite function. Some IRF-3 and 5 SNPs are associated with better or worse graft survival rates. Of note, IRF-4 inhibition has resulted in improved transplant outcomes. Herein we review available studies about IRFs influence on various stages of transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Assadiasl
- Molecular Immunology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Shahi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Salehi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Afzali
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Amirzargar
- Molecular Immunology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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40
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Almuttaqi H, Udalova IA. Advances and challenges in targeting IRF5, a key regulator of inflammation. FEBS J 2018; 286:1624-1637. [PMID: 30199605 PMCID: PMC6563445 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) belongs to a family of transcription factors, originally implicated in antiviral responses and interferon production. However, studies conducted in different laboratories over the last decade have placed IRF5 as a central regulator of the inflammatory response. It has become clear that IRF5 contributes to the pathogenesis of many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. Given the role of IRF5 in physiology and disease, IRF5 represents a potential therapeutic target. However, despite a significant interest from the pharmaceutical industry, inhibitors that interfere with the IRF5 pathway remain elusive. Here, we review the advances made by various studies in targeting multiple steps of signalling leading to IRF5 activation with their therapeutic potential, and the possible complications of such strategies are discussed.
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41
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Shi JH, Sun SC. Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Factor Regulation of Nuclear Factor κB and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1849. [PMID: 30140268 PMCID: PMC6094638 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factors (TRAFs) are a family of structurally related proteins that transduces signals from members of TNFR superfamily and various other immune receptors. Major downstream signaling events mediated by the TRAF molecules include activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). In addition, some TRAF family members, particularly TRAF2 and TRAF3, serve as negative regulators of specific signaling pathways, such as the noncanonical NF-κB and proinflammatory toll-like receptor pathways. Thus, TRAFs possess important and complex signaling functions in the immune system and play an important role in regulating immune and inflammatory responses. This review will focus on the role of TRAF proteins in the regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hong Shi
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Shao-Cong Sun
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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42
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Slavin YN, Bo M, Caggiu E, Sechi G, Arru G, Bach H, Sechi LA. High levels of antibodies against PtpA and PknG secreted by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis are present in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 323:49-52. [PMID: 30196833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (Map) is the etiological agent of Paratuberculosis in ruminants. Protein tyrosine phosphatase A (PtpA) and protein kinase G (PknG) are secreted proteins necessary for the survival of the pathogen within macrophages. In this study we analyzed if Map was able to grow within astrocytes and investigated on the presence of antibodies against PtpA and PknG proteins in MS and NMOSD patients by ELISA. Map was unable to proliferate in astrocytes after of 72 h post-infection, but we observed a high level of antibodies against both virulence factors, suggesting that these patients have been exposed/infected with Map.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael N Slavin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Marco Bo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43 b, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Elisa Caggiu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43 b, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - GianPietro Sechi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche, Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Viale San Pietro 8, Università di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Giannina Arru
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche, Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Viale San Pietro 8, Università di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Horacio Bach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada.
| | - Leonardo A Sechi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43 b, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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Kaur A, Lee LH, Chow SC, Fang CM. IRF5-mediated immune responses and its implications in immunological disorders. Int Rev Immunol 2018; 37:229-248. [PMID: 29985675 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2018.1469629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors are gene regulators that activate or repress target genes. One family of the transcription factors that have been extensively studied for their crucial role in regulating gene network in the immune system is the interferon regulatory factors (IRFs). IRFs possess a novel turn-helix turn motif that recognizes a specific DNA consensus found in the promoters of many genes that are involved in immune responses. IRF5, a member of IRFs has recently gained much attention for its role in regulating inflammatory responses and autoimmune diseases. Here, we discuss the role of IRF5 in regulating immune cells functions and how the dysregulation of IRF5 contributes to the pathogenesis of immune disorders. We also review the latest findings of potential IRF5 inhibitors that modulate IRF5 activity in the effort of developing therapeutic approaches for treating inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwinder Kaur
- a School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science , The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus , Selangor Darul , Ehsan , Malaysia
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- c School of Pharmacy , Monash University Malaysia , Selangor Darul , Ehsan , Malaysia.,e Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Monash University Malaysia , Selangor Darul , Ehsan , Malaysia
| | - Sek-Chuen Chow
- d School of Science , Monash University Malaysia , Selangor Darul , Ehsan , Malaysia
| | - Chee-Mun Fang
- b Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science , The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus , Selangor Darul , Ehsan , Malaysia
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44
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Liu Y, Xie R, Li H, Hu Z, Wang S, Yin Z. Expression, polymorphism of IRF5 gene and association with serum cytokine levels in pig. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2017.1420431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Xie
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hejun Li
- Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengzheng Hu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiwei Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zongjun Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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45
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Sanz J, Randolph HE, Barreiro LB. Genetic and evolutionary determinants of human population variation in immune responses. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2018; 53:28-35. [PMID: 29960896 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Humans display remarkable immune response variation when exposed to identical immune challenges. However, our understanding of the genetic, evolutionary, and environmental factors that impact this inter-individual and inter-population immune response heterogeneity is still in its early days. In this review, we discuss three fundamental questions concerning the recent evolution of the human immune system: the degree to which individuals from different populations vary in their innate immune responses, the genetic variants accounting for such differences, and the evolutionary mechanisms that led to the establishment of these variants in modern human populations. We also discuss how past selective events might have contributed to the uneven distribution of immune-related disorders across populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Sanz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Department of Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Haley E Randolph
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Department of Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Luis B Barreiro
- Department of Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada.
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46
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Bösl K, Giambelluca M, Haug M, Bugge M, Espevik T, Kandasamy RK, Bergstrøm B. Coactivation of TLR2 and TLR8 in Primary Human Monocytes Triggers a Distinct Inflammatory Signaling Response. Front Physiol 2018; 9:618. [PMID: 29896111 PMCID: PMC5986927 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune signaling is essential to mount a fast and specific immune response to pathogens. Monocytes and macrophages are essential cells in the early response in their capacity as ubiquitous phagocytic cells. They phagocytose microorganisms or damaged cells and sense pathogen/damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/DAMPs) through innate receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). We investigated a phenomenon where co-signaling from TLR2 and TLR8 in human primary monocytes provides a distinct immune activation profile compared to signaling from either TLR alone. We compare gene signatures induced by either stimulus alone or together and show that co-signaling results in downstream differences in regulation of signaling and gene transcription. We demonstrate that these differences result in altered cytokine profiles between single and multi-receptor signaling, and show how it can influence both T-cell and neutrophil responses. The end response is tailored to combat extracellular pathogens, possibly by modifying the regulation of IFNβ and IL12-family cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korbinian Bösl
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Miriam Giambelluca
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Markus Haug
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Infection, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marit Bugge
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Terje Espevik
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Richard K Kandasamy
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjarte Bergstrøm
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Infection, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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47
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Interferon regulatory factor 1 inactivation in human cancer. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171672. [PMID: 29599126 PMCID: PMC5938431 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are a group of closely related proteins collectively referred to as the IRF family. Members of this family were originally recognized for their roles in inflammatory responses; however, recent research has suggested that they are also involved in tumor biology. This review focusses on current knowledge of the roles of IRF-1 and IRF-2 in human cancer, with particular attention paid to the impact of IRF-1 inactivation. The different mechanisms underlying IRF-1 inactivation and their implications for human cancers and the potential importance of IRF-1 in immunotherapy are also summarized.
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48
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Khoyratty TE, Udalova IA. Diverse mechanisms of IRF5 action in inflammatory responses. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 99:38-42. [PMID: 29578052 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is a key signal-dependent transcription factor in myeloid cells. Its expression is induced by granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and interferon-gamma. IRF5 protein is further activated in response to stimulation, translocating to the nucleus where it mediates inflammatory responses. IRF5 is capable of both the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory genes and repressing anti-inflammatory mediators, thus polarising macrophages to a pro-inflammatory phenotype. We discuss IRF5 interactions with a wide range of transcriptional regulators that give rise to its diverse effects at the level of chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq E Khoyratty
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Irina A Udalova
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom.
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49
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Regulation of age-associated B cells by IRF5 in systemic autoimmunity. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:407-419. [PMID: 29483597 PMCID: PMC6095139 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated B cells (ABCs) are a T-bet–dependent B cell subset,
which accumulates prematurely in autoimmune settings. The pathways regulating
ABCs in autoimmunity are largely unknown. SWAP-70 and
DEF6 (also known as IBP or SLAT) are the only two
members of the SWEF family, a unique family of Rho GTPase-regulatory proteins
that controls both cytoskeletal dynamics and IRF4 activity. Notably,
DEF6 is a newly identified human SLE-risk variant. Here we
show that the lupus syndrome that developed in SWEF-deficient mice is
accompanied by the accumulation of ABCs, which produce autoantibodies upon
stimulation. ABCs from SWEF-deficient mice exhibited a distinctive transcriptome
and a unique chromatin landscape characterized by enrichment in motifs bound by
transcription factors of the IRF family, AP-1/BATF, and T-bet. Enhanced ABC
formation in SWEF-deficient mice was controlled by interleukin 21 (IL-21) and
IRF5, whose variants are strongly associated with lupus. The lack of SWEF
proteins led to dysregulated IRF5 activity in response to IL-21 stimulation.
These studies thus uncover a new genetic pathway controlling ABCs in
autoimmunity.
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50
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Fu B, Zhao M, Wang L, Patil G, Smith JA, Juncadella IJ, Zuvela-Jelaska L, Dorf ME, Li S. RNAi Screen and Proteomics Reveal NXF1 as a Novel Regulator of IRF5 Signaling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2683. [PMID: 28578407 PMCID: PMC5457443 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02857-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is a key transcription factor of innate immunity, which plays an important role in host restriction to viral infection and inflammation. Genome-wide association studies have implied the association of IRF5 with several autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjogren's syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis. However, the regulation of IRF5-mediated immunity is not well understood. To uncover new regulators in IRF5 pathway, we used two "omics" approaches: affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry and a high throughput RNAi screen. Proteomics identified 16 new IRF5 interactors while RNAi-mediated knockdown found 43 regulators of the TLR7-dependent IRF5 signaling pathway. NXF1 was identified in both screens. Stimulation with TLR7 ligand enhances formation of IRF5-NXF1 protein complexes. Gain or loss-of-function experiments revealed NXF1 selectively regulates TLR7-driven IRF5 transcriptional activity, suggesting a new role for NXF1 in the IRF5 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishi Fu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA.,College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078, USA
| | - Lingyan Wang
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078, USA
| | - Girish Patil
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078, USA
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Microbiology & Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA.,ICCB-Longwood Screening Facility, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Ignacio J Juncadella
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, 06877, USA
| | - Ljiljana Zuvela-Jelaska
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, 06877, USA
| | - Martin E Dorf
- Department of Microbiology & Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA.
| | - Shitao Li
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078, USA.
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