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Bansal G, Ghanem M, Sears KT, Galen JE, Tennant SM. Genetic engineering of Salmonella spp. for novel vaccine strategies and therapeutics. EcoSal Plus 2024:eesp00042023. [PMID: 39023252 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0004-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a diverse species that infects both humans and animals. S. enterica subspecies enterica consists of more than 1,500 serovars. Unlike typhoidal Salmonella serovars which are human host-restricted, non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars are associated with foodborne illnesses worldwide and are transmitted via the food chain. Additionally, NTS serovars can cause disease in livestock animals causing significant economic losses. Salmonella is a well-studied model organism that is easy to manipulate and evaluate in animal models of infection. Advances in genetic engineering approaches in recent years have led to the development of Salmonella vaccines for both humans and animals. In this review, we focus on current progress of recombinant live-attenuated Salmonella vaccines, their use as a source of antigens for parenteral vaccines, their use as live-vector vaccines to deliver foreign antigens, and their use as therapeutic cancer vaccines in humans. We also describe development of live-attenuated Salmonella vaccines and live-vector vaccines for use in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Bansal
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mostafa Ghanem
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Khandra T Sears
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James E Galen
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharon M Tennant
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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2
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Iwanowitsch A, Diessner J, Bergmann B, Rudel T. The JMU-SalVac-System: A Novel, Versatile Approach to Oral Live Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:687. [PMID: 38932416 PMCID: PMC11209359 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Ty21a (Ty21a) is the only licensed oral vaccine against typhoid fever. Due to its excellent safety profile, it has been used as a promising vector strain for the expression of heterologous antigens for mucosal immunization. As the efficacy of any bacterial live vector vaccine correlates with its ability to express and present sufficient antigen, the genes for antigen expression are traditionally located on plasmids with antibiotic resistance genes for stabilization. However, for use in humans, antibiotic selection of plasmids is not applicable, leading to segregational loss of the antigen-producing plasmid. Therefore, we developed an oral Ty21a-based vaccine platform technology, the JMU-SalVac-system (Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg) in which the antigen delivery plasmids (pSalVac-plasmid-series) are stabilized by a ΔtyrS/tyrS+-based balanced-lethal system (BLS). The system is made up of the chromosomal knockout of the essential tyrosyl-tRNA-synthetase gene (tyrS) and the in trans complementation of tyrS on the pSalVac-plasmid. Further novel functional features of the pSalVac-plasmids are the presence of two different expression cassettes for the expression of protein antigens. In this study, we present the construction of vaccine strains with BLS plasmids for antigen expression. The expression of cytosolic and secreted mRFP and cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) proteins as model antigens is used to demonstrate the versatility of the approach. As proof of concept, we show the induction of previously described in vivo inducible promoters cloned into pSalVac-plasmids during infection of primary macrophages and demonstrate the expression of model vaccine antigens in these relevant human target cells. Therefore, antigen delivery strains developed with the JMU-SalVac technology are promising, safe and stable vaccine strains to be used against mucosal infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joachim Diessner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Birgit Bergmann
- Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany;
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3
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Abdel-Haq H. Feasibility of Using a Type I IFN-Based Non-Animal Approach to Predict Vaccine Efficacy and Safety Profiles. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:583. [PMID: 38932312 PMCID: PMC11209158 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal-based tests are used for the control of vaccine quality. However, because highly purified and safe vaccines are now available, alternative approaches that can replace or reduce animal use for the assessment of vaccine outcomes must be established. In vitro tests for vaccine quality control exist and have already been implemented. However, these tests are specifically designed for some next-generation vaccines, and this makes them not readily available for testing other vaccines. Therefore, universal non-animal tests are still needed. Specific signatures of the innate immune response could represent a promising approach to predict the outcome of vaccines by non-animal methods. Type I interferons (IFNs) have multiple immunomodulatory activities, which are exerted through effectors called interferon stimulated genes (ISGs), and are one of the most important immune signatures that might provide potential candidate molecular biomarkers for this purpose. This paper will mainly examine if this idea might be feasible by analyzing all relevant published studies that have provided type I IFN-related biomarkers for evaluating the safety and efficacy profiles of vaccines using an advanced transcriptomic approach as an alternative to the animal methods. Results revealed that such an approach could potentially provide biomarkers predictive of vaccine outcomes after addressing some limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanin Abdel-Haq
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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4
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Kunjapur AM. Planting a chemical flag on antigens. Science 2024; 384:41-42. [PMID: 38574130 DOI: 10.1126/science.ado4537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Next-generation live vaccines are created by autonomous production of nitrated antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya M Kunjapur
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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5
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Nagasawa Y, Nakayama M, Kato Y, Ogawa Y, Aribam SD, Tsugami Y, Iwata T, Mikami O, Sugiyama A, Onishi M, Hayashi T, Eguchi M. A novel vaccine strategy using quick and easy conversion of bacterial pathogens to unnatural amino acid-auxotrophic suicide derivatives. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0355723. [PMID: 38385737 PMCID: PMC10986568 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03557-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
We propose a novel strategy for quick and easy preparation of suicide live vaccine candidates against bacterial pathogens. This method requires only the transformation of one or more plasmids carrying genes encoding for two types of biological devices, an unnatural amino acid (uAA) incorporation system and toxin-antitoxin systems in which translation of the antitoxins requires the uAA incorporation. Escherichia coli BL21-AI laboratory strains carrying the plasmids were viable in the presence of the uAA, whereas the free toxins killed these strains after the removal of the uAA. The survival time after uAA removal could be controlled by the choice of the uAA incorporation system and toxin-antitoxin systems. Multilayered toxin-antitoxin systems suppressed escape frequency to less than 1 escape per 109 generations in the best case. This conditional suicide system also worked in Salmonella enterica and E. coli clinical isolates. The S. enterica vaccine strains were attenuated with a >105 fold lethal dose. Serum IgG response and protection against the parental pathogenic strain were confirmed. In addition, the live E. coli vaccine strain was significantly more immunogenic and provided greater protection than a formalin-inactivated vaccine. The live E. coli vaccine was not detected after inoculation, presumably because the uAA is not present in the host animals or the natural environment. These results suggest that this strategy provides a novel way to rapidly produce safe and highly immunogenic live bacterial vaccine candidates. IMPORTANCE Live vaccines are the oldest vaccines with a history of more than 200 years. Due to their strong immunogenicity, live vaccines are still an important category of vaccines today. However, the development of live vaccines has been challenging due to the difficulties in achieving a balance between safety and immunogenicity. In recent decades, the frequent emergence of various new and old pathogens at risk of causing pandemics has highlighted the need for rapid vaccine development processes. We have pioneered the use of uAAs to control gene expression and to conditionally kill host bacteria as a biological containment system. This report proposes a quick and easy conversion of bacterial pathogens into live vaccine candidates using this containment system. The balance between safety and immunogenicity can be modulated by the selection of the genetic devices used. Moreover, the uAA-auxotrophy can prevent the vaccine from infecting other individuals or establishing the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Nagasawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Momoko Nakayama
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kato
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Ogawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Swarmistha Devi Aribam
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yusaku Tsugami
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Iwata
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Osamu Mikami
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Aoi Sugiyama
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Megumi Onishi
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tomohito Hayashi
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masahiro Eguchi
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Thiaucourt F, Exbrayat A, Loire E, Boissière A, Nwankpa N, Manso-Silván L. Deep sequencing and variant frequency analysis for the quality control of a live bacterial vaccine against contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, strain T1. Vaccine 2024; 42:1868-1872. [PMID: 38365481 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most cost-effective tool to control contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. The vaccines currently used in Africa are derived from a live strain called T1, which was attenuated by passage in embryonated eggs and broth culture. The number of passages is directly correlated to the degree of attenuation of the vaccinal strains and inversely correlated to their immunogenicity in cattle. Current quality control protocols applied to vaccine batches allow the assessment of identity, purity, and titers, but cannot assess the level of genetic drift form the parental vaccine strains. Deep sequencing was used to assess the genetic drift generated over controlled in vitro passages of the parental strain, as well as on commercial vaccine batches. Signatures of cloning procedures were detected in some batches, which imply a deviation from the standard production protocol. Deep sequencing is proposed as a new tool for the identity and stability control of T1 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Thiaucourt
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier, France; ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Antoni Exbrayat
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier, France; ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, F-34398 Montpellier, France.
| | - Etienne Loire
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier, France; ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, F-34398 Montpellier, France.
| | - Anne Boissière
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier, France; ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, F-34398 Montpellier, France.
| | - Nick Nwankpa
- Pan-African Veterinary Vaccine Centre of the African Union (AU -PANVAC), PO Box 1746, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Lucía Manso-Silván
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier, France; ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, F-34398 Montpellier, France.
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Li YA, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Dieye Y, Wang S, Shi H. Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis vector outperforms alum as an adjuvant, increasing a cross-protective immune response against Glaesserella parasuis. Vet Microbiol 2023; 287:109915. [PMID: 38000209 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The adjuvant and/or vector significantly affect a vaccine's efficacy. Although traditional adjuvants such as alum have contributed to vaccine development, deficiencies in the induction of cellular and mucosal immunity have limited their further promotion. Salmonella vectors have unique advantages for establishing cellular and mucosal immunity due to mucosal pathways of invasion and intracellular parasitism. In addition, Salmonella vectors can activate multiple innate immune pathways, thereby promoting adaptive immune responses. In this work, the attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis (S. Choleraesuis) vector rSC0016 was used to deliver the conserved protective antigen HPS_06257 of Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis), generating a novel recombinant strain rSC0016(pS-HPS_06257). The rSC0016(pS-HPS_06257) can express and deliver the HPS_06257 protein to the lymphatic system of the host. In comparison to HPS_06257 adjuvanted with alum, rSC0016(pS-HPS_06257) significantly increased TLR4 and TLR5 activation in mice as well as the levels of proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, rSC0016 promoted a greater degree of maturation in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) than alum. The specific humoral, mucosal, and cellular immune responses against HPS_06257 in mice immunized with rSC0016(pS-HPS_06257) were significantly higher than those of HPS_06257 adjuvanted with alum. HPS_06257 delivered by the S. Choleraesuis vector induces a Th1-biased Th1/Th2 mixed immune response, while HPS adjuvanted with alum can only induce a Th2-biased immune response. HPS_06257 adjuvanted with alum only causes opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) responses against a homologous strain (G. parasuis serotype 5, GPS5), whereas rSC0016(pS-HPS_06257) could generate cross-OPA responses against a homologous strain and a heterologous strain (G. parasuis serotype 12, GPS12). Ultimately, HPS_06257 adjuvanted with alum protected mice against lethal doses of GPS5 challenge by 60 % but failed to protect mice against lethal doses of GPS12. In contrast, mice immunized with rSC0016(pS-HPS_06257) had 100 % or 80 % survival when challenged with lethal doses of GPS5 or GPS12, respectively. Altogether, the S. Choleraesuis vector rSC0016 could potentially generate an improved innate immune response and an improved adaptive immunological response compared to the traditional alum adjuvant, offering a novel concept for the development of a universal G. parasuis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-An Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanni Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yakhya Dieye
- Groupe de Recherche Biotechnologies Appliquées & Bioprocédés Environnementaux (GRBA-BE), École Supérieure Polytechnique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar BP 5085, Senegal
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA
| | - Huoying Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University (JIRLAAPS), Yangzhou, China.
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Li Y, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Li Q, Wang S, Curtiss R, Shi H. A Bacterial mRNA-Lysis-Mediated Cargo Release Vaccine System for Regulated Cytosolic Surveillance and Optimized Antigen Delivery. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303568. [PMID: 37867213 PMCID: PMC10667801 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Engineered vector-based in vivo protein delivery platforms have made significant progress for both prophylactic and therapeutic applications. However, the lack of effective release strategies results in foreign cargo being trapped within the vector, restricting the provision of significant performance benefits and enhanced therapeutic results compared to traditional vaccines. Herein, the development of a Salmonella mRNA interferase regulation vector (SIRV) system is reported to overcome this challenge. The genetic circuits are engineered that (1) induce self-lysis to release foreign antigens into target cells and (2) activate the cytosolic surveillance cGAS-STING axis by releasing DNA into the cytoplasm. Delayed synthesis of the MazF interferase regulates differential mRNA cleavage, resulting in a 36-fold increase in the delivery of foreign antigens and modest activation of the inflammasome, which collectively contribute to the marked maturation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Bacteria delivering the protective antigen SaoA exhibits excellent immunogenicity and safety in mouse and pig models, significantly improving the survival rate of animals challenged with multiple serotypes of Streptococcus suis. Thus, the SIRV system enables the effective integration of various modular components and antigen cargos, allowing for the generation of an extensive range of intracellular protein delivery systems using multiple bacterial species in a highly efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐an Li
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225000China
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou225000China
| | - Yanni Sun
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225000China
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou225000China
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225000China
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou225000China
| | - Quan Li
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225000China
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou225000China
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and ImmunologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL32611‐0880USA
| | - Roy Curtiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases and ImmunologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL32611‐0880USA
| | - Huoying Shi
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225000China
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou225000China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product SafetyYangzhou University (JIRLAAPS)Yangzhou225000China
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Sears KT, Nasrin S, Baliban SM, Council DN, Pasetti MF, Tennant SM. Evaluation of Three Candidate Live-Attenuated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Vaccines to Prevent Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Infection in an Infant Mouse Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1562. [PMID: 37896965 PMCID: PMC10610874 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica (NTS) is a leading cause of foodborne illness worldwide, including in the United States, where infants show the highest incidence amongst all age groups. S. enterica serovar Typhimurium is one of the most frequently isolated serovars from NTS infections. We have developed several candidate live-attenuated S. Typhimurium vaccines to prevent NTS infection. The goal of the current study was to assess three live S. Typhimurium vaccine strains (CVD 1921, CVD 1921 ∆htrA and CVD 1926, which have two, three and four gene deletions, respectively) with various levels of reactogenicity and immunogenicity in infant BALB/c mice to predict how they would perform following peroral immunization of infants. We first tested intranasal immunization of 14-day-old mice with three doses delivered at 1-week intervals and evaluated antibody responses and protection against lethal infection with wild-type S. Typhimurium. The vaccines were administered to 14-day-old mice via the peroral route at 1- or 2-week intervals and to 28-day-old mice at 2-week intervals. The three vaccine strains were immunogenic following intranasal immunization of infant mice with vaccine efficacies of 80% (CVD 1921), 63% (CVD 1921 ∆htrA) and 31% (CVD 1926). In contrast, peroral immunization of 14-day-old mice yielded much poorer protection against lethal infection and only immunization of 28-day-old mice at 2-week intervals showed similar protective capacity as intranasal administration (CVD 1921: 83%, CVD 1921 ∆htrA: 43% and CVD 1926: 58%). CVD 1921 was consistently more protective than both CVD 1921 ∆htrA and CVD 1926, regardless of the route of vaccination, immunization schedule and age of mice. Anti-LPS serum IgG responses were similar between the three strains and did not correlate with protection. Due to previously observed reactogenicity of CVD 1921, CVD 1921 ∆htrA and CVD 1926 are our preferred vaccines, but these data show that further improvements would need to be made to achieve suitable protection in young infants when using peroral immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khandra T. Sears
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.T.S.); (S.M.B.); (M.F.P.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Shamima Nasrin
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.T.S.); (S.M.B.); (M.F.P.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Scott M. Baliban
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.T.S.); (S.M.B.); (M.F.P.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Danielle N. Council
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.T.S.); (S.M.B.); (M.F.P.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Marcela F. Pasetti
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.T.S.); (S.M.B.); (M.F.P.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Sharon M. Tennant
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.T.S.); (S.M.B.); (M.F.P.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Zhou G, Tian J, Tian Y, Ma Q, Li Q, Wang S, Shi H. Recombinant-attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis vector expressing the PlpE protein of Pasteurella multocida protects mice from lethal challenge. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:128. [PMID: 37598169 PMCID: PMC10439597 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03679-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial surface proteins play key roles in pathogenicity and often contribute to microbial adhesion and invasion. Pasteurella lipoprotein E (PlpE), a Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) surface protein, has recently been identified as a potential vaccine candidate. Live attenuated Salmonella strains have a number of potential advantages as vaccine vectors, including immunization with live vector can mimic natural infections by organisms, lead to the induction of mucosal, humoral, and cellular immune responses. In this study, a previously constructed recombinant attenuated Salmonella Choleraesuis (S. Choleraesuis) vector rSC0016 was used to synthesize and secrete the surface protein PlpE of P. multocida to form the vaccine candidate rSC0016(pS-PlpE). Subsequently, the immunogenicity of S. Choleraesuis rSC0016(pS-PlpE) as an oral vaccine to induce protective immunity against P. multocida in mice was evaluated. RESULTS After immunization, the recombinant attenuated S. Choleraesuis vector can efficiently delivered P. multocida PlpE protein in vivo and induced a specific immune response against this heterologous antigen in mice. In addition, compared with the inactivated vaccine, empty vector (rSC0016(pYA3493)) and PBS immunized groups, the rSC0016(pS-PlpE) vaccine candidate group induced higher antigen-specific mucosal, humoral and mixed Th1/Th2 cellular immune responses. After intraperitoneal challenge, the rSC0016(pS-PlpE) immunized group had a markedly enhanced survival rate (80%), a better protection efficiency than 60% of the inactivated vaccine group, and significantly reduced tissue damage. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our study found that the rSC0016(pS-PlpE) vaccine candidate provided good protection against challenge with wild-type P. multocida serotype A in a mouse infection model, and may potentially be considered for use as a universal vaccine against multiple serotypes of P. multocida in livestock, including pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jiashuo Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yichen Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Qifeng Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Quan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0880, USA
| | - Huoying Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University (JIRLAAPS), Yangzhou, China.
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11
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Bedi R, Bayless NL, Glanville J. Challenges and Progress in Designing Broad-Spectrum Vaccines Against Rapidly Mutating Viruses. Annu Rev Biomed Data Sci 2023; 6:419-441. [PMID: 37196356 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-020722-041304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Viruses evolve to evade prior immunity, causing significant disease burden. Vaccine effectiveness deteriorates as pathogens mutate, requiring redesign. This is a problem that has grown worse due to population increase, global travel, and farming practices. Thus, there is significant interest in developing broad-spectrum vaccines that mitigate disease severity and ideally inhibit disease transmission without requiring frequent updates. Even in cases where vaccines against rapidly mutating pathogens have been somewhat effective, such as seasonal influenza and SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), designing vaccines that provide broad-spectrum immunity against routinely observed viral variation remains a desirable but not yet achieved goal. This review highlights the key theoretical advances in understanding the interplay between polymorphism and vaccine efficacy, challenges in designing broad-spectrum vaccines, and technology advances and possible avenues forward. We also discuss data-driven approaches for monitoring vaccine efficacy and predicting viral escape from vaccine-induced protection. In each case, we consider illustrative examples in vaccine development from influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)-three examples of highly prevalent rapidly mutating viruses with distinct phylogenetics and unique histories of vaccine technology development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Bedi
- Centivax Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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12
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Zhou G, Zhao Y, Ma Q, Li Q, Wang S, Shi H. Manipulation of host immune defenses by effector proteins delivered from multiple secretion systems of Salmonella and its application in vaccine research. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1152017. [PMID: 37081875 PMCID: PMC10112668 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1152017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is an important zoonotic bacterial species and hazardous for the health of human beings and livestock globally. Depending on the host, Salmonella can cause diseases ranging from gastroenteritis to life-threatening systemic infection. In this review, we discuss the effector proteins used by Salmonella to evade or manipulate four different levels of host immune defenses: commensal flora, intestinal epithelial-mucosal barrier, innate and adaptive immunity. At present, Salmonella has evolved a variety of strategies against host defense mechanisms, among which various effector proteins delivered by the secretory systems play a key role. During its passage through the digestive system, Salmonella has to face the intact intestinal epithelial barrier as well as competition with commensal flora. After invasion of host cells, Salmonella manipulates inflammatory pathways, ubiquitination and autophagy processes with the help of effector proteins. Finally, Salmonella evades the adaptive immune system by interfering the migration of dendritic cells and interacting with T and B lymphocytes. In conclusion, Salmonella can manipulate multiple aspects of host defense to promote its replication in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuying Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qifeng Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Quan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Huoying Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University (JIRLAAPS), Yangzhou, China
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13
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García P, Moscoso M, Fuentes-Valverde V, Rodicio MR, Herrera-León S, Bou G. A highly-safe live auxotrophic vaccine protecting against disease caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella Typhimurium in mice. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2023; 56:324-336. [PMID: 37610206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) has become an important intestinal pathogen worldwide and is responsible for lethal invasive infections in populations at risk. There is at present an unmet need for preventive vaccines. METHODS IRTA GN-3728 genome was sequenced by Illumina and d-glutamate and d-glutamate/d-alanine knockout-auxotrophs were constructed. They were characterized using electron microscopy, growth/viability curves, reversion analysis, and motility/agglutination assays. Their potential as vaccine candidates were explored using two BALB/c mouse models for Salmonella infections: a systemic and an intestinal inflammation. Clinical signs/body weight and survival were monitored, mucosal lactoferrin and specific/cross-reactive IgA/IgG were quantified by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assays and bacterial shedding/burden in fecal/tissues were evaluated. RESULTS The d-glutamate auxotroph, IRTA ΔmurI, is highly attenuated, immunogenic and fully protective against systemic infection. The IRTA ΔmurI Δalr ΔdadX double auxotroph, constructed to reinforce vaccine safety, showed a higher level of attenuation and was 100% effective against systemic disease. In the intestinal model, it proved to be safe, yielding a low-degree of mucosal inflammation, short-term shedding and undetectable invasiveness in the long-term, while eliciting cross-reactive fecal IgA/serum IgG against clinically relevant multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. Typhimurium strains. It also conferred protection against homologous oral challenge, and protected mice from local and extra-intestinal dissemination caused by one MDR strain responsible for an international outbreak of highly severe human infections. Additionally, oral vaccination promoted extended survival after lethal heterologous infection. CONCLUSION This study yielded a very safe S. Typhimurium vaccine candidate that could be further refined for mucosal application against disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia García
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC) - Biomedical Research Institute A Coruña (INIBIC), 15006 - A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Miriam Moscoso
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC) - Biomedical Research Institute A Coruña (INIBIC), 15006 - A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Víctor Fuentes-Valverde
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC) - Biomedical Research Institute A Coruña (INIBIC), 15006 - A Coruña, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 - Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Rosario Rodicio
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 - Oviedo, Spain; Grupo de Microbiología Traslacional, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 - Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Silvia Herrera-León
- Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Enfermedades Bacterianas Transmitidas por Alimentos, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Germán Bou
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC) - Biomedical Research Institute A Coruña (INIBIC), 15006 - A Coruña, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 - Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Nishikawa S, Ogawa Y, Shiraiwa K, Nozawa R, Nakayama M, Eguchi M, Shimoji Y. Rational Design of Live-Attenuated Vaccines against Genome-Reduced Pathogens. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0377622. [PMID: 36453908 PMCID: PMC9769512 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03776-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop safe and highly effective live vaccines, rational vaccine design is necessary. Here, we sought a simple approach to rationally develop a safe attenuated vaccine against the genome-reduced pathogen Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. We examined the mRNA expression of all conserved amino acid biosynthetic genes remaining in the genome after the reductive evolution of E. rhusiopathiae. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that half of the 14 genes examined were upregulated during the infection of murine J774A.1 macrophages. Gene deletion was possible only for three proline biosynthesis genes, proB, proA, and proC, the last of which was upregulated 29-fold during infection. Five mutants bearing an in-frame deletion of one (ΔproB, ΔproA, or ΔproC mutant), two (ΔproBA mutant), or three (ΔproBAC mutant) genes exhibited attenuated growth during J774A.1 infection, and the attenuation and vaccine efficacy of these mutants were confirmed in mice and pigs. Thus, for the rational design of live vaccines against genome-reduced bacteria, the selective targeting of genes that escaped chromosomal deletions during evolution may be a simple approach for identifying genes which are specifically upregulated during infection. IMPORTANCE Identification of bacterial genes that are specifically upregulated during infection can lead to the rational construction of live vaccines. For this purpose, genome-based approaches, including DNA microarray analysis and IVET (in vivo expression technology), have been used so far; however, these methods can become laborious and time-consuming. In this study, we used a simple in silico approach and showed that in genome-reduced bacteria, the genes which evolutionarily remained conserved for metabolic adaptations during infection may be the best targets for the deletion and construction of live vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Nishikawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Ogawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Shiraiwa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Rieko Nozawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Momoko Nakayama
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Eguchi
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Shimoji
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
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15
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Long Q, Zheng P, Zheng X, Li W, Hua L, Yang Z, Huang W, Ma Y. Engineered bacterial membrane vesicles are promising carriers for vaccine design and tumor immunotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 186:114321. [PMID: 35533789 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) have emerged as novel and promising platforms for the development of vaccines and immunotherapeutic strategies against infectious and noninfectious diseases. The rich microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and nanoscale membrane vesicle structure of BMVs make them highly immunogenic. In addition, BMVs can be endowed with more functions via genetic and chemical modifications. This article reviews the immunological characteristics and effects of BMVs, techniques for BMV production and modification, and the applications of BMVs as vaccines or vaccine carriers. In summary, given their versatile characteristics and immunomodulatory properties, BMVs can be used for clinical vaccine or immunotherapy applications.
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16
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Li YA, Sun Y, Fu Y, Zhang Y, Li Q, Wang S, Shi H. Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis vector delivering a dual-antigen expression cassette provides mouse cross-protection against Streptococcus suis serotypes 2, 7, 9, and 1/2. Vet Res 2022; 53:46. [PMID: 35733156 PMCID: PMC9215036 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A universal vaccine protecting against multiple serotypes of Streptococcus suis is urgently needed to improve animal welfare and reduce the consumption of antibiotics. In this study, a dual antigen expression cassette consisting of SS2-SaoA and SS9-Eno was delivered by a recombinant Salmonella Choleraesuis vector to form the vaccine candidate rSC0016(pS-SE). SaoA and Eno were simultaneously synthesized in rSC0016(pS-SE) without affecting the colonization of the recombinant vector in the lymphatic system. In addition, the antiserum of mice immunized with rSC0016(pS-SE) produced a broader and potent opsonophagocytic response against multiple serotypes of S. suis. Finally, rSC0016(pS-SE) provided mice with a 100% protection against a lethal dose of parent S. suis serotype 2 and serotype 9, and provided 90% and 80% protection against heterologous S. suis serotype 7 or 1/2. These values were significantly higher than those obtained with rSC0016(pS-SaoA) or rSC0016(pS-Eno). Together, this study serves as a foundation for developing a universal vaccine against multiple serotypes of S. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-An Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanni Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yang Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Quan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0880, USA
| | - Huoying Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China. .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University (JIRLAAPS), Yangzhou, China.
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17
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Neisseria meningitidis Factor H Binding Protein Surface Exposure on Salmonella Typhimurium GMMA Is Critical to Induce an Effective Immune Response against Both Diseases. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060726. [PMID: 34207575 PMCID: PMC8229706 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
GMMA, outer membrane vesicles resulting from hyperblebbing mutated bacterial strains, are a versatile vaccine platform for displaying both homologous and heterologous antigens. Periplasmic expression is a popular technique for protein expression in the lumen of the blebs. However, the ability of internalized antigens to induce antibody responses has not been extensively investigated. Herein, the Neisseria meningitidis factor H binding protein (fHbp) was heterologously expressed in the lumen of O-antigen positive (OAg+) and O-antigen negative (OAg−) Salmonella Typhimurium GMMA. Only the OAg− GMMA induced an anti-fHbp IgG response in mice if formulated on Alum, although it was weak and much lower compared to the recombinant fHbp. The OAg− GMMA on Alum showed partial instability, with possible exposure of fHbp to the immune system. When we chemically conjugated fHbp to the surface of both OAg+ and OAg− GMMA, these constructs induced a stronger functional response compared to the fHbp immunization alone. Moreover, the OAg+ GMMA construct elicited a strong response against both the target antigens (fHbp and OAg), with no immune interference observed. This result suggests that antigen localization on GMMA surface can play a critical role in the induction of an effective immune response and can encourage the development of GMMA based vaccines delivering key protective antigens on their surface.
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18
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Synthesis and delivery of Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharides by recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2013350118. [PMID: 33380455 PMCID: PMC7812815 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013350118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal infection-caused diseases are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Traditional pneumococcal vaccines are developed based on purified capsular polysaccharides (CPS) or CPS conjugated to a protein carrier. Production processes of the traditional vaccines are laborious, and thereby increase the vaccine cost and limit their use in developing nations. A cost-effective pneumococcal vaccine using the recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccine (RASV) was developed in this study. We cloned and expressed genes for seven serotypes of CPSs in the RASV strain. The RASV-delivered CPSs induced robust humoral and cell-mediated responses and mediated efficient protection of mice against pneumococcal infection. Our work provides an innovative strategy for mass producing low-cost bioconjugated polysaccharide vaccines for needle-free mucosal delivery against pneumococcal infections. Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) are major determinants of bacterial pathogenicity. CPSs of different serotypes form the main components of the pneumococcal vaccines Pneumovax, Prevnar7, and Prevnar13, which substantially reduced the S. pneumoniae disease burden in developed countries. However, the laborious production processes of traditional polysaccharide-based vaccines have raised the cost of the vaccines and limited their impact in developing countries. The aim of this study is to develop a kind of low-cost live vaccine based on using the recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccine (RASV) system to protect against pneumococcal infections. We cloned genes for seven different serotypes of CPSs to be expressed by the RASV strain. Oral immunization of mice with the RASV-CPS strains elicited robust Th1 biased adaptive immune responses. All the CPS-specific antisera mediated opsonophagocytic killing of the corresponding serotype of S. pneumoniae in vitro. The RASV-CPS2 and RASV-CPS3 strains provided efficient protection of mice against challenge infections with either S. pneumoniae strain D39 or WU2. Synthesis and delivery of S. pneumoniae CPSs using the RASV strains provide an innovative strategy for low-cost pneumococcal vaccine development, production, and use.
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19
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Akgul A, Maddaloni M, Jun SM, Nelson AS, Odreman VA, Hoffman C, Bhagyaraj E, Voigt A, Abbott JR, Nguyen CQ, Pascual DW. Stimulation of regulatory T cells with Lactococcus lactis expressing enterotoxigenic E. coli colonization factor antigen 1 retains salivary flow in a genetic model of Sjögren's syndrome. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:99. [PMID: 33823920 PMCID: PMC8022426 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02475-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sjögren's syndrome (SjS), one of the most common autoimmune diseases, impacts millions of people annually. SjS results from autoimmune attack on exocrine (salivary and lacrimal) glands, and women are nine times more likely to be affected than men. To date, no vaccine or therapeutic exists to treat SjS, and patients must rely on lifelong therapies to alleviate symptoms. METHODS Oral treatment with the adhesin from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) fimbriae protects against several autoimmune diseases in an antigen (Ag)-independent manner. Lactococcus lactis, which was recently adapted to express CFA/I fimbriae (LL-CFA/I), effectively suppresses inflammation by the induction of infectious tolerance via Ag-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs), that produce IL-10 and TGF-β. To test the hypothesis that CFA/I fimbriae can offset the development of inflammatory T cells via Treg induction, oral treatments with LL-CFA/I were performed on the spontaneous, genetically defined model for SjS, C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 mice to maintain salivary flow. RESULTS Six-week (wk)-old C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 mice were orally dosed with LL-CFA/I and treated every 3 wks; control groups were given L. lactis vector or PBS. LL-CFA/I-treated mice retained salivary flow up to 28 wks of age and showed significantly reduced incidence of inflammatory infiltration into the submandibular and lacrimal glands relative to PBS-treated mice. A significant increase in Foxp3+ and IL-10- and TGF-β-producing Tregs was observed. Moreover, LL-CFA/I significantly reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-17, GM-CSF, and IFN-γ. Adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells from LL-CFA/I-treated, not LL vector-treated mice, restored salivary flow in diseased SjS mice. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that oral LL-CFA/I reduce or halts SjS progression, and these studies will provide the basis for future testing in SjS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Akgul
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Massimo Maddaloni
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Sang Mu Jun
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Andrew S Nelson
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Vanessa Aguilera Odreman
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Carol Hoffman
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Ella Bhagyaraj
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Alexandria Voigt
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Abbott
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, WA, 99164, United States
| | - Cuong Q Nguyen
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - David W Pascual
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States.
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20
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Sears KT, Galen JE, Tennant SM. Advances in the development of Salmonella-based vaccine strategies for protection against Salmonellosis in humans. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2640-2658. [PMID: 33665941 PMCID: PMC9292744 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are important human pathogens globally causing millions of cases of typhoid fever and non‐typhoidal salmonellosis annually. There are only a few vaccines licensed for use in humans which all target Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Vaccine development is hampered by antigenic diversity between the thousands of serovars capable of causing infection in humans. However, a number of attenuated candidate vaccine strains are currently being developed. As facultative intracellular pathogens with multiple systems for transporting effector proteins to host cells, attenuated Salmonella strains can also serve as ideal tools for the delivery of foreign antigens to create multivalent live carrier vaccines for simultaneous immunization against several unrelated pathogens. Further, the ease with which Salmonella can be genetically modified and the extensive knowledge of the virulence mechanisms of this pathogen means that this bacterium has often served as a model organism to test new approaches. In this review we focus on (1) recent advances in live attenuated Salmonella vaccine development, (2) improvements in expression of foreign antigens in carrier vaccines and (3) adaptation of attenuated strains as sources of purified antigens and vesicles that can be used for subunit and conjugate vaccines or together with attenuated vaccine strains in heterologous prime‐boosting immunization strategies. These advances have led to the development of new vaccines against Salmonella which have or will soon be tested in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Sears
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J E Galen
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S M Tennant
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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21
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Galen JE, Wahid R, Buskirk AD. Strategies for Enhancement of Live-Attenuated Salmonella-Based Carrier Vaccine Immunogenicity. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:162. [PMID: 33671124 PMCID: PMC7923097 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of live-attenuated bacterial vaccines as carriers for the mucosal delivery of foreign antigens to stimulate the mucosal immune system was first proposed over three decades ago. This novel strategy aimed to induce immunity against at least two distinct pathogens using a single bivalent carrier vaccine. It was first tested using a live-attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strain in clinical trials in 1984, with excellent humoral immune responses against the carrier strain but only modest responses elicited against the foreign antigen. Since then, clinical trials with additional Salmonella-based carrier vaccines have been conducted. As with the original trial, only modest foreign antigen-specific immunity was achieved in most cases, despite the incorporation of incremental improvements in antigen expression technologies and carrier design over the years. In this review, we will attempt to deconstruct carrier vaccine immunogenicity in humans by examining the basis of bacterial immunity in the human gastrointestinal tract and how the gut detects and responds to pathogens versus benign commensal organisms. Carrier vaccine design will then be explored to determine the feasibility of retaining as many characteristics of a pathogen as possible to elicit robust carrier and foreign antigen-specific immunity, while avoiding over-stimulation of unacceptably reactogenic inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Galen
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Rezwanul Wahid
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Amanda D. Buskirk
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Process and Facilities, Division of Microbiology Assessment II, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA;
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22
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Directed attenuation to enhance vaccine immunity. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008602. [PMID: 33524036 PMCID: PMC7877766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viral infections can be prevented by immunizing with live, attenuated vaccines. Early methods of attenuation were hit-and-miss, now much improved by genetic engineering. However, even current methods operate on the principle of genetic harm, reducing the virus’s ability to grow. Reduced viral growth has the undesired side-effect of reducing the host immune response below that of infection with wild-type. Might some methods of attenuation instead lead to an increased immune response? We use mathematical models of the dynamics of virus with innate and adaptive immunity to explore the tradeoff between attenuation of virus pathology and immunity. We find that modification of some virus immune-evasion pathways can indeed reduce pathology yet enhance immunity. Thus, attenuated vaccines can, in principle, be directed to be safe yet create better immunity than is elicited by the wild-type virus. Live attenuated virus vaccines are among the most effective interventions to combat viral infections. Historically, the mechanism of attenuation has involved genetically reducing the viral growth rate, often achieved by adapting the virus to grow in a novel condition. More recent attenuation methods use genetic engineering but also are thought to impair viral growth rate. These classical attenuations typically result in a tradeoff whereby attenuation depresses the within-host viral load and pathology (which is beneficial to vaccine design), but reduces immunity (which is not beneficial). We use models to explore ways of directing the attenuation of a virus to avoid this tradeoff. We show that directed attenuation by interfering with (some) viral immune-evasion pathways can yield a mild infection but elicit higher levels of immunity than of the wild-type virus.
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Refinement of a Live Attenuated Salmonella enterica Serovar Newport Vaccine with Improved Safety. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9010057. [PMID: 33467190 PMCID: PMC7829832 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a major cause of gastroenteritis and is responsible for approximately 93 million cases annually. In healthy individuals, gastroenteritis caused by NTS is usually self-limiting, however, NTS can cause severe invasive disease in immunocompromised patients. Very little research has been directed towards development of vaccines against Salmonella serogroups O:6,7 or O:8. We have constructed a live attenuated serogroup O:8 vaccine, CVD 1979, by deleting guaBA, htrA, and aroA from the genome of S. Newport. We have shown that the candidate vaccine is well tolerated in mice and elicits serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against core O-polysaccharide (COPS) when administered orally. Immunized mice were challenged intraperitoneally with wild-type S. Newport and bacterial burden in the liver and spleen was found to be significantly reduced in the livers of immunized mice compared to control mice. We also observed moderate vaccine efficacy (45%) against lethal challenge with the serogroup O:8 serovar, S. Muenchen, but low vaccine efficacy (28%) following lethal challenge with a serogroup O:6,7 serovar, S. Virchow. In vitro, we have shown that antibodies generated by CVD 1979 only recognize lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from serogroup O:8 but not serogroup O:6,7 serovars, and that they mediate opsonophagocytic antibody (OPA) activity against serogroup O:8 but not serogroup O:6,7 serovars. We also showed that OPA activity can be blocked by pre-incubating the antisera with serogroup O:8 lipopolysaccharide. Taken together, our data demonstrate that we have constructed a well-tolerated, effective live attenuated S. Newport vaccine which elicits functional antibodies against serogroup O:8 but not O:6,7 serovars.
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Zhao X, Zeng X, Dai Q, Hou Y, Zhu D, Wang M, Jia R, Chen S, Liu M, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Huang J, Ou X, Mao S, Gao Q, Zhang L, Liu Y, Yu Y, Cheng A. Immunogenicity and protection efficacy of a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium fnr, arcA and fliC mutant. Vaccine 2020; 39:588-595. [PMID: 33341307 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a major food-borne pathogen that can cause self-limited gastroenteritis or life-threatening invasive diseases in humans. There is no licensed S. Typhimurium vaccine for humans to date. In this study, we attempted to construct a live attenuated vaccine strain of S. Typhimurium based on three genes, namely, the two global regulator genes fnr and arcA and the flagellin subunit gene fliC. The S. Typhimurium three-gene mutant, named SLT39 (ΔfnrΔarcAΔfliC), exhibited a high level of attenuation with a colonization defect in mouse tissues and approximately 104-fold decreased virulence compared with that of the wild-type strain. To evaluate the immunogenicity and protection efficacy of STL39, mice were inoculated twice with a dose of 107 CFU or 108 CFU at a 28-day interval, and the immunized mice were challenged with a lethal dose of the wild-type S. Typhimurium strain one month post second immunization. Compared with mock immunization, SLT39 immunization with either dose elicited significant serum total IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a and faecal IgA responses against inactivated S. Typhimurium antigens at a comparable level post second immunization, whereas the 108 CFU group induced higher levels of duodenal and caecal IgA than the 107 CFU group. Furthermore, the bacterial loads in mouse tissues, including Peyer's patches, spleen and liver, significantly decreased in the two SLT39 immunization groups compared to those in the control group post challenge. Additionally, all mice in the SLT39 (108 CFU) group and 80% of the mice in the SLT39 (107 CFU) group survived the lethal challenge, suggesting full protection and 80% protection efficacy, respectively. Thus, the S. Typhimurium fnr, arcA and fliC mutant proved to be a potential attenuated live vaccine candidate for prevention of homologous infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zhao
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoli Zeng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qinlong Dai
- Liziping National Nature Reserve, Shimian, Sichuan, China
| | - Yulong Hou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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25
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Fok JA, Mayer C. Genetic-Code-Expansion Strategies for Vaccine Development. Chembiochem 2020; 21:3291-3300. [PMID: 32608153 PMCID: PMC7361271 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
By providing long-term protection against infectious diseases, vaccinations have significantly reduced death and morbidity worldwide. In the 21st century, (bio)technological advances have paved the way for developing prophylactic vaccines that are safer and more effective as well as enabling the use of vaccines as therapeutics to treat human diseases. Here, we provide a focused review of the utility of genetic code expansion as an emerging tool for the development of vaccines. Specifically, we discuss how the incorporation of immunogenic noncanonical amino acids can aid in eliciting immune responses against adverse self-proteins and highlight the potential of an expanded genetic code for the construction of replication-incompetent viruses. We close the review by discussing the future prospects and remaining challenges for the application of these approaches in the development of both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle A. Fok
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49474 AGGroningen (TheNetherlands
| | - Clemens Mayer
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49474 AGGroningen (TheNetherlands
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26
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Troxell B, Mendoza M, Ali R, Koci M, Hassan H. Attenuated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium, Strain NC983, Is Immunogenic, and Protective against Virulent Typhimurium Challenges in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040646. [PMID: 33153043 PMCID: PMC7711481 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars are significant health burden worldwide. Although much effort has been devoted to developing typhoid-based vaccines for humans, currently there is no NTS vaccine available. Presented here is the efficacy of a live attenuated serovar Typhimurium strain (NC983). Oral delivery of strain NC983 was capable of fully protecting C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice against challenge with virulent Typhimurium. Strain NC983 was found to elicit an anti-Typhimurium IgG response following administration of vaccine and boosting doses. Furthermore, in competition experiments with virulent S. Typhimurium (ATCC 14028), NC983 was highly defective in colonization of the murine liver and spleen. Collectively, these results indicate that strain NC983 is a potential live attenuated vaccine strain that warrants further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Troxell
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (B.T.); (M.M.); (R.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Mary Mendoza
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (B.T.); (M.M.); (R.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Rizwana Ali
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (B.T.); (M.M.); (R.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Matthew Koci
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (B.T.); (M.M.); (R.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Hosni Hassan
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (B.T.); (M.M.); (R.A.); (M.K.)
- Microbiology Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +919-515-7081; Fax: +919-515-2625
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Mohammadzadeh R, Ghazvini K, Farsiani H, Soleimanpour S. Mycobacterium tuberculosis extracellular vesicles: exploitation for vaccine technology and diagnostic methods. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 47:13-33. [PMID: 33044878 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1830749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a fatal epidemic disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Pervasive latent infection, multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR- and XDR-TB), and TB/HIV co-infection make TB a global health problem, which emphasises the design and development of efficient vaccines and diagnostic biomarkers. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secretion is a conserved phenomenon in all the domains of life. Various cargos such as nucleic acids, toxins, lipoproteins, and enzymes have been recognised in these nano-sized vesicles that may be involved in bacterial physiology and pathogenesis. The intrinsic adjuvant effect, native immunogenic cargo, sensing by host immune cells, circulation in all body fluids, and comprehensive distribution of antigens introduce EVs as a promising tool for designing novel vaccines, diagnostic biomarkers, and drug delivery systems. Genetic engineering of the EV-producing bacteria and the subsequent production of proper EVs could facilitate the development of the EV-based therapeutic applications. Recently, it was demonstrated that thick-walled mycobacteria release EVs, which contain immunodominant cargos such as lipoglycans and lipoproteins. The present article is a comprehensive review on the recent findings of Mtb EVs biology and the exploitation of EVs for the vaccine technology and diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Mohammadzadeh
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hadi Farsiani
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saman Soleimanpour
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Reference Tuberculosis Laboratory, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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28
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Maiti B, Dubey S, Munang'andu HM, Karunasagar I, Karunasagar I, Evensen Ø. Application of Outer Membrane Protein-Based Vaccines Against Major Bacterial Fish Pathogens in India. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1362. [PMID: 32849496 PMCID: PMC7396620 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is one of the fastest-growing food-producing sectors in the world. However, its growth is hampered by various disease problems due to infectious microorganisms, including Gram-negative bacteria in finfish aquaculture. Disease control in aquaculture by use of antibiotics is not recommended as it leads to antibiotic residues in the final product, selection, and spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Therefore, focus is on disease prevention by vaccination. All Gram-negative bacteria possess surface-associated outer membrane proteins (OMPs), some of which have long been recognized as potential vaccine candidates. OMPs are essential for maintaining the integrity and selective permeability of the bacterial membrane and play a key role in adaptive responses of bacteria such as solute and ion uptake, iron acquisition, antimicrobial resistance, serum resistance, and bile salt resistance and some adhesins have virulence attributes. Antigenic diversity among bacterial strains even within the same bacterial species has constrained vaccine developments, but OMPs that are conserved across serotypes could be used as potential candidates in vaccine development, and several studies have demonstrated their efficacy and potential as vaccine candidates. In this review, we will look into the application of OMPs for the design of vaccines based on recombinant proteins, subunit vaccines, chimeric proteins, and DNA vaccines as new-generation vaccine candidates for major bacterial pathogens of fish for sustainable aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Maiti
- Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Mangaluru, India
| | - Saurabh Dubey
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hetron Mweemba Munang'andu
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Indrani Karunasagar
- Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Mangaluru, India
- NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, India
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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29
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Liu Q, Shen X, Bian X, Kong Q. Effect of deletion of gene cluster involved in synthesis of Enterobacterial common antigen on virulence and immunogenicity of live attenuated Salmonella vaccine when delivering heterologous Streptococcus pneumoniae antigen PspA. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:150. [PMID: 32513100 PMCID: PMC7278252 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01837-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) is a family-specific surface antigen shared by all members of the Enterobacteriaceae family. Previous studies showed that the loss of ECA results in Salmonella attenuation, indicating its usefulness as a vaccine candidate for Salmonella infection, but no studies have shown whether the mutation resulting from the deletion of the ECA operon in conjunction with other mutations could be used as an antigen vehicle for heterologous protein antigen delivery. RESULTS In this study, we introduced a nonpolar, defined ECA operon deletion into wild-type S. Typhimurium χ3761 and an attenuated vaccine strain χ9241, obtaining two isogenic ECA operon mutants, namely, χ12357 and χ12358, respectively. A number of in vitro and in vivo properties of the mutants were analyzed. We found that the loss of ECA did not affect the growth, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) production and motility of S. Typhimurium wild type strain χ3761 and its attenuated vaccine strain χ9241 but significantly affected the virulence when administered orally to BALB/c mice. Furthermore, the effects of the ECA mutation on the immunogenicity of a recombinant S. Typhimurium vaccine strain χ9241 when delivering the pneumococcal antigen PspA were determined. The result showed that the total anti-PspA IgG level of χ12358 (pYA4088) was slightly lower than that of χ9241 (pYA4088), but the protection rate was not compromised. CONCLUSIONS ECA affects virulence and benefits the Th2 immunity of Salmonella Typhimurium, therefore, it is feasible to use a reversible ECA mutant mode to design future Salmonella vaccine strains for heterologous protective antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection and Utilization, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuegang Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoping Bian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingke Kong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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Liu Q, Su H, Bian X, Wang S, Kong Q. Live attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium with monophosphoryl lipid A retains ability to induce T-cell and humoral immune responses against heterologous polysaccharide of Shigella flexneri 2a. Int J Med Microbiol 2020; 310:151427. [PMID: 32654768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2020.151427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri 2a (Sf2a) is one of the most frequently isolated Shigella strains that causes the endemic shigellosis in developing countries. In this study, we used recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccine (RASV) strains to deliver Sf2a O-antigen and characterized the immune responses induced by the vectored O-antigen. First, we identified genes sufficient for biosynthesis of Sf2a O-antigen. A plasmid containing the identified genes was then introduced into the RASV strains, which were manipulated to produce only the heterologous O-antigen and modified lipid A. After oral immunization of mice, we demonstrated that RASV strains could induce potent humoral immune responses as well as robust CD4+ T-cell responses against Sf2a Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and protect mice against virulent Sf2a challenge. The induced serum antibodies mediated high levels of Shigella-specific serum bactericidal activity and C3 deposition. Moreover, the IgG+ B220low/int BM cell and T follicular helper (Tfh) cell responses could also be triggered effectively. The live attenuated Salmonella with the modified lipid A delivering Sf2a O-antigen polysaccharide showed the same ability to induce immune responses against Sf2a LPS as the strain with the original lipid A. These findings underscore the potential of RASV delivered Sf2a O-antigen for induction of robust CD4+ T-cell and IgG responses and warrant further studies toward the development of Shigella vaccine candidates with RASV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Huali Su
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, FL, USA
| | - Xiaoping Bian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, FL, USA
| | - Qingke Kong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, China; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, FL, USA.
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31
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Li YA, Chen Y, Du YZ, Guo W, Chu D, Fan J, Wang X, Bellefleur M, Wang S, Shi H. Live-attenuated Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis vaccine with regulated delayed fur mutation confer protection against Streptococcus suis in mice. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:129. [PMID: 32381017 PMCID: PMC7203871 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02340-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recombinant Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis (S. Choleraesuis) vaccine vector could be used to deliver heterologous antigens to prevent and control pig diseases. We have previously shown that a live-attenuated S. Choleraesuis vaccine candidate strain rSC0011 (ΔPcrp527::TT araC PBADcrp Δpmi-2426 ΔrelA199::araC PBADlacI TT ΔasdA33, Δ, deletion, TT, terminator) delivering SaoA, a conserved surface protein in most of S. suis serotypes, provided excellent protection against S. suis challenge, but occasionally lead to morbidity (enteritidis) in vaccinated mice (approximately 1 in every 10 mice). Thus, alternated attenuation method was sought to reduce the reactogenicity of strain rSC0011. Herein, we described another recombinant attenuated S. Choleraesuis vector, rSC0012 (ΔPfur88:: TT araC PBADfur Δpmi-2426 ΔrelA199:: araC PBADlacI TT ΔasdA33) with regulated delayed fur mutation to avoid inducing disease symptoms while exhibiting a high degree of immunogenicity. Results The strain rSC0012 strain with the ΔPfur88::TT araC PBADfur mutation induced less production of inflammatory cytokines than strain rSC0011 with the ΔPcrp527::TT araC PBADcrp mutation in mice. When delivering the same pS-SaoA plasmid, the intraperitoneal LD50 of rSC0012 was 18.2 times higher than that of rSC0011 in 3-week-old BALB/C mice. rSC0012 with either pS-SaoA or pYA3493 was cleared from spleen and liver tissues 7 days earlier than rSC0011 with same vectors after oral inoculation. The strain rSC0012 synthesizing SaoA induced high titers of anti-SaoA antibodies in both systemic (IgG in serum) and mucosal (IgA in vaginal washes) sites, as well as increased level of IL-4, the facilitator of Th2-type T cell immune response in mice. The recombinant vaccine rSC0012(pS-SaoA) conferred high percentage of protection against S. suis or S. Choleraesuis challenge in BALB/C mice. Conclusions The live-attenuated Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis vaccine rSC0012(pS-SaoA) with regulated delayed fur mutation provides a foundation for the development of a safe and effective vaccine against S. Choleraesuis and S. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-An Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yunyun Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zhao Du
- Yebio Bioengineering Co., Ltd of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266114, China
| | - Weiwei Guo
- Yebio Bioengineering Co., Ltd of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266114, China
| | - Dianfeng Chu
- Yebio Bioengineering Co., Ltd of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266114, China
| | - Juan Fan
- Yangzhou Uni-Bio Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Matthew Bellefleur
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0880, USA
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0880, USA
| | - Huoying Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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Pfister SP, Schären OP, Beldi L, Printz A, Notter MD, Mukherjee M, Li H, Limenitakis JP, Werren JP, Tandon D, Cuenca M, Hagemann S, Uster SS, Terrazos MA, Gomez de Agüero M, Schürch CM, Coelho FM, Curtiss R, Slack E, Balmer ML, Hapfelmeier S. Uncoupling of invasive bacterial mucosal immunogenicity from pathogenicity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1978. [PMID: 32332737 PMCID: PMC7181798 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15891-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is the notion that infection with a virulent intestinal pathogen induces generally stronger mucosal adaptive immunity than the exposure to an avirulent strain. Whether the associated mucosal inflammation is important or redundant for effective induction of immunity is, however, still unclear. Here we use a model of auxotrophic Salmonella infection in germ-free mice to show that live bacterial virulence factor-driven immunogenicity can be uncoupled from inflammatory pathogenicity. Although live auxotrophic Salmonella no longer causes inflammation, its mucosal virulence factors remain the main drivers of protective mucosal immunity; virulence factor-deficient, like killed, bacteria show reduced efficacy. Assessing the involvement of innate pathogen sensing mechanisms, we show MYD88/TRIF, Caspase-1/Caspase-11 inflammasome, and NOD1/NOD2 nodosome signaling to be individually redundant. In colonized animals we show that microbiota metabolite cross-feeding may recover intestinal luminal colonization but not pathogenicity. Consequent immunoglobulin A immunity and microbial niche competition synergistically protect against Salmonella wild-type infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona P Pfister
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School GCB, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivier P Schären
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School GCB, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luca Beldi
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Printz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matheus D Notter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School GCB, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mohana Mukherjee
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School GCB, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hai Li
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DBMR), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM) Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julien P Limenitakis
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DBMR), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM) Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joel P Werren
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School GCB, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Disha Tandon
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School GCB, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Miguelangel Cuenca
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Hagemann
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie S Uster
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Miguel A Terrazos
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mercedes Gomez de Agüero
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DBMR), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM) Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian M Schürch
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fernanda M Coelho
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roy Curtiss
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Emma Slack
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, D-HEST, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maria L Balmer
- Department of Biomedicine, Immunobiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Côté-Gravel J, Brouillette E, Malouin F. Vaccination with a live-attenuated small-colony variant improves the humoral and cell-mediated responses against Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0227109. [PMID: 31881064 PMCID: PMC6934294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is known to produce persistent and chronic infections in both humans and animals. It is recognized that small-colony variants (SCVs), which produce higher levels of biofilm and that are capable of intracellular persistence, contribute to the chronicity or recurrence of infections and that this phenotype is inherent to the pathogenesis process. Prevention of S. aureus infections through vaccination has not yet met with considerable success. Some of the current vaccine formulations for S. aureus bovine mastitis consist of inactivated S. aureus bacteria, sometimes combined to E. coli J5. As such, the stimulation of cell-mediated immunity by these vaccines might not be optimal. With this in mind, we recently engineered a genetically stable double mutant SCV (ΔvraGΔhemB), which was highly attenuated in a mastitis model of infection. The present work describes the immune responses elicited in mice by various experimental vaccine compositions including the live-attenuated SCV double mutant and its inactivated form, combined or not with inactivated E. coli J5. The live-attenuated SCV was found to provoke a strong and balanced humoral response in immunized mice, as well as strong proliferation of ex-vivo stimulated splenocytes isolated from these animals. These splenocytes were also found to release high concentration of IL-17 and IFN-γ when compared to every other vaccination formulation. Inversely, the inactivated whole-cell vaccine, alone or in combination with the E. coli J5 bacterin, elicited lower antibody titers and failed to induce Th1 or Th17 cell-mediated responses in the splenocyte proliferation assay. Our results suggest that live-attenuated SCVs can trigger host immunity differently than inactivated bacteria and could represent a suitable vector for inducing strong humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, which are crucial for protection. This could represent an important improvement over existing vaccine formulations for preventing S. aureus bovine mastitis and other infections caused by this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Côté-Gravel
- Centre d’étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne (CEVDM), Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Eric Brouillette
- Centre d’étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne (CEVDM), Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - François Malouin
- Centre d’étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne (CEVDM), Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Felix CR, Siedler BS, Barbosa LN, Timm GR, McFadden J, McBride AJA. An overview of human leptospirosis vaccine design and future perspectives. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 15:179-188. [PMID: 31777290 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1694508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: It's been 20 years since the first report of a recombinant vaccine that protected against leptospirosis. Since then, numerous recombinant vaccines have been evaluated; however, no recombinant vaccine candidate has advanced to clinical trials. With the ever-increasing burden of leptospirosis, there is an urgent need for a universal vaccine against leptospirosis.Areas covered: This review covers the most promising vaccine candidates that induced significant, reproducible, protection and how advances in the field of bioinformatics has led to the discovery of hundreds of novel protein targets. The authors also discuss the most recent findings regarding the innate immune response and host-pathogen interactions and their impact on the discovery of novel vaccine candidates. In addition, the authors have identified what they believe are the most challenging problems for the discovery and development of a universal vaccine and their potential solutions.Expert opinion: A universal vaccine for leptospirosis will likely only be achieved using a recombinant vaccine as the bacterins are of limited use due to the lack of a cross-protective immune response. Although there are hundreds of novel targets, due to the lack of immune correlates and the need for more research into the basic microbiology of Leptospira spp., a universal vaccine is 10-15 years away.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina R Felix
- Biotechnology Department, Centre for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Bianca S Siedler
- Biotechnology Department, Centre for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.,School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Liana N Barbosa
- Biotechnology Department, Centre for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Gabriana R Timm
- Biotechnology Department, Centre for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Johnjoe McFadden
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Alan J A McBride
- Biotechnology Department, Centre for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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35
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Gupalova T, Leontieva G, Kramskaya T, Grabovskaya K, Kuleshevich E, Suvorov A. Development of experimental pneumococcal vaccine for mucosal immunization. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218679. [PMID: 31251760 PMCID: PMC6599147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumonia is an important human pathogen that causes various severe diseases such as pneumonia, otitis and meningitis. Vaccination against S. pneumoniae is implemented in many developed countries. The presently used vaccines are safe, well tolerated but relatively expensive and require modification due to the immunological changes of the epidemic strains. This paper describes the development of a new pneumococcal vaccine candidate for immunization on mucosal surfaces. For this purpose the antigens of chimeric protein PSPF, previously suggested for an injectable S. pneumoniae vaccine, were expressed on the surface of the live probiotic strain Enterococcus faecium L3. Experiments on laboratory mice vaccinated with live bacteria demonstrated the appearance of the specific IgA and IgG which provide protection against the lethal S. pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Gupalova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Galina Leontieva
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Tatiana Kramskaya
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kornelya Grabovskaya
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Eugenia Kuleshevich
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander Suvorov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Fundamental Medicine and Medical Technologies, Faculty of Dentistry and Medical Technologies, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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36
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Su H, Liu Q, Wang S, Curtiss R, Kong Q. Regulated Delayed Shigella flexneri 2a O-antigen Synthesis in Live Recombinant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Induces Comparable Levels of Protective Immune Responses with Constitutive Antigen Synthesis System. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:3565-3579. [PMID: 31281498 PMCID: PMC6587160 DOI: 10.7150/thno.33046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri), a leading cause of bacillary dysentery, is a major public health concern particularly affecting children in developing nations. We have constructed a novel attenuated Salmonella vaccine system based on the regulated delayed antigen synthesis (RDAS) and regulated delayed expression of attenuating phenotype (RDEAP) systems for delivering the S. flexneri 2a (Sf2a) O-antigen. Methods: The new Salmonella vaccine platform was constructed through chromosomal integration of the araC PBAD lacI and araC PBAD wbaP cassettes, resulting in a gradual depletion of WbaP enzyme. An expression vector, encoding Sf2a O-antigen biosynthesis under the control of the LacI-repressible Ptrc promoter, was maintained in the Salmonella vaccine strain through antibiotic-independent selection. Mice immunized with the vaccine candidates were evaluated for cell-mediate and humoral immune responses. Results: In the presence of exogenous arabinose, the Salmonella vaccine strain synthesized native Salmonella LPS as a consequence of WbaP expression. Moreover, arabinose supported LacI expression, thereby repressing Sf2a O-antigen production. In the absence of arabinose in vivo, native Salmonella LPS synthesis is repressed whilst the synthesis of the Sf2a O-antigen is induced. Murine immunization with the Salmonella vaccine strain elicited robust Sf2a-specific protective immune responses together with long term immunity. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate the protective efficacy of recombinant Sf2a O-antigen delivered by a Salmonella vaccine platform.
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37
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Kamminga T, Slagman SJ, Martins Dos Santos VAP, Bijlsma JJE, Schaap PJ. Risk-Based Bioengineering Strategies for Reliable Bacterial Vaccine Production. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37:805-816. [PMID: 30961926 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Design of a reliable process for bacterial antigen production requires understanding of and control over critical process parameters. Current methods for process design use extensive screening experiments for determining ranges of critical process parameters yet fail to give clear insights into how they influence antigen potency. To address this gap, we propose to apply constraint-based, genome-scale metabolic models to reduce the need of experimental screening for strain selection and to optimize strains based on model driven iterative Design-Build-Test-Learn (DBTL) cycles. Application of these systematic methods has not only increased the understanding of how metabolic network properties influence antigen potency, but also allows identification of novel critical process parameters that need to be controlled to achieve high process reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjerko Kamminga
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Bioprocess Technology and Support, MSD Animal Health, Boxmeer, The Netherlands; https://www.wur.nl/en/Research-Results/Chair-groups/Agrotechnology-and-Food-Sciences/Laboratory-of-Systems-and-Synthetic-Biology.htm.
| | - Simen-Jan Slagman
- Manufacturing Science and Technology, Bilthoven Biologicals, The Netherlands
| | - Vitor A P Martins Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; https://www.wur.nl/en/Research-Results/Chair-groups/Agrotechnology-and-Food-Sciences/Laboratory-of-Systems-and-Synthetic-Biology.htm
| | - Jetta J E Bijlsma
- Discovery and Technology, MSD Animal Health, Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schaap
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; https://www.wur.nl/en/Research-Results/Chair-groups/Agrotechnology-and-Food-Sciences/Laboratory-of-Systems-and-Synthetic-Biology.htm.
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38
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A Highly Attenuated Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Based Vaccine Platform Controls Hepatitis B Virus Replication in Mouse Models of Hepatitis B. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01586-18. [PMID: 30541859 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01586-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccines may be an important component of a treatment regimen for curing chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. We previously demonstrated that recombinant wild-type vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing the HBV middle surface glycoprotein (MHBs) elicits functional immune responses in mouse models of HBV replication. However, VSV has some undesirable pathogenic properties, and the use of this platform in humans requires further viral attenuation. We therefore generated a highly attenuated VSV that expresses MHBs and contains two attenuating mutations. This vector was evaluated for immunogenicity, pathogenesis, and anti-HBV function in mice. Compared to wild-type VSV, the highly attenuated virus displayed markedly reduced pathogenesis but induced similar MHBs-specific CD8+ T cell and antibody responses. The CD8+ T cell responses elicited by this vector in naive mice prevented HBV replication in animals that were later challenged by hydrodynamic injection or transduction with adeno-associated virus encoding the HBV genome (AAV-HBV). In mice in which persistent HBV replication was first established by AAV-HBV transduction, subsequent immunization with the attenuated VSV induced MHBs-specific CD8+ T cell responses that corresponded with reductions in serum and liver HBV antigens and nucleic acids. HBV control was associated with an increase in the frequency of intrahepatic HBV-specific CD8+ T cells and a transient elevation in serum alanine aminotransferase activity. The ability of VSV to induce a robust multispecific T cell response that controls HBV replication combined with the improved safety profile of the highly attenuated vector suggests that this platform offers a new approach for HBV therapeutic vaccination.IMPORTANCE A curative treatment for chronic hepatitis B must eliminate the virus from the liver, but current antiviral therapies typically fail to do so. Immune-mediated resolution of infection occurs in a small fraction of chronic HBV patients, which suggests the potential efficacy of therapeutic strategies that boost the patient's own immune response to the virus. We modified a safe form of VSV to express an immunogenic HBV protein and evaluated the efficacy of this vector in the prevention and treatment of HBV infection in mouse models. Our results show that this vector elicits HBV-specific immune responses that prevent the establishment of HBV infection and reduce viral proteins in the serum and viral DNA/RNA in the liver of mice with persistent HBV replication. These findings suggest that highly attenuated and safe virus-based vaccine platforms have the potential to be utilized for the development of an effective therapeutic vaccine against chronic HBV infection.
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Proietti M, Perruzza L, Scribano D, Pellegrini G, D'Antuono R, Strati F, Raffaelli M, Gonzalez SF, Thelen M, Hardt WD, Slack E, Nicoletti M, Grassi F. ATP released by intestinal bacteria limits the generation of protective IgA against enteropathogens. Nat Commun 2019; 10:250. [PMID: 30651557 PMCID: PMC6335424 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08156-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell dependent secretory IgA (SIgA) generated in the Peyer's patches (PPs) of the small intestine shapes a broadly diverse microbiota that is crucial for host physiology. The mutualistic co-evolution of host and microbes led to the relative tolerance of host's immune system towards commensal microorganisms. The ATP-gated ionotropic P2X7 receptor limits T follicular helper (Tfh) cells expansion and germinal center (GC) reaction in the PPs. Here we show that transient depletion of intestinal ATP can dramatically improve high-affinity IgA response against both live and inactivated oral vaccines. Ectopic expression of Shigella flexneri periplasmic ATP-diphosphohydrolase (apyrase) abolishes ATP release by bacteria and improves the specific IgA response against live oral vaccines. Antibody responses primed in the absence of intestinal extracellular ATP (eATP) also provide superior protection from enteropathogenic infection. Thus, modulation of eATP in the small intestine can affect high-affinity IgA response against gut colonizing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Proietti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,CCI-Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Perruzza
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Scribano
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University ''Gabriele D'Annunzio'', Via dei Vestini, Campus Universitario, 66100, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University ''La Sapienza'' of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pellegrini
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rocco D'Antuono
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Strati
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Marco Raffaelli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Santiago F Gonzalez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Hardt
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Emma Slack
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Nicoletti
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University ''Gabriele D'Annunzio'', Via dei Vestini, Campus Universitario, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Fabio Grassi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland. .,Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare ''Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi'', Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129, Milan, Italy.
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40
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Côté-Gravel J, Malouin F. Symposium review: Features of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis pathogenesis that guide vaccine development strategies. J Dairy Sci 2018; 102:4727-4740. [PMID: 30580940 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis affects animal health and welfare and milk production and quality, and it challenges the economic success of dairy farms. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most commonly found pathogens in clinical mastitis but it also causes subclinical, persistent, and difficult-to-treat intramammary infections. Because of the failure of conventional antibiotic treatments and increasing pressure and concern from experts and consumers over the use of antibiotics in the dairy industry, many attempts have been made over the years to develop a vaccine for the prevention and control of Staph. aureus intramammary infections. Still, no commercially available vaccine formulation demonstrates sufficient protection and cost-effective potential. Multiple factors account for the lack of protection, including inadequate vaccine targets, high diversity among mastitis-provoking strains, cow-to-cow variation in immune response, and a failure to elicit an immune response that is appropriate for protection against a highly complex pathogen. The purpose of this review is to summarize key concepts related to the pathogenesis of Staph. aureus, and its interaction with the host, as well as to describe recent vaccine development strategies for prevention and control of Staph. aureus mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Côté-Gravel
- Centre d'Étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne (CEVDM), Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada, J1K 2R1
| | - François Malouin
- Centre d'Étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne (CEVDM), Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada, J1K 2R1.
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Higginson EE, Ramachandran G, Panda A, Shipley ST, Kriel EH, DeTolla LJ, Lipsky M, Perkins DJ, Salerno-Goncalves R, Sztein MB, Pasetti MF, Levine MM, Tennant SM. Improved Tolerability of a Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Live-Attenuated Vaccine Strain Achieved by Balancing Inflammatory Potential with Immunogenicity. Infect Immun 2018; 86:e00440-18. [PMID: 30249748 PMCID: PMC6246900 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00440-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A notable proportion of Salmonella-associated gastroenteritis in the United States is attributed to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. We have previously shown that live-attenuated S Typhimurium vaccine candidate CVD 1921 (I77 ΔguaBA ΔclpP) was safe and immunogenic in rhesus macaques but was shed for an undesirably long time postimmunization. In mice, occasional mortality postvaccination was also noted (approximately 1 in every 15 mice). Here we describe a further attenuated vaccine candidate strain harboring deletions in two additional genes, htrA and pipA We determined that S Typhimurium requires pipA to elicit fluid accumulation in a rabbit ileal loop model of gastroenteritis, as an S Typhimurium ΔpipA mutant induced significantly less fluid accumulation in rabbit loops than the wild-type strain. New vaccine strain CVD 1926 (I77 ΔguaBA ΔclpP ΔpipA ΔhtrA) was assessed for inflammatory potential in an organoid model of human intestinal mucosa, where it induced less inflammatory cytokine production than organoids exposed to the precursor vaccine, CVD 1921. To assess vaccine safety and efficacy, mice were given three doses of CVD 1926 (109 CFU/dose) by oral gavage, and at 1 or 3 months postimmunization, mice were challenged with 700 or 100 LD50 (50% lethal doses), respectively, of wild-type strain I77. CVD 1926 was well tolerated and exhibited 47% vaccine efficacy following challenge with a high inoculum and 60% efficacy after challenge with a low inoculum of virulent S Typhimurium. CVD 1926 is less reactogenic yet equally as immunogenic and protective as previous iterations in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen E Higginson
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Girish Ramachandran
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aruna Panda
- Program of Comparative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven T Shipley
- Program of Comparative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Edwin H Kriel
- Program of Comparative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Louis J DeTolla
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Program of Comparative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Lipsky
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Darren J Perkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rosangela Salerno-Goncalves
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marcela F Pasetti
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Myron M Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharon M Tennant
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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42
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Maddaloni M, Kochetkova I, Hoffman C, Pascual DW. Delivery of IL-35 by Lactococcus lactis Ameliorates Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2691. [PMID: 30515168 PMCID: PMC6255909 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-35, a relatively newly discovered cytokine belonging to the larger IL-12 family, shows unique anti-inflammatory properties, believed to be associated with dedicated receptors and signaling pathways. IL-35 plays a pivotal role in the development and the function of both regulatory B (Bregs) and T cells (Tregs). In order to further its therapeutic potential, a dairy Lactococcus lactis strain was engineered to express murine IL-35 (LL-IL35), and this recombinant strain was applied to suppress collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Oral administration of LL-IL35 effectively reduced the incidence and disease severity of CIA. When administered therapeutically, LL-IL35 abruptly halted CIA progression with no increase in disease severity by reducing neutrophil influx into the joints. LL-IL35 treatment reduced IFN-γ and IL-17 3.7- and 8.5-fold, respectively, and increased IL-10 production compared to diseased mice. Foxp3+ and Foxp3- CD39+ CD4+ T cells were previously shown to be the Tregs responsible for conferring protection against CIA. Inquiry into their induction revealed that both CCR6+ and CCR6- Foxp3+or- CD39+ CD4+ T cells act as the source of the IL-10 induced by LL-IL35. Thus, this study demonstrates the feasibility and benefits of engineered probiotics for treating autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Maddaloni
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Irina Kochetkova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Carol Hoffman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - David W. Pascual
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Milanez GP, Werle CH, Amorim MR, Ribeiro RA, Tibo LHS, Roque-Barreira MC, Oliveira AF, Brocchi M. HU-Lacking Mutants of Salmonella enterica Enteritidis Are Highly Attenuated and Can Induce Protection in Murine Model of Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1780. [PMID: 30186241 PMCID: PMC6113365 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica infection is a major public health concern worldwide, particularly when associated with other medical conditions. The serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis are frequently associated with an invasive illness that primarily affects immunocompromised adults and children with HIV, malaria, or malnutrition. These serovars can also cause infections in a variety of animal hosts, and they are the most common isolates in poultry materials. Here, we described S. Enteritidis mutants, where hupA and hupB genes were deleted, and evaluated their potential use as live-attenuated vaccine candidates. In vitro, the mutants behaved like S. Typhimurium described previously, but there were some particularities in macrophage invasion and survival experiments. The virulence and immunogenicity of the mutant lacking both hupA and hupB (PT4ΔhupAB) were evaluated in a BALB/c mice model. This mutant was highly attenuated and could, therefore, be administrated at doses higher than 109 CFU/treatment, which was sufficient to protect all treated mice challenged with the wild-type parental strain with a single dose. Additionally, the PT4ΔhupAB strain induced production of specific IgG and IgA antibodies against Salmonella and TH1-related cytokines (IFN-γ and TNF-α), indicating that this strain can induce systemic and mucosal protection in the murine model. Additional studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms that lead to attenuation of the double-mutant PT4ΔhupAB and to elucidate the immune response induced by immunization using this strain. However, our data allow us to state that hupAB mutants could be potential candidates to be explore as live-attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme P Milanez
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Catierine H Werle
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mariene R Amorim
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rafael A Ribeiro
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Luiz H S Tibo
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Roque-Barreira
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline F Oliveira
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Brocchi
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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Ajibola O, Mshelia MB, Gulumbe BH, Eze AA. Typhoid Fever Diagnosis in Endemic Countries: A Clog in the Wheel of Progress? MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2018; 54:E23. [PMID: 30344254 PMCID: PMC6037256 DOI: 10.3390/medicina54020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Typhoid fever causes significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries, with inaccurate estimates in some countries affected, especially those situated in Sub-Saharan Africa. Disease burden assessment is limited by lack of a high degree of sensitivity and specificity by many current rapid diagnostic tests. Some of the new technologies, such as PCR and proteomics, may also be useful but are difficult for low-resource settings to apply as point-of-care diagnostics. Weak laboratory surveillance systems may also contribute to the spread of multidrug resistant Salmonella serovar Typhi across endemic areas. In addition, most typhoid-endemic countries employ serological tests that have low sensitivity and specificity making diagnosis unreliable. Here we review currently available typhoid fever diagnostics, and advances in serodiagnosis of S. Typhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olumide Ajibola
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, P.M.B. 1157 Kalgo, Kebbi State, Nigeria.
| | - Mari B Mshelia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, P.M.B. 1157 Kalgo, Kebbi State, Nigeria.
| | - Bashar H Gulumbe
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, P.M.B. 1157 Kalgo, Kebbi State, Nigeria.
| | - Anthonius A Eze
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu 400241, Nigeria.
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45
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Han Y, Liu Q, Willias S, Liang K, Li P, Cheng A, Kong Q. A bivalent vaccine derived from attenuated Salmonella expressing O-antigen polysaccharide provides protection against avian pathogenic Escherichia coli O1 and O2 infection. Vaccine 2018; 36:1038-1046. [PMID: 29358057 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), a leading cause of avian airsacculitis and colibacillosis, is responsible for significant economic loss in the poultry industry. APEC serogroups O1, O2, and O78 are predominantly associated with disease. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen has been shown to be a potent antigen for inducing specific protective immune responses. Therefore, we sought to develop a multivalent polysaccharide vaccine to prevent most APEC infections. We previously reported the stable expression of plasmid pSS27 encoding the APEC O1 O-antigen gene cluster (10.8 kb) in attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium S740 provided excellent protection against APEC O1 challenge. In this study, the plasmid pSS28 harboring the APEC O2 O-antigen polysaccharide gene cluster (15.5 kb) was constructed. Biosynthesis of pSS28-encoded APEC O2 O-antigen in Salmonella vaccine strain S740 was validated by Western blot. The recombinant Salmonella vaccine strain S740 (pSS28) elicited homologous protection against virulent wild-type APEC O2 challenge in a chicken model. Furthermore, through equal-volume mixing the two monovalent vaccine strains S740 (pSS27) and S740 (pSS28), a bivalent vaccine candidate against both APEC O1 and O2 was developed. Immunization of chickens with the bivalent vaccine elicited production of serum IgG and mucosal sIgA antibodies against the LPS of both APEC O1 and O2. Moreover, antibodies induced by the bivalent vaccine promoted opsonization, provoked complement-mediated bactericidal activity, and elicited protection against lethal challenge with both virulent APEC O1 and O2 strains. These results demonstrate that the bivalent vaccine comprised of S740 (pSS27) and S740 (pSS28) is a promising vaccine candidate against APEC O1 and O2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Han
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Stephan Willias
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Kang Liang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Pei Li
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Qingke Kong
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
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46
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Clark-Curtiss JE, Curtiss R. Salmonella Vaccines: Conduits for Protective Antigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:39-48. [PMID: 29255088 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines afford a better and more cost-effective approach to combatting infectious diseases than continued reliance on antibiotics or antiviral or antiparasite drugs in the current era of increasing incidences of diseases caused by drug-resistant pathogens. Recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccines (RASVs) have been significantly improved to exhibit the same or better attributes than wild-type parental strains to colonize internal lymphoid tissues and persist there to serve as factories to continuously synthesize and deliver rAgs. Encoded by codon-optimized pathogen genes, Ags are selected to induce protective immunity to infection by that pathogen. After immunization through a mucosal surface, the RASV attributes maximize their abilities to elicit mucosal and systemic Ab responses and cell-mediated immune responses. This article summarizes many of the numerous innovative technologies and discoveries that have resulted in RASV platforms that will enable development of safe efficacious RASVs to protect animals and humans against a diversity of infectious disease agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine E Clark-Curtiss
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610.,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Roy Curtiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; and .,Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
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Li P, Liu Q, Luo H, Liang K, Yi J, Luo Y, Hu Y, Han Y, Kong Q. O-Serotype Conversion in Salmonella Typhimurium Induces Protective Immune Responses against Invasive Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Infections. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1647. [PMID: 29255460 PMCID: PMC5722840 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infections remain a big problem worldwide, causing enteric fever by Salmonella Typhi (or Paratyphi) or self-limiting gastroenteritis by non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) in healthy individuals. NTS may become invasive and cause septicemia in elderly or immuno-compromised individuals, leading to high mortality and morbidity. No vaccines are currently available for preventing NTS infection in human. As these invasive NTS are restricted to several O-antigen serogroups including B1, D1, C1, and C2, O-antigen polysaccharide is believed to be a good target for vaccine development. In this study, a strategy of O-serotype conversion was investigated to develop live attenuated S. Typhimurium vaccines against the major serovars of NTS infections. The immunodominant O4 serotype of S. Typhimurium was converted into O9, O7, and O8 serotypes through unmarked chromosomal deletion–insertion mutations. O-serotype conversion was confirmed by LPS silver staining and western blotting. All O-serotype conversion mutations were successfully introduced into the live attenuated S. Typhimurium vaccine S738 (Δcrp Δcya) to evaluate their immunogenicity in mice model. The vaccine candidates induced high amounts of heterologous O-polysaccharide-specific functional IgG responses. Vaccinated mice survived a challenge of 100 times the 50% lethality dose (LD50) of wild-type S. Typhimurium. Protective efficacy against heterologous virulent Salmonella challenges was highly O-serotype related. Furthermore, broad-spectrum protection against S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, and S. Choleraesuis was observed by co-vaccination of O9 and O7 O-serotype-converted vaccine candidates. This study highlights the strategy of expressing heterologous O-polysaccharides via genetic engineering in developing live attenuated S. Typhimurium vaccines against NTS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyan Luo
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kang Liang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Yi
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunlong Hu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Han
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingke Kong
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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48
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Valderrama K, Saravia M, Santander J. Phenotype of Aeromonas salmonicida sp. salmonicida cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate receptor protein (Crp) mutants and its virulence in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1849-1856. [PMID: 28548689 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Precise deletion of genes related to virulence can be used as a strategy to produce attenuated bacterial vaccines. Here, we study the deletion of the cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) receptor protein (Crp) in Aeromonas salmonicida, the aetiologic agent of furunculosis in marine and freshwater fish. The Crp protein is a conserved global regulator, controlling physiology processes, like sugar utilization. Deletion of the crp gene has been utilized in live attenuated vaccines for mammals, birds and warm water fish. Here, we characterized the crp gene and reported the effect of a crp deletion in A. salmonicida virulent and non-virulent isolates. We found that A. salmonicida Δcrp was not able to utilize maltose and other sugars, and its generation time was similar to the wild type. A. salmonicida ∆crp showed a higher ability of cell invasion compared to the wild type. Fish challenges showed that A. salmonicida ∆crp is ~6 times attenuated in Oncorhynchus mykiss and conferred protective immunity against the intraperitoneal challenge with A. salmonicida wild type. We concluded that deletion of A. salmonicida crp influences sugar utilization, cell invasion and virulence. Deletion of crp in A. salmonicida could be considered as part of an effective strategy to develop immersion live attenuated vaccines against furunculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Valderrama
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
- PhD Program in Aquaculture, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - M Saravia
- Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Huechuraba, Chile
| | - J Santander
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
- Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Huechuraba, Chile
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49
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Bull JJ, Smithson MW, Nuismer SL. Transmissible Viral Vaccines. Trends Microbiol 2017; 26:6-15. [PMID: 29033339 PMCID: PMC5777272 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic engineering now enables the design of live viral vaccines that are potentially transmissible. Some designs merely modify a single viral genome to improve on the age-old method of attenuation whereas other designs create chimeras of viral genomes. Transmission has the benefit of increasing herd immunity above that achieved by direct vaccination alone but also increases the opportunity for vaccine evolution, which typically undermines vaccine utility. Different designs have different epidemiological consequences but also experience different evolution. Approaches that integrate vaccine engineering with an understanding of evolution and epidemiology will reap the greatest benefit from vaccine transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Bull
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712 USA.
| | - Mark W Smithson
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
| | - Scott L Nuismer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Mathematics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA.
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50
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Byrd W, Ruiz-Perez F, Setty P, Zhu C, Boedeker EC. Secretion of the Shiga toxin B subunit (Stx1B) via an autotransporter protein optimizes the protective immune response to the antigen expressed in an attenuated E. coli (rEPEC E22Δler) vaccine strain. Vet Microbiol 2017; 211:180-188. [PMID: 29102116 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We previously developed attenuated rabbit enteropathogenic E. coli (rEPEC) strains which are effective oral vaccines against their parent pathogens by deleting ler, a global regulator of virulence genes. To use these strains as orally administered vectors to deliver other antigens we incorporated the B subunit of shiga-like toxin 1(Stx1) into the passenger domain of the autotransporter EspP expressed on a plasmid. Native EspP enters the periplasm where its passenger domain is exported to the bacterial surface through an outer membrane channel formed by its translocator domain, then cleaved and secreted. Since antigen localization may determine immunogenicity, we engineered derivatives of EspP expressing Stx1B- passenger domain fusions: 1. in cytoplasm 2. in periplasm, 3. surface-attached or 4. secreted. To determine which construct was most immunogenic, rabbits were immunized with attenuated O103 E. coli strain (E22 Δler) alone or expressing Stx1B in each of the above four cellular locations. IgG responses to Stx1B, and toxin-neutralizing antibodies were measured. Animals were challenged with a virulent rabbit Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) strain of a different serogroup (O15) than the vaccine strain expressing Stx1 (RDEC-H19) and their clinical course observed. IgG responses to Stx1B subunit were induced in all animals vaccinated with the strain secreting Stx1B, in some vaccinated with surface-expressed Stx1B, but in not animals immunized with periplasmic or cytoplasmic Stx1B. Robust protection was observed only in the group immunized with the vaccine secreting Stx1B. Taken together, our data suggest that secretion of Stx1B, or other antigens, via an autotransporter, may maximize the protective response to live attenuated oral vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt Byrd
- New Mexico Veterans Administration Health Care System, 1501 San Pedro SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA; School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, MSC10 5550, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | | | - Prashanth Setty
- New Mexico Veterans Administration Health Care System, 1501 San Pedro SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA; School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, MSC10 5550, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Chengru Zhu
- School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, MSC10 5550, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Edgar C Boedeker
- New Mexico Veterans Administration Health Care System, 1501 San Pedro SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA; School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, MSC10 5550, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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