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Ekwemalor K, Asiamah E, Adjei-Fremah S, Eluka-Okoludoh E, Mulakala B, Osei B, Worku M. Diverse pathogen-associated molecular patterns affect transcription of genes in the toll-like receptor signaling pathway in goat blood. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:3729-3738. [PMID: 37226739 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2214189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), and CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) are recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLR). This study aimed to investigate the effect of diverse PAMPs on the transcription of TLR signaling pathway genes in goat blood. Whole blood was collected from 3 female BoerXSpanish goats and treated with the following PAMPs: 10 µg/ml LPS, PGN, CpG ODN (2216), CpG ODN (2006), and 12.5 µg/ml Poly I:C. Blood-treated PBS served as a control. The expression of 84 genes in the human TLR signaling pathway RT2 PCR Array (Qiagen) was evaluated using real-time PCR. Treatment with PBS affected the expression of 74 genes, Poly I:C affected the expression of 40 genes, t ODN 2006 affected the expression of 50 genes, ODN 2216 affected the expression of 52 genes, LPS affected the expression of 49 genes, while PGN affected the expression of 49 genes. Our results show that PAMPs modulated and increased the expression of genes in the TLR signaling pathway. These results highlight important insights into how the host responds to different pathogens and may help design adjuvants for therapeutics and vaccines that target different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingsley Ekwemalor
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Emmanuel Asiamah
- Department of Agriculture, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR, USA
| | - Sarah Adjei-Fremah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Eboghoye Eluka-Okoludoh
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Bharath Mulakala
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Bertha Osei
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Mulumebet Worku
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
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Chauhan SS, Rashamol VP, Bagath M, Sejian V, Dunshea FR. Impacts of heat stress on immune responses and oxidative stress in farm animals and nutritional strategies for amelioration. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2021; 65:1231-1244. [PMID: 33496873 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-021-02083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress is one of the greatest challenges for the global livestock industries as increased environmental temperature and humidity compromises animal production during summer leading to devastating economic consequences. Over the last 30 years, significant developments have been achieved in cooling and provision of shade and shelter to mitigate heat stress reducing some of the losses associated with heat stress in farm animals. However, the recent increase in the incidence of heat waves which are also becoming more severe and lasting longer, due to climate change, further accentuates the problem of heat stress. Economic losses associated with heat stress are both direct due to loss in production and animal life, and indirect due to poorer quality products as a result of poor animal health and welfare. Animal health is affected due to impaired immune responses and increased reactive oxygen species production and/or deficiency of antioxidants during heat stress leading to an imbalance between oxidant and antioxidants and resultant oxidative stress. Research over the last 20 years has achieved partial success in understanding the intricacies of heat stress impacts on oxidative stress and immune responses and developing interventions to ameliorate impacts of heat stress, improving immune responses and farm animal health. This paper reviews the body of knowledge on heat stress impacts on immune response in farm animals. The impacts of heat stress on both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses have been discussed identifying the shift in immune response from cell-mediated towards humoral response, thereby weakening the immune status of the animal. Both species and breed differences have been identified as influencing how heat stress impacts the immune status of farm animals. In addition, crosstalk signaling between the immune system and oxidative stress has been considered and the role of antioxidants as potential nutritional strategies to mitigate heat stress has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder S Chauhan
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - V P Rashamol
- ICAR National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India
| | - M Bagath
- ICAR National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India
| | - Veerasamy Sejian
- ICAR National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India
| | - Frank R Dunshea
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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Rashamol VP, Sejian V, Bagath M, Krishnan G, Beena V, Bhatta R. Effect of heat stress on the quantitative expression patterns of different cytokine genes in Malabari goats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2019; 63:1005-1013. [PMID: 30927086 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-019-01713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the influence of exposure to hot environment on different cytokine gene expression patterns in Malabari goat. The study was conducted in 12 (10 months to 1 year old) goats of Malabari breed for 45-day duration. The control (n = 6; C) group goats were kept under comfortable condition in the shaded pens while heat stress (n = 6; HS) group goats were kept out in the open hot environment during summer season for the study duration between 10.00 h to 16.00 h. The representative mesenteric lymph node (MLN) samples were collected from the slaughtered goats at the end of study for assessing the different cytokine gene expression and histopathological changes. Compared with C group, the expression patterns of interleukin 18 (IL-18), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-β (IFN-β), and IFN-γ downregulated (P < 0.05) in the HS group. The histopathological changes of MLNs showed paucity of lymphocyte distribution in follicular areas as wells as decreased density of lymphocytes in the germinal centers of the HS group (P < 0.05). The findings from this study reflected the compromised immune functions during heat stress in Malabari goats. Further, the study established that IL-18, TNF-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ genes could serve as reliable immunological markers for quantifying heat stress-mediated immune response alterations in Malabari goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Rashamol
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560030, India
- Academy of Climate Change Education and Research, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala, India
- Centre for Animal Adaptation to Environment and Climate Change Studies, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - V Sejian
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560030, India.
| | - M Bagath
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560030, India
| | - G Krishnan
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560030, India
| | - V Beena
- Centre for Animal Adaptation to Environment and Climate Change Studies, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - R Bhatta
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560030, India
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Abdelnour SA, Abd El-Hack ME, Khafaga AF, Arif M, Taha AE, Noreldin AE. Stress biomarkers and proteomics alteration to thermal stress in ruminants: A review. J Therm Biol 2019; 79:120-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Vandana GD, Bagath M, Sejian V, Krishnan G, Beena V, Bhatta R. Summer season induced heat stress impact on the expression patterns of different toll-like receptor genes in Malabari goats. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1464638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. D. Vandana
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India
- Academy of Climate Change Education and Research, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, India
- Centre for Animal Adaptation to Environment and Climate Change Studies, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thrissur, India
| | - M. Bagath
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India
| | - V. Sejian
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India
| | - G. Krishnan
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India
| | - V. Beena
- Centre for Animal Adaptation to Environment and Climate Change Studies, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thrissur, India
| | - R. Bhatta
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India
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Mishra V, Banga J, Silveyra P. Oxidative stress and cellular pathways of asthma and inflammation: Therapeutic strategies and pharmacological targets. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 181:169-182. [PMID: 28842273 PMCID: PMC5743757 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a complex inflammatory disease characterized by airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. The mechanisms associated with the development and progression of asthma have been widely studied in multiple populations and animal models, and these have revealed involvement of various cell types and activation of intracellular signaling pathways that result in activation of inflammatory genes. Significant contributions of Toll-like-receptors (TLRs) and transcription factors such as NF-кB, have been reported as major contributors to inflammatory pathways. These have also recently been associated with mechanisms of oxidative biology. This is of important clinical significance as the observed inefficacy of current available treatments for severe asthma is widely attributed to oxidative stress. Therefore, targeting oxidizing molecules in conjunction with inflammatory mediators and transcription factors may present a novel therapeutic strategy for asthma. In this review, we summarize TLRs and NF-кB pathways in the context of exacerbation of asthma pathogenesis and oxidative biology, and we discuss the potential use of polyphenolic flavonoid compounds, known to target these pathways and possess antioxidant activity, as potential therapeutic agents for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Mishra
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Departments of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jaspreet Banga
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Patricia Silveyra
- Departments of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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Alan E, Liman N. Toll-like receptor expression patterns in the rat uterus during post partum involution. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 30:330-348. [PMID: 28701256 DOI: 10.1071/rd16431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to a family of pathogen recognition receptors and play critical roles in detecting and responding to invading pathogens. TLR expression could be significant because, in the uterus, the reproductive tract is an important site of exposure to and infection by pathogens during the post partum involution period. To clarify the expression and localisation patterns of TLRs in the rat uterus on Days 1, 3, 5 and 10 post partum (PP1, PP3, PP5 and PP10 respectively), immunohistochemistry and western blotting were used to analyse TLR1-7, TLR9 and TLR10. The immunohistochemistry results indicated that TLR1-7, TLR9 and TLR10 were localised in both the cytoplasm and nuclei of luminal and glandular epithelium, stromal fibroblasts and myometrial cells in the rat uterus. In the luminal epithelium, TLR4-7 were also found in lateral membranes, whereas TLR10 was present in apical membranes. Western blot analysis revealed that the expression of TLR proteins increased with the number of days post partum, reaching a maximum on PP10, although levels did not differ significantly from those on PP1 (P>0.05). These findings confirm that TLR1-7, TLR9 and TLR10 are constitutively expressed in uterine cells and that localisation pattern of TLRs in the endometrium varies with structural changes in the uterus on different days of involution. These results suggest that TLRs may play a role in uterine repair and remodelling during physiological involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Alan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Narin Liman
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
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Bulgari O, Dong X, Roca AL, Caroli AM, Loor JJ. Innate immune responses induced by lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid in primary goat mammary epithelial cells. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:29. [PMID: 28396748 PMCID: PMC5379715 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Innate immune responses induced by in vitro stimulation of primary mammary epithelial cells (MEC) using Gram-negative lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Gram-positive lipoteichoic acid (LTA) bacterial cell wall components are well- characterized in bovine species. The objective of the current study was to characterize the downstream regulation of the inflammatory response induced by Toll-like receptors in primary goat MEC (pgMEC). We performed quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qPCR) to measure mRNA levels of 9 genes involved in transcriptional regulation or antibacterial activity: Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), interferon induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3 (IFIT3), interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88), nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (NFKB1), Toll interacting protein (TOLLIP), and lactoferrin (LTF). Furthermore, we analyzed 7 cytokines involved in Toll-like receptor signaling pathways: C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 6 (CXCL6), interleukin 8 (CXCL8), interleukin 1 beta (IL1B), interleukin 6 (IL6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF). Results Stimulation of pgMEC with LPS for 3 h led to an increase in expression of CCL2, CXCL6, IL6, CXCL8, PTGS2, IFIT3, MYD88, NFKB1, and TLR4 (P < 0.05). Except for IL6, and PTGS2, the same genes had greater expression than controls at 6 h post-LPS (P < 0.05). Expression of CCL5, PTGS2, IFIT3, NFKB1, TLR4, and TOLLIP was greater than controls after 3 h of incubation with LTA (P < 0.05). Compared to controls, stimulation with LTA for 6 h led to greater expression of PTGS2, IFIT3, NFKB1, and TOLLIP (P < 0.05) whereas the expression of CXCL6, CXCL8, and TLR4 was lower (P < 0.05). At 3 h incubation with both toxins compared to controls a greater expression (P < 0.05) of CCL2, CCL5, CXCL6, CXCL8, IL6, PTGS2, IFIT3, IRF3, MYD88, and NFKB1 was detected. After 6 h of incubation with both toxins, the expression of CCL2, CXCL6, IFIT3, MYD88, NFKB1, and TLR4 was higher than the controls (P < 0.05). Conclusions Data indicate that in the goat MEC, LTA induces a weaker inflammatory response than LPS. This may be related to the observation that gram-positive bacteria cause chronic mastitis more often than gram-negative infections. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40104-017-0162-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Bulgari
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.,Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123 Italy
| | - Xianwen Dong
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.,Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Alfred L Roca
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Anna M Caroli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123 Italy
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
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Bharati J, Dangi S, Mishra S, Chouhan V, Verma V, Shankar O, Bharti M, Paul A, Mahato DK, Rajesh G, Singh G, Maurya V, Bag S, Kumar P, Sarkar M. Expression analysis of Toll like receptors and interleukins in Tharparkar cattle during acclimation to heat stress exposure. J Therm Biol 2017; 65:48-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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DAS S, CHOUDHURY R, SULTANA A, BALAMURUGAN V, CHAKRAVARTY I, DEVI M, BORA M, SHARMA K. Effect of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) infection on the host immune response in naturally infected goats. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v87i3.68840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Toll like receptors (TLRs) expressed by various immune cells and tissues are known to play an important role in recognising the pathogens by the host. The study was carried out to envisage the expression of virus-recognising-TLRs like TLR-3, TLR-7 and TLR-8 as well as the Th1 and Th2 cytokines in the serum of naturally Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) infected goats. Goat serum samples, collected from three districts of Asom (Kamrup, Nalbari, Darrang), were screened for Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) antibody by Complementary-ELISA. Out of 227 samples screened, 72 samples showed presence of PPR viral antibody with a percentage prevalence of 31.72%. Out of the positive samples, 39 were selected randomly for testing the TLR and cytokine response after PPRV infection. The study indicated TLR-8 to have an enhanced expression in serum of PPRV infected goats alongwith IL-12 and IFN-γ of the Th1 pathway. Further, in infected group, a significant correlation was registered between IL-12 and IFN-γ. The present study showed the involvement of the Th-1 pathway in host immune response after PPRV natural infection which may help in proper disease management and control strategies.
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Dhiman A, Mishra SK, Dubey PK, Goyal S, Sehgal M, Niranjan SK, Sodhi M, Mishra BP, Kataria RS. Identification of genetic variation in NOD-like receptor 2 gene and influence of polymorphism on gene structure and function in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:43-50. [PMID: 28135669 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor 2 is one of the important mediators of innate as well as adaptive immune response to microbial infections. In this study, NOD-like receptor-2 was characterized by determining the full gene sequence and analyzing genetic diversity in Indian buffaloes. Sequence analysis of buffalo NOD2 revealed 3042 nucleotides long ORF, encoding 1013 amino acids from 12 exons. Domain structure analysis indicated existence of 8 leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains in buffalo, cattle, sheep and mouse, along with central NACHT/NOD domain and two N-terminal CARD domains. Comparative sequence analysis among different buffalo breeds identified 46 polymorphic sites in NOD2 gene. Among coding region SNPs, 10 were non-synonymous, 7 synonymous and 3 were present in 5'UTR. Genotyping of two nsSNPs, revealed significant differences in the allele frequencies, distinguishing swamp and riverine buffaloes, having different utilities. Association analysis with mastitis in dairy buffaloes indicated significant variation in allelic frequencies at G1135A locus, between mastitis affected and non-affected animals. Further, NOD2 gene expression was quantified in different riverine buffalo tissues, using real-time PCR and lymph node displayed highest expression, compared to others organs included in the study. Overall, the study revealed buffalo NOD2 gene attributes, important to understand species specific immune response in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Dhiman
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, GT Road By-Pass, Karnal, 132 001, Haryana, India
| | - S K Mishra
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, GT Road By-Pass, Karnal, 132 001, Haryana, India
| | - P K Dubey
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, GT Road By-Pass, Karnal, 132 001, Haryana, India
| | - S Goyal
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, GT Road By-Pass, Karnal, 132 001, Haryana, India
| | - M Sehgal
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, GT Road By-Pass, Karnal, 132 001, Haryana, India
| | - S K Niranjan
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, GT Road By-Pass, Karnal, 132 001, Haryana, India
| | - M Sodhi
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, GT Road By-Pass, Karnal, 132 001, Haryana, India
| | - B P Mishra
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, GT Road By-Pass, Karnal, 132 001, Haryana, India
| | - R S Kataria
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, GT Road By-Pass, Karnal, 132 001, Haryana, India.
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Achek A, Yesudhas D, Choi S. Toll-like receptors: promising therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1032-49. [PMID: 27515048 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0806-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The health of living organisms is constantly challenged by bacterial and viral threats. The recognition of pathogenic microorganisms by diverse receptors triggers a variety of host defense mechanisms, leading to their eradication. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are type I transmembrane proteins, recognize specific signatures of the invading microbes and activate a cascade of downstream signals inducing the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and type I interferons. The TLR response not only counteracts the pathogens but also initiates and shapes the adaptive immune response. Under normal conditions, inflammation is downregulated after the removal of the pathogen and cellular debris. However, a dysfunctional TLR-mediated response maintains a chronic inflammatory state and leads to local and systemic deleterious effects in host cells and tissues. Such inappropriate TLR response has been attributed to the development and progression of multiple diseases such as cancer, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases. In this review, we discuss the emerging role of TLRs in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and how targeting of TLRs offers a promising therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of various inflammatory diseases. Additionally, we highlight a number of TLR-targeting agents that are in the developmental stage or in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Achek
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Korea
| | - Dhanusha Yesudhas
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Korea.
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Sophia I, Sejian V, Bagath M, Bhatta R. Quantitative expression of hepatic toll-like receptors 1–10 mRNA in Osmanabadi goats during different climatic stresses. Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Remi Treasa E, B. AM, K.G. T, G. DR, S.M.K. K, R. R. Sequence characterization and screening for polymorphism in the caspase recruitment domain 15 gene of goat (Capra hircus). Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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15
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Chadio S, Katsafadou A, Kotsampasi B, Michailidis G, Mountzouris KC, Kalogiannis D, Christodoulou V. Effects of maternal undernutrition during late gestation and/or lactation on colostrum synthesis and immunological parameters in the offspring. Reprod Fertil Dev 2016; 28:384-93. [DOI: 10.1071/rd14147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging immune system is vulnerable to insult not only during fetal life, but also through colostrum transfer of maternal factors with immunomodulatory functions. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of maternal undernutrition during late gestation and/or lactation on colostrum and milk synthesis, as well as on immunological parameters in offspring. Pregnant ewes were fed to 100% of nutrient requirements throughout pregnancy and lactation (Control) or to 50% during lactation (R1) or during the last 20 days of pregnancy and lactation (R2). Colostrum samples were collected 3 and 18 h after parturition and thymus glands were obtained from 5-month-old offspring. Lamb birthweight did not differ between groups, whereas growth rate was significantly lower in males in the R1 group and in females in both undernourished groups. There was a significant reduction in lactose percentage in the 18-h colostrum of the R2 group. The IgG concentration, as a percentage of protein, was significantly increased in 3-h colostrum samples of the R2 group. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed a significant increase in the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4 and TLR9 in the thymus gland of female lambs in both undernourished groups. In conclusion, early life nutritional imbalances may impact on immune system function in later life due to programming effects.
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Patchett AL, Latham R, Brettingham-Moore KH, Tovar C, Lyons AB, Woods GM. Toll-like receptor signaling is functional in immune cells of the endangered Tasmanian devil. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 53:123-133. [PMID: 26182986 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Devil facial tumour disease (DFTD) is a fatally transmissible cancer that threatens the Tasmanian devil population. As Tasmanian devils do not produce an immune response against DFTD cells, an effective vaccine will require a strong adjuvant. Activation of innate immune system cells through toll-like receptors (TLRs) could provide this stimulation. It is unknown whether marsupials, including Tasmanian devils, express functional TLRs. We isolated RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and, with PCR, detected transcripts for TLRs 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 13. Stimulation of the mononuclear cells with agonists to these TLRs increased the expression of downstream TLR signaling products (IL1α, IL6, IL12A and IFNβ). Our data provide the first evidence that TLR signaling is functional in the mononuclear cells of the Tasmanian devil. Future DFTD vaccination trials will incorporate TLR agonists to enhance the immune response against DFTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Patchett
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Roger Latham
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | | | - Cesar Tovar
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - A Bruce Lyons
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Gregory M Woods
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
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Paul A, Dangi S, Gupta M, Singh J, Thakur N, Naskar S, Nanda P, Mohanty N, Das A, Bandopadhayay S, Das B, Sarkar M. Expression of TLR genes in Black Bengal goat (Capra hircus) during different seasons. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ruiz-González I, Minten M, Wang X, Dunlap KA, Bazer FW. Involvement of TLR7 and TLR8 in conceptus development and establishment of pregnancy in sheep. Reproduction 2015; 149:305-16. [PMID: 25602033 DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to the innate immune system and regulate inflammatory events that affect mammalian reproduction. In Study 1, we demonstrated that abundance of ovine TLR1-TLR9 mRNAs in the uterus differs due to reproductive status (TLR2, TLR3, TLR7, and TLR8) and the day of the estrous cycle and pregnancy (TLR1-TLR3, TLR5-TLR7, and TLR9). Expression of TLR7 and TLR8 proteins was localized primarily to uterine epithelia and stroma and regulated in a temporal manner. In Study 2, we determined that ovine conceptuses express TLR7 and TLR8 on all days studied and that expression of the envelope protein of ovine endogenous retrovirus (enJSRV-Env) declined in conceptus trophectoderm from Day 13 to Day 16 of pregnancy. In Study 3, loss-of-function experiments were conducted in vivo using morpholino antisense oligonucleotides (MAOs) injected into the uterine lumen to block synthesis of TLR7 and TLR8 proteins, individually and jointly. Conceptuses were recovered on Day 16 to assess their morphology. MAO-treated conceptuses were developmentally retarded, produced less interferon tau (IFNT), and had fewer binucleate cells (BNCs) compared with MAO-Controls. Moreover, expression of enJSRV-Env mRNA in MAO-TLR7 conceptuses was greater than that for MAO-Control and MAO-TLR8 conceptuses, but similar to MAO-TLR7/TLR8 conceptuses. Results of this study indicated differences in TLR1-TLR9 expression due to reproductive status and the day of the estrous cycle and pregnancy. TLR7 and TLR8 also influence development, enJSRV-Env abundance, secretion of IFNT, and formation of BNCs by conceptuses. These findings corroborate our hypothesis that TLR7 and TLR8 mediate pathways whereby enJSRV-Env regulates key peri-implantation events in conceptus development and differentiated functions of trophectoderm cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ruiz-González
- Department of Animal ScienceTexas A&M University, Room 442 Kleberg, College Station, Texas 77843-2471, USA
| | - Megan Minten
- Department of Animal ScienceTexas A&M University, Room 442 Kleberg, College Station, Texas 77843-2471, USA
| | - Xiaoqiu Wang
- Department of Animal ScienceTexas A&M University, Room 442 Kleberg, College Station, Texas 77843-2471, USA
| | - Kathrin A Dunlap
- Department of Animal ScienceTexas A&M University, Room 442 Kleberg, College Station, Texas 77843-2471, USA
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal ScienceTexas A&M University, Room 442 Kleberg, College Station, Texas 77843-2471, USA
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Dhanasekaran S, Biswas M, Vignesh AR, Ramya R, Raj GD, Tirumurugaan KG, Raja A, Kataria RS, Parida S, Subbiah E. Toll-like receptor responses to Peste des petits ruminants virus in goats and water buffalo. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111609. [PMID: 25369126 PMCID: PMC4219731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovine rinderpest or goat plague is an economically important and contagious viral disease of sheep and goats, caused by the Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). Differences in susceptibility to goat plague among different breeds and water buffalo exist. The host innate immune system discriminates between pathogen associated molecular patterns and self antigens through surveillance receptors known as Toll like receptors (TLR). We investigated the role of TLR and cytokines in differential susceptibility of goat breeds and water buffalo to PPRV. We examined the replication of PPRV in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of Indian domestic goats and water buffalo and demonstrated that the levels of TLR3 and TLR7 and downstream signalling molecules correlation with susceptibility vs resistance. Naturally susceptible goat breeds, Barbari and Tellichery, had dampened innate immune responses to PPRV and increased viral loads with lower basal expression levels of TLR 3/7. Upon stimulation of PBMC with synthetic TLR3 and TLR7 agonists or PPRV, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines were found to be significantly higher while immunosuppressive interleukin (IL) 10 levels were lower in PPRV resistant Kanni and Salem Black breeds and water buffalo at transcriptional level, correlating with reduced viralloads in infected PBMC. Water buffalo produced higher levels of interferon (IFN) α in comparison with goats at transcriptional and translational levels. Pre-treatment of Vero cells with human IFNα resulted in reduction of PPRV replication, confirming the role of IFNα in limiting PPRV replication. Treatment with IRS66, a TLR7 antagonist, resulted in the reduction of IFNα levels, with increased PPRV replication confirming the role of TLR7. Single nucleotide polymorphism analysis of TLR7 of these goat breeds did not show any marked nucleotide differences that might account for susceptibility vs resistance to PPRV. Analyzing other host genetic factors might provide further insights on susceptibility to PPRV and genetic polymorphisms in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Dhanasekaran
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Moanaro Biswas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ambothi R. Vignesh
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R. Ramya
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gopal Dhinakar Raj
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnaswamy G. Tirumurugaan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Angamuthu Raja
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ranjit S. Kataria
- Animal Genetics Division, National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal (Haryana), India
| | - Satya Parida
- Head of FMD Vaccine Differentiation Group, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SP); (ES)
| | - Elankumaran Subbiah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SP); (ES)
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Chen C, Zibiao H, Ming Z, Shiyi C, Ruixia L, Jie W, SongJia L. Expression pattern of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in different organs and effects of lipopolysaccharide on the expression of TLR 2 and 4 in reproductive organs of female rabbit. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:341-348. [PMID: 24858029 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are vital for innate immunity, and they were expressed in various immune cells, tissues and organs. Moreover, TLRs specific expression pattern in different cells, tissue and organs have been confirmed to have correlation with the ability to resistance to pathogenic challenges. The present study aimed to determine the expression profiles and levels of TLR2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 10 in the lung, trachea, intestine, stomach, liver, spleen, uterine horn and body, cervix, ovary, oviduct and hypothalamus of female rabbits, and whether the expression level of TLR2 and 4 in the ovary, oviduct, uterine horn and body, and cervix were affected by lipopolyasaccharide (LPS). The tissues of the lung, trachea, intestine, stomach, liver, spleen, uterine horn and body, cervix, ovary, oviduct and hypothalamus were collected from four rabbits which didn't be treated as 0 h. 16 rabbits in LPS group were injected with LPS (according to 0.5mg/kg body weight) and 16 rabbits in control group were injected with saline (LPS carrier), hereafter the tissues of the uterine horn and body, cervix, ovary and oviduct from 32 rabbits were collected after 1.5, 3, 6, and 12h (n=4 each group) postinjection. The expression profiles of TLRs were analyzed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and expression level of TLRs were examined using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results shown: TLR2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 10 were expressed in lung, trachea, intestine, stomach, liver, spleen, uterine horn and body, cervix, ovary, oviduct and hypothalamus of female rabbits, but their expression level had great difference in the same organs, and each TLR has different expression level in the different organs. After LPS-stimulation, the expression of TLR2 in the uterine body and horn was significantly higher than that in control group by 3h and 12h of postinjection (P<0.05) respectively. The expression of TLR4 in ovary and uterine body was significantly higher than that in control group by 3 and 12h of postinjection (P<0.05), and the expression of TLR4 in uterine body was greater than that in control by 3h postinjection (P<0.05). The results suggested LPS upregulated the expression of TLR2 and 4 in uterine body and horn, and the expression of TLR4 in ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China
| | - He Zibiao
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China
| | - Zhang Ming
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China.
| | - Chen Shiyi
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetic, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 6111130, China
| | - Lan Ruixia
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China
| | - Wang Jie
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China
| | - Lai SongJia
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetic, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 6111130, China
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Krishnaswamy Gopalan T, Gururaj P, Gupta R, Gopal DR, Rajesh P, Chidambaram B, Kalyanasundaram A, Angamuthu R. Transcriptome profiling reveals higher vertebrate orthologous of intra-cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors in grey bamboo shark. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100018. [PMID: 24956167 PMCID: PMC4067322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
From an immunologist perspective, sharks are an important group of jawed cartilaginous fishes and survey of the public database revealed a great gap in availability of large-scale sequence data for the group of Chondrichthyans the elasmobranchs. In an attempt to bridge this deficit we generated the transcriptome from the spleen and kidney tissues (a total of 1,606,172 transcripts) of the shark, Chiloscyllium griseum using the Illumina HiSeq2000 platform. With a cut off of > = 300 bp and an expression value of >1RPKM we used 43,385 transcripts for BLASTX analysis which revealed 17,548 transcripts matching to the NCBI nr database with an E-value of < = 10(-5) and similarity score of 40%. The longest transcript was 16,974 bases with matched to HECT domain containing E3 ubiqutin protein ligase. MEGAN4 annotation pipeline revealed immune and signalling pathways including cell adhesion molecules, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, T-cell receptor signalling pathway and chemokine signaling pathway to be highly expressed in spleen, while different metabolism pathways such as amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism and xenobiotic biodegradation were highly expressed in kidney. Few of the candidate genes were selected to analyze their expression levels in various tissues by real-time PCR and also localization of a receptor by in-situ PCR to validate the prediction. We also predicted the domains structures of some of the identified pattern recognition receptors, their phylogenetic relationship with lower and higher vertebrates and the complete downstream signaling mediators of classical dsRNA signaling pathway. The generated transcriptome will be a valuable resource to further genetic and genomic research in elasmobranchs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirumurugaan Krishnaswamy Gopalan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pradheepa Gururaj
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ravi Gupta
- SciGenom Labs Pvt. Ltd., Kakkanad, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Dhinakar Raj Gopal
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Preeti Rajesh
- SciGenom Labs Pvt. Ltd., Kakkanad, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Balachandran Chidambaram
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aravindan Kalyanasundaram
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raja Angamuthu
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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22
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Huang J, Cui H, Peng X, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J, Wang X, Wu B. Downregulation of TLR4 and 7 mRNA expression levels in broiler's spleen caused by diets supplemented with nickel chloride. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 158:353-8. [PMID: 24643469 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-9938-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important immune receptors in discriminating self from nonself and in initiating the innate and adaptive immune response. TLR4 and TLR7 have been proven to be highly expressed in chicken's spleen. Thus, this study was to evaluate the TLR4 and TLR7 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels in the spleen of broilers fed diets supplemented with nickel chloride (NiCl2) using the methods of quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Two hundred forty-one-day-old avian broilers were equally divided into 4 groups and fed on a corn-soybean basal diet as control diet or the same basal diet supplemented with 300, 600, and 900 mg/kg of NiCl2 for 42 days. Results showed that TLR4 and TLR7 mRNA expression levels in the spleen were lower (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) in the 300, 600, and 900 mg/kg groups than those in the control group. It was concluded that dietary NiCl2 in excess of 300 mg/kg could lower TLR4 and TLR7 mRNA expression levels in the spleen of broilers, implying that NiCl2 could impair the innate and adaptive immunity in spleen by injuring immunocytes and/or decreasing the content of cytokines through TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China, 625014
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23
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Novák K. Functional polymorphisms in Toll-like receptor genes for innate immunity in farm animals. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 157:1-11. [PMID: 24268689 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The exploitation of the genetic factors affecting the health status of farm animals represents an alternative approach to controlling the diseases caused by microbial pathogens. The determination of innate immunity based on the genotype of the germplasm cells is a constraint for specificity but becomes an advantage in breeding schemes. The structural deviations among Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as the most frequently studied innate immunity components, have been documented at all levels, i.e., interspecific, inter- and intravarietal, in the main farm species. The current computational methods facilitate the prediction of the functional consequences of the observed mutations. Subsequently, these predictions can be verified through immunological responsiveness and population-wide association studies. The frequency and haplotype grouping of individual polymorphisms are used to track the origin and selection coefficient as independent indicators of functional changes. The Toll-like receptor variants associated with mastitis and mycobacterial infection have been identified in cattle, consequently, the targeting of these proteins in breeding could contribute to disease control. The range of infections affected by TLR polymorphisms suggests that the improvement of innate resistance is feasible in more species. Thus, the traditional breeds and wild populations should be regarded as the resources of genetic variability accessible for these purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Novák
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Animal Science, Prague-Uhříněves, Czech Republic.
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24
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Goyal S, Dubey PK, Kumari N, Niranjan SK, Kathiravan P, Mishra BP, Mahajan R, Kataria RS. Caprine Toll-like receptor 8 gene sequence characterization reveals close relationships among ruminant species. Int J Immunogenet 2013; 41:81-9. [PMID: 23829591 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
TLR8 mediates antiviral immunity by recognizing ssRNA viruses and triggers potent antiviral and antitumor immune responses. In this study, approximately 3.5 Kb nucleotide sequence data of caprine TLR8 gene were generated from one sample each of twelve different Indian goat breeds belonging to different geographical regions. Cloning and characterization of cDNA synthesized from RNA purified from goat spleen revealed TLR8 ORF to be of 3102 nucleotides long coding for 1033 amino acids similar to other ruminant species, that is sheep, buffalo and cattle. The sequence analysis at nucleotide level revealed goat TLR8 to be closer to buffalo sharing 99.6% homology, followed by cattle and sheep. Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool (SMART) used for the structural analysis of goat TLR8 showed the presence of 16 leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) along with single Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain. TIR domain when compared with other livestock species was found to be conserved in ruminant species goat, sheep, cattle and buffalo. The phylogenetic analysis also revealed grouping of all ruminant species together, goat being closer to buffalo followed by cattle and sheep. Total 4 polymorphic sites were observed in TLR8 gene of one specimen goat representing each of 12 different breeds studied, all of which were synonymous and present within the coding region. Of these 4 SNPs, two were in ectodomains, one in TIR domain and one was found to be present in transmembrane domain. PCR-RFLP genotyping of two of the SNPs indicated variations in allele frequencies among different goat breeds. The expression profiling in 13 tissues of goat showed maximum expression of TLR8 gene in kidney followed by spleen, lung and lymph node. Overall, our results indicate conservation of TLR8 gene among the ruminant species and low variation within Indian goat breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Goyal
- National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
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Anandhakumar C, Lavanya V, Pradheepa G, Tirumurugaan KG, Raj GD, Raja A, Pazhanivel N, Balachandran C. Expression profile of toll-like receptor 2 mRNA in selected tissues of shark (Chiloscyllium sp.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:1174-1182. [PMID: 23017775 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sharks are a species of delight for immunologists from the evolutionary perspective since it is considered as the first species to have evolved the adaptive immune responses in addition to the innate immune system. One of the components of the highly conserved innate immune system is the toll-like receptors (TLR) which has a conserved overall protein structure throughout deuterostome evolution. There is no report that demonstrates the expression of these receptors in sharks. In this study we successfully amplified a 270 bp amplicon using a degenerate primer design strategy that corresponded to the Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain of TLR2 (GenBank ID: JF792813). BLAST analysis revealed a maximum nucleotide identity of 87% and 76% with the TLR2 of higher mammals and teleost fishes respectively. Domain prediction revealed a TIR structure between 1 and 87 amino acids that had a maximum identity of 58% and 76% with TLR2 - TIR protein of teleost fishes and higher mammals respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a closer clustering of the shark TIR sequence with those from human, cattle, goat, sheep and chicken than with other fish species. Basal expression levels of the TLR2-TIR mRNA were found to be significantly higher in kidneys followed by fins, spleen and intestinal spiral valve (ISV). In tissues such as spleen and kidney the expression of the TLR2-TIR mRNA could be localized to lymphoid and macrophages like cells and tubular epithelial cells respectively. In-vivo exposure of sharks to peptidoglycan (TLR 2 ligand) resulted in 9 folds higher expression of TLR2-TIR mRNA in gills followed by 5 folds in the fins. However, when inoculated with a TLR ligand pool, the expression levels significantly increased to 12 fold in skin followed by epigonal, kidneys and ISV. These findings not only support the presence of the TLRs in sharks but also their induction upon exposure to specific ligands. Further studies are needed to identify their numbers, their ligand specificity and downstream cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Anandhakumar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Vepery High Road, Chennai 600 007, Tamil Nadu, India
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Deng S, Yu K, Zhang B, Yao Y, Liu Y, He H, Zhang H, Cui M, Fu J, Lian Z, Li N. Effects of over-expression of TLR2 in transgenic goats on pathogen clearance and role of up-regulation of lysozyme secretion and infiltration of inflammatory cells. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:196. [PMID: 23082910 PMCID: PMC3560201 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is important to host recognition of invading gram-positive microbes. In goats, these microbes can cause serious mastitis, anthrax, tetanus, and other problems. Transgenic goats constitutively over-expressing TLR2 in many tissues serve as a suitable model for the study of the role of TLR2 over-expression in bacterial clearance. Results Capra hircus TLR2 over-expression vector (p3S-LoxP-TLR2) was used to generate transgenic goats by egg microinjection. The integration efficiency was 8.57%. Real-time PCR and immunohistochemical results confirmed that the goats over-expressing the TLR2 gene (Tg) expressed more TLR2 than wild-type goats (WT). Monocyte-macrophages from the bloodstreams of transgenic goats were stimulated with synthetic bacterial lipoprotein (Pam3CSK4) and by the promotion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-10 expression in vitro. The oxidative damage was significantly reduced, and lysozyme (LZM) secretion was found to be up-regulated. Ear tissue samples from transgenic goats that had been stimulated with Pam3CSK4 via hypodermic injection showed that transgenic individuals can undergo the inflammation response very quickly. Conclusions Over-expression of TLR2 was found to decrease radical damage to host cells through low-level production of NO and MDA and to promote the clearance of invasive bacteria by up-regulating lysozyme secretion and filtration of inflammatory cells to the infected site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoulong Deng
- National key Lab of Agro-Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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Uddin MJ, Nuro-Gyina PK, Islam MA, Tesfaye D, Tholen E, Looft C, Schellander K, Cinar MU. Expression dynamics of Toll-like receptors mRNA and cytokines in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 147:211-22. [PMID: 22578850 PMCID: PMC11141511 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 is critical for the recognition of Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) but in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) it may cooperate with other TLRs and lead to the production of inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, we analyzed TLR1-10 mRNA expression in porcine PBMCs stimulated with LPS over time (1-48 h) by using quantitative real-time PCR and cytokine proteins level by ELISA in culture supernatant. TLR1-10 mRNA was detectable in porcine PBMCs. When compared with the control (non-stimulated), TLR1 mRNA were increased (p<0.05) at 3 h after challenge with 1 μg/ml LPS, whereas TLR1 and TLR2 mRNA were increased (p<0.01) at 6 h after challenge with 10 μg/ml LPS. TLR4 increased (p<0.001) at 3h after challenge with LPS and remained constant. TLR5 and TLR6 mRNA increased (p<0.05) at 9 h and 1 h after of LPS stimulation, respectively. The mRNA of CD14 and MD2 were increased (p<0.001) at 1h after LPS stimulation. Additionally, at most of the time analyzed, the mRNA expression increased with the dose of LPS. The LPS concentration had influence (p<0.05) on all the TLRs expression except TLR10; whereas time had effect (p<0.05) on all TLRs expression except TLR2, 3, 6 and 10. When compared to the control, the cytokines IL1b, IL8 and TNFα proteins were increased (p<0.001) immediately at 1 h after LPS stimulation and remained constant till 48 h. IL12b was increased (p<0.001) 12 h after challenge with 10 μg/ml of LPS. Although IL8 level was the highest, the higher (p<0.05) expression of all these inflammatory cytokines indicate that upon interacting with TLRs, LPS exerted inflammatory response in PBMCs through the production of Th1 type cytokines. The production of cytokines was influenced (p<0.001) by both the dose of LPS and the stimulation time. Hence, the porcine PBMCs are likely able to express all members of TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jasim Uddin
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 15, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Ramasamy KT, Reddy MR, Verma PC, Murugesan S. Expression analysis of turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) toll-like receptors and molecular characterization of avian specific TLR15. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:8539-49. [PMID: 22699880 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) constitute a multi-gene family, which plays a pivotal role in sensing invading pathogens by virtue of conserved microbial patterns. TLR repertoire of chicken and zebra finch has been well studied. However TLR family of other avian species is yet to be characterized. In the present study, we identified TLR repertoire of turkey, characterized avian specific receptor TLR15 in turkey and profiled the TLRs expressions in a range of tissues of turkey poults. All ten TLR genes orthologous to chicken TLR repertoire were found in turkey. Turkey TLR genes showed 81-93 % similarity at amino acid level to their chicken counter parts. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the orthologous relationship of turkey TLRs with chicken and zebra finch TLRs. Open reading frame of turkey TLR15 was 2,607 bp long encoding 868 amino acids similar to that of broiler chicken and showed 92.4, 91.1 and 69.5 % identity at amino acid levels with chicken, Japanese quail and zebra finch TLR15 sequences respectively. Overall TLR expression was highest for TLR4 and lowest for TLR21. TLR1A, 2A, 2B and 21 were significantly higher in liver than other tissues investigated (P < 0.01). TLR3 expression was significantly higher in bone marrow (BM) and spleen in comparison to other tissues studied (P < 0.01). Furthermore, no significant differences in the expression levels of TLR1B, 4, 5, 7 and 15 genes were detected among the tissues studied. Our findings contribute to the characterization of innate immune system of birds and show the innate preparedness of young turkey poults to a range of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannaki T Ramasamy
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Lewis D, Chan D, Pinheiro D, Armitage‐Chan E, Garden O. The immunopathology of sepsis: pathogen recognition, systemic inflammation, the compensatory anti-inflammatory response, and regulatory T cells. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:457-82. [PMID: 22428780 PMCID: PMC7166777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, the systemic inflammatory response to infection, represents the major cause of death in critically ill veterinary patients. Whereas important advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of this syndrome have been made, much remains to be elucidated. There is general agreement on the key interaction between pathogen-associated molecular patterns and cells of the innate immune system, and the amplification of the host response generated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. More recently, the concept of immunoparalysis in sepsis has also been advanced, together with an increasing recognition of the interplay between regulatory T cells and the innate immune response. However, the heterogeneous nature of this syndrome and the difficulty of modeling it in vitro or in vivo has both frustrated the advancement of new therapies and emphasized the continuing importance of patient-based clinical research in this area of human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.H. Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfield CampusHertfordshire,UK (Lewis, Chan, Garden)
- Present address:
Langford Veterinary ServicesSmall Animal HospitalLangford HouseLangfordBristol, BS40 5DUUK
| | - D.L. Chan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfield CampusHertfordshire,UK (Lewis, Chan, Garden)
| | - D. Pinheiro
- Regulatory T Cell LaboratoryThe Royal Veterinary CollegeCamden Campus, LondonNW1 OTUUK (Pinheiro, Garden)
| | - E. Armitage‐Chan
- Davies Veterinary SpecialistsManor Farm Business ParkHertfordshireSG5 3HR, UK (Armitage‐Chan)
| | - O.A. Garden
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfield CampusHertfordshire,UK (Lewis, Chan, Garden)
- Regulatory T Cell LaboratoryThe Royal Veterinary CollegeCamden Campus, LondonNW1 OTUUK (Pinheiro, Garden)
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Bezemer GFG, Sagar S, van Bergenhenegouwen J, Georgiou NA, Garssen J, Kraneveld AD, Folkerts G. Dual role of Toll-like receptors in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:337-58. [PMID: 22407613 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.004622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, significant research has been focused on Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the pathogenesis of airway diseases. TLRs are pattern recognition receptors that play pivotal roles in the detection of and response to pathogens. Because of the involvement of TLRs in innate and adaptive immunity, these receptors are currently being exploited as possible targets for drug development. Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are chronic inflammatory airway diseases in which innate and adaptive immunity play an important role. To date, asthma is the most common chronic disease in children aged 5 years and older. COPD is prevalent amongst the elderly and is currently the fifth-leading cause of death worldwide with still-growing prevalence. Both of these inflammatory diseases result in shortness of breath, which is treated, often ineffectively, with bronchodilators and glucocorticosteroids. Symptomatic treatment approaches are similar for both diseases; however, the underlying immunological mechanisms differ greatly. There is a clear need for improved treatment specific for asthma and for COPD. This review provides an update on the role of TLRs in asthma and in COPD and discusses the merits and difficulties of targeting these proteins as novel treatment strategies for airway diseases. TLR agonist, TLR adjuvant, and TLR antagonist therapies could all be argued to be effective in airway disease management. Because of a possible dual role of TLRs in airway diseases with shared symptoms and risk factors but different immunological mechanisms, caution should be taken while designing pulmonary TLR-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillina F G Bezemer
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Transcript profiling of pattern recognition receptors in a semi domesticated breed of buffalo, Toda, of India. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 147:51-9. [PMID: 22521945 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to assess the expression profile and levels of toll-like receptor (TLR) mRNAs in the spleen, lung, mediastinal lymph node (MLN), jejunum, rectum, skin and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of Toda and Murrah buffalos. Spleen and PBMC had increased expression of TLR mRNAs 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10; lung had increased expression of TLR mRNAs 2, 4, 5, 6 and 8, MLN TLR mRNA 6, 9, 10 and decrease in TLR 3 and 7 mRNAs in skin. No significant differences were observed in the expression levels of any of the TLR mRNA in jejunum and rectum. Toda buffaloes showed significantly higher expression levels of TLR 9 mRNA in MLN, TLR mRNAs 1, 5, 6, 9 and 10 in skin and TLR mRNAs 2, 4, 7 and 9 in PBMC than Murrah buffaloes living in the vicinity. Toda and Murrah buffaloes were inoculated with TLR5 (flagellin) and TLR9 (CpG ODN) ligands in vivo and expression levels of the respective TLRs analyzed 12h later. Following CpG inoculation, Toda buffaloes had significantly higher levels of TLR 9 mRNA expression but not in Murrah. However, flagellin induction did not increase TLR 5 mRNA expression in both these breeds. Histological sections of the skin were made and infiltrating cell clusters were graded and quantified. Following CpG inoculation, Toda buffaloes showed higher numbers of infiltrating grade 1 and grade 3 cell clusters while Murrah showed lower numbers of infiltrating grade 1 cells as compared to mock-inoculated skin sections. Flagellin treatment revealed no significant differences in infiltrating cell clusters in both the breeds. The results have shown differential expression of TLR mRNAs in various tissues between two divergent buffalo breeds with the highest difference in TLR expression profile seen in the skin, the largest portal of entry of pathogens, of Toda.
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Silva APC, Costa ÉA, Macêdo AA, Martins TDM, Borges ÁM, Paixão TA, Santos RL. Transcription of pattern recognition receptors and abortive agents induced chemokines in the bovine pregnant uterus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 145:248-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Ramasamy KT, Reddy MR, Murugesan S. Toll-like receptor mRNA expression, iNOS gene polymorphism and serum nitric oxide levels in indigenous chickens. Vet Res Commun 2011; 35:321-7. [PMID: 21607608 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-011-9472-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) family is one of the important members of innate immune system that recognizes conserved microbial patterns and induces innate immune response. They also act as a link to adaptive immune response. Nitric oxide (NO) is a multi-functional mediator with diverse physiological and immunological roles. In the present study TLR mRNA expression in heterophils, serum nitric oxide level and iNOS (inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase) gene polymorphism were investigated in cockerels of two Indian native chicken breeds, Aseel and Kadaknath. TLR (4 and 5) mRNA expression as quantified by real time RT-PCR revealed Kadaknath males expressed significantly (P < 0.01) higher TLR4 mRNA than Aseel males. iNOS gene polymorphism analyzed by PCR-RFLP method revealed difference in allele frequency. Kadaknath males had higher allele B frequency (0.81) than Aseel males (0.56). However, there were no genotype and breed effect on serum nitric oxide level. Based on the present study we conclude that Kadaknath has comparatively higher innate immunity levels than Aseel, however further investigations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannaki T Ramasamy
- Project Directorate on Poultry, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Kannaki T, Shanmugam M, Verma P. Toll-like receptors and their role in animal reproduction. Anim Reprod Sci 2011; 125:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Dwivedy A, Aich P. Importance of innate mucosal immunity and the promises it holds. Int J Gen Med 2011; 4:299-311. [PMID: 21556316 PMCID: PMC3085239 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s17525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The body defense mechanism has evolved to protect animals from invading pathogenic microorganisms and cancer. It is able to generate a diverse variety of cells and molecules capable of specifically recognizing and eliminating a limitless variety of foreign invaders. These cells and molecules act together in a dynamic network and are known as the immune system. Innate mucosal immunity consists of various recognition receptor molecules, including toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, and RIG-I-like receptors. These recognition receptor molecules recognize various invading pathogens effectively, and generate an immune response to stop their entry and neutralize their adverse consequences, such as tissue damage. Furthermore, they regulate the adaptive response in cases of severe infection and also help generate a memory response. Most infections occur through the mucosa. It is important to understand the initial host defense response or innate immunity at the mucosal surface to control these infections and protect the system. The aim of this review is to discuss the effects and functions of various innate mucosal agents and their importance in understanding the physiological immune response, as well as their roles in developing new interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhisek Dwivedy
- National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Palok Aich
- National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Sequence analysis of Toll-like receptor genes 1-10 of goat (Capra hircus). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 140:252-8. [PMID: 21288575 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study involved cloning and sequencing of the coding regions of all 10 Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes of goat. Goat TLR 1-10 gene sequences revealed a high degree of nucleotide identity with sheep and cattle sequences (>90%) and 75-85% with pig, mouse and human sequences. At the amino acid level, 85-99% similarity was observed with sheep and cattle and 60-85% with pig, mouse and human. TLR9c DNA of goat showed the highest amino acid identity to that of sheep (99%) while TLR8 cDNA showed the lowest identity of 88.7% to that of sheep. Variations were seen in the number of leucine rich repeats (LRRs) of goat TLRs as compared to other ruminant species with maximum differences in the TLR3 gene. Phylogenetic analysis through molecular evolution and genetic analysis (MEGA) software and multi dimensional scaling revealed a high degree of conservation of goat TLRs with those from other species. However when the TIR domain of all the TLRs were compared, goat TLR7 TIR alone showed a high divergence of 19.3 as compared to sheep sequences. This is the first report of the full-length cDNA sequences of all the 10 TLR genes of goats which would be a useful tool for the study of evolutionary lineages and for phylogenetic analysis.
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Dhanasekaran S, Kannan TA, Dhinakar Raj G, Tirumurugaan KG, Raja A, Kumanan K. Differential expression of toll-like receptor mRNA in corneal epithelium of ruminants. Vet Ophthalmol 2010; 13:270-4. [PMID: 20618807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study was carried out to identify and assess the expression levels of toll-like receptors (TLRs) 1-10 mRNA in corneal epithelial cells of buffalo, goat, sheep and bull. MATERIALS AND METHODS The globes from the respective species were collected and the corneal epithelium was denuded. The expression levels of the different TLR mRNAs were assessed by densitometry of the band intensities following reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS In all species TLR5 and TLR7 were highly expressed with lower levels of TLR10. The TLR6 mRNA levels were the lowest in the cornea of bull. The TLR2 expression was high in sheep and bulls, while TLR4 mRNA was higher in sheep alone. The level of the other TLRs varied across other species. CONCLUSION Based on these observations it may be inferred that these animals would be resistant to flagellin (TLR5) and single-stranded RNA viruses (TLR7), while sheep alone may show more resistance to lipo-polysaccharide (TLR4) and peptidoglycan (TLR2)-mediated injury of the cornea. This work reports for the first time the expression of TLR mRNAs in the corneal epithelial cells of farm animals. The relationship of the TLR mRNA levels to corneal disease susceptibilities and pathogenicity remains to be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Dhanasekaran
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai 600 007, India
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Toll-like receptors in domestic animals. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 343:107-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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