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Liu J, Wang X, Ren T, Qin J, Qin Y, Ouyang K, Chen Y, Huang W, Wei Z. Identification of B-cell epitope on the N protein of type 1 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) using monoclonal antibody and construction of epitope-mutated virus. Virology 2024; 596:110102. [PMID: 38749084 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The escalating epidemic of PRRSV-1 in China has prompted widespread concern regarding the evolution of strains, disparities in pathogenicity to herds, and immunological detection of emerging strains. The nucleocapsid (N) protein, as a highly conserved protein with immunogenic properties in PRRSV, is a subject of intensive study. In this research, the recombinant His-N protein was expressed based on the N gene of PRRSV-1 using a prokaryotic expression system and then administered to BALB/c mice. A cell fusion protocol was implemented between SP2/0 cells and splenocytes, resulting in the successful screening of a monoclonal antibody against the N protein, designated as mAb 2D7, by indirect ELISA. Western Blot analysis and Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) confirmed that mAb 2D7 positively responded to PRRSV-1. By constructing and expressing a series of truncated His-fused N proteins, a B-cell epitope of N protein, 59-AAEDDIR-65, was identified. A sequence alignment of two genotypes of PRRSV revealed that this epitope is relatively conserved in PRRSV, yet more so in genotype 1. Cross-reactivity analysis by Western blot analysis demonstrated that the B-cell epitope containing D62Y mutation could not be recognized by mAb 2D7. The inability of mAb 2D7 to recognize the epitope carrying the D62Y mutation was further determined using an infectious clone of PRRSV. This research may shed light on the biological significance of the N protein of PRRSV, paving the way for the advancement of immunological detection and development of future recombinant marker vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Xindong Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Tongwei Ren
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Jianguang Qin
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Yifeng Qin
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Weijian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, 530005, China.
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2
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Zhao Y, Wang R, Li W, Ren G, Zhang Y, Guo R, Zhang X, Zhang J, Li J, Yu C, Hu R, Zhang R, Yang Z, Zeshan B, Zhou Y, Wang X. Lineage 1 PRRSVs infection induces hemorrhagic injury in intestines of piglets: Effects on complement and coagulation cascades. Microb Pathog 2024; 192:106682. [PMID: 38750776 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/17/2024]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes a highly transmissible disease of significant concern in the pig industry. Previous studies have demonstrated that the XM-2020 strain (a lineage 1.8 PRRSV IA/2012/NADC30) can induce special hemorrhagic injury in the small intestines. However, the specific mechanism underlying this injurious effect remains incompletely understood. In this study, we examined the pathogenic properties of XM-2020 and YC-2020 strains (a lineage 1.5 PRRSV IA/2014/NADC34) in piglets. Animal pathogenic tests revealed that with either Lineage 1 PRRSVs strains XM-2020 or YC-2020 demonstrated pronounced intestinal hemorrhage and suppression of peripheral immunological organs, comparing to JXA1 infection. Transcriptome analysis of diseased small intestines unveiled that PRRSV infection stimulated oxidative and inflammatory reactions. Remarkably, we also observed activation of the complement system alongside a notable down-regulation of complement and coagulation cascade pathways in the Lineage 1 PRRSVs infection group. Based on these findings, we propose that the primary mechanism driving the hemorrhagic injury of the small intestine caused by Lineage 1 PRRSVs is the suppression of complement and coagulation cascades resulting from immunosuppression. This discovery deepens our understanding of the pathogenicity of PRRSV in the small intestine and provides promising ways out for the development of innovative strategies aimed at controlling PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ruiqing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Guofan Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yining Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ruhai Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jingnan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Junda Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chenfei Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ruochen Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Riteng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Basit Zeshan
- Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, University Malaysia Sabah, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Yefei Zhou
- Department of Life Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 211171, China.
| | - Xinglong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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3
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Li J, Miller LC, Sang Y. Current Status of Vaccines for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome: Interferon Response, Immunological Overview, and Future Prospects. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:606. [PMID: 38932335 PMCID: PMC11209547 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) remains a formidable challenge for the global pig industry. Caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV), this disease primarily affects porcine reproductive and respiratory systems, undermining effective host interferon and other immune responses, resulting in vaccine ineffectiveness. In the absence of specific antiviral treatments for PRRSV, vaccines play a crucial role in managing the disease. The current market features a range of vaccine technologies, including live, inactivated, subunit, DNA, and vector vaccines, but only modified live virus (MLV) and killed virus (KV) vaccines are commercially available for PRRS control. Live vaccines are promoted for their enhanced protective effectiveness, although their ability to provide cross-protection is modest. On the other hand, inactivated vaccines are emphasized for their safety profile but are limited in their protective efficacy. This review updates the current knowledge on PRRS vaccines' interactions with the host interferon system, and other immunological aspects, to assess their current status and evaluate advents in PRRSV vaccine development. It presents the strengths and weaknesses of both live attenuated and inactivated vaccines in the prevention and management of PRRS, aiming to inspire the development of innovative strategies and technologies for the next generation of PRRS vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyi Li
- Department of Food and Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A Merritt Blvd, Nashville, TN 37209, USA;
| | - Laura C. Miller
- Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Yongming Sang
- Department of Food and Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A Merritt Blvd, Nashville, TN 37209, USA;
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4
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Ruedas-Torres I, Sánchez-Carvajal JM, Salguero FJ, Pallarés FJ, Carrasco L, Mateu E, Gómez-Laguna J, Rodríguez-Gómez IM. The scene of lung pathology during PRRSV-1 infection. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1330990. [PMID: 38566751 PMCID: PMC10985324 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1330990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most economically important infectious diseases for the pig industry worldwide. The disease was firstly reported in 1987 and became endemic in many countries. Since then, outbreaks caused by strains of high virulence have been reported several times in Asia, America and Europe. Interstitial pneumonia, microscopically characterised by thickened alveolar septa, is the hallmark lesion of PRRS. However, suppurative bronchopneumonia and proliferative and necrotising pneumonia are also observed, particularly when a virulent strain is involved. This raises the question of whether the infection by certain strains results in an overstimulation of the proinflammatory response and whether there is some degree of correlation between the strain involved and a particular pattern of lung injury. Thus, it is of interest to know how the inflammatory response is modulated in these cases due to the interplay between virus and host factors. This review provides an overview of the macroscopic, microscopic, and molecular pathology of PRRSV-1 strains in the lung, emphasising the differences between strains of different virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Ruedas-Torres
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA Porton Down), Salisbury, United Kingdom
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (CeiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José María Sánchez-Carvajal
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (CeiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Francisco José Pallarés
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (CeiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Librado Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (CeiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Enric Mateu
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (CeiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Irene Magdalena Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (CeiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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5
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Liu X, Meng Y, He J, Jiang X, Zhang S, Wang D, Zhu Y, Zheng Z, Fan Y, Yin Y, Xiao S. Natural compound Sanggenon C inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication in piglets. Vet Microbiol 2024; 290:109991. [PMID: 38228078 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.109991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is one of the main pathogens threatening the global pig industry, and there is still a lack of effective therapeutic drugs. Sanggenon C is a flavanone Diels-Alder adduct compound extracted from the root bark of the mulberry genus, which has blood pressure-reducing, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory effects. In our previous study, Sanggenon C was confirmed to significantly inhibit PRRSV replication in vitro. However, its antiviral potential to inhibit PRRSV infection in vivo has not been evaluated in piglets. Here, the antiviral effect of Sanggenon C was evaluated in PRRSV-challenged piglets based on assessments of rectal temperature, viral load, pathological changes of lung tissue and secretion of inflammatory cytokines. The results showed that Sanggenon C treatment relieved the clinical symptoms, reduced the viral loads in the lungs and bloods, alleviated the pathological damage of lung tissue, decreased the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and shorten the excretion time of virus from the oral and nasal secretions and feces of piglets after PRRSV infection. The results indicated that Sanggenon C is a promising anti-PRRSV drug, which provides a new strategy for the prevention and control of PRRS in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Yinan Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianyu He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuelian Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuangquan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zifang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Yunpeng Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yupeng Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Shuqi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.
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Sagrera M, Garza-Moreno L, Sibila M, Oliver-Ferrando S, Cárceles S, Casanovas C, Prieto P, García-Flores A, Espigares D, Segalés J. Frequency of PCV-2 viremia in nursery piglets from a Spanish swine integration system in 2020 and 2022 considering PRRSV infection status. Porcine Health Manag 2024; 10:4. [PMID: 38229182 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-024-00354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) poses a significant economic threat for the swine industry, causing a range of diseases collectively referred to as porcine circovirus diseases (PCVDs). Despite PCV-2 vaccine effectiveness, the need for monitoring infectious pressure remains. PCV-2 coinfection with other pathogens like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) can exacerbate disease severity and lead to PCV-2-systemic disease cases. Monitoring both PRRSV and PCV-2 in co-infected farms is crucial for an effective management and vaccination programs. The present cross-sectional study aimed to determine PCV-2 antibody levels in piglets at weaning and PCV-2 and PRRSV viremia in pooled serum samples at weaning (vaccination age) and at 6 and 9 weeks of age from a Spanish swine integration system in 2020 (48 farms) and in 2022 (28 out of the 48 analysed previously). RESULTS The frequency of PCV-2 detection in pools of piglet sera was 2.1% (2020) and 7.1% (2022) at vaccination age but increased at the end of the nursery period (10.4% in 2020 and 39.3% in 2022) in both years. Co-infections between PCV-2 and PRRSV were detected in a significant proportion of PRRSV positive farms (15% in 2020, and 60% in 2022). PCV-2 antibody levels (ELISA S/P ratios) at weaning were lower in PCV-2 qPCR positive farms at different sampling time-points (0.361 in 2020 and 0.378 in 2022) compared to PCV-2 qPCR negative ones (0.587 in 2020 and 0.541 in 2022). The 28 farms tested both years were classified in four different epidemiological scenarios depending on their PCV-2 virological status. Those PCV-2 qPCR negative farms in 2020 that turned to be positive in 2022 had a statistically significant increase of PRRSV RT-qPCR detection and a PCV-2 antibody levels reduction, facts that were not observed in the rest of the scenarios. CONCLUSION This epidemiological study in farms from the same integration system determined the occurrence, in 2020 and in 2022, of PCV-2 and PRRSV infections in piglets during the nursery period by using pooled serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Sagrera
- IRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de La UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Ceva Salud Animal, Avenida Diagonal, 609-615, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de La UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Center for Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Pig Diseases (IRTA-CReSA), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sonia Cárceles
- Ceva Salud Animal, Avenida Diagonal, 609-615, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Casanovas
- Ceva Salud Animal, Avenida Diagonal, 609-615, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Prieto
- Inga Food S.A., Ronda de Poniente, 9, 28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - David Espigares
- Ceva Salud Animal, Avenida Diagonal, 609-615, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- WOAH Collaborating Center for Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Pig Diseases (IRTA-CReSA), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Liu B, Luo L, Shi Z, Ju H, Yu L, Li G, Cui J. Research Progress of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus NSP2 Protein. Viruses 2023; 15:2310. [PMID: 38140551 PMCID: PMC10747760 DOI: 10.3390/v15122310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is globally prevalent and seriously harms the economic efficiency of pig farming. Because of its immunosuppression and high incidence of mutant recombination, PRRSV poses a great challenge for disease prevention and control. Nonstructural protein 2 (NSP2) is the most variable functional protein in the PRRSV genome and can generate NSP2N and NSP2TF variants due to programmed ribosomal frameshifts. These variants are broad and complex in function and play key roles in numerous aspects of viral protein maturation, viral particle assembly, regulation of immunity, autophagy, apoptosis, cell cycle and cell morphology. In this paper, we review the structural composition, programmed ribosomal frameshift and biological properties of NSP2 to facilitate basic research on PRRSV and to provide theoretical support for disease prevention and control and therapeutic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; (B.L.); (L.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Lingzhi Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; (B.L.); (L.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Ziqi Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; (B.L.); (L.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Houbin Ju
- Shanghai Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Shanghai 201103, China;
| | - Lingxue Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China;
| | - Guoxin Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China;
| | - Jin Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; (B.L.); (L.L.); (Z.S.)
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Rawal G, Almeida MN, Gauger PC, Zimmerman JJ, Ye F, Rademacher CJ, Armenta Leyva B, Munguia-Ramirez B, Tarasiuk G, Schumacher LL, Aljets EK, Thomas JT, Zhu JH, Trexel JB, Zhang J. In Vivo and In Vitro Characterization of the Recently Emergent PRRSV 1-4-4 L1C Variant (L1C.5) in Comparison with Other PRRSV-2 Lineage 1 Isolates. Viruses 2023; 15:2233. [PMID: 38005910 PMCID: PMC10674456 DOI: 10.3390/v15112233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The recently emerged PRRSV 1-4-4 L1C variant (L1C.5) was in vivo and in vitro characterized in this study in comparison with three other contemporary 1-4-4 isolates (L1C.1, L1A, and L1H) and one 1-7-4 L1A isolate. Seventy-two 3-week-old PRRSV-naive pigs were divided into six groups with twelve pigs/group. Forty-eight pigs (eight/group) were for inoculation, and 24 pigs (four/group) served as contact pigs. Pigs in pen A of each room were inoculated with the corresponding virus or negative media. At two days post inoculation (DPI), contact pigs were added to pen B adjacent to pen A in each room. Pigs were necropsied at 10 and 28 DPI. Compared to other virus-inoculated groups, the L1C.5-inoculated pigs exhibited more severe anorexia and lethargy, higher mortality, a higher fraction of pigs with fever (>40 °C), higher average temperature at several DPIs, and higher viremia levels at 2 DPI. A higher percentage of the contact pigs in the L1C.5 group became viremic at two days post contact, implying the higher transmissibility of this virus strain. It was also found that some PRRSV isolates caused brain infection in inoculation pigs and/or contact pigs. The complete genome sequences and growth characteristics in ZMAC cells of five PRRSV-2 isolates were further compared. Collectively, this study confirms that the PRRSV 1-4-4 L1C variant (L1C.5) is highly virulent with potential higher transmissibility, but the genetic determinants of virulence remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Rawal
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Marcelo N. Almeida
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Phillip C. Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Jeffrey J. Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Fangshu Ye
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Christopher J. Rademacher
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Betsy Armenta Leyva
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Berenice Munguia-Ramirez
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Grzegorz Tarasiuk
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Loni L. Schumacher
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Ethan K. Aljets
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Joseph T. Thomas
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Jin-Hui Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Jolie B. Trexel
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (M.N.A.); (P.C.G.); (J.J.Z.); (C.J.R.); (B.A.L.); (B.M.-R.); (G.T.); (L.L.S.); (E.K.A.); (J.T.T.); (J.-H.Z.); (J.B.T.)
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9
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Wei Y, Dai G, Huang M, Wen L, Chen RA, Liu DX. Construction of an infectious cloning system of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and identification of glycoprotein 5 as a potential determinant of virulence and pathogenicity. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1227485. [PMID: 37547693 PMCID: PMC10397516 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1227485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection of pigs causes a variety of clinical manifestations, depending on the pathogenicity and virulence of the specific strain. Identification and characterization of potential determinant(s) for the pathogenicity and virulence of these strains would be an essential step to precisely design and develop effective anti-PRRSV intervention. In this study, we report the construction of an infectious clone system based on PRRSV vaccine strain SP by homologous recombination technique, and the rescue of a chimeric rSP-HUB2 strain by replacing the GP5 and M protein-coding region from SP strain with the corresponding region from a highly pathogenic strain PRRSV-HUB2. The two recombinant viruses were shown to be genetically stable and share similar growth kinetics, with rSP-HUB2 exhibiting apparent growth and fitness advantages. Compared to in cells infected with PRRSV-rSP, infection of cells with rSP-HUB2 showed significantly more inhibition of the induction of type I interferon (IFN-β) and interferon stimulator gene 56 (ISG56), and significantly more promotion of the induction of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, ISG15 and ISG20. Further overexpression, deletion and mutagenesis studies demonstrated that amino acid residue F16 in the N-terminal region of the GP5 protein from HUB2 was a determinant for the phenotypic difference between the two recombinant viruses. This study provides evidence that GP5 may function as a potential determinant for the pathogenicity and virulence of highly pathogenic PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Wei
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
| | - Guo Dai
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mei Huang
- Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
| | - Lianghai Wen
- Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Ai Chen
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
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10
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Sun Q, Xu H, An T, Cai X, Tian Z, Zhang H. Recent Progress in Studies of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 1 in China. Viruses 2023; 15:1528. [PMID: 37515213 PMCID: PMC10384046 DOI: 10.3390/v15071528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the high incidence of PRRSV mutation and recombination, PRRSV infection is difficult to prevent and control in China and worldwide. Two species of PRRSV, Betaarterivirus suid 1 (PRRSV-1) and Betaarterivirus suid 2 (PRRSV-2), exist in China, and PRRSV-1 has always received less attention in China. However, the number of PRRSV-1 strains detected in China has increased recently. To date, PRRSV-1 has spread to more than 23 regions in China. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of ORF5 and the whole genome of PRRSV-1, Chinese PRRSV-1 can be divided into at least seven independent subgroups. Among them, BJEU06-1-like has become the mainstream subgroup in some regions of China. This subgroup of strains has a 5-aa (4 + 1) characteristic discontinuous deletion pattern at aa 357~aa 360 and aa 411 in Nsp2. Previous studies have indicated that the pathogenicity of PRRSV-1 in China is mild, but recent studies found that the pathogenicity of PRRSV-1 was enhanced in China. Therefore, the emergence of PRRSV-1 deserves attention, and the prevention and control of PRRSV-1 infection in China should be strengthened. PRRSV infection is usually prevented and controlled by a combination of virus monitoring, biosafety restrictions, herd management measures and vaccination. However, the use of PRRSV-1 vaccines is currently banned in China. Thus, we should strengthen the monitoring of PRRSV-1 and the biosafety management of pig herds in China. In this review, we summarize the prevalence of PRRSV-1 in China and clarify the genomic characteristics, pathogenicity, vaccine status, and prevention and control management system of PRRSV-1 in China. Consequently, the purpose of this review is to provide a basis for further development of prevention and control measures for PRRSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hu Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhijun Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150001, China
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11
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Wang X, Bai X, Wang Y, Wang L, Wei L, Tan F, Zhou Z, Tian K. Pathogenicity characterization of PRRSV-1 181187-2 isolated in China. Microb Pathog 2023; 180:106158. [PMID: 37201637 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
PRRSV-1 has caused more clinical infections in pigs in Chinese swine herds in recent years, however, the pathogenicity of PRRSV-1 in China is unclear. In order to study the pathogenicity of PRRSV-1, in this study, a PRRSV-1 strain, 181187-2, was isolated in primary alveolar macrophage (PAM) cells from a farm where abortions had been reported in China. The complete genome of 181187-2 was 14932 bp excluding Poly A, with 54-amino acid continuous deletion in the Nsp2 gene and 1 amino deletion in ORF3 gene compared with LV. Additionally, the piglets inoculated with strain 181187-2 by intranasal and intranasal plus intramuscular injection, animal experiments showed clinical symptoms including transient fever and depression, with no death. The obvious histopathological lesions including interstitial pneumonia and lymph node hemorrhage, and there were no significant differences in clinical symptoms and histopathological lesions with different challenge ways. Our results indicated that PRRSV -1 181187-2 was a moderately pathogenic strain in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Wang
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Bai
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhou Wang
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Wang
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Wei
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Tan
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China; WOAH Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Reference Laboratory, China Animal Disease Control Center, No. 17 Tiangui Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 100125, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- WOAH Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Reference Laboratory, China Animal Disease Control Center, No. 17 Tiangui Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 100125, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kegong Tian
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, Luoyang, 471003, Henan Province, People's Republic of China; WOAH Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Reference Laboratory, China Animal Disease Control Center, No. 17 Tiangui Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 100125, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Xu H, Gong B, Sun Q, Li C, Zhao J, Xiang L, Li W, Guo Z, Tang YD, Leng C, Li Z, Wang Q, Zhou G, An T, Cai X, Tian ZJ, Peng J, Zhang H. Genomic Characterization and Pathogenicity of BJEU06-1-Like PRRSV-1 ZD-1 Isolated in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/6793604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-1 and PRRSV-2 have long been cocirculating in China. To date, all PRRSV-1 strains in China have been classified as subtype 1. We investigated the prevalence of PRRSV-1 in several areas of China from 2016 to 2022 and found that BJEU06-1-like strains comprised the main epidemic branch of PRRSV-1. Pathogenicity data for this subgroup are currently lacking. In this study, the Chinese BJEU06-1-like PRRSV-1 strain ZD-1 was isolated from primary alveolar macrophages (PAMs). ZD-1 has undergone no recombination and has a 5-aa discontinuous deletion in the Nsp2 protein, similar to other BJEU06-1-like strains; additionally, ZD-1 has a 26 aa C-terminal truncation in the GP3 gene. Pathogenicity studies revealed that ZD-1 causes obvious clinical symptoms: prolonged fever; reduced body weight; alveolar epithelial proliferation and moderate alveolar diaphragm widening in the lungs; diffuse lymphocytic hyperplasia in the lymph nodes; high levels of viremia in the serum; and elevated viral loads in the lungs, lymph nodes, and tonsils. These results suggested that the BJEU06-1-like PRRSV-1 strain ZD-1 is moderately pathogenic to piglets. This is the first study to evaluate the pathogenicity of the BJEU06-1-like branch in China, enriching the understanding of PRRSV-1 in China.
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Horváth DG, Abonyi-Tóth Z, Papp M, Szász AM, Rümenapf T, Knecht C, Kreutzmann H, Ladinig A, Balka G. Quantitative Analysis of Inflammatory Uterine Lesions of Pregnant Gilts with Digital Image Analysis Following Experimental PRRSV-1 Infection. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050830. [PMID: 36899686 PMCID: PMC10000175 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Reproductive disorders caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-1 are not yet fully characterized. We report QuPath-based digital image analysis to count inflammatory cells in 141 routinely, and 35 CD163 immunohistochemically stained endometrial slides of vaccinated or unvaccinated pregnant gilts inoculated with a high or low virulent PRRSV-1 strain. To illustrate the superior statistical feasibility of the numerical data determined by digital cell counting, we defined the association between the number of these cells and endometrial, placental, and fetal features. There was strong concordance between the two manual scorers. Distributions of total cell counts and endometrial and placental qPCR results differed significantly between examiner1's endometritis grades. Total counts' distribution differed significantly between groups, except for the two unvaccinated. Higher vasculitis scores were associated with higher endometritis scores, and higher total cell counts were expected with high vasculitis/endometritis scores. Cell number thresholds of endometritis grades were determined. A significant correlation between fetal weights and total counts was shown in unvaccinated groups, and a significant positive correlation was found between these counts and endometrial qPCR results. We revealed significant negative correlations between CD163+ counts and qPCR results of the unvaccinated group infected with the highly virulent strain. Digital image analysis was efficiently applied to assess endometrial inflammation objectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid G. Horváth
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Abonyi-Tóth
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márton Papp
- Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Marcell Szász
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Korányi Sándor u. 2/a, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Till Rümenapf
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Knecht
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinrich Kreutzmann
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gyula Balka
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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14
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Martín-Valls GE, Cortey M, Allepuz A, Illas F, Tello M, Mateu E. Introduction of a PRRSV-1 strain of increased virulence in a pig production structure in Spain: virus evolution and impact on production. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:1. [PMID: 36597152 PMCID: PMC9811746 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A strain of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), showing characteristics of enhanced virulence, affected a pyramidal production system from Spain with 7600 sows in 4 genetic nuclei and 13,000 sows in multipliers. Different PRRSV strains circulating in this production system from December 2020 to October 2021 were detected and sequenced. The spread of each isolate was examined and their impact on health and production in three of the affected farms was evaluated. RESULTS The newly emerged PRRSV isolate with enhanced virulence entered the system before the onset of the study (January 2020) and afterwards four significantly different clades were detected during the study period in different farms, probably because of independent introduction events. The diversification of the enhanced virulence strain was higher for those clades (substitution rates up to 1.1% nucleotides/year) compared to other PRRSV strains present in the production system (up to 0.17%), suggesting a faster spread and adaptation. The impact of the infection in the first affected farm was dramatic, with an average abortion rate above 27% during 17 weeks before returning to the baseline production. Fertile sow mortality reached 6.5% for 39 weeks. In two farms infected later by other clades of this enhanced virulence strain, the impact was less acute; despite the fact that for parameters such as the proportion of stillbirths or mummies, more than 10 months were needed to recover pre-outbreak values. In the examined nurseries, mortalities reached peaks between 28 and 50% and several months were needed to return to normality. CONCLUSION Introduction of a PRRSV strain of enhanced virulence in a production system where several farms were previously positive for other PRRSV strains, resulted in a fast spread such as would be observed in naïve farms. The productive and health impact was very high taking several months to return to normality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard E. Martín-Valls
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Dept. Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Travessera dels Turons s/n, Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Martí Cortey
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Dept. Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Travessera dels Turons s/n, Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Alberto Allepuz
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Dept. Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Travessera dels Turons s/n, Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Francesc Illas
- Grup Batallé, Avinguda dels Segadors s/n, 17421 Riudarenes, Spain
| | - Montserrat Tello
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Dept. Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Travessera dels Turons s/n, Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Enric Mateu
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Dept. Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Travessera dels Turons s/n, Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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15
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Li P, Shen Y, Wang T, Li J, Li Y, Zhao Y, Liu S, Li B, Liu M, Meng F. Epidemiological survey of PRRS and genetic variation analysis of the ORF5 gene in Shandong Province, 2020–2021. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:987667. [PMID: 36187820 PMCID: PMC9521713 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.987667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the rise of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in China, mutations have occurred regularly. In particular, the emergence of HP-PRRSV has significantly improved the pathogenicity of PRRSV. It has brought huge economic losses to the Chinese pig farming industry. To understand the current prevalence and evolution of PRRSV in Shandong Province, 1,344 samples suspected of having PRRSV were collected from local hog farms of different sizes. Genetic variation in the isolated PRRSV ORF5 gene was analyzed using the RT-PCR method. The results showed that the detection rate of PRRSV in the collected samples was 25.44%. The predominant strain of PRRSV in Shandong Province is still NADC30-like. However, it cannot be ignored that NADC34-like is also starting to become a prevalent strain. Mutations in ORF5 amino acids 13, 151 and neutralizing epitope (aa36-aa52) in some isolates can cause changes in virulence and ability to escape immunity. This study enriches the epidemiological data on PRRSV in Shandong Province, China. It provides an important reference for the development of new vaccines and for the prevention and control of PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixun Li
- College of Animal Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yesheng Shen
- College of Animal Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Tailong Wang
- College of Animal Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Animal Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiran Zhao
- College of Animal Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Sidang Liu
- College of Animal Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Baoquan Li
- College of Animal Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
- *Correspondence: Baoquan Li
| | - Mengda Liu
- Division of Zoonoses Surveillance, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
- Mengda Liu
| | - Fanliang Meng
- College of Animal Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
- Huayun (Shandong) Inspection and Quarantine Service Co., Ltd, Taian, China
- Fanliang Meng
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16
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Description of a New Clade within Subtype 1 of Betaarterivirus suid 1 Causing Severe Outbreaks in Spain. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0030422. [PMID: 35652666 PMCID: PMC9302161 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00304-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes 28 genome sequences from a new clade within subtype 1 of Betaarterivirus suid 1, formerly known as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1. All share a potential recombinant pattern, with a highly pathogenic Italian strain as the putative major parental sequence and three other possible parents.
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17
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Kreutzmann H, Stadler J, Knecht C, Sassu EL, Ruczizka U, Zablotski Y, Vatzia E, Balka G, Zaruba M, Chen HW, Riedel C, Rümenapf T, Ladinig A. Phenotypic Characterization of a Virulent PRRSV-1 Isolate in a Reproductive Model With and Without Prior Heterologous Modified Live PRRSV-1 Vaccination. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:820233. [PMID: 35464363 PMCID: PMC9022457 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.820233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive disorders induced by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) cause high economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. In this study, we aimed to phenotypically characterize a virulent PRRSV-1 subtype 1 isolate (AUT15-33) in a reproductive model. Furthermore, the protective effect of a heterologous modified live virus vaccine (ReproCyc® PRRS EU) was evaluated. In addition, PRRSV AUT15-33 was genotypically compared to other well-characterized isolates. Sixteen gilts were equally divided into four groups: a vaccinated and infected group (V–I), a vaccinated and non-infected group (V–NI), a non-vaccinated and infected group (NV–I), and a non-vaccinated and non-infected (NV–NI) group. After PRRSV infection on gestation day 84, all gilts were clinically examined on a daily basis, and blood samples were taken at five timepoints. Necropsy was performed 3 weeks after infection. The fetal preservation status was assessed, and PRRSV RNA concentrations were measured in the blood and tissue samples from all gilts and fetuses. After infection, all four gilts in the NV–I group were viremic throughout 17 days post-infection (dpi), whereas two gilts in the V–I group were viremic at only one timepoint at 6 dpi. The viral load was significantly higher in gilt serum, tracheobronchial lymph nodes, uterine lymph nodes, maternal endometrium, and fetal placenta of NV–I gilts compared to the V–I ones (p < 0.05). Moreover, the preservation status of the fetuses derived from NV–I gilts was significantly impaired (55.9% of viable fetuses) compared to the other groups (p < 0.001). Upon comparison with other known isolates, the phylogenetic analyses revealed the closest relation to a well-characterized PRRSV-1 subtype 1 field isolate from Belgium. In conclusion, the high virulence of AUT15-33 was phenotypically confirmed in an experimental reproductive model. The vaccination of the gilts showed promising results in reducing viremia, fetal damage, and transplacental transmission of the PRRSV-1 strain characterized in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Kreutzmann
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Heinrich Kreutzmann
| | - Julia Stadler
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Christian Knecht
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elena L. Sassu
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Ruczizka
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Eleni Vatzia
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gyula Balka
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marianne Zaruba
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hann-Wei Chen
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Riedel
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Till Rümenapf
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Liang W, Meng X, Zhen Y, Zhang Y, Hu X, Zhang Q, Zhou X, Liu B. Integration of Transcriptome and Proteome in Lymph Nodes Reveal the Different Immune Responses to PRRSV Between PRRSV-Resistant Tongcheng Pigs and PRRSV-Susceptible Large White Pigs. Front Genet 2022; 13:800178. [PMID: 35154273 PMCID: PMC8829461 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.800178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an infectious disease that seriously affects the swine industry worldwide. Understanding the interaction between the host immune response and PRRS virus (PRRSV) can provide insight into the PRRSV pathogenesis, as well as potential clues to control PRRSV infection. Here, we examined the transcriptome and proteome differences of lymph nodes between PRRSV-resistant Tongcheng (TC) pigs and PRRSV-susceptible Large White (LW) pigs in response to PRRSV infection. 2245 and 1839 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in TC and LW pigs upon PRRSV infection, respectively. Transcriptome analysis revealed genetic differences in antigen presentation and metabolism between TC pigs and LW pigs, which may lead to different immune responses to PRRSV infection. Furthermore, 678 and 1000 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in TC and LW pigs, and DEPs were mainly enriched in the metabolism pathways. Integrated analysis of transcriptome and proteome datasets revealed antigen recognition capacity, immune activation, cell cycles, and cell metabolism are important for PRRSV clearance. In conclusion, this study provides important resources on transcriptomic and proteomic levels in lymph nodes for further revealing the interaction between the host immune response and PRRSV, which would give us new insight into molecular mechanisms related to genetic complexity against PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangge Meng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yueran Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueying Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingde Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science and Technology and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiang Zhou, ; Bang Liu,
| | - Bang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiang Zhou, ; Bang Liu,
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19
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Li Y, Díaz I, Martín-Valls G, Beyersdorf N, Mateu E. Systemic CD4 cytotoxic T cells improve protection against PRRSV-1 transplacental infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1020227. [PMID: 36798517 PMCID: PMC9928156 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the major swine pathogens causing reproductive failure in sows. Although modified-live virus (MLV) vaccines are available, only partial protection against heterologous strains is produced, thus vaccinated sows can be infected and cause transplacental infection. The immune effector mechanisms involved are largely unknown. Methods The present study investigated the role of cytotoxic lymphocytes, including cytotoxic T cells (CTL), NKT, and NK cells, from blood in preventing PRRSV-1 transplacental infection in vaccinated primiparous sows (two doses vaccinated). Sows from a PRRSV-1 unstable farm were bled just before the last month of gestation (critical period for transplacental infection), then followed to determine whether sows delivered PRRSV-1-infected (n=8) or healthy (n=10) piglets. After that, functions of CTL, NKT, and NK cells in the two groups of sows were compared. Results No difference was found through cell surface staining. But upon in vitro re-stimulation with the circulating field virus, sows that delivered healthy piglets displayed a higher frequency of virus-specific CD107a+ IFN-γ-producing T cells, which accumulated in the CD4+ compartment including CD4 single-positive (CD4 SP) and CD4/CD8α double-positive (CD4/CD8α DP) subsets. The same group of sows also harbored a higher proportion of CD107a+ TNF-α-producing T cells that predominantly accumulated in CD4/CD8α double-negative (CD4/CD8α DN) subset. Consistently, CD4 SP and CD4/CD8α DN T cells from sows delivering healthy piglets had a higher virus-specific proliferative response. Additionally, in sows that delivered PRRSV-1-infected piglets, a positive correlation of virus-specific IFN-γ response with average Ct values of umbilical cords of newborn piglets per litter was observed. Conclusion Our data strongly suggest that CTL responses correlate with protection against PRRSV-1 transplacental infection, being executed by CD4 T cells (IFN-γ related) and/or CD4/CD8α DN T cells (TNF-α related).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Li
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ivan Díaz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Institut de Recerca en Tecnologies Agroalimentáries (IRTA-CReSA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Gerard Martín-Valls
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Enric Mateu
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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20
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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) Epidemiology in an Integrated Pig Company of Northern Italy: A Multilevel Threat Requiring Multilevel Interventions. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122510. [PMID: 34960778 PMCID: PMC8705972 DOI: 10.3390/v13122510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is probably the most relevant viral disease affecting pig farming. Despite the remarkable efforts paid in terms of vaccination administration and biosecurity, eradication and long-term control have often been frustrated. Unfortunately, few studies are currently available that objectively link, using a formal statistical approach, viral molecular epidemiology to the risk factors determining the observed scenario. The purpose of the present study is to contribute to filling this knowledge gap taking advantage of the advancements in the field of phylodynamics. Approximately one-thousand ORF7 sequences were obtained from strains collected between 2004 and 2021 from the largest Italian pig company, which implements strict compartmentalization among independent three-sites (i.e., sow herds, nurseries and finishing units) pig flows. The history and dynamics of the viral population and its evolution over time were reconstructed and linked to managerial choices. The viral fluxes within and among independent pig flows were evaluated, and the contribution of other integrated pig companies and rurally risen pigs in mediating such spreading was investigated. Moreover, viral circulation in Northern Italy was reconstructed using a continuous phylogeographic approach, and the impact of several environmental features on PRRSV strain persistence and spreading velocity was assessed. The results demonstrate that PRRSV epidemiology is shaped by a multitude of factors, including pig herd management (e.g., immunization strategy), implementation of strict-independent pig flows, and environmental features (e.g., climate, altitude, pig density, road density, etc.) among the others. Small farms and rurally raised animals also emerged as a potential threat for larger, integrated companies. These pieces of evidence suggest that none of the implemented measures can be considered effective alone, and a multidimensional approach, ranging from individual herd management to collaboration and information sharing among different companies, is mandatory for effective infection control.
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21
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Time-series transcriptomic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage cells from virulent and low virulent PRRSV-1-infected piglets. J Virol 2021; 96:e0114021. [PMID: 34851149 PMCID: PMC8826917 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01140-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has evolved to escape the immune surveillance for a survival advantage leading to a strong modulation of host’s immune responses and favoring secondary bacterial infections. However, limited data are available on how the immunological and transcriptional responses elicited by virulent and low-virulent PRRSV-1 strains are comparable and how they are conserved during the infection. To explore the kinetic transcriptional signature associated with the modulation of host immune response at lung level, a time-series transcriptomic analysis was performed in bronchoalveolar lavage cells upon experimental in vivo infection with two PRRSV-1 strains of different virulence, virulent subtype 3 Lena strain or the low-virulent subtype 1 3249 strain. The time-series analysis revealed overlapping patterns of dysregulated genes enriched in T-cell signaling pathways among both virulent and low-virulent strains, highlighting an upregulation of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory immune checkpoints that were disclosed as Hub genes. On the other hand, virulent Lena infection induced an early and more marked “negative regulation of immune system process” with an overexpression of co-inhibitory receptors genes related to T-cell and NK cell functions, in association with more severe lung lesion, lung viral load, and BAL cell kinetics. These results underline a complex network of molecular mechanisms governing PRRSV-1 immunopathogenesis at lung level, revealing a pivotal role of co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory immune checkpoints in the pulmonary disease, which may have an impact on T-cell activation and related pathways. These immune checkpoints, together with the regulation of cytokine-signaling pathways, modulated in a virulence-dependent fashion, orchestrate an interplay among pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. IMPORTANCE Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the major threats to swine health and global production, causing substantial economic losses. We explore the mechanisms involved in the modulation of host immune response at lung level performing a time-series transcriptomic analysis upon experimental infection with two PRRSV-1 strains of different virulence. A complex network of molecular mechanisms was revealed to control the immunopathogenesis of PRRSV-1 infection, highlighting an interplay among pro- and anti-inflammatory responses as a potential mechanism to restrict inflammation-induced lung injury. Moreover, a pivotal role of co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory immune checkpoints was evidenced, which may lead to progressive dysfunction of T cells, impairing viral clearance and leading to persistent infection, favoring as well secondary bacterial infections or viral rebound. However, further studies should be conducted to evaluate the functional role of immune checkpoints in advanced stages of PRRSV infection and explore a possible T-cell exhaustion state.
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22
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Kreutzmann H, Dürlinger S, Knecht C, Koch M, Cabana M, Torrent G, Balasch M, Taylor LP, Balka G, Gerner W, Ladinig A. Efficacy of a Modified Live Virus Vaccine against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 1 (PRRSV-1) Administered to 1-Day-Old Piglets in Front of Heterologous PRRSV-1 Challenge. Pathogens 2021; 10:1342. [PMID: 34684293 PMCID: PMC8537468 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PRRSV is one of the most important viruses in the global swine industry and is often controlled by the use of modified live virus (MLV) vaccines. This study assessed the impact of a PRRSV-1 MLV vaccine applied to 1-day-old piglets challenged on day 28 of life with a PRRSV-1 field isolate (AUT15-33). Twenty-one piglets were vaccinated within 24 h of birth (T02), whereas 20 piglets were left unvaccinated (T01). Necropsy was performed two weeks post-challenge. Comparing the two groups, T02 piglets showed significantly higher (p = 0.017) average daily weight gain. In addition, significantly lower (p < 0.0001) PRRSV RNA loads were measured in serum of T02 piglets at all investigated time points. All T01 piglets were viremic and shed virus in nasal swabs, whereas only 71.4% and 38.1% of the T02 group were viremic or shed virus, respectively. Piglets from T02 had significantly higher numbers (p < 0.0001) of IFN-γ producing lymphocytes compared to T01. At necropsy, differences in gross and histologic lung lesions were statistically significant (p = 0.012 and p < 0.0001, respectively) between the two groups. Hence, this MLV vaccine administered to 1-day-old piglets was able to protect piglets against PRRSV infection at weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Kreutzmann
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (H.K.); (S.D.); (C.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Sophie Dürlinger
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (H.K.); (S.D.); (C.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Christian Knecht
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (H.K.); (S.D.); (C.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Michaela Koch
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (H.K.); (S.D.); (C.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Marta Cabana
- Zoetis Manufacturing and Research Spain S.L., Ctra. Camprodon s/n Finca La Riba, 17813 Girona, Spain; (M.C.); (G.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Gerard Torrent
- Zoetis Manufacturing and Research Spain S.L., Ctra. Camprodon s/n Finca La Riba, 17813 Girona, Spain; (M.C.); (G.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Mònica Balasch
- Zoetis Manufacturing and Research Spain S.L., Ctra. Camprodon s/n Finca La Riba, 17813 Girona, Spain; (M.C.); (G.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Lucas P. Taylor
- Global Development & Operations, Zoetis, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA;
| | - Gyula Balka
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- The Pirbright Institute, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (H.K.); (S.D.); (C.K.); (M.K.)
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23
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Guo Z, Zhang Z, Prajapati M, Li Y. Lymphopenia Caused by Virus Infections and the Mechanisms Beyond. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091876. [PMID: 34578457 PMCID: PMC8473169 DOI: 10.3390/v13091876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections can give rise to a systemic decrease in the total number of lymphocytes in the blood, referred to as lymphopenia. Lymphopenia may affect the host adaptive immune responses and impact the clinical course of acute viral infections. Detailed knowledge on how viruses induce lymphopenia would provide valuable information into the pathogenesis of viral infections and potential therapeutic targeting. In this review, the current progress of viruses-induced lymphopenia is summarized and the potential mechanisms and factors involved are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Guo
- State Key Laboratory on Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China;
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Meera Prajapati
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.Z.); (M.P.)
- National Animal Health Research Centre, Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal
| | - Yanmin Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.Z.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +28-85528276
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24
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Ruedas-Torres I, Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Sánchez-Carvajal JM, Larenas-Muñoz F, Pallarés FJ, Carrasco L, Gómez-Laguna J. The jigsaw of PRRSV virulence. Vet Microbiol 2021; 260:109168. [PMID: 34246042 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the causative agent of the, probably, most economically important disease for the pig industry worldwide. This disease, characterised by producing reproductive failure in sows and respiratory problems in growing pigs, appeared in the late 1980s in the United States and Canada. Since its appearance, strains capable of producing higher mortality rates as well as greater severity in clinical signs and lesions than classical strains have been identified. However, since the first reports of these "virulent" PRRSV outbreaks, no homogeneity and consensus in their description have been established. Moreover, to the authors' knowledge, there is no published information related to the criteria that a PRRSV strain should fulfil to be considered as a "virulent" strain. In this review, we revise the terminology used and gather the information related to the main characteristics and differences in clinical signs, lesions, viral replication and tropism as well as immunological parameters between virulent and classical PRRSV strains and propose a first approximation to the criteria to define a virulent PRRSV strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ruedas-Torres
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence - ceiA3, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - I M Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence - ceiA3, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - J M Sánchez-Carvajal
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence - ceiA3, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - F Larenas-Muñoz
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence - ceiA3, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - F J Pallarés
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence - ceiA3, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - L Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence - ceiA3, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - J Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence - ceiA3, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
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25
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Argüello H, Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Sánchez-Carvajal JM, Pallares FJ, Díaz I, Cabrera-Rubio R, Crispie F, Cotter PD, Mateu E, Martín-Valls G, Carrasco L, Gómez-Laguna J. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus impacts on gut microbiome in a strain virulence-dependent fashion. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 15:1007-1016. [PMID: 33656781 PMCID: PMC8913879 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a viral disease defined by reproductive problems, respiratory distress and a negative impact on growth rate and general condition. Virulent PRRS virus (PRRSV) strains have emerged in the last years with evident knowledge gaps in their impact on the host immune response. Thus, the present study examines the impact of acute PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection, with two strains of different virulence, on selected immune parameters and on the gut microbiota composition of infected pigs using 16S rRNA compositional sequencing. Pigs were infected with a low virulent (PRRS_3249) or a virulent (Lena) PRRSV‐1 strain and euthanized at 1, 3, 6, 8 or 13 days post‐inoculation (dpi). Faeces were collected from each animal at the necropsy time‐point. Alpha and beta diversity analyses demonstrated that infection, particularly with the Lena strain, impacted the microbiome composition from 6 dpi onwards. Taxonomic differences revealed that infected pigs had higher abundance of Treponema and Methanobrevibacter (FDR < 0.05). Differences were more considerable for Lena‐ than for PRRS_3249‐infected pigs, showing the impact of strain virulence in the intestinal changes. Lena‐infected pigs had reduced abundancies of anaerobic commensals such as Roseburia, Anaerostipes, Butyricicoccus and Prevotella (P < 0.05). The depletion of these desirable commensals was significantly correlated to infection severity measured by viraemia, clinical signs, lung lesions and immune parameters (IL‐6, IFN‐γ and Hp serum levels). Altogether, the results from this study demonstrate the indirect impact of PRRSV infection on gut microbiome composition in a strain virulence‐dependent fashion and its association with selected immune markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Argüello
- Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Unit, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Irene Magdalena Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jose María Sánchez-Carvajal
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco José Pallares
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Mare Nostrum Excellence Campus, Murcia, Spain
| | - Iván Díaz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Raúl Cabrera-Rubio
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fiona Crispie
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland.,Vistamilk, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Enric Mateu
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Bellaterra, Spain.,Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Gerard Martín-Valls
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Librado Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jaime Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', Córdoba, Spain
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26
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Commercial PRRS Modified-Live Virus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020185. [PMID: 33671826 PMCID: PMC7926738 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus (PRRSV) presents one of the challenging viral pathogens in the global pork industry. PRRS is characterized by two distinct clinical presentations; reproductive failure in breeding animals (gilts, sows, and boars), and respiratory disease in growing pigs. PRRSV is further divided into two species: PRRSV-1 (formerly known as the European genotype 1) and PRRSV-2 (formerly known as the North American genotype 2). A PRRSV-2 modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine was first introduced in North America in 1994, and, six years later, a PRRSV-1 MLV vaccine was also introduced in Europe. Since then, MLV vaccination is the principal strategy used to control PRRSV infection. Despite the fact that MLV vaccines have shown some efficacy, they were problematic as the efficacy of vaccine was often unpredictable and depended highly on the field virus. This paper focused on the efficacy of commercially available MLV vaccines at a global level based on respiratory disease in growing pigs, and maternal and paternal reproductive failure in breeding animals.
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27
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Sánchez-Carvajal JM, Ruedas-Torres I, Carrasco L, Pallarés FJ, Mateu E, Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Gómez-Laguna J. Activation of regulated cell death in the lung of piglets infected with virulent PRRSV-1 Lena strain occurs earlier and mediated by cleaved Caspase-8. Vet Res 2021; 52:12. [PMID: 33482914 PMCID: PMC7821682 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00882-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PRRSV-1 virulent strains cause high fever, marked respiratory disease and severe lesions in lung and lymphoid organs. Regulated cell death (RCD), such as apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis, is triggered by the host to interrupt viral replication eliminating infected cells, however, although it seems to play a central role in the immunopathogenesis of PRRSV, there are significant gaps regarding their sequence and activation upon PRRSV-infection. The present study evaluated RCD events by means of caspases expression in the lung of PRRSV-1-infected pigs and their impact on pulmonary macrophage subpopulations and lung lesion. Conventional piglets were intranasally inoculated with the virulent subtype 3 Lena strain or the low virulent subtype 1 3249 strain and euthanised at 1, 3, 6, 8 and 13 dpi. Lena-infected piglets showed severe and early lung damage with a high frequency of PRRSV-N-protein+ cells, depletion of CD163+ cells and high viral load in the lung. The number of TUNEL+ cells was significantly higher than cCasp3+ cells in Lena-infected piglets during the first week post-infection. cCasp8 and to a lesser extent cCasp9 were activated by both PRRSV-1 strains after one week post-infection together with a replenishment of both CD163+ and Arg-1+ pulmonary macrophages. These results highlight the induction of other forms of RCD beyond apoptosis, such as, necroptosis and pyroptosis during the first week post-infection followed by the activation of, mainly, extrinsic apoptosis during the second week post-infection. The recovery of CD163+ macrophages at the end of the study represents an attempt to restore pulmonary macrophage subpopulations lost during the early stages of the infection but also a macrophage polarisation into M2 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose María Sánchez-Carvajal
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Inés Ruedas-Torres
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Librado Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco José Pallarés
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Enric Mateu
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries - Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (IRTA-CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Irene Magdalena Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jaime Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
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28
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Yuzhakov AG, Raev SA, Shchetinin AM, Gushchin VA, Alekseev KP, Stafford VV, Komina AK, Zaberezhny AD, Gulyukin AM, Aliper TI. Full-genome analysis and pathogenicity of a genetically distinct Russian PRRSV-1 Tyu16 strain. Vet Microbiol 2020; 247:108784. [PMID: 32768228 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-1 (PRRSV-1) strains from Eastern Europe have a high diversity. All three known subtypes (1, 2, 3) of PRRSV-1 have been detected in Russia. There are two different groups of viruses belonging to the subtype 1: pan-European subtype 1 strains, and insufficiently studied Russian strains. The main objective of this study was to characterize the full genomic structure of the atypical Tyu16 strain of the Russian group subtype 1 PRRSV-1 and to assess its pathogenicity. Complete sequencing of the Tyu16 strain revealed that it did not belong to any existing subtype. Comparison of the whole genome sequence of the Tyu16 strain with that of PRRSV-1 prototype strains revealed 78.1 % (subtype 1 Lelystad), 78.1 % (subtype 2 WestSib13) and 77.7 % (subtype 3 Lena) nucleotide identity level, respectively. The coding sequence of different parts of the Tyu16 strain genome demonstrated a varying percentage identity to the different reference PRRSV-1 strains, which may indicate recombination events in its evolutionary history. We assume that among PRRSV-1 isolates, the Tyu16 is the closest relative to the common ancestor of PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2. Low pathogenicity of the Tyu16 was demonstrated by experimental infection of 70-day-old piglets. Infected animals showed fever not exceeding 7 days, dyspnea in two out of five pigs and reduced weight gain. The virus shedding was undetectable and viremia was at low level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton G Yuzhakov
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Scientific Centre VIEV" (FSC VIEV), Moscow, Russia.
| | - Sergei A Raev
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Scientific Centre VIEV" (FSC VIEV), Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexey M Shchetinin
- N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vladimir A Gushchin
- N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Konstantin P Alekseev
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Scientific Centre VIEV" (FSC VIEV), Moscow, Russia.
| | - Viсtoria V Stafford
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Scientific Centre VIEV" (FSC VIEV), Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alina K Komina
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Scientific Centre VIEV" (FSC VIEV), Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexei D Zaberezhny
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Scientific Centre VIEV" (FSC VIEV), Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexey M Gulyukin
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Scientific Centre VIEV" (FSC VIEV), Moscow, Russia.
| | - Taras I Aliper
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Scientific Centre VIEV" (FSC VIEV), Moscow, Russia.
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29
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Sánchez-Carvajal JM, Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Ruedas-Torres I, Larenas-Muñoz F, Díaz I, Revilla C, Mateu E, Domínguez J, Martín-Valls G, Barranco I, Pallarés FJ, Carrasco L, Gómez-Laguna J. Activation of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in lung tissue injury during the acute phase of PRRSV-1 infection with the virulent strain Lena. Vet Microbiol 2020; 246:108744. [PMID: 32605751 PMCID: PMC7265841 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lena virulent strain caused an increase in sera levels of IFN-γ and IL-6. Lung viral load and PRRSV-N-protein+ cells were inversely correlated with CD163+ macrophages in the lung. CD14+ cells infiltrated interstitium to possibly replenish macrophages subsets. Lena-induced microscopic lung injury was linked to an increase of iNOS+ cells. The increase of CD200R1+ and FoxP3+ cells was associated with the course of lung injury.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) plays a key role in porcine respiratory disease complex modulating the host immune response and favouring secondary bacterial infections. Pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) are the main cells supporting PRRSV replication, with CD163 as the essential receptor for viral infection. Although interstitial pneumonia is by far the representative lung lesion, suppurative bronchopneumonia is described for PRRSV virulent strains. This research explores the role of several immune markers potentially involved in the regulation of the inflammatory response and sensitisation of lung to secondary bacterial infections by PRRSV-1 strains of different virulence. Conventional pigs were intranasally inoculated with the virulent subtype 3 Lena strain or the low virulent subtype 1 3249 strain and euthanised at 1, 3, 6 and 8 dpi. Lena-infected pigs exhibited more severe clinical signs, macroscopic lung score and viraemia associated with an increase of IL-6 and IFN-γ in sera compared to 3249-infected pigs. Extensive areas of lung consolidation corresponding with suppurative bronchopneumonia were observed in Lena-infected pigs. Lung viral load and PRRSV-N-protein+ cells were always higher in Lena-infected animals. PRRSV-N-protein+ cells were linked to a marked drop of CD163+ macrophages. The number of CD14+ and iNOS+ cells gradually increased along PRRSV-1 infection, being more evident in Lena-infected pigs. The frequency of CD200R1+ and FoxP3+ cells peaked late in both PRRSV-1 strains, with a strong correlation between CD200R1+ cells and lung injury in Lena-infected pigs. These results highlight the role of molecules involved in the earlier and higher extent of lung lesions in piglets infected with the virulent Lena strain, pointing out the activation of routes potentially involved in the restraint of the local inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Sánchez-Carvajal
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - I M Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - I Ruedas-Torres
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - F Larenas-Muñoz
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - I Díaz
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries - Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (IRTA-CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - C Revilla
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Mateu
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries - Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (IRTA-CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J Domínguez
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - G Martín-Valls
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - I Barranco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - F J Pallarés
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - L Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - J Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
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30
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Ruedas-Torres I, Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Sánchez-Carvajal JM, Pallares FJ, Barranco I, Carrasco L, Gómez-Laguna J. Activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in the thymus of piglets infected with PRRSV-1 strains of different virulence. Vet Microbiol 2020; 243:108639. [PMID: 32273018 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the outbreaks caused by virulent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strains from both PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 have considerably increased. PRRSV is able to modulate the host's immune response through the induction of apoptosis of cells in lymphoid organs like thymus, increasing the susceptibility to secondary infectious agents. The present study aimed to compare the impact of two PRRSV-1 strains, a field low virulent strain (3249 strain) and a virulent strain (Lena strain), in the thymus of infected pigs, focusing on clinical signs, histological analysis, viraemia, thymus viral load and the study of the different routes of apoptosis phenomena by immunohistochemistry. Sera and thymus samples were collected from infected animals with 3249 strain, Lena strain and mock-infected animals at 1, 3, 6, 8 and 13 days post-infection (dpi). Lena-infected animals showed severe clinical disease, high sera and thymus viral loads with evident thymic atrophy since 6 dpi, matching with PRRSV-N protein, TUNEL and cCasp3 expression in the thymic cortex. In both infected groups, there was an increase in the number of cells expressing molecules related to the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis (cCasp8 and Fas) in cortex and medulla, showing an important role in the apoptosis induction produced in thymus of PRRSV-infected piglets. The extensive apoptosis in the thymus through this pathway would lead to a decrease in the number of mature T lymphocytes and the sustained release of viral particles, which may explain the greater severity of the clinical signs observed in Lena-infected pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Ruedas-Torres
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Irene Magdalena Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jose María Sánchez-Carvajal
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco José Pallares
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Barranco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Librado Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jaime Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
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31
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Wang G, Yu Y, Cai X, Zhou EM, Zimmerman JJ. Effects of PRRSV Infection on the Porcine Thymus. Trends Microbiol 2019; 28:212-223. [PMID: 31744664 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) dramatically affects the thymus and its ability to carry out its normal functions. In particular, infection incapacitates PRRSV-susceptible CD14pos antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the thymus and throughout the body. PRRSV-induced autophagy in thymic epithelial cells modulates the development of T cells, and PRRSV-induced apoptosis in CD4posCD8pos thymocytes modulates cellular immunity against PRRSV and other pathogens. Pigs are less able to resist and/or eliminate secondary infectious agents due the effect of PRRSV on the thymus, and this susceptibility phenomenon is long recognized as a primary characteristic of PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jeffrey J Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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32
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The T-Cell Response to Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV). Viruses 2019; 11:v11090796. [PMID: 31470568 PMCID: PMC6784018 DOI: 10.3390/v11090796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) continues to cause severe reproductive and respiratory pathologies resulting in immense monetary and welfare costs for the swine industry. The vaccines against PRRSV are available; but they struggle with providing protection against the plethora of heterologous PRRSV strains. To improve PRRSV vaccine development, the aim of this study was to provide an in-depth analysis of the crucial heterologous T-cell response to type-2 PRRSV. Following PRRSV modified live virus (MLV) vaccination or infection using one high- or one low-pathogenic PRRSV-strain, this nine-week study evaluated the T-cell response to different PRRSV strains. Our results demonstrate an important role for T cells in this homo- and heterologous response. Specifically, the T-helper cells were the main responders during viremia. Their peak response at 28 dpi correlated with a reduction in viremia, and their homing receptor expression indicated the additional importance for the anti-PRRSV response in the lymphatic and lung tissue. The cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response was the strongest at the site of infection—the lung and bronchoalveolar lavage. The TCR-γδ T cells were the main responders post viremia and PRRSV induced their expression of the lymph node homing the chemokine receptor, CCR7: This indicates a crucial role for TCR-γδ T cells in the anti-PRRSV response in the lymphatic system.
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33
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Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Sánchez-Carvajal JM, Pallarés FJ, Mateu E, Carrasco L, Gómez-Laguna J. Virulent Lena strain induced an earlier and stronger downregulation of CD163 in bronchoalveolar lavage cells. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:101-109. [PMID: 31282367 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Highly virulent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strains have increasingly overwhelmed Asia and Europe in recent years. This study aims to compare the clinical signs, gross and microscopic findings as well as the expression of CD163 within live pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of pigs experimentally infected with two PRRSV strains of different virulence. Pigs were infected with either a subtype 1 PRRSV-1 3249 strain or a subtype 3 PRRSV-1 Lena strain and consecutively euthanized at 1, 3, 6, 8 and 13 days post-inoculation. Clinical signs were reported daily and BALF and lung tissue samples were collected at the different time-points and accordingly processed for their analysis. Pigs infected with Lena strain exhibited greater clinical signs as well as gross and microscopic lung scores compared to 3249-infected pigs. A decreased frequency of PAMs from BALF was observed early in pigs infected with Lena strain. Moreover, the frequency and median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD163 within PAMs were much lower in Lena-infected pigs than in 3249-infected pigs. This downregulation in CD163 was also observed in lung sections after the assessment of macrophages expressing CD163 by means of immunohistochemistry. This outcome may result from the effect of PRRSV replication, PRRSV-induced inflammation, the influx of immature macrophages to restore lung homeostasis and/or the evidence of CD163low cells after CD163+ cells decrease in BALF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', Córdoba, Spain.
| | - José M Sánchez-Carvajal
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco J Pallarés
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Mare Nostrum Excellence Campus, Murcia, Spain
| | - Enric Mateu
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Librado Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jaime Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', Córdoba, Spain
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34
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Sánchez-Carvajal JM, Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Carrasco L, Barranco I, Álvarez B, Domínguez J, Salguero FJ, Gómez-Laguna J. Kinetics of the expression of CD163 and CD107a in the lung and tonsil of pigs after infection with PRRSV-1 strains of different virulence. Vet Res Commun 2019; 43:187-195. [PMID: 31104196 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-019-09755-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of virulent strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), causing atypical and severe outbreaks, has been notified worldwide. This study assesses the expression, distribution and kinetics of PRRSV N-protein, CD163 and CD107a in the lung and tonsil from experimentally-infected piglets with three different PRRSV-1 strains: a virulent PRRSV-1 subtype 3 strain (SU1-bel) and two low-virulent subtype 1 strains, Lelystad virus (LV) and 215-06. SU1-bel replicated more efficiently in the lungs and tonsils. The number of CD163+ cells decreased in both tissues from all infected groups at 7 dpi, followed by an increase at the end of the study, highlighting a negative correlation with the number of N-protein+-infected cells. A significant increase in CD107a was observed in all infected groups at 35 dpi but no differences were observed among them. Whereas the initial decrease of CD163+ cells appears to be associated to virus replication and cell death, the later recovery of the CD163+ population may be due to either the induction of CD163 in immature cells, the recruitment of CD163+ cells in the area of infection, or both. These results highlight the ability of macrophage subpopulations in infected animals to recover and restore their potential biological functions at one-month post-infection, with the greatest improvement observed in SU1-bel-infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Sánchez-Carvajal
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Irene M Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Librado Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Barranco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Belén Álvarez
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Domínguez
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jaime Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', 14071, Córdoba, Spain
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35
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Ogno G, Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Canelli E, Ruedas-Torres I, Álvarez B, Domínguez J, Borghetti P, Martelli P, Gómez-Laguna J. Impact of PRRSV strains of different in vivo virulence on the macrophage population of the thymus. Vet Microbiol 2019; 232:137-145. [PMID: 31030838 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of "highly pathogenic" isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) has raised new concerns about PRRS control. Cells from the porcine monocyte-macrophage lineage represent the target for this virus, which replicates mainly in the lung, and especially in HP-PRRSV strains, also in lymphoid organs, such as the thymus. This study aimed at evaluating the impact of two PRRSV strains of different virulence on thymic macrophages as well as after heterologous vaccination. After experimental infection with PR11 and PR40 PRRSV1 subtype 1 strains (low and high virulent, respectively) samples from thymus were analysed by histopathology and immunohistochemistry for PRRSV N protein, TUNEL, CD172a, CD163, CD107a and BA4D5 expression. Mortality was similar in both infected groups, but lung lesions and thymus atrophy were more intense in PR40 group. Animals died at 10-14 dpi after PR11 or PR40 infection showed the most severe histopathological lesions, with a strong inflammatory response of the stroma and extensive cell death phenomena in the cortex. These animals presented an increase in the number of N protein, CD172a, CD163 and BA4D5 positive cells in the stroma and the cortex together with a decrease in the number of CD107a positive cells. Our results highlight the recruitment of macrophages in the thymus, the increase in the expression of CD163 and the regulation of the host cytotoxic activity by macrophages. However, no marked differences were observed between PR11- and PR40-infected animals. Heterologous vaccination restrained virus spread and lesions extent in the thymus of PR40-infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ogno
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Irene M Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', Córdoba, Spain
| | - Elena Canelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Inés Ruedas-Torres
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', Córdoba, Spain
| | - Belén Álvarez
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Domínguez
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Jaime Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', Córdoba, Spain.
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36
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Saleri R, Cavalli V, Ferrari L, Ogno G, Canelli E, Martelli P, Borghetti P. Modulation of the somatotropic axis, adiponectin and cytokine secretion during highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type 1 (HP-PRRSV-1) infection. Res Vet Sci 2019; 124:263-269. [PMID: 31003008 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is known to be clinically responsible for reproductive failure in sows and post-weaning respiratory disease in growing piglets. During the last years, highly pathogenic PRRSV isolates have been discovered. In Italy, a PRRSV-1 subtype 1 strain (namely PR40/2014) characterized by high pathogenicity was isolated and experimental infection was characterized in terms of virological/clinical features and immune modulation (Canelli et al., 2017; Ferrari et al., 2018). The present study was performed in 4-week-old pigs experimentally infected with the highly pathogenic PRRSV1_PR40/2014 (HP-PR40) or with the conventional PRRSV1_PR11/2014 (PR11). The aim was to evaluate the interrelation between plasmatic hormones and cytokines in infected pigs compared to uninfected controls in order to address potential effects on the course of an experimental infection. The time-related changes of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels appear to be modulated by the infection depending on the PRRSV isolate (HP-PR40 vs. PR11). In particular, in HP-PR40 infected animals, the association between high GH levels and viremia may testify the need to block the anabolic action of GH in order to shift available energy towards the immune response. This need appeared to be delayed in PR11 animals, given the lower pathogenicity of the isolate. Adiponectin, IL-6 and TNF-α course supports the hypothesis of GH resistance mechanisms to guarantee homeostasis in HP-PR40 animals and underlines the key role of energy availability in events leading to an effective response to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Saleri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - V Cavalli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - L Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - G Ogno
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - E Canelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - P Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - P Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
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37
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Ogno G, Sautter CA, Canelli E, García-Nicolás O, Stadejek T, Martelli P, Borghetti P, Summerfield A. In vitro characterization of PRRSV isolates with different in vivo virulence using monocyte-derived macrophages. Vet Microbiol 2019; 231:139-146. [PMID: 30955801 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 (PRRSV-1) strains has caused severe economic losses. The biological elements defining virulence and pathogenicity are still unclear. In vitro characteristics using natural target cells of PRRSV provide important information to understand the basis of virulence at the cellular level, and provide a mean to reduce animal experimentations to achieve this goal. Here, we compared PRRSV strains from two geographically different regions, with varying in vivo characteristics, in terms of their interactions with monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). The strains included Lena and BOR59 from Belarus, and ILI6 from Russia, as well as PR11 and PR40, both from Italy. As a reference, we used a cell culture-adapted version of Lelystad, LVP. MDMs were pre-treated with IFNγ, IL-4 or IFNβ, in order to understand responses in polarized and antiviral MDMs. In general, independent of the geographical origin, the strains with high virulence infected a higher percentage of MDMs and replicated to higher titers. These virulence-dependent differences were most pronounced when the MDMs had been treated with IFNβ. Differentiation between intermediate and low virulent PRRSV was difficult, due to variations between different experiments, but LVP differed clearly from all field strains. IFNα and IL-10 were not detected in any experiment, but PR40 induced TNF and IL-1β. Taken together, these results validate the MDM model to understand pathogenicity factors of PRRSV and confirm the importance of the escape from type I and II IFN-mediated effects for PRRSV virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ogno
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, Parma, 10 - 43126, Italy
| | - Carmen A Sautter
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elena Canelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, Parma, 10 - 43126, Italy
| | - Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, Parma, 10 - 43126, Italy
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, Parma, 10 - 43126, Italy
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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38
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Balasch M, Fort M, Taylor LP, Calvert JG. Vaccination of 1-day-old pigs with a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) modified live attenuated virus vaccine is able to overcome maternal immunity. Porcine Health Manag 2018; 4:25. [PMID: 30459958 PMCID: PMC6237022 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-018-0101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of maternally derived antibodies (MDA) on the efficacy of a PRRSV-1 based attenuated vaccine, when administered in 1 day-old piglets by the intramuscular route. The protective immunity of the modified live virus vaccine was evaluated in pigs born from seropositive sows, vaccinated at 1 day of age, upon inoculation with a PRRSV-1 isolate. The animals were challenged when the levels of MDAs detected by seroneutralization test (SNT) in the non-vaccinated control group became undetectable (10 weeks after vaccination). Results A protective effect of vaccination was observed since a significant reduction of viral load in serum compared to the control group was detected in all sampling days after challenge; efficacy was supported by the significant reduction of nasal and oral shedding as well as in rectal temperatures. Clinical signs were not expected after the inoculation of a PRRSV-1 subtype 1 challenge strain. However, the challenge virus was able to develop fever in 61% of the control pigs. Vaccination had a positive impact on rectal temperatures since the percentage of pigs that had fever at least once after challenge was reduced to 31% in vaccinated animals, and control pigs had significantly higher rectal temperatures than vaccinated pigs 3 days post-challenge. The lack of a vaccination effect in body weight gain was probably due to the short evaluation period after challenge (10 days). In the vaccinated group, 9/16 pigs (56%) experienced an increase in ELISA S/P ratio from the day of vaccination to 67 days post-vaccination. All vaccinated pigs were seropositive before challenge, indicating the development of an antibody response following vaccination even in the face of MDAs. In contrast to ELISA results, only 2/16 vaccinated pigs developed neutralizing antibodies detectable by a SNT that used a subtype 1 MA-104 adapted strain. Even in the absence of SN antibodies, vaccinated pigs were protected from challenge with a heterologous strain. The role of cell-mediated immunity should be considered, if protection was not mediated by SN antibodies only. Conclusions The efficacy of the attenuated PRRSV-1 vaccine in 1-day-old pigs seropositive to PRRSV prior to a PRRSV-1 challenge was demonstrated by improvement of clinical, virological and immunological variables. With the current experimental design, maternal immunity did not interfere with the development of a protective immune response against a PRRSV-1 challenge, after vaccination of 1 day-old pigs. Confirmation of these results under field conditions will be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Balasch
- Zoetis Manufacturing & Research Spain S.L., Ctra. Camprodon s/n, Finca La Riba, 17813, Girona, Vall de Bianya Spain
| | - Maria Fort
- Zoetis Manufacturing & Research Spain S.L., Ctra. Camprodon s/n, Finca La Riba, 17813, Girona, Vall de Bianya Spain
| | | | - Jay G Calvert
- 2Zoetis Inc., 333 Portage St, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA
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Charerntantanakul W, Pongjaroenkit S. Co-administration of saponin quil A and PRRSV-1 modified-live virus vaccine up-regulates gene expression of type I interferon-regulated gene, type I and II interferon, and inflammatory cytokines and reduces viremia in response to PRRSV-2 challenge. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 205:24-34. [PMID: 30458999 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a devastating virus which suppresses the expression of type I and II interferons (IFNs) as well as several pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our previous study reported that saponin quil A had a potential to up-regulate the expression of type I IFN-regulated genes and type I and II IFNs in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) inoculated with PRRSV. The present study evaluated the immunostimulatory effect of quil A on potentiating cross protective immunity of PRRSV-1 modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine against PRRSV-2 challenge. Twenty-four 4-week-old PRRSV-seronegative pigs were divided into four groups of six pigs. Group 1 and group 2 pigs were vaccinated with PRRSV-1 MLV vaccine at 0 dpv (day post vaccination), and additionally group 2 pigs were injected intramuscularly with quil A at -1, 0, 1 dpv. Group 3 pigs were injected with PRRSV-1 MLV vaccine solvent at 0 dpv and served as challenge control, while group 4 pigs served as strict control. Group 1-3 pigs were challenged intranasally with PRRSV-2 at 28 dpv and immune and clinical parameters were observed from 0 until 49 dpv. Group 1 pigs showed significantly reduced PRRSV viremia, number of viremic pigs, and clinical scores, and significantly improved average daily weight gain (ADWG), compared to group 3 pigs. Group 2 pigs showed significantly increased mRNA expressions of interferon regulatory factor 3, 2'-5'-oligoadenylatesynthetase 1, osteopontin, IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ, interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor alpha, compared to group 1 pigs. The animals demonstrated significantly reduced PRRSV viremia and number of viremic pigs, but did not demonstrate any further improved PRRSV-specific antibody levels, neutralizing antibody titers, rectal temperature, clinical scores, and ADWG as compared to group 1 pigs. Our findings suggest that quil A up-regulates type I IFN-regulated gene, type I and II IFNs, and inflammatory cytokine expressions which may contribute to further reducing PRRSV viremia and number of viremic pigs which were conferred by PRRSV-1 MLV vaccine. Our findings also suggest that quil A may serve as an effective immunostimulator for potentiating cell-mediated immune defense to PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasin Charerntantanakul
- Program of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, 50290, Thailand.
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40
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Canelli E, Catella A, Borghetti P, Ferrari L, Ogno G, De Angelis E, Bonilauri P, Guazzetti S, Nardini R, Martelli P. Efficacy of a modified-live virus vaccine in pigs experimentally infected with a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type 1 (HP-PRRSV-1). Vet Microbiol 2018; 226:89-96. [PMID: 30389048 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PRRS is one of the main viral diseases in pig production, causing huge economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. The virus shows an intrinsic genomic instability and is able to change continuously, with the emergence of new strains, with different pathogenicity patterns. Commercially available vaccines only partially prevent or counteract the disease and the correlated losses. Moreover, the emergence of highly virulent and pathogenetic isolates represents a particular concern for PRRS control and diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a modified-live virus (MLV) PRRSV-1 commercial vaccine in reducing the severity of the disease and minimizing losses upon challenge with a highly pathogenic PRRSV-1.1 Italian isolate (PRRSV-1_PR40/2014). Four different groups were compared: C (unvaccinated-uninfected), VAC-C (vaccinated-uninfected), PR40 (unvaccinated-infected) and VAC-PR40 (vaccinated-infected). The tested vaccine provided partial, but statistically significant clinical, virological and pathological protection after challenge under experimental conditions. In particular, vaccinated animals showed reduced viremia in terms of duration and magnitude, reduced respiratory signs and pathological lesions. Vaccination was able to trigger adaptive immunity able to respond efficiently also against the HP PR40 isolate. Vaccinated animals showed higher average daily weight gain, even during the viremic period, compared to non-vaccinated challenged pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Canelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Alessia Catella
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Ogno
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Elena De Angelis
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- IZSLER, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "B. Ubertini", Unit of Reggio Emilia, Via Pitagora 2, 42100, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Stefano Guazzetti
- AUSL Reggio Emilia, Via Giovanni Amendola 2, 42122, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Roberto Nardini
- IZSLT, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
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41
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Ferrari L, Canelli E, De Angelis E, Catella A, Ferrarini G, Ogno G, Bonati L, Nardini R, Borghetti P, Martelli P. A highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type 1 (PRRSV-1) strongly modulates cellular innate and adaptive immune subsets upon experimental infection. Vet Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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