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Zhi Y, Zhao X, Liu Z, Shen G, Zhang T, Zhang T, Hu G. Oxymatrine Modulation of TLR3 Signaling: A Dual-Action Mechanism for H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Defense and Immune Regulation. Molecules 2024; 29:1945. [PMID: 38731436 PMCID: PMC11085666 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29091945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In our research, we explored a natural substance called Oxymatrine, found in a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, to fight against a common bird flu virus known as H9N2. This virus not only affects birds but can also pose a threat to human health. We focused on how this natural compound can help in stopping the virus from spreading in cells that line the lungs of birds and potentially humans. Our findings show that Oxymatrine can both directly block the virus and boost the body's immune response against it. This dual-action mechanism is particularly interesting because it indicates that Oxymatrine might be a useful tool in developing new ways to prevent and treat this type of bird flu. Understanding how Oxymatrine works against the H9N2 virus could lead to safer and more natural ways to combat viral infections in animals and humans, contributing to the health and well-being of society. The H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) is a persistent health threat because of its rapid mutation rate and the limited efficacy of vaccines, underscoring the urgent need for innovative therapies. This study investigated the H9N2 AIV antiviral properties of Oxymatrine (OMT), a compound derived from traditional Chinese medicine, particularly focusing on its interaction with pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs). Employing an array of in vitro assays, including 50% tissue culture infectious dose, Cell Counting Kit-8, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blot, we systematically elucidated the multifaceted effects of OMT. OMT dose-dependently inhibited critical antiviral proteins (PKR and Mx1) and modulated the expression of type I interferons and key cytokines (IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-6, and TNF-α), thereby affecting TLR3 signaling and its downstream elements (NF-κB and IRF-3). OMT's antiviral efficacy extended beyond TLR3-mediated responses, suggesting its potential as a versatile antiviral agent. This study not only contributes to the growing body of research on the use of natural compounds as antiviral agents but also underscores the importance of further investigating the broader application of OMT for combating viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ge Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (G.S.); (T.Z.); (T.Z.)
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2
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Ekwemalor K, Asiamah E, Adjei-Fremah S, Eluka-Okoludoh E, Mulakala B, Osei B, Worku M. Diverse pathogen-associated molecular patterns affect transcription of genes in the toll-like receptor signaling pathway in goat blood. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:3729-3738. [PMID: 37226739 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2214189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), and CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) are recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLR). This study aimed to investigate the effect of diverse PAMPs on the transcription of TLR signaling pathway genes in goat blood. Whole blood was collected from 3 female BoerXSpanish goats and treated with the following PAMPs: 10 µg/ml LPS, PGN, CpG ODN (2216), CpG ODN (2006), and 12.5 µg/ml Poly I:C. Blood-treated PBS served as a control. The expression of 84 genes in the human TLR signaling pathway RT2 PCR Array (Qiagen) was evaluated using real-time PCR. Treatment with PBS affected the expression of 74 genes, Poly I:C affected the expression of 40 genes, t ODN 2006 affected the expression of 50 genes, ODN 2216 affected the expression of 52 genes, LPS affected the expression of 49 genes, while PGN affected the expression of 49 genes. Our results show that PAMPs modulated and increased the expression of genes in the TLR signaling pathway. These results highlight important insights into how the host responds to different pathogens and may help design adjuvants for therapeutics and vaccines that target different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingsley Ekwemalor
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Emmanuel Asiamah
- Department of Agriculture, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR, USA
| | - Sarah Adjei-Fremah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Eboghoye Eluka-Okoludoh
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Bharath Mulakala
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Bertha Osei
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Mulumebet Worku
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
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3
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U5 snRNP Core Proteins Are Key Components of the Defense Response against Viral Infection through Their Roles in Programmed Cell Death and Interferon Induction. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122710. [PMID: 36560714 PMCID: PMC9785106 DOI: 10.3390/v14122710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The spliceosome is a massive ribonucleoprotein structure composed of five small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) complexes that catalyze the removal of introns from pre-mature RNA during constitutive and alternative splicing. EFTUD2, PRPF8, and SNRNP200 are core components of the U5 snRNP, which is crucial for spliceosome function as it coordinates and performs the last steps of the splicing reaction. Several studies have demonstrated U5 snRNP proteins as targeted during viral infection, with a limited understanding of their involvement in virus-host interactions. In the present study, we deciphered the respective impact of EFTUD2, PRPF8, and SNRNP200 on viral replication using mammalian reovirus as a model. Using a combination of RNA silencing, real-time cell analysis, cell death and viral replication assays, we discovered distinct and partially overlapping novel roles for EFTUD2, PRPF8, and SNRNP200 in cell survival, apoptosis, necroptosis, and the induction of the interferon response pathway. For instance, we demonstrated that EFTUD2 and SNRNP200 are required for both apoptosis and necroptosis, whereas EFTUD2 and PRPF8 are required for optimal interferon response against viral infection. Moreover, we demonstrated that EFTUD2 restricts viral replication, both in a single cycle and multiple cycles of viral replication. Altogether, these results establish U5 snRNP core components as key elements of the cellular antiviral response.
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Yamamoto N, Tokumon T, Obuchi A, Kono M, Saigo K, Tanida M, Ikeda-Matsuo Y, Sobue K. Poly(I:C) promotes neurotoxic amyloid β accumulation through reduced degradation by decreasing neprilysin protein levels in astrocytes. J Neurochem 2022; 163:517-530. [PMID: 36321194 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation associated with viral infection of the nervous system has been involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis. Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly[I:C]) is a Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) agonist that mimics the inflammatory response to systemic viral infections. Despite growing recognition of the role of glial cells in AD pathology, their involvement in the accumulation and clearance of amyloid β (Aβ) in the brain of patients with AD is poorly understood. Neprilysin (NEP) and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) are the main Aβ-degrading enzymes in the brain. This study investigated whether poly(I:C) regulated Aβ degradation and neurotoxicity by modulating NEP and IDE protein levels through TLR3 in astrocytes. To this aim, primary rat primary astrocyte cultures were treated with poly(I:C) and inhibitors of the TLR3 signaling. Protein levels were assessed by Western blot. Aβ toxicity to primary neurons was measured by lactate dehydrogenase release. Poly(I:C) induced a significant decrease in NEP levels on the membrane of astrocytes as well as in the culture medium. The degradation of exogenous Aβ was markedly delayed in poly(I:C)-treated astrocytes. This delay significantly increased the neurotoxicity of exogenous Aβ1-42. Altogether, these results suggest that viral infections induce Aβ neurotoxicity by decreasing NEP levels in astrocytes and consequently preventing Aβ degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Tokumon
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Ayako Obuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mari Kono
- Scientific Research, Scientific Affairs, Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Katsuyasu Saigo
- Faculty of Nursing, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tanida
- Department of Physiology II, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuri Ikeda-Matsuo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuya Sobue
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan
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5
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Stergioti EM, Manolakou T, Boumpas DT, Banos A. Antiviral Innate Immune Responses in Autoimmunity: Receptors, Pathways, and Therapeutic Targeting. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2820. [PMID: 36359340 PMCID: PMC9687478 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune receptors sense nucleic acids derived from viral pathogens or self-constituents and initiate an immune response, which involves, among other things, the secretion of cytokines including interferon (IFN) and the activation of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). This robust and well-coordinated immune response is mediated by the innate immune cells and is critical to preserving and restoring homeostasis. Like an antiviral response, during an autoimmune disease, aberrations of immune tolerance promote inflammatory responses to self-components, such as nucleic acids and immune complexes (ICs), leading to the secretion of cytokines, inflammation, and tissue damage. The aberrant immune response within the inflammatory milieu of the autoimmune diseases may lead to defective viral responses, predispose to autoimmunity, or precipitate a flare of an existing autoimmune disease. Herein, we review the literature on the crosstalk between innate antiviral immune responses and autoimmune responses and discuss the pitfalls and challenges regarding the therapeutic targeting of the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Maria Stergioti
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
- School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Manolakou
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
- School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios T. Boumpas
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 124 62 Athens, Greece
| | - Aggelos Banos
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
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Thomas S, Lappin DF, Spears J, Bennett D, Nile C, Riggio M. Expression of toll-like receptor and cytokine mRNAs in feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion (FORL) and feline oral health. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:395-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Abstract
Mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) is a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus which encapsidates its 10 genome segments within a double-layered viral particle. Reovirus infection triggers an antiviral response in host cells which serves to limit viral replication. This antiviral response is initiated by recognition of the incoming viral genome by host sensors present in the cytoplasm. However, how host sensors gain access to the reovirus genome is unclear, as this dsRNA is protected by the viral particle proteins throughout infection. To initiate infection, reovirus particles are endocytosed and the outer viral particle layer is disassembled through the action of host proteases. This disassembly event is required for viral escape into the cytoplasm to begin replication. We show that endosomal proteases are required even late in infection, when disassembly is complete, to induce an immune response to reovirus. Additionally, counter to dogma, our data demonstrate that at least some viral dsRNA genome is exposed and detectable during entry. We hypothesize that some proportion of reovirus particles remain trapped within endosomes, allowing for the breakdown of these particles and release of their genome. We show that rapidly uncoating mutants escape the endosome more rapidly and induce a diminished immune response. Further, we show that particles entering through dynamin-independent pathways evade detection by host sensors. Overall, our data provide new insight into how genomes from entering reovirus particles are detected by host cells. IMPORTANCE Viruses must infect host cells to replicate, often killing the host cell in the process. However, hosts can activate defenses to limit viral replication and protect the organism. To trigger these host defenses to viral infections, host cells must first recognize that they are infected. Mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) is a model system used to study host-virus interactions. This study identifies aspects of host and virus biology which determine the capacity of host cells to detect infection. Notably, entry of reovirus into host cells plays a critical role in determining the magnitude of immune response triggered during infection. Mutants of reovirus which can enter cells more rapidly are better at avoiding detection by the host. Additionally, reovirus can enter cells through multiple routes. Entry through some of these routes also helps reovirus evade detection.
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8
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DeAntoneo C, Danthi P, Balachandran S. Reovirus Activated Cell Death Pathways. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111757. [PMID: 35681452 PMCID: PMC9179526 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian orthoreoviruses (ReoV) are non-enveloped viruses with segmented double-stranded RNA genomes. In humans, ReoV are generally considered non-pathogenic, although members of this family have been proven to cause mild gastroenteritis in young children and may contribute to the development of inflammatory conditions, including Celiac disease. Because of its low pathogenic potential and its ability to efficiently infect and kill transformed cells, the ReoV strain Type 3 Dearing (T3D) is clinical trials as an oncolytic agent. ReoV manifests its oncolytic effects in large part by infecting tumor cells and activating programmed cell death pathways (PCDs). It was previously believed that apoptosis was the dominant PCD pathway triggered by ReoV infection. However, new studies suggest that ReoV also activates other PCD pathways, such as autophagy, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. Necroptosis is a caspase-independent form of PCD reliant on receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and its substrate, the pseudokinase mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL). As necroptosis is highly inflammatory, ReoV-induced necroptosis may contribute to the oncolytic potential of this virus, not only by promoting necrotic lysis of the infected cell, but also by inflaming the surrounding tumor microenvironment and provoking beneficial anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the ReoV replication cycle, the known and potential mechanisms by which ReoV induces PCD, and discuss the consequences of non-apoptotic cell death—particularly necroptosis—to ReoV pathogenesis and oncolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly DeAntoneo
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA;
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Pranav Danthi
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA;
| | - Siddharth Balachandran
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA;
- Correspondence:
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9
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Gao D, Ciancanelli MJ, Zhang P, Harschnitz O, Bondet V, Hasek M, Chen J, Mu X, Itan Y, Cobat A, Sancho-Shimizu V, Bigio B, Lorenzo L, Ciceri G, McAlpine J, Anguiano E, Jouanguy E, Chaussabel D, Meyts I, Diamond MS, Abel L, Hur S, Smith GA, Notarangelo L, Duffy D, Studer L, Casanova JL, Zhang SY. TLR3 controls constitutive IFN-β antiviral immunity in human fibroblasts and cortical neurons. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:134529. [PMID: 33393505 DOI: 10.1172/jci134529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis can be caused by inborn errors of the TLR3 pathway, resulting in impairment of CNS cell-intrinsic antiviral immunity. Deficiencies of the TLR3 pathway impair cell-intrinsic immunity to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and HSV-1 in fibroblasts, and to HSV-1 in cortical but not trigeminal neurons. The underlying molecular mechanism is thought to involve impaired IFN-α/β induction by the TLR3 recognition of dsRNA viral intermediates or by-products. However, we show here that human TLR3 controls constitutive levels of IFNB mRNA and secreted bioactive IFN-β protein, and thereby also controls constitutive mRNA levels for IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in fibroblasts. Tlr3-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts also have lower basal ISG levels. Moreover, human TLR3 controls basal levels of IFN-β secretion and ISG mRNA in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical neurons. Consistently, TLR3-deficient human fibroblasts and cortical neurons are vulnerable not only to both VSV and HSV-1, but also to several other families of viruses. The mechanism by which TLR3 restricts viral growth in human fibroblasts and cortical neurons in vitro and, by inference, by which the human CNS prevents infection by HSV-1 in vivo, is therefore based on the control of early viral infection by basal IFN-β immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxing Gao
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, and.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Michael J Ciancanelli
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Turnstone Biologics, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Oliver Harschnitz
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, and.,Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vincent Bondet
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Mary Hasek
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xin Mu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuval Itan
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, and.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, United Kingdom
| | - Benedetta Bigio
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lazaro Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Gabriele Ciceri
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, and.,Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jessica McAlpine
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, and.,Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Esperanza Anguiano
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research/ANRS Center for Human Vaccines, INSERM U899, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Damien Chaussabel
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research/ANRS Center for Human Vaccines, INSERM U899, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Precision Immunology Institute and Mindich Child Health and Development Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Sun Hur
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory A Smith
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Luigi Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Darragh Duffy
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Lorenz Studer
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, and.,Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
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10
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Ji ZX, Wang XQ, Liu XF. NS1: A Key Protein in the "Game" Between Influenza A Virus and Host in Innate Immunity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:670177. [PMID: 34327148 PMCID: PMC8315046 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.670177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the influenza pandemic occurred in 1918, people have recognized the perniciousness of this virus. It can cause mild to severe infections in animals and humans worldwide, with extremely high morbidity and mortality. Since the first day of human discovery of it, the “game” between the influenza virus and the host has never stopped. NS1 protein is the key protein of the influenza virus against host innate immunity. The interaction between viruses and organisms is a complex and dynamic process, in which they restrict each other, but retain their own advantages. In this review, we start by introducing the structure and biological characteristics of NS1, and then investigate the factors that affect pathogenicity of influenza which determined by NS1. In order to uncover the importance of NS1, we analyze the interaction of NS1 protein with interferon system in innate immunity and the molecular mechanism of host antagonism to NS1 protein, highlight the unique biological function of NS1 protein in cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Xing Ji
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Quan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Fan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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11
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Krolik M, Csepregi L, Hartmann F, Engetschwiler C, Flatz L. Recombinant lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-based vaccine vector protects type I interferon receptor deficient mice from viral challenge. Vaccine 2021; 39:1257-1264. [PMID: 33518468 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Reverse genetically engineered recombinant lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (rLCMV) is a novel vaccine vector platform. Here, we investigate the safety and efficacy of rLCMV in mice lacking a functional type I interferon system with high susceptibility to viral infections. Propagation-deficient rLCMV vector expressing ovalbumin as a model antigen is cleared from type I interferon receptor-deficient mice (Ifnar-/-) within seven days post vaccination. In Ifnar-/-, induction of vaccine antigen specific T cells is delayed compared to wild type animals. However, immunization of Ifnar-/- results in potent memory formation and generates multifunctional cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Most importantly, Ifnar-/- vaccinated with rLCMV are protected from a challenge with the aggressive LCMV Clone 13. Our data provide evidence for an excellent safety profile with maintained efficacy in immunocompromised animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Krolik
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, Rorschacher Strasse 95, 9007 St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Csepregi
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, Rorschacher Strasse 95, 9007 St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Hartmann
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, Rorschacher Strasse 95, 9007 St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Céline Engetschwiler
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, Rorschacher Strasse 95, 9007 St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Flatz
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, Rorschacher Strasse 95, 9007 St.Gallen, Switzerland; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Oncology and Hematology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, Rorschacher Strasse 95, 9007 St.Gallen, Switzerland; Department of Dermatology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, Rorschacher Strasse 95, 9007 St.Gallen, Switzerland.
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12
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Abdelwahab SF, Hamdy S, Osman AM, Zakaria ZA, Galal I, Sobhy M, Hashem M, Allam WR, Abdel‐Samiee M, Rewisha E, Waked I. Association of the polymorphism of the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 and TLR-9 genes with hepatitis C virus-specific cell-mediated immunity outcomes among Egyptian health-care workers. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 203:3-12. [PMID: 32939755 PMCID: PMC7744502 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Variations in the immune response could explain resistance to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Toll-like receptor gene (TLR)-3 is an innate detector of dsRNA viruses, and the TLR-9 gene recognizes bacterial and viral unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) motifs. We previously reported that the TLR-3.rs3775290 CC genotype was associated with HCV chronicity and that the TLR-9 gene played no major role in this infection. This study identified the role of TLR-3.rs3775290 (c.1377C/T), TLR-9.rs5743836 (-1237T→C) and TLR-9.rs352140 (G2848A) gene polymorphisms in predicting the outcome of HCV-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) among Egyptian health-care workers (HCWs). We enrolled 265 HCWs in this study and divided them into four groups. Group 1: 140 seronegative-aviraemic HCWs; group 2: 20 seronegative-viraemic HCWs; group 3: 35 subjects with spontaneously resolved HCV infection; and group 4: 70 chronic HCV HCWs (patients). All subjects were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis for the TLR-3.rs3775290, TLR-9.rs5743836 and TLR-9.rs352140 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We also quantified HCV-specific CMI in the four groups using an interferon (IFN)-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay in response to nine HCV genotype 4a, overlapping 15mer peptide pools covering the whole viral genome. No statistically significant difference was found between CMI-responding subjects with different HCV states and TLR-3.rs3775290 or TLR-9.rs352140 genotypes. However, there was a significant relationship between the outcome of the HCV-specific CMI and the TLR-9.rs5743836 genotype among the responding subjects (P = 0·005) and the chronic HCV patients (P = 0·044). In conclusion, TLR-9.rs5743836 SNP, but not TLR-3.rs3775290 or TLR-9.rs352140 genotypes, could predict the outcome of HCV-specific CMI responses among Egyptians infected with genotype-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. F. Abdelwahab
- The Egyptian Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA)GizaEgypt
- Division of MicrobiologyDepartment of Pharmaceutics and Industrial PharmacyTaif College of PharmacyAl‐Haweiah, TaifSaudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineMinia UniversityMiniaEgypt
| | - S. Hamdy
- The Egyptian Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA)GizaEgypt
- Department of ZoologyFaculty of ScienceCairo UniversityGizaEgypt
| | - A. M. Osman
- Department of ZoologyFaculty of ScienceCairo UniversityGizaEgypt
| | - Z. A. Zakaria
- The Egyptian Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA)GizaEgypt
- Biomedical Research LaboratoryFaculty of PharmacyHeliopolis University for Sustainable DevelopmentCairoEgypt
| | - I. Galal
- The Egyptian Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA)GizaEgypt
| | - M. Sobhy
- The Egyptian Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA)GizaEgypt
| | - M. Hashem
- The Egyptian Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA)GizaEgypt
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - W. R. Allam
- The Egyptian Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA)GizaEgypt
- Centre for GenomicsUniversity of Science and TechnologyZewail City of Science and TechnologyGizaEgypt
| | - M. Abdel‐Samiee
- Department of Hepatology and GastroenterologyNational Liver InstituteMenoufia UniversityMenoufiaEgypt
| | - E. Rewisha
- Department of Hepatology and GastroenterologyNational Liver InstituteMenoufia UniversityMenoufiaEgypt
| | - I. Waked
- Department of Hepatology and GastroenterologyNational Liver InstituteMenoufia UniversityMenoufiaEgypt
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13
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Nguyen H, Gazy N, Venketaraman V. A Role of Intracellular Toll-Like Receptors (3, 7, and 9) in Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Co-Infection with HIV. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6148. [PMID: 32858917 PMCID: PMC7503332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a highly infectious acid-fast bacillus and is known to cause tuberculosis (TB) in humans. It is a leading cause of death from a sole infectious agent, with an estimated 1.5 million deaths yearly worldwide, and up to one third of the world's population has been infected with TB. The virulence and susceptibility of Mtb are further amplified in the presence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Coinfection with Mtb and HIV forms a lethal combination. Previous studies had demonstrated the synergistic effects of Mtb and HIV, with one disease accelerating the disease progression of the other through multiple mechanisms, including the modulation of the immune response to these two pathogens. The response of the endosomal pattern recognition receptors to these two pathogens, specifically toll-like receptors (TLR)-3, -7, and -9, has not been elucidated, with some studies producing mixed results. This article seeks to review the roles of TLR-3, -7, and -9 in response to Mtb infection, as well as Mtb-HIV-coinfection via Toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor inducing INF-β (TRIF)-dependent and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Nguyen
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| | - Nicky Gazy
- Beaumont Health System, 5450 Fort St, Trenton, MI 48183, USA
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
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14
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Rasheed ZBM, Lee YS, Kim SH, Rai RK, Ruano CSM, Anucha E, Sullivan MHF, MacIntyre DA, Bennett PR, Sykes L. Differential Response of Gestational Tissues to TLR3 Viral Priming Prior to Exposure to Bacterial TLR2 and TLR2/6 Agonists. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1899. [PMID: 32983111 PMCID: PMC7477080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Infection/inflammation is an important causal factor in spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB). Most mechanistic studies have concentrated on the role of bacteria, with limited focus on the role of viruses in sPTB. Murine studies support a potential multi-pathogen aetiology in which a double or sequential hit of both viral and bacterial pathogens leads to a higher risk preterm labour. This study aimed to determine the effect of viral priming on bacterial induced inflammation in human in vitro models of ascending and haematogenous infection. Methods: Vaginal epithelial cells, and primary amnion epithelial cells and myocytes were used to represent cell targets of ascending infection while interactions between peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and placental explants were used to model systemic infection. To model the effect of viral priming upon the subsequent response to bacterial stimuli, each cell type was stimulated first with a TLR3 viral agonist, and then with either a TLR2 or TLR2/6 agonist, and responses compared to those of each agonist alone. Immunoblotting was used to detect cellular NF-κB, AP-1, and IRF-3 activation. Cellular TLR3, TLR2, and TLR6 mRNA was quantified by RT-qPCR. Immunoassays were used to measure supernatant cytokine, chemokine and PGE2 concentrations. Results: TLR3 (“viral”) priming prior to TLR2/6 agonist (“bacterial”) exposure augmented the pro-inflammatory, pro-labour response in VECs, AECs, myocytes and PBMCs when compared to the effects of agonists alone. In contrast, enhanced anti-inflammatory cytokine production (IL-10) was observed in placental explants. Culturing placental explants in conditioned media derived from PBMCs primed with a TLR3 agonist enhanced TLR2/6 agonist stimulated production of IL-6 and IL-8, suggesting a differential response by the placenta to systemic inflammation compared to direct infection as a result of haematogenous spread. TLR3 agonism generally caused increased mRNA expression of TLR3 and TLR2 but not TLR6. Conclusion: This study provides human in vitro evidence that viral infection may increase the susceptibility of women to bacterial-induced sPTB. Improved understanding of interactions between viral and bacterial components of the maternal microbiome and host immune response may offer new therapeutic options, such as antivirals for the prevention of PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahirrah B M Rasheed
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yun S Lee
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,March of Dimes European Preterm Birth Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sung H Kim
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,March of Dimes European Preterm Birth Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ranjit K Rai
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Camino S M Ruano
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,INSERM U1016 Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Eberechi Anucha
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark H F Sullivan
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A MacIntyre
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,March of Dimes European Preterm Birth Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip R Bennett
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,March of Dimes European Preterm Birth Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lynne Sykes
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,March of Dimes European Preterm Birth Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Abad AT, Danthi P. Recognition of Reovirus RNAs by the Innate Immune System. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060667. [PMID: 32575691 PMCID: PMC7354570 DOI: 10.3390/v12060667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) is a dsRNA virus, which has long been used as a model system to study host–virus interactions. One of the earliest interactions during virus infection is the detection of the viral genomic material, and the consequent induction of an interferon (IFN) based antiviral response. Similar to the replication of related dsRNA viruses, the genomic material of reovirus is thought to remain protected by viral structural proteins throughout infection. Thus, how innate immune sensor proteins gain access to the viral genomic material, is incompletely understood. This review summarizes currently known information about the innate immune recognition of the reovirus genomic material. Using this information, we propose hypotheses about host detection of reovirus.
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16
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Arora S, Ahmad S, Irshad R, Goyal Y, Rafat S, Siddiqui N, Dev K, Husain M, Ali S, Mohan A, Syed MA. TLRs in pulmonary diseases. Life Sci 2019; 233:116671. [PMID: 31336122 PMCID: PMC7094289 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) comprise a clan of proteins involved in identification and triggering a suitable response against pathogenic attacks. As lung is steadily exposed to multiple infectious agents, antigens and host-derived danger signals, the inhabiting stromal and myeloid cells of the lung express an aggregate of TLRs which perceive the endogenously derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) along with pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger the TLR-associated signalling events involved in host defence. Thus, they form an imperative component of host defence activation in case of microbial infections as well as non-infectious pulmonary disorders such as interstitial lung disease, acute lung injury and airways disease, such as COPD and asthma. They also play an equally important role in lung cancer. Targeting the TLR signalling network would pave ways to the design of more reliable and effective vaccines against infectious agents and control deadly infections, desensitize allergens and reduce inflammation. Moreover, TLR agonists may act as adjuvants by increasing the efficiency of cancer vaccines, thereby contributing their role in treatment of lung cancer too. Overall, TLRs present a compelling and expeditiously bolstered area of research and addressing their signalling events would be of significant use in pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Arora
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Shaniya Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Rasha Irshad
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Yamini Goyal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Sahar Rafat
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Neha Siddiqui
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Kapil Dev
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Mohammad Husain
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Shakir Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
| | - Anant Mohan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, AIIMS, New Delhi, India.
| | - Mansoor Ali Syed
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
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17
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Maeda K, Caldez MJ, Akira S. Innate immunity in allergy. Allergy 2019; 74:1660-1674. [PMID: 30891811 PMCID: PMC6790574 DOI: 10.1111/all.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune system quickly responds to invasion of microbes and foreign substances through the extracellular and intracellular sensing receptors, which recognize distinctive molecular and structural patterns. The recognition of innate immune receptors leads to the induction of inflammatory and adaptive immune responses by activating downstream signaling pathways. Allergy is an immune-related disease and results from a hypersensitive immune response to harmless substances in the environment. However, less is known about the activation of innate immunity during exposure to allergens. New insights into the innate immune system by sensors and their signaling cascades provide us with more important clues and a framework for understanding allergy disorders. In this review, we will focus on recent advances in the innate immune sensing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Maeda
- Laboratory of Host Defense, The World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC) Osaka University Osaka Japan
| | - Matias J. Caldez
- Laboratory of Host Defense, The World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC) Osaka University Osaka Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, The World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC) Osaka University Osaka Japan
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18
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Lanoie D, Boudreault S, Bisaillon M, Lemay G. How Many Mammalian Reovirus Proteins are involved in the Control of the Interferon Response? Pathogens 2019; 8:E83. [PMID: 31234302 PMCID: PMC6631787 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As with most viruses, mammalian reovirus can be recognized and attacked by the host-cell interferon response network. Similarly, many viruses have developed resistance mechanisms to counteract the host-cell response at different points of this response. Reflecting the complexity of the interferon signaling pathways as well as the resulting antiviral response, viruses can-and often have-evolved many determinants to interfere with this innate immune response and allow viral replication. In the last few years, it has been evidenced that mammalian reovirus encodes many different determinants that are involved in regulating the induction of the interferon response or in interfering with the action of interferon-stimulated gene products. In this brief review, we present our current understanding of the different reovirus proteins known to be involved, introduce their postulated modes of action, and raise current questions that may lead to further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Lanoie
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Simon Boudreault
- Département de biochimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada.
| | - Martin Bisaillon
- Département de biochimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada.
| | - Guy Lemay
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
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19
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Suprunenko T, Hofer MJ. Complexities of Type I Interferon Biology: Lessons from LCMV. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020172. [PMID: 30791575 PMCID: PMC6409748 DOI: 10.3390/v11020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, infection of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) has provided an invaluable insight into our understanding of immune responses to viruses. In particular, this model has clarified the central roles that type I interferons play in initiating and regulating host responses. The use of different strains of LCMV and routes of infection has allowed us to understand how type I interferons are critical in controlling virus replication and fostering effective antiviral immunity, but also how they promote virus persistence and functional exhaustion of the immune response. Accordingly, these discoveries have formed the foundation for the development of novel treatments for acute and chronic viral infections and even extend into the management of malignant tumors. Here we review the fundamental insights into type I interferon biology gained using LCMV as a model and how the diversity of LCMV strains, dose, and route of administration have been used to dissect the molecular mechanisms underpinning acute versus persistent infection. We also identify gaps in the knowledge regarding LCMV regulation of antiviral immunity. Due to its unique properties, LCMV will continue to remain a vital part of the immunologists' toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Suprunenko
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Markus J Hofer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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20
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HOIL1 Is Essential for the Induction of Type I and III Interferons by MDA5 and Regulates Persistent Murine Norovirus Infection. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01368-18. [PMID: 30209176 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01368-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC), composed of heme-oxidized IRP2 ubiquitin ligase 1 (HOIL1), HOIL1-interacting protein (HOIP), and SHANK-associated RH domain-interacting protein (SHARPIN), is a crucial regulator of multiple immune signaling pathways. In humans, HOIL1 or HOIP deficiency is associated with an immune disorder involving autoinflammation, immunodeficiency, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-like symptoms. During viral infection, LUBAC is reported to inhibit the induction of interferon (IFN) by the cytosolic RNA sensor retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I). Surprisingly, we found that HOIL1 is essential for the induction of both type I and type III IFNs, as well as the phosphorylation of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), during murine norovirus (MNoV) infection in cultured dendritic cells. The RIG-I-like receptor, melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), is also required for IFN induction and IRF3 phosphorylation during MNoV infection. Furthermore, HOIL1 and MDA5 were required for IFN induction after Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection and poly(I·C) transfection, but not Sendai virus or vesicular stomatitis virus infection, indicating that HOIL1 and LUBAC are required selectively for MDA5 signaling. Moreover, Hoil1 - / - mice exhibited defective control of acute and persistent murine norovirus infection and defective regulation of MNoV persistence by the microbiome as also observed previously for mice deficient in interferon lambda (IFN-λ) receptor, signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 1 (STAT1), and IRF3. These data indicate that LUBAC plays a critical role in IFN induction to control RNA viruses sensed by MDA5.IMPORTANCE Human noroviruses are a leading cause of gastroenteritis throughout the world but are challenging to study in vivo and in vitro Murine norovirus (MNoV) provides a tractable genetic and small-animal model to study norovirus biology and immune responses. Interferons are critical mediators of antiviral immunity, but excessive expression can dysregulate the immune system. IFN-λ plays an important role at mucosal surfaces, including the gastrointestinal tract, and both IFN-λ and commensal enteric bacteria are important modulators of persistent MNoV infection. LUBAC, of which HOIL1 is a component, is reported to inhibit type I IFN induction after RIG-I stimulation. We show, in contrast, that HOIL1 is critical for type I and III IFN induction during infection with MNoV, a virus that preferentially activates MDA5. Moreover, HOIL1 regulates MNoV infection in vivo These data reveal distinct functions for LUBAC in these closely related signaling pathways and in modulation of IFN expression.
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Campbell CL, Phillips AT, Rico A, McGuire A, Aboellail TA, Quackenbush S, Olson KE, Schountz T. Involvement of Pro-Inflammatory Macrophages in Liver Pathology of Pirital Virus-Infected Syrian Hamsters. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050232. [PMID: 29724035 PMCID: PMC5977225 DOI: 10.3390/v10050232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
New World arenaviruses cause fatal hemorrhagic disease in South America. Pirital virus (PIRV), a mammarenavirus hosted by Alston’s cotton rat (Sigmodon alstoni), causes a disease in Syrian golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) (biosafety level-3, BSL-3) that has many pathologic similarities to the South American hemorrhagic fevers (BSL-4) and, thus, is considered among the best small-animal models for human arenavirus disease. Here, we extend in greater detail previously described clinical and pathological findings in Syrian hamsters and provide evidence for a pro-inflammatory macrophage response during PIRV infection. The liver was the principal target organ of the disease, and signs of Kupffer cell involvement were identified in mortally infected hamster histopathology data. Differential expression analysis of liver mRNA revealed signatures of the pro-inflammatory response, hematologic dysregulation, interferon pathway and other host response pathways, including 17 key transcripts that were also reported in two non-human primate (NHP) arenavirus liver-infection models, representing both Old and New World mammarenavirus infections. Although antigen presentation may differ among rodent and NHP species, key hemostatic and innate immune-response components showed expression parallels. Signatures of pro-inflammatory macrophage involvement in PIRV-infected livers included enrichment of Ifng, Nfkb2, Stat1, Irf1, Klf6, Il1b, Cxcl10, and Cxcl11 transcripts. Together, these data indicate that pro-inflammatory macrophage M1 responses likely contribute to the pathogenesis of acute PIRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey L Campbell
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Aaron T Phillips
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Amber Rico
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Amanda McGuire
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Tawfik A Aboellail
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Sandra Quackenbush
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Ken E Olson
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Tony Schountz
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Zhu J, Gan X, Ao Q, Shen X, Tan Y, Chen M, Luo Y, Wang H, Jiang H, Li C. Basal polarization of the immune responses to Streptococcus agalactiae susceptible and resistant tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 75:336-345. [PMID: 29454032 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the highest priority areas for improvement is the development of effective strategies for decreasing disease mortality levels in aquaculture production, a better understanding of the components of the fish immune system and their functions in the context of pathogen invasion is needed. Tilapia is the most common fish in South China, and Streptococcus agalactiae has become the most serious disease problem for tilapia industry in China. Here, we profiled gene expression differences between tilapia differing in their susceptibility to S. agalactiae both basally (before infection) and at three early timepoints post-infection (5 h, 50 h, and 7 d). Between group comparisons revealed 5756 unique genes differentially expressed greater than 2-fold at one or more timepoints. And the resistant fish showed much more strong ability in pathogen recognition, antigen presentation, immune activation, while the susceptible fish showed fast activation of apoptosis. Taken together, the immune profiles expand our knowledge for molecular mechanisms for disease resistance, as well as provide solid molecular resources for further identification of the candidate markers for disease-resistant selection and evaluation of disease prevention and treatment options for tilapia industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Zhu
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi 530021, China; Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Xi Gan
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Qiuwei Ao
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Xiashuang Shen
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yun Tan
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yongju Luo
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi 530021, China
| | | | - Chao Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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Ji J, Rao Y, Wan Q, Liao Z, Su J. Teleost-Specific TLR19 Localizes to Endosome, Recognizes dsRNA, Recruits TRIF, Triggers both IFN and NF-κB Pathways, and Protects Cells from Grass Carp Reovirus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:573-585. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Vidya MK, Kumar VG, Sejian V, Bagath M, Krishnan G, Bhatta R. Toll-like receptors: Significance, ligands, signaling pathways, and functions in mammals. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 37:20-36. [PMID: 29028369 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1380200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This review attempts to cover the implication of the toll-like receptors (TLRs) in controlling immune functions with emphasis on their significance, function, regulation and expression patterns. The tripartite TLRs are type I integral transmembrane receptors that are involved in recognition and conveying of pathogens to the immune system. These paralogs are located on cell surfaces or within endosomes. The TLRs are found to be functionally involved in the recognition of self and non-self-antigens, maturation of DCs and initiation of antigen-specific adaptive immune responses as they bridge the innate and adaptive immunity. Interestingly, they also have a significant role in immunotherapy and vaccination. Signals generated by TLRs are transduced through NFκB signaling and MAP kinases pathway to recruit pro-inflammatory cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules, which promote inflammatory responses. The excess production of these cytokines leads to grave systemic disorders like tumor growth and autoimmune disorders. Hence, regulation of the TLR signaling pathway is necessary to keep the host system safe. Many molecules like LPS, SOCS1, IRAK1, NFκB, and TRAF3 are involved in modulating the TLR pathways to induce appropriate response. Though quantification of these TLRs helps in correlating the magnitude of immune response exhibited by the animal, there are several internal, external, genetic and animal factors that affect their expression patterns. So it can be concluded that any identification based on those expression profiles may lead to improper diagnosis during certain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallenahally Kusha Vidya
- a Department of Veterinary Biochemistry , Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University , Hebbal, Bangalore , Karnataka , India.,b Animal Physiology Division , ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology , Adugodi, Bangalore , Karnataka , India
| | - V Girish Kumar
- a Department of Veterinary Biochemistry , Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University , Hebbal, Bangalore , Karnataka , India
| | - Veerasamy Sejian
- b Animal Physiology Division , ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology , Adugodi, Bangalore , Karnataka , India
| | - Madiajagan Bagath
- b Animal Physiology Division , ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology , Adugodi, Bangalore , Karnataka , India
| | - Govindan Krishnan
- b Animal Physiology Division , ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology , Adugodi, Bangalore , Karnataka , India
| | - Raghavendra Bhatta
- b Animal Physiology Division , ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology , Adugodi, Bangalore , Karnataka , India
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25
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Sesti-Costa R, Françozo MCS, Silva GK, Proenca-Modena JL, Silva JS. TLR3 is required for survival following Coxsackievirus B3 infection by driving T lymphocyte activation and polarization: The role of dendritic cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185819. [PMID: 28973047 PMCID: PMC5626506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type B coxsackievirus (CVB) is a common cause of acute and chronic myocarditis, meningitis and pancreatitis, often leading to heart failure and pancreatic deficiency. The polarization of CD4+ T lymphocytes and their cytokine milieu are key factors in the outcome of CVB-induced diseases. Thus, sensing the virus and driving the adaptive immune response are essential for the establishment of a protective immune response. TLR3 is a crucial virus recognition receptor that confers the host with resistance to CVB infection. In the current study, we found that TLR3 expression in dendritic cells plays a role in their activation upon CVB3 infection in vitro, as TLR3-deficient dendritic cells up-regulate CD80 and CD86 to a less degree than WT cells. Instead, they up-regulated the inhibitory molecule PD-L1 and secreted considerably lower levels of TNF-α and IL-10 and a higher level of IL-23. T lymphocyte proliferation in co-culture with CVB3-infected dendritic cells was increased by TLR3-expressing DCs and other cells. Furthermore, in the absence of TLR3, the T lymphocyte response was shifted toward a Th17 profile, which was previously reported to be deleterious for the host. TLR3-deficient mice were very susceptible to CVB3 infection, with increased pancreatic injury and extensive inflammatory infiltrate in the heart that was associated with uncontrolled viral replication. Adoptive transfer of TLR3+ dendritic cells slightly improved the survival of TLR-deficient mice following CVB3 infection. Therefore, our findings highlight the importance of TLR3 signaling in DCs and in other cells to induce activation and polarization of the CD4+ T lymphocyte response toward a Th1 profile and consequently for a better outcome of CVB3 infection. These data provide new insight into the immune-mediated mechanisms by which CVBs are recognized and cleared in order to prevent the development of myocarditis and pancreatitis and may contribute to the design of therapies for enteroviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Sesti-Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcela Cristina Santiago Françozo
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research GmbH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Grace Kelly Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Proenca-Modena
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - João Santana Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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26
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Lv H, Dong W, Qian G, Wang J, Li X, Cao Z, Lv Q, Wang C, Guo K, Zhang Y. uS10, a novel Npro-interacting protein, inhibits classical swine fever virus replication. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1679-1692. [PMID: 28721853 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a severe, febrile and highly contagious disease caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV) that has resulted in huge economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. CSFV Npro has been actively studied but remains incompletely understood. Few studies have investigated the cellular proteins that interact with Npro and their participation in viral replication. Here, the yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) system was employed to screen Npro-interacting proteins from a porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) cDNA library, and a blast search of the NCBI database revealed that 15 cellular proteins interact with Npro. The interaction of Npro with ribosomal protein S20, also known as universal S10 (uS10), was further confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays. Furthermore, uS10 overexpression inhibited CSFV replication, whereas the knockdown of uS10 promoted CSFV replication in PAMs. In addition, Npro or CSFV reduced uS10 expression in PAMs in a proteasome-dependent manner, indicating that Npro-uS10 interaction might contribute to persistent CSFV replication. Our previous research showed that CSFV decreases Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) expression. The results showed that uS10 knockdown reduced TLR3 expression, and that uS10 overexpression increased TLR3 expression. Notably, uS10 knockdown did not promote CSFV replication following TLR3 overexpression. Conversely, uS10 overexpression did not inhibit CSFV replication following TLR3 knockdown. These results revealed that uS10 inhibits CSFV replication by modulating TLR3 expression. This work addresses a novel aspect of the regulation of the innate antiviral immune response during CSFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Wang Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Gui Qian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Zhi Cao
- Qingdao Yebio Biological Engineering Co. Ltd. (Yebio), No. 21 Aodongnan Road, Qingdao 266114, Shandong, PR China
| | - Qizhuang Lv
- College of Biology and Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, No. 1303 Jiaoyu East Road, Yulin 537000, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Chengbao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Kangkang Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
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27
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Chen N, Xia P, Li S, Zhang T, Wang TT, Zhu J. RNA sensors of the innate immune system and their detection of pathogens. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:297-304. [PMID: 28374903 PMCID: PMC7165898 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system plays a critical role in pathogen recognition and initiation of protective immune response through the recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by its pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Nucleic acids including RNA and DNA have been recognized as very important PAMPs of pathogens especially for viruses. RNA are the major PAMPs of RNA viruses, to which most severe disease causing viruses belong thus posing a tougher challenge to human and animal health. Therefore, the understanding of the immune biology of RNA PRRs is critical for control of pathogen infections especially for RNA virus infections. RNA PRRs are comprised of TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, RIG-I, MDA5, NLRP3, NOD2, and some other minorities. This review introduces these RNA PRRs by describing the cellular localizations, ligand recognitions, activation mechanisms, cell signaling pathways, and recognition of pathogens; the cross-talks between various RNA PRRs are also reviewed. The deep insights of these RNA PRRs can be utilized to improve anti-viral immune response. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(5):297-304, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhua Chen
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengpeng Xia
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangjie Li
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Tangjie Zhang
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Tony T Wang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Harrisonburg, VA, 22802
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
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28
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Abstract
During viral and bacterial infections, pathogen-derived cytosolic nucleic acids are recognized by the intracellular RNA sensors retinoic acid-inducible gene I and melanoma-differentiated gene 5 and intracellular DNA sensors, including cyclic-di-GMP-AMP synthase, absent in melanoma 2, interferon (IFN)-gamma inducible protein 16, polymerase III, and so on. Binding of intracellular nucleic acids to these sensors activates downstream signaling cascades, resulting in the production of type I IFNs and pro-inflammatory cytokines to induce appropriate systematic immune responses. While these sensors also recognize endogenous nucleic acids and activate immune responses, they can discriminate between self- and non-self-nucleic acids. However, dysfunction of these sensors or failure of regulatory mechanisms causes aberrant activation of immune response and autoimmune disorders. In this review, we focus on how intracellular immune sensors recognize exogenous nucleic acids and activate the innate immune system, and furthermore, how autoimmune diseases result from dysfunction of these sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ori
- a Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology , Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Takayama-cho , Ikoma , Nara , Japan
| | - Motoya Murase
- a Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology , Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Takayama-cho , Ikoma , Nara , Japan
| | - Taro Kawai
- a Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology , Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Takayama-cho , Ikoma , Nara , Japan
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29
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Studzińska M, Jabłońska A, Wiśniewska-Ligier M, Nowakowska D, Gaj Z, Leśnikowski ZJ, Woźniakowska-Gęsicka T, Wilczyński J, Paradowska E. Association of TLR3 L412F Polymorphism with Cytomegalovirus Infection in Children. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169420. [PMID: 28046022 PMCID: PMC5207783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) recognizes viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and activates antiviral immune responses through the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and inflammatory cytokines. This receptor binds to dsRNA molecules produced during human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication. TLR7 senses viral single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) in endosomes, and it can interact with endogenous RNAs. We determined the genotype distribution of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the TLR3 and TLR7 genes in children with HCMV infection and the relationship between TLR polymorphisms and viral infection. We genotyped 59 children with symptomatic HCMV infection and 78 healthy individuals for SNPs in the TLR3 (rs3775290, c.1377C>T, F459F; rs3775291, c.1234C>T, L412F; rs3775296, c.-7C>A) and TLR7 (rs179008, c.32A>T, Q11L; rs5741880, c.3+1716G>T) genes. SNP genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and capillary electrophoresis. The HCMV DNA load was quantified by real-time PCR. We found an increased frequency of the heterozygous genotype TLR3 L412F in children with HCMV infection compared with uninfected cases. In individuals with a mutation present in at least one allele of the L412F SNP, an increased risk of HCMV disease was found, and this result remained highly significant after Bonferroni’s correction for multiple testing (Pc < 0.001). The heterozygous genotype of this SNP was associated with the increased risk of HCMV disease in an adjusted model that included the HCMV DNA copy number in whole blood and urine (P < 0.001 and P = 0.008, respectively). Moreover, those with a heterozygous genotype of rs3775296 showed an increased relative risk of HCMV infection (P = 0.042), but this association did not reach statistical significance after correction for multiple testing. In contrast, the rs3775290 SNP of TLR3 and TLR7 SNPs were not related to viral infection. A moderate linkage disequilibrium (LD) was observed between the SNPs rs3775291 and rs3775296 (r2 = 0.514). We suggest that the L412F polymorphism in the TLR3 gene could be a genetic risk factor for the development of HCMV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosława Studzińska
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jabłońska
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wiśniewska-Ligier
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology, and Nephrology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dorota Nowakowska
- Department of Perinatology and Gynecology, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Gaj
- Department of Perinatology and Gynecology, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Zbigniew J. Leśnikowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Jan Wilczyński
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Paradowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
- * E-mail:
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31
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Toll like receptor 3 and viral infections of nervous system. J Neurol Sci 2017; 372:40-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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32
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Wang Q, Wu H, Cheng L, Yan K, Shi L, Zhao X, Jiang Q, Wang F, Chen Y, Li Q, Han D. Mumps virus induces innate immune responses in mouse ovarian granulosa cells through the activation of Toll-like receptor 2 and retinoic acid-inducible gene I. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 436:183-94. [PMID: 27477784 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mumps virus (MuV) infection may lead to oophoritis and perturb ovarian function. However, the mechanisms underlying the activation of innate immune responses to MuV infection in the ovary have not been investigated. This study showed that Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) cooperatively initiate innate immune responses to MuV infection in mouse ovarian granulosa cells. Ovarian granulosa cells infected with MuV significantly produced pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and type 1 interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β). Knockdown of RIG-I significantly decreased MuV-induced cytokine expression. TLR2 deficiency reduced the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and MCP-1 but did not affect the expression of IFN-α and IFN-β in granulosa cells after infection with MuV. Intraperitoneal injection of MuV induced the ovarian innate immune responses in vivo, which suppressed estradiol synthesis and induced granulosa cell apoptosis. The results provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying MuV-induced innate immune responses in the mouse ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Han Wu
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijing Cheng
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Keqin Yan
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Shi
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongmei Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qihan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Daishu Han
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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33
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Vidaña B, Martínez J, Martorell J, Montoya M, Córdoba L, Pérez M, Majó N. Involvement of the different lung compartments in the pathogenesis of pH1N1 influenza virus infection in ferrets. Vet Res 2016; 47:113. [PMID: 27825367 PMCID: PMC5101722 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0395-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe cases after pH1N1 infection are consequence of interstitial pneumonia triggered by alveolar viral replication and an exacerbated host immune response, characterized by the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the influx of inflammatory leukocytes to the lungs. Different lung cell populations have been suggested as culprits in the unregulated innate immune responses observed in these cases. This study aims to clarify this question by studying the different induction of innate immune molecules by the distinct lung anatomic compartments (vascular, alveolar and bronchiolar) of ferrets intratracheally infected with a human pH1N1 viral isolate, by means of laser microdissection techniques. The obtained results were then analysed in relation to viral quantification in the different anatomic areas and the histopathological lesions observed. More severe lung lesions were observed at 24 h post infection (hpi) correlating with viral antigen detection in bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells. However, high levels of viral RNA were detected in all anatomic compartments throughout infection. Bronchiolar areas were the first source of IFN-α and most pro-inflammatory cytokines, through the activation of RIG-I. In contrast, vascular areas contributed with the highest induction of CCL2 and other pro-inflammatory cytokines, through the activation of TLR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Vidaña
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Martínez
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. .,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jaime Martorell
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Montoya
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Córdoba
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Pérez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natàlia Majó
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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34
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Perumbakkam S, Hunt HD, Cheng HH. Differences in CD8αα and cecal microbiome community during proliferation and late cytolytic phases of Marek's disease virus infection are associated with genetic resistance to Marek's disease. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw188. [PMID: 27604255 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD) is an important neoplastic disease of chickens caused by Marek ': s disease virus (MDV), a highly oncogenic alphaherpesvirus. In this study using two chicken lines, one resistant and another susceptible to MD, splenic T cells and cecal microbiome were profiled to gain a better understanding of primary differences in these lines. The percent of splenic CD4+ T cells were similar regardless of MDV challenge status in both bird lines. In contrast, CD8αα profiles were different (P < 0.005) between chicken lines under naïve status and under MDV challenge, suggesting that CD8αα T cells play a key role in mediating MDV infection. Microbiome composition was different between naïve resistant (Blautia spp.) and susceptible birds (Streptococcus spp.) (P < 0.05) during initial colonization. With MDV challenge, both chicken lines showed lower numbers of beneficial Faecalibacterium spp. and increased number of Lactobacillus spp. Metabolic profiles between naïve chicken types were similar but with MDV challenge, there were differences in metabolism in both chicken lines, with amino acid metabolism impacted in resistant birds and lipid metabolism in susceptible birds. These results provide insights into immune response and potential interplay with the microbiome during infection with an oncogenic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep Perumbakkam
- USDA, ARS, Avian Diseases and Oncology Laboratory, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Henry D Hunt
- USDA, ARS, Avian Diseases and Oncology Laboratory, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Hans H Cheng
- USDA, ARS, Avian Diseases and Oncology Laboratory, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
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Saeed U, Piracha ZZ. Bridging the importance of Toll like receptors in human viral infections. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(16)61089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Barrat FJ, Elkon KB, Fitzgerald KA. Importance of Nucleic Acid Recognition in Inflammation and Autoimmunity. Annu Rev Med 2016; 67:323-36. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-052814-023338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Franck J. Barrat
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021;
| | - Keith B. Elkon
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Katherine A. Fitzgerald
- Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
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37
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Kim SH, Yang EM, Jung HM, Pham DL, Choi HN, Ban GY, Park HS. Association of TLR3gene polymorphism with IgG subclass deficiency and the severity in patients with aspirin-intolerant asthma. ALLERGY ASTHMA & RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2016.4.4.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Clinical Trial Center, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Yang
- Clinical Trial Center, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hye-Min Jung
- Clinical Trial Center, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, Korea
| | - Duy Le Pham
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyun-Na Choi
- Clinical Trial Center, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ga-Young Ban
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hae-Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Clinical Trial Center, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, Korea
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38
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Geginat J, Nizzoli G, Paroni M, Maglie S, Larghi P, Pascolo S, Abrignani S. Immunity to Pathogens Taught by Specialized Human Dendritic Cell Subsets. Front Immunol 2015; 6:527. [PMID: 26528289 PMCID: PMC4603245 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that have a key role in immune responses because they bridge the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. They mature upon recognition of pathogens and upregulate MHC molecules and costimulatory receptors to activate antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. It is now well established that DCs are not a homogeneous population but are composed of different subsets with specialized functions in immune responses to specific pathogens. Upon viral infections, plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) rapidly produce large amounts of IFN-α, which has potent antiviral functions and activates several other immune cells. However, pDCs are not particularly potent APCs and induce the tolerogenic cytokine IL-10 in CD4+ T cells. In contrast, myeloid DCs (mDCs) are very potent APCs and possess the unique capacity to prime naive T cells and consequently to initiate a primary adaptive immune response. Different subsets of mDCs with specialized functions have been identified. In mice, CD8α+ mDCs capture antigenic material from necrotic cells, secrete high levels of IL-12, and prime Th1 and cytotoxic T-cell responses to control intracellular pathogens. Conversely, CD8α− mDCs preferentially prime CD4+ T cells and promote Th2 or Th17 differentiation. BDCA-3+ mDC2 are the human homologue of CD8α+ mDCs, since they share the expression of several key molecules, the capacity to cross-present antigens to CD8+ T-cells and to produce IFN-λ. However, although several features of the DC network are conserved between humans and mice, the expression of several toll-like receptors as well as the production of cytokines that regulate T-cell differentiation are different. Intriguingly, recent data suggest specific roles for human DC subsets in immune responses against individual pathogens. The biology of human DC subsets holds the promise to be exploitable in translational medicine, in particular for the development of vaccines against persistent infections or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Geginat
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM) , Milan , Italy
| | - Giulia Nizzoli
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM) , Milan , Italy
| | - Moira Paroni
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM) , Milan , Italy
| | - Stefano Maglie
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM) , Milan , Italy
| | - Paola Larghi
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM) , Milan , Italy
| | - Steve Pascolo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM) , Milan , Italy ; DISCCO, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano , Milan , Italy
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Blondel D, Maarifi G, Nisole S, Chelbi-Alix MK. Resistance to Rhabdoviridae Infection and Subversion of Antiviral Responses. Viruses 2015; 7:3675-702. [PMID: 26198243 PMCID: PMC4517123 DOI: 10.3390/v7072794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) treatment induces the expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). However, only a selection of their products have been demonstrated to be responsible for the inhibition of rhabdovirus replication in cultured cells; and only a few have been shown to play a role in mediating the antiviral response in vivo using gene knockout mouse models. IFNs inhibit rhabdovirus replication at different stages via the induction of a variety of ISGs. This review will discuss how individual ISG products confer resistance to rhabdoviruses by blocking viral entry, degrading single stranded viral RNA, inhibiting viral translation or preventing release of virions from the cell. Furthermore, this review will highlight how these viruses counteract the host IFN system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Blondel
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS UMR 9198, Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France.
| | - Ghizlane Maarifi
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, Centre Interdisciplinaire Chimie Biologie-Paris (FR 3567, CNRS), 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France.
| | - Sébastien Nisole
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, Centre Interdisciplinaire Chimie Biologie-Paris (FR 3567, CNRS), 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France.
| | - Mounira K Chelbi-Alix
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, Centre Interdisciplinaire Chimie Biologie-Paris (FR 3567, CNRS), 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France.
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Abstract
The mammalian Toll-like receptor (TLR) family consists of 13 members, and recognizes specific patterns of microbial components, called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). TLR-dependent recognition of PAMPs leads to activation of the innate immune system, which subsequently leads to activation of antigen-specific adaptive immunity. The TLR-mediated signaling pathways consist of the MyD88-dependent pathway and TRIF-dependent pathway, both of which induce gene expression. This unit discusses mammalian TLRs (TLR1 to 13) that have an essential role in the innate immune recognition of microorganisms. Also discussed are TLR-mediated signaling pathways and antibodies that are available to detect specific TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Takeda
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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41
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Horner SM. Insights into antiviral innate immunity revealed by studying hepatitis C virus. Cytokine 2015; 74:190-7. [PMID: 25819428 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies on the interactions of the positive strand RNA virus hepatitis C virus (HCV) with the host have contributed to several discoveries in the field of antiviral innate immunity. These include revealing the antiviral sensing pathways that lead to the induction of type I interferon (IFN) during HCV infection and also the importance of type III IFNs in the antiviral immune response to HCV. These studies on HCV/host interactions have contributed to our overall understanding of viral sensing and viral evasion of the antiviral intracellular innate immune response. In this review, I will highlight how these studies of HCV/host interactions have led to new insights into antiviral innate immunity. Overall, I hope to emphasize that studying antiviral immunity in the context of virus infection is necessary to fully understand antiviral immunity and how it controls the outcome of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy M Horner
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
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42
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Tsutsui-Takeuchi M, Ushio H, Fukuda M, Yamada T, Niyonsaba F, Okumura K, Ogawa H, Ikeda S. Roles of retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors (RLRs), Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 and 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase as viral recognition receptors on human mast cells in response to viral infection. Immunol Res 2015; 61:240-9. [PMID: 25550087 PMCID: PMC4336646 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8617-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the anti-viral responses of human mast cells, we performed PCR array analysis of these cells after infection with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). PCR array analysis revealed that human mast cells up-regulated several anti-viral genes, including melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I, and Toll-like receptor 3, together with type I interferons and chemokines, upon VSV infection. Additionally, we found that 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase, which also works as a virus recognition receptor by activating the latent form of RNase L, leading to viral RNA degradation, was up-regulated in human mast cells upon VSV infection. Moreover, small interfering RNA analysis to identify the receptors responsible for mast cell activation by VSV revealed that these receptors reciprocally cooperate to produce anti-viral cytokines and chemokines, inhibiting VSV replication. Our findings suggest that human mast cells produce cytokines and chemokines using several viral recognition receptors, leading to the inhibition of viral replication. These data provide novel information that improves our understanding of the roles of human mast cells in immune responses against viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Tsutsui-Takeuchi
- Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421 Japan
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421 Japan
| | - Hiroko Ushio
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421 Japan
| | - Minoru Fukuda
- Department of Infection Control Science, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421 Japan
| | - Takahiko Yamada
- Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421 Japan
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421 Japan
| | - François Niyonsaba
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421 Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421 Japan
| | - Hideoki Ogawa
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421 Japan
| | - Shigaku Ikeda
- Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421 Japan
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421 Japan
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Assmann TS, Brondani LDA, Bouças AP, Canani LH, Crispim D. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2015; 59:4-12. [DOI: 10.1590/2359-3997000000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Paula Bouças
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; UFRGS, Brazil
| | | | - Daisy Crispim
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; UFRGS, Brazil
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44
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Cho H, Kelsall BL. The role of type I interferons in intestinal infection, homeostasis, and inflammation. Immunol Rev 2015; 260:145-67. [PMID: 24942688 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferons are a widely expressed family of effector cytokines that promote innate antiviral and antibacterial immunity. Paradoxically, they can also suppress immune responses by driving production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and dysregulation of these cytokines can contribute to host-mediated immunopathology and disease progression. Recent studies describe their anti-inflammatory role in intestinal inflammation and the locus containing IFNAR, a heterodimeric receptor for the type I interferons has been identified as a susceptibility region for human inflammatory bowel disease. This review focuses on the role of type I IFNs in the intestine in health and disease and their emerging role as immune modulators. Clear understanding of type I IFN-mediated immune responses may provide avenues for fine-tuning existing IFN treatment for infection and intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeseon Cho
- Mucosal Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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45
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Leigh R, Proud D. Virus-induced modulation of lower airway diseases: pathogenesis and pharmacologic approaches to treatment. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 148:185-98. [PMID: 25550230 PMCID: PMC7173263 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Uncomplicated upper respiratory viral infections are the most common cause of days lost from work and school and exert a major economic burden. In susceptible individuals, however, common respiratory viruses, particularly human rhinoviruses, also can have a major impact on diseases that involve the lower airways, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) and cystic fibrosis (CF). Respiratory virus-induced wheezing illnesses in early life are a significant risk factor for the subsequent development of asthma, and virus infections may also play a role in the development and progression of airway remodeling in asthma. It is clear that upper respiratory tract virus infections can spread to the lower airway and trigger acute attacks of asthma, COPD or CF. These exacerbations can be life-threatening, and exert an enormous burden on health care systems. In recent years we have gained new insights into the mechanisms by which respiratory viruses may induce acute exacerbations of lower airway diseases, as well as into host defense pathways that may regulate the outcomes to viral infections. In the current article we review the role of viruses in lower airway diseases, including our current understanding on pathways by which they may cause remodeling and trigger acute exacerbations. We also review the efficacy of current and emerging therapies used to treat these lower airway diseases on the outcomes due to viral infection, and discuss alternative therapeutic approaches for the management of virus-induced airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Leigh
- Airway Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Canada; Airway Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Canada
| | - David Proud
- Airway Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Canada.
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46
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Bastos-Pereira AL, Leite MCG, Fraga D, Zampronio AR. Central mediators involved in the febrile response induced by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid: lack of involvement of endothelins and substance P. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 278:100-7. [PMID: 25595258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the involvement of interleukin(IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, interferon(IFN)-γ, prostaglandins of the E2 series, endothelins, substance P and opioids within the central nervous system in polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C)-induced fever in rats. Poly I:C injection induced a febrile response which was reduced by intracerebroventricular administration of the antibodies against TNF-α, IL-6, or IFN-γ, or by IL-1 or μ receptor antagonists. Intraperitoneal injection of indomethacin or oral administration of celecoxib also reduced Poly I:C-induced fever. Poly I:C increased prostaglandin E2 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of the animals which was also reduced by indomethacin. The intracerebroventricular injection of ETB or NK1 receptor antagonists did not alter Poly I:C-induced fever. These data suggest the involvement of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, prostaglandin E2, and opioids but not endothelins and substance P on Poly I:C-induced fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Bastos-Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 19031, 81540-970 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - M C G Leite
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 19031, 81540-970 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - D Fraga
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 19031, 81540-970 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - A R Zampronio
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 19031, 81540-970 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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47
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Mast cells as rapid innate sensors of cytomegalovirus by TLR3/TRIF signaling-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 12:192-201. [PMID: 25152077 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The succinct metaphor, 'the immune system's loaded gun', has been used to describe the role of mast cells (MCs) due to their storage of a wide range of potent pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial mediators in secretory granules that can be released almost instantly on demand to fight invaders. Located at host-environment boundaries and equipped with an arsenal of pattern recognition receptors, MCs are destined to be rapid innate sensors of pathogens penetrating endothelial and epithelial surfaces. Although the importance of MCs in antimicrobial and antiparasitic defense has long been appreciated, their role in raising the alarm against viral infections has been noted only recently. Work on cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in the murine model has revealed MCs as players in a novel cross-talk axis between innate and adaptive immune surveillance of CMV, in that infection of MCs, which is associated with MC degranulation and release of the chemokine CCL5, enhances the recruitment of protective CD8 T cells to extravascular sites of virus replication, specifically to lung interstitium and alveolar epithelium. Here, we have expanded on these studies by investigating the conditions for MC activation and the consequent degranulation in response to host infection. Surprisingly, the data revealed two temporally and mechanistically distinct waves of MC activation: an almost instant indirect activation that depended on TLR3/TRIF signaling and delayed activation by direct infection of MCs that did not involve TLR3/TRIF signaling. Cell type-specific Cre-recombination that yielded eGFP-expressing reporter virus selectively originating from MCs identified MC as a new in vivo, first-hit target cell of productive murine CMV infection.
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48
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Spanier J, Lienenklaus S, Paijo J, Kessler A, Borst K, Heindorf S, Baker DP, Kröger A, Weiss S, Detje CN, Staeheli P, Kalinke U. Concomitant TLR/RLH signaling of radioresistant and radiosensitive cells is essential for protection against vesicular stomatitis virus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3045-54. [PMID: 25127863 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several studies indicated that TLR as well as retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like helicase (RLH) signaling contribute to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-mediated triggering of type I IFN (IFN-I) responses. Nevertheless, TLR-deficient MyD88(-/-)Trif(-/-) mice and RLH-deficient caspase activation and recruitment domain adaptor inducing IFN-β (Cardif)(-/-) mice showed only marginally enhanced susceptibility to lethal VSV i.v. infection. Therefore, we addressed whether concomitant TLR and RLH signaling, or some other additional mechanism, played a role. To this end, we generated MyD88(-/-)Trif(-/-)Cardif(-/-) (MyTrCa(-/-)) mice that succumbed to low-dose i.v. VSV infection with similar kinetics as IFN-I receptor-deficient mice. Three independent approaches (i.e., analysis of IFN-α/β serum levels, experiments with IFN-β reporter mice, and investigation of local IFN-stimulated gene induction) revealed that MyTrCa(-/-) mice did not mount IFN-I responses following VSV infection. Of note, treatment with rIFN-α protected the animals, qualifying MyTrCa(-/-) mice as a model to study the contribution of different immune cell subsets to the production of antiviral IFN-I. Upon adoptive transfer of wild-type plasmacytoid dendritic cells and subsequent VSV infection, MyTrCa(-/-) mice displayed significantly reduced viral loads in peripheral organs and showed prolonged survival. On the contrary, adoptive transfer of wild-type myeloid dendritic cells did not have such effects. Analysis of bone marrow chimeric mice revealed that TLR and RLH signaling of radioresistant and radiosensitive cells was required for efficient protection. Thus, upon VSV infection, plasmacytoid dendritic cell-derived IFN-I primarily protects peripheral organs, whereas concomitant TLR and RLH signaling of radioresistant stroma cells as well as of radiosensitive immune cells is needed to effectively protect against lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Spanier
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jennifer Paijo
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Annett Kessler
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Borst
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabrina Heindorf
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Kröger
- Research Group on Innate Immunity and Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; and
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Claudia N Detje
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Staeheli
- Department of Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
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49
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Toll-Like Receptors: Novel Molecular Targets for Antiviral Immunotherapy. Antiviral Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555815493.ch19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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IRF7-dependent type I interferon production induces lethal immune-mediated disease in STAT1 knockout mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J Virol 2014; 88:7578-88. [PMID: 24760883 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03117-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Following systemic infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), STAT1 knockout (KO) mice but not wild-type, STAT2 KO, IRF9 KO, or IFNAR KO mice develop lethal disease perpetrated by CD4(+) T cells. IRF7 is a key transcriptional activator of type I IFN (IFN-I) during LCMV infection. Here, the role of IRF7 in the lethal host response to LCMV infection in STAT1 KO mice was examined. In contrast to STAT1 KO mice, STAT1/IRF7 double KO (DKO) mice survived LCMV infection with a reduced immune pathology in key organs, such as the liver and spleen. However, similar to STAT1 KO mice, STAT1/IRF7 DKO mice failed to control LCMV replication and spread. LCMV infection in STAT1 KO mice was associated with a significant elevation in the levels of a number of cytokines in serum, including IFN-Is, but this was largely absent in STAT1/IRF7 DKO mice, which had a modest increase in the levels of gamma interferon and CCL2 only. Since IRF7 is known to be a key transcriptional regulator of IFN-I gene expression, the possible role of IFN-I in lethal disease was examined further. STAT1/IFNAR DKO mice, in contrast to STAT1 KO mice, all survived infection with LCMV and exhibited little tissue immune pathology. Additionally, STAT1 KO mice that were deficient for either of the two IFN-I signaling molecules, STAT2 or IRF9, also survived LCMV infection. We conclude that the lethal immune-mediated disease resulting from LCMV infection in STAT1 KO mice is (i) dependent on IRF7-induced IFN-I production and (ii) driven by noncanonical IFN-I signaling via STAT2 and IRF9. IMPORTANCE Here we report on the basis for the novel, fatal immune-mediated disease of STAT1 KO mice infected with LCMV. Our findings show that, surprisingly, the pathogenesis of this disease is dependent on IRF7-mediated type I interferon production. Moreover, our study identifies noncanonical type I interferon signaling via STAT2 and IRF9 to be essential for the type I IFN-driven fatal disease in LCMV-infected STAT1 KO mice. These results further highlight the significance of noncanonical type I IFN signaling in the pathogenesis of host-mediated injury following viral infection.
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