1
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Khan MR, Sadiq MB, Vápenka L, Volpe S, Rajchl A, Torrieri E. Role of quality assessment of the recycled packaging material in determining its safety profile as food contact material. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 188:72-85. [PMID: 39116658 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Food packaging waste significantly impacts global environmental changes, prompting the adoption of a green circular economy approach. Recycling packaging waste is a critical element of this strategy. However, it faces challenges related to the quality of recycled materials and concerns about their safety. Thus, this review aimed to highlight different analytical methods alone or in combination to evaluate the quality of the recycled material. Furthermore, the safety and health aspects related to the migration of contaminants and their relevant regulations have also been discussed. An important parameter while selecting an appropriate recycling method is the composition and nature of the recyclate, for instance, HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene), PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate), and PP (Polypropylene) materials can be recycled using mechanical and chemical recycling, however, PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) and PS (Polystyrene) present challenges during mechanical recycling due to lower molecular weight and complex compositions, thus are often downcycled into lower-grade products. Still, recycled papers can be more problematic than recycled plastics due to the nature of the materials and the impact of recycling. The literature review suggested that three quality properties i.e., presence of low molecular weight compounds, degree of degradation, and composition should be analyzed by using different spectroscopic, thermo-mechanical, and chromatographic techniques to obtain a detailed understanding of recycled material quality. Furthermore, recycling should be done in such a way that the migration of contaminants should be lower than the migratory limits set by the relevant authorities to avoid any toxicological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rehan Khan
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy; Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology (FPBT), Department of Food Preservation, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Muhammad Bilal Sadiq
- School of Life Sciences, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Lukáš Vápenka
- Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology (FPBT), Department of Food Preservation, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stefania Volpe
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Aleš Rajchl
- Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology (FPBT), Department of Food Preservation, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Torrieri
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
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2
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Das N, Maity C. Multi-Colored Aqueous Ink for Rewritable Paper. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403512. [PMID: 39011973 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
As sustainable and eco-friendly replacements to conventional paper, rewritable paper is a very attractive alternative for communication, information circulation, and storage. Development is made for rewritable paper using chromogenic materials that change its color in presence of external stimuli. However, the new techniques have faced several major challenges including feasible operational method, eco-friendly approach. Herein, a simple, convenient, and eco-friendly strategy is described for the preparation of rewritable paper substrate, and multi colored ink for efficient use in writing, painting or printing purpose. In addition, writing with "invisible ink" on the rewritable paper can be realized for potential anti-counterfeiting application. The written, painted, or printed information on the paper substrate can be easily erased using an aqueous solution. Thus, the original paper can be retrieved and the paper substrate can be reused multiple times. Besides, the written or printed information can be retained for a prolonged time at ambient conditions. Overall, this approach shows the rewritable paper as a prototype of multicolor writing/painting application, offering a sustainable solution for reducing paper waste and promoting environmental stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Das
- (Organic)Material Science and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, and Centre for Nanobiotechnology (CNBT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore campus, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Chandan Maity
- (Organic)Material Science and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, and Centre for Nanobiotechnology (CNBT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore campus, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
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3
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Störmer A, Hetzel L, Franz R. A critical review of test methods and alternative scientific approaches to compliance and safety evaluation of paper and board for food contact. Front Chem 2024; 12:1397913. [PMID: 39055044 PMCID: PMC11269091 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1397913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Paper and board are widely used as food contact materials. For such sensitive applications, consumer safety regarding the transfer of chemical components and contaminants to the food needs to be established. Such safety assessments are becoming increasingly challenging not only due to intentionally added substances but also non-intentionally added substances. In the European Union, compliance testing and safety evaluation of paper in food contact are largely based on national legislation and standards. The underlying tests are conventional methods, often overestimating and sometimes underestimating the migration into food. In this article, the relevant standard test methods are contrasted with currently available scientific knowledge. The scientific approaches to develop and identify suitable test methods are critically reviewed. Furthermore, theoretical predictions via mathematical modeling, with the aim to realistically simulate transfer to food, are presented and discussed in comparison with available migration studies with foods. Objectives are to (i) summarize the actual scientific knowledge in the field and draw conclusions regarding the potential and limitations of the existing test methods and (ii) identify research gaps toward a better qualitative and quantitative understanding of transport processes of volatile and non-volatile substances from paper and board into foods.
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4
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Mofokeng NN, Madikizela LM, Tiggelman I, Chimuka L. Emerging contaminants as unintentional substances in paper and board: A case of unexpected pharmaceuticals detection in the paper recycling chain. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134419. [PMID: 38691993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The contamination of paper products by various chemicals has been reported on a global level, but to date, no published research has investigated pharmaceutical contamination of paper-based products. In this study, pharmaceutical analysis was conducted on 42 samples collected from various points of the recycled paper value chain in Cape Town, South Africa, which included the various grades that may be included in the manufacturing of recycled paperboard. The analysis was achieved by ultrasonic-assisted extraction of paper samples before detection by UHPLC-Q Orbitrap. Quantification limits ranged from 1.15 pg/g for ketoprofen to 46.07 pg/g for methocarbamol. Pharmaceuticals identified in newspaper samples were dexamethasone, ketoprofen, and 17β-estradiol. The latter was also detected in paper shopping bags (up to 697.49 ng/g), infant bathtub packaging (280.62 ng/g), battery packaging (137.43 ng/g), and an egg carton (170.47 ng/g). Carbamazepine was also prominent with its concentration reaching 13.02 ng/g in a vegetable box. Suspect screening tentatively identified 14 additional pharmaceuticals in paper samples, with minocycline, prazepam, and anabolic steroids appearing more prominently. This pioneering study indicated that unintentional pharmaceutical exposure had expanded beyond environmental media to consumer products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nondumiso N Mofokeng
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Ave, Braamfontein, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; Mpact Operations Pty (Ltd), Innovation, Research & Development, Devon Valley Road, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Lawrence M Madikizela
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, 28 Pioneer Ave, Roodepoort, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa.
| | - Ineke Tiggelman
- Mpact Operations Pty (Ltd), Innovation, Research & Development, Devon Valley Road, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Luke Chimuka
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Ave, Braamfontein, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
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5
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Esmaeili Nasrabadi A, Ramavandi B, Bonyadi Z, Farjadfard S, Fattahi M. Landfill leachates as a significant source for emerging pollutants of phthalic acid esters: Identification, occurrence, characteristics, fate, and transport. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 356:141873. [PMID: 38593958 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are byproducts released from various sources, including microplastics, cosmetics, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, waxes, inks, detergents, and insecticides. This review article provides an overview of the literature on PAEs in landfill leachates, exploring their identification, occurrence, characteristics, fate, and transport in landfills across different countries. The study emphasizes the influence of these substances on the environment, especially on water and soil. Various analytical techniques, such as GC-MS, GC-FID, and HPLC, are commonly employed to quantify concentrations of PAEs. Studies show significant variations in levels of PAEs among different countries, with the highest concentration observed in landfill leachates in Brazil, followed by Iran. Among the different types of PAE, the survey highlights DEHP as the most concentrated PAE in the leachate, with a concentration of 89.6 μg/L. The review also discusses the levels of other types of PAEs. The data shows that DBP has the highest concentration at 6.8 mg/kg, while DOP has the lowest concentration (0.04 mg/kg). The concentration of PAEs typically decreases as the depth in the soil profile increases. In older landfills, concentrations of PAE decrease significantly, possibly due to long-term degradation and conversion of PAE into other chemical compounds. Future research should prioritize evaluating the effectiveness of landfill liners and waste management practices in preventing the release of PAE and other pollutants into the environment. It is also possible to focus on developing efficient physical, biological, and chemical methods for removing PAEs from landfill leachates. Additionally, the effectiveness of existing treatment processes in removing PAEs from landfill leachates and the necessity for new treatment processes can be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Esmaeili Nasrabadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Ziaeddin Bonyadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Sima Farjadfard
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Fattahi
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; School of Engineering & Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam.
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6
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Quan Z, Xu X, Wang W, Jiang J, Gao S. Do industrial solid waste recycling and technological innovation promote low-carbon development in China? New insights from NARDL approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170446. [PMID: 38278237 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Recycling waste is crucial for consolidating resources and promoting sustainable development, serving a pivotal role in achieving the objectives of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. Nonetheless, most existing research has primarily focused on municipal solid waste (MSW) recycling, often neglecting the significant volume of industrial solid waste (ISW). This study aims to explore the asymmetric effects of industrial solid waste recycling and technological innovation on the low-carbon development. To this end, this study selects GDP and carbon intensity as indicators representing economic growth and environmental quality. A variable that can enhance GDP growth while reducing carbon intensity signifies its contribution to low-carbon development. By collecting data from China over the period of 1985-2020, non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) models of GDP and carbon intensity are established to discover whether the low-carbon development can be achieved by enacting ISW recycling and technological innovation. The results show the asymmetric shocks of ISW recycling and technological innovation on economic growth and environmental quality. In the long run, both ISW recycling and technological innovation promote low-carbon development. In the short run, technological innovation proved to be detrimental to economic growth and environmental quality. This paper also highlights the inhibitory effect of the labor force on economic growth. The "pollution haven hypothesis" is supported by the finding that foreign direct investment reduces carbon intensity. Additionally, the Granger test revealed the direction of the variables' causality. Based on empirical findings, policymakers can protect the environment and create economic value simultaneously through waste recycling and technological innovation, thereby realizing low-carbon development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichuan Quan
- School of Management Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Xi Xu
- School of Management Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Weihao Wang
- School of Management Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China.
| | - Jikun Jiang
- School of Management Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Shuning Gao
- School of Management Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
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7
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Han X, Tian Y, Liu H, Chen X, Wang JH, Shi J, Jiang G. Occurrence of Chlorinated Derivatives of Bisphenol S in Paper Products and Their Potential Health Risks through Dermal Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:3966-3973. [PMID: 38353415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The occurrence of chlorinated derivatives of bisphenol S (Clx-BPS) and BPS was investigated in nine types of paper products (n = 125), including thermal paper, corrugated boxes, mail envelopes, newspapers, flyers, magazines, food contact paper, household paper, and business cards. BPS was found in all paper product samples, while Clx-BPS were mainly found in thermal paper (from below the limit of detection (
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Han
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Yong Tian
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Haonan Liu
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Xuwei Chen
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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8
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Chazirakis P, Giannis A, Gidarakos E. Material flow and environmental performance of the source segregated biowaste composting system. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 160:23-34. [PMID: 36774739 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is performed to investigate the environmental impacts of two alternative approaches in a biowaste management system. The system inventory is based on actual data and on-site sampling for two consecutive years at the mechanical and biological treatment (MBT) facility at the prefecture of Chania (Greece). The facility pertains as MBT for household waste and material recycling (MR) for the recyclable fractions in two different process lines. The mass balances and environmental performance are assessed from waste generation to end-use. The LCA and ReCiPe 2016 methodology estimate the endpoint environmental impacts on human health, ecosystem quality and resource scarcity. The results show that biowaste source segregation in an integrated waste management system not only significantly benefits its recoverability potential it also improves its environmental performance. Impacts on human health (HH) have reduced by 4.6 times, on freshwater ecosystem quality (EQf) by 6.3 times and resource scarcity (RS) usage by 2.5 times when biowaste is combined with compost production and use, material recovery and reprocessing for fertilizer and raw material substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Chazirakis
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, University Campus, 73100 Chania, Greece; Inter-municipal enterprise of solid waste management (DEDISA), 50 Grigoriou V, 73100 Chania, Greece.
| | - Apostolos Giannis
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, University Campus, 73100 Chania, Greece
| | - Evangelos Gidarakos
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, University Campus, 73100 Chania, Greece.
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9
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Chibwe L, De Silva AO, Spencer C, Teixera CF, Williamson M, Wang X, Muir DCG. Target and Nontarget Screening of Organic Chemicals and Metals in Recycled Plastic Materials. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:3380-3390. [PMID: 36787488 PMCID: PMC9979653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Increased demand for recycling plastic has prompted concerns regarding potential introduction of hazardous chemicals into recycled goods. We present a broad screening of chemicals in 21 plastic flake and pellet samples from Canadian recycling companies. From target analysis, the organophosphorus ester flame retardants and plasticizers exhibited the highest detection frequencies (DFs) (5-100%) and concentrations (<DL-4,700 ng/g), followed by brominated/chlorinated flame retardants (<DL-2,150 ng/g, 5-76% DFs). The perfluoroalkyl acids were least detected at the lowest concentrations (<0.01-0.70 ng/g, 5-19% DFs). Using nontargeted analysis, 217 chemicals were identified as Level 1 (authentic standard) or 2 (library match), with estimated individual concentrations up to 1030 ng/g (highest: 2-hexyl hydroxy benzoate, 100% DF). Total (Σ60) element concentrations were between 0.005 and 2,980 mg/kg, with highest concentrations for calcium (2,980 mg/kg), sodium (617 mg/kg), and iron (156 mg/kg). Collectively >280 chemicals were detected in recycled plastic pellets and flakes, suggesting potential incorporation into recycled goods. Individual concentrations indicate unintentional trace contamination following European Union threshold limits for recycled granules (500 mg/kg) and waste plastic flakes (1,000 mg/kg), although do not reflect toxicological thresholds, if any. Our study highlights that while recycling addresses sustainability goals, additional screening of goods and products made from recycled plastics is needed to fully document potentially hazardous chemicals and exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Chibwe
- Aquatic
Contaminants Research Division, Environment
Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
- Institute
for Environmental Change and Society, University
of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Amila O. De Silva
- Aquatic
Contaminants Research Division, Environment
Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Christine Spencer
- Aquatic
Contaminants Research Division, Environment
Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Camilla F. Teixera
- Aquatic
Contaminants Research Division, Environment
Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Mary Williamson
- Aquatic
Contaminants Research Division, Environment
Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Xiaowa Wang
- Aquatic
Contaminants Research Division, Environment
Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Derek C. G. Muir
- Aquatic
Contaminants Research Division, Environment
Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
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10
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Liu M, Tong S, Tong Z, Guan Y, Sun Y. A strong, biodegradable and transparent cellulose‐based bioplastic stemmed from waste paper. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Liu
- Key laboratory of Bio‐based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Shoudi Tong
- School of Automation Harbin University of Science and Technology Harbin China
| | - Zhihan Tong
- Key laboratory of Bio‐based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Yuewen Guan
- Key laboratory of Bio‐based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Yinan Sun
- Key laboratory of Bio‐based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
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11
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Bandara R, Indunil G. Food packaging from recycled papers: chemical, physical, optical properties and heavy metal migration. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10959. [PMID: 36267374 PMCID: PMC9576889 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Paper recycling is a viable option for wastepaper management. This study assessed the suitability of recycled papers as a food packaging material. Permanence and durability of three different recycled papers; R1:150 GSM, R2:120 GSM, and R3:100 GSM with aging were evaluated using standard methods. Eventhough opacity increased with aging grammage, burst strength, tensile strength, pH, brightness, and whiteness decreased. Recycled papers failed water absorptiveness test even before aging. Presence of heavy metals in recycled papers were compared with food packaging standards and migration of heavy metals from the packaging to different food types was assessed. Presence of Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Cd and Pb were below EC and EPA standards but only Pb and Cd exceeded the EU standard. Migration of Cu, Zn, Mn and Cr were within EPA, EU and EC standards except Pb and Cd with respect to EC standard. Highest migration is associated with foods contain more fatty acids; fast food, sausages and pizza.
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12
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Wu S, Wu X, Li H, Li D, Zheng J, Lin Q, Nerín C, Zhong H, Dong B. The characterization and influence factors of semi-volatile compounds from mechanically recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) by combining GC×GC-TOFMS and chemometrics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129583. [PMID: 35872450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A non-targeted method was developed for screening the semi-volatile compounds of different mechanically recycled PET intended for food contact materials. The data was further analyzed by multiple chemometrics methods to obtain the difference level, and the potential influence factors were investigated. The results showed that total dissolution with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry was more effective than other reported methods. Based on the difference level, 97 compounds were characterized into 4 levels. 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone originating from organic solvent was recognized as level IV and could be determined as the primary difference indicator. The contaminant is mainly attributed to the residuum derived from non-food consumer products. The specific types of contaminants and process parameters of the recycling, such as moisture content, properties of rPET, and temperature, were the potential key factors affecting the presence of semi-volatile compounds of mechanically recycled rPET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siliang Wu
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Hanke Li
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Dan Li
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Jianguo Zheng
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Qinbao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, China
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Huaining Zhong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China.
| | - Ben Dong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China.
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13
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Etxabide A, Young B, Bremer PJ, Kilmartin PA. Non-permanent primary food packaging materials assessment: Identification, migration, toxicity, and consumption of substances. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:4130-4145. [PMID: 35791070 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Almost all processed food comes packaged in either plastic, glass, metal, or paper and paperboard materials, and many packaging materials are disposed of after a single use (linear economy). Based on the concept of a circular economy, the recycling of food packaging materials has become one of the main targets for industries and regulators around the world. However, recycling presents particular challenges, mainly related to the recycled material composition, which determines its reusability, application, functionality, and chemical safety. In this latter matter, it has been demonstrated that the use of recycled food packaging materials increases the number and possible sources of substances that could be present in the packaging material, which is of concern as substances that can migrate into food and cause health hazards upon consumption. This review compiles information regarding substances detected in non-permanent food packaging materials, focusing mainly on plastics, paper, and paperboards. The compilation of literature studies (110 research articles) on the presence of intentionally added substances (IAS) and non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in food packaging materials, their migration, toxicity, and dietary exposure has been summarized, evaluated, and discussed. In addition, current sustainable food packaging trends have been mentioned. Finally, approaches to reduce the presence, migration, and potential exposure to substances that have migrated from packaging materials into food have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaitz Etxabide
- School of Chemical Sciences 302, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Brent Young
- School of Chemical Sciences 302, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Phil J Bremer
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,New Zealand Food Safety Science & Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul A Kilmartin
- School of Chemical Sciences 302, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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14
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Gao M, Remón J, Ding W, Jiang Z, Shi B. Green and sustainable 'Al-Zr-oligosaccharides' tanning agents from the simultaneous depolymerization and oxidation of waste paper. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 837:155570. [PMID: 35504371 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Developing chrome-free and sustainable tanning agents is extremely important to the sustainability of the leather industry. Herein, we have synthesized an Al-Zr-oligosaccharides tanning agent via a simultaneous degradation and oxidation of cellulose in waste paper. The influence of the temperature and the concentrations of AlCl3 and H2O2 during the synthesis were thoroughly investigated on the properties of the tanning agent and the leather produced. The synthesis temperature and the concentration of AlCl3 were the factors primarily affecting the effective depolymerization of cellulose. They controlled the conversion of waste paper into oligosaccharides with an appropriate molecular weight to efficiently penetrate the leather matrix. In parallel, the H2O2 concentration substantially influenced the tanning performance of the Al-Zr-oligosaccharides, diminishing the chromaticity of the tanning liquid via oxidation and promoting the conversion of C2/C3/C6-OH moieties into -CHO/-COOH. These functional groups increased the surface charge of the oligosaccharides allowing more effective coordination with Al/Zr, which facilitated the penetration of Al/Zr species into the leather matrix. Once inside the leather matrix, Al and Zr were released and reacted with the collagen fibers in leather, which resulted in effective leather tanning. The process optimization revealed that up to 57% of waste paper could be converted into a low-chromaticity (4350 AU) liquid hydrolysate with the synthesis conducted at 177 °C in a system comprising 47 mM AlCl3 and 5 vol% H2O2. The application of this liquid for tanning provided leather with a shrinkage temperature (86.5 °C) sufficiently high for commercial applications. These excellent results, combined with the intrinsic green nature of our approach, exemplify a step forward to simultaneously reduce pollution and hazards in leather industries giving a second life to waste paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Gao
- Department of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Javier Remón
- Instituto de Carboquímica, CSIC, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Wei Ding
- China Leather and Footwear Research Institute Co. Ltd, Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Zhicheng Jiang
- Department of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
| | - Bi Shi
- Department of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
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15
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Liu J, Li Y, Mo H, Xie E, Fang J, Gan W. Current utilization of waste biomass as filler for wood adhesives: A review. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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16
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El‐Nemr KF, Ali MA, Gad YH, Gabr EM. Newsprint microcrystalline fibers reinforced
styrene butadiene rubber
as a low thermal conducting material: Effect of electron beam irradiation and fiber content. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled F. El‐Nemr
- Radiation Chemistry Department National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority Cairo Egypt
| | - Magdy A. Ali
- Radiation Chemistry Department National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority Cairo Egypt
| | - Yasser H. Gad
- Polymer Chemistry Department National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority Cairo Egypt
| | - Eman M. Gabr
- Processes Development Department Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute Cairo Egypt
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17
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Tonini D, Albizzati PF, Caro D, De Meester S, Garbarino E, Blengini GA. Quality of recycling: Urgent and undefined. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 146:11-19. [PMID: 35533544 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quality of recycling is a concept used by many authors in the scientific literature and the EU legislator. However, a clear definition of what is intended for quality of recycling and a framework for operationalising it is lacking. Most studies, while proposing indicators reflecting quality, leave the concept of quality largely undefined. Such lack of clarity is an obstacle to the conception of robust policies addressing recycling and circular economy. In this article, we review the available studies investigating on recycling quality, synthetize the approaches available and conclude suggesting a way forward for research to operationalise the definition to support circular economy policy measures and monitoring. Essentially, quality is not an on/off criterion. The definition of quality of recycling should consider that quality depends on technical characteristics of the recyclate, which determine if it is adequate (thus functional) for a certain end application or not. Furthermore, it should consider that the recyclate can be used in different end applications over different markets and that can be adequate for substitution of primary resources in certain applications, but less or not in others. At system-wide level, this results in a certain degree of virgin resource substitution. To this end, preserving functionality, i.e. minimising the recyclate loss of functions via functional recycling, is key. Drawing upon studies on waste management, life cycle assessment and resource dissipation, we link the concept of functionality to substitutability of virgin resources and broader suitability in the circular economy, striving to show the linkages between different perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Tonini
- Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Calle Inca Garcilaso, 41092 Seville, Spain.
| | | | - Dario Caro
- Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Calle Inca Garcilaso, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Steven De Meester
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering, Ghent University, Sint-Martens-Latemlaan 2B, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Elena Garbarino
- European Defence Agency, Rue des Drapiers, 17-23, B-1050 Ixelles, Belgium
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18
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Schirmeister CG, Mülhaupt R. Closing the Carbon Loop in the Circular Plastics Economy. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200247. [PMID: 35635841 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Today, plastics are ubiquitous in everyday life, problem solvers of modern technologies, and crucial for sustainable development. Yet the surge in global demand for plastics of the growing world population has triggered a tidal wave of plastic debris in the environment. Moving from a linear to a zero-waste and carbon-neutral circular plastic economy is vital for the future of the planet. Taming the plastic waste flood requires closing the carbon loop through plastic reuse, mechanical and molecular recycling, carbon capture, and use of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. In the quest for eco-friendly products, plastics do not need to be reinvented but tuned for reuse and recycling. Their full potential must be exploited regarding energy, resource, and eco efficiency, waste prevention, circular economy, climate change mitigation, and lowering environmental pollution. Biodegradation holds promise for composting and bio-feedstock recovery, but it is neither the Holy Grail of circular plastics economy nor a panacea for plastic littering. As an alternative to mechanical downcycling, molecular recycling enables both closed-loop recovery of virgin plastics and open-loop valorization, producing hydrogen, fuels, refinery feeds, lubricants, chemicals, and carbonaceous materials. Closing the carbon loop does not create a Perpetuum Mobile and requires renewable energy to achieve sustainability. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl G Schirmeister
- Freiburg Materials Research Center and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Sustainability Center, University of Freiburg, Ecker-Str. 4, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
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19
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Tatta ER, Imchen M, Moopantakath J, Kumavath R. Bioprospecting of microbial enzymes: current trends in industry and healthcare. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:1813-1835. [PMID: 35254498 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11859-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microbial enzymes have an indispensable role in producing foods, pharmaceuticals, and other commercial goods. Many novel enzymes have been reported from all domains of life, such as plants, microbes, and animals. Nonetheless, industrially desirable enzymes of microbial origin are limited. This review article discusses the classifications, applications, sources, and challenges of most demanded industrial enzymes such as pectinases, cellulase, lipase, and protease. In addition, the production of novel enzymes through protein engineering technologies such as directed evolution, rational, and de novo design, for the improvement of existing industrial enzymes is also explored. We have also explored the role of metagenomics, nanotechnology, OMICs, and machine learning approaches in the bioprospecting of novel enzymes. Overall, this review covers the basics of biocatalysts in industrial and healthcare applications and provides an overview of existing microbial enzyme optimization tools. KEY POINTS: • Microbial bioactive molecules are vital for therapeutic and industrial applications. • High-throughput OMIC is the most proficient approach for novel enzyme discovery. • Comprehensive databases and efficient machine learning models are the need of the hour to fast forward de novo enzyme design and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eswar Rao Tatta
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya (PO.), Kasaragod, Kerala, 671320, India
| | - Madangchanok Imchen
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya (PO.), Kasaragod, Kerala, 671320, India
| | - Jamseel Moopantakath
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya (PO.), Kasaragod, Kerala, 671320, India
| | - Ranjith Kumavath
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya (PO.), Kasaragod, Kerala, 671320, India.
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20
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Liu Z, Li G, Zhang F, Wu J. Enhanced biodegradation activity towards poly(ethyl acrylate) and poly(vinyl acetate) by anchor peptide assistant targeting. J Biotechnol 2022; 349:47-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Producing Direct Food Packaging Using Deinked Office Paper Grades—Deinkability and Food Contact Suitability Evaluation. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132212550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Paper recycling is the most eco-efficient waste management option, since the use of recycled fibers reduces the need for virgin wood fiber and lowers energy consumption, and hence has a positive effect on the environment. The use of recycled paper is by far the highest in the packaging industry. In food packaging production, recycled paper is often favored over paper and board made from virgin fibers. However, due to the possible hazardous chemicals that can be found in recycled paper, there is a dilemma of how to overcome food safety issues while making food packaging more circular. The objective of the study was to determine if deinked office paper grades could be used as an alternative fiber source in the production of food packaging white top linerboards. For that purpose, three different types of digitally printed papers were submitted to a chemical deinking flotation in laboratory conditions, and the handsheets formed after each recycling trial were tested on the suitability for direct food contact. Evaluation of deinkability for each group of recycled prints was performed, as well. Deinkability was evaluated by calculating the flotation yield, pulp’s brightness and whiteness increase, ink elimination factor, determination of residual ink area, as well as ash content elimination. Food safety evaluation was performed by determining the content of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Hg, and Cr VI), primary aromatic amines, diisopropylnaphthalenes (DIPN), phthalates, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) from aqueous or organic solvent extracts of recycled paper pulp. The fastness of the fluorescent whitening agents was determined, as well. Of all evaluated deinking flotation efficiency parameters, only flotation yield and ash reduction by flotation were positively assessed. High content of residual ink particles detected after the flotation stage indicates that the flotation was not a successful method for the elimination of disintegrated ink particles, which was also confirmed by deficient results of ink elimination measurements and whiteness increase. Flotation proved to be the least efficient in the recycling of inkjet prints, where the lowest ink elimination, whiteness, and brightness values were achieved. As far as food safety assessment of deinked pulp is concerned, all tested deinked handsheets were found suitable to be used in direct contact with foods.
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22
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Dislaire C, Seantier B, Muzy M, Grohens Y. Mechanical and Hygroscopic Properties of Molded Pulp Products Using Different Wood-Based Cellulose Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193225. [PMID: 34641043 PMCID: PMC8512325 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With an increasing interest for molded pulp product (MPP) in the industry, it is important to fully understand how the manufacturing process is different from papermaking. One specific way to differentiate the processes is to compare their resulting products. As the paper industry uses several wood fibers with various pulping processes, it is interesting to compare some of these fibers, to further progress our understanding of the MPP process. In this study, six different wood fibers were used (as received) and analyzed to obtain the sample with the lowest moisture uptake and highest tensile properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and fiber analysis module (MorFi) observations were performed, as well as moisture uptake measurements after sorption and tensile tests. We observed significant differences between the fibers tested. Kraft fibers (bleached softwood kraft pulp (BSKP), bleached hardwood kraft pulp (BHKP), and unbleached softwood kraft pulp (USKP)) showed smoother surfaces and less non-cellulosic molecules, such as hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin, in the SEM images. Bleached chemi-thermomechanial pulp (BCTMP) and recycled pulps (R-NPM and R-CBB) both showed non-cellulosic molecules and rougher surfaces. These results were confirmed with the FTIR analysis. With kraft fibers, MPP mechanical properties were lower than non-kraft fibers. Resulting moisture uptake is in between the recycled fibers (lowest moisture uptake) and BCTMP (highest moisture uptake). The removal of non-cellulosic molecules reduces the mechanical properties of the resulting MPP. The incorporation of non-wood molecules, as found in recycled fibers, also reduces the mechanical properties, as well as moisture uptake, when compared with BCTMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Dislaire
- Univ Bretagne Sud, CNRS, UMR 6027, IRDL, 56100 Lorient, France; (C.D.); (Y.G.)
- Ecofeutre, Rue des Sports, ZA de Kerivan, 56550 Evellys, France;
| | - Bastien Seantier
- Univ Bretagne Sud, CNRS, UMR 6027, IRDL, 56100 Lorient, France; (C.D.); (Y.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marion Muzy
- Ecofeutre, Rue des Sports, ZA de Kerivan, 56550 Evellys, France;
| | - Yves Grohens
- Univ Bretagne Sud, CNRS, UMR 6027, IRDL, 56100 Lorient, France; (C.D.); (Y.G.)
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23
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Grob K. How to make the use of recycled paperboard fit for food contact? A contribution to the discussion. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 39:198-213. [PMID: 34525320 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1977853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recycled paperboard contains hundreds of non-evaluated or even unidentified substances that could endanger human health if they turn out to be highly toxic. It seems as unrealistic to evaluate each of them as it is to phase out the use of the problematic ones or sort out the papers and boards introducing them into the recyclate. Therefore, measures should be taken that generally reduce migration into food, such as functional barriers or functional sorbents. A general approach is used for the recycling of plastics, particularly poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET: as not every potential contaminant can be regulated, a pragmatic approach is applied, for PET mainly on the required decontamination efficiency. Criteria are required on the required efficacy of the measures to be taken. Recycled paperboard is used for various types of food contact: mostly contact is through the gas phase (evaporation and recondensation), often indirect through other layers (e.g. internal bags or for transport boxes), seldom in wetting contact. Numerous factors have to be considered. For typical folding boxes and at least strongly dominating gas phase contact, it was proposed that no more than 1% of each contaminant in the recycled paperboard should enter the food. The efficiency of the measures required to comply with this criterion depends on the application. The three main measures are reviewed with regard to this criterion: (i) internal bags with an incorporated functional barrier (successfully used for some time), (ii) a barrier layer on the internal wall of the box (for which the design of the closures might be most critical) and (iii) functional sorbents added to the paperboard (for which the sorbent capacity is critical). For transport boxes, commonly of corrugated board (quantitatively the most important use of recycled paperboard in food contact), an adjusted or different criterion is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koni Grob
- Retired from Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
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24
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Ganicz T, Rozga-Wijas K. Siloxane-Starch-Based Hydrophobic Coating for Multiple Recyclable Cellulosic Materials. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14174977. [PMID: 34501067 PMCID: PMC8433969 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The results of the application of a new hydrophobization agent based on a triethoxymethylsilane and standard starch aqueous mixture for mass-produced cellulosic materials—printing paper, paperboard, and sack paper—have been evaluated to examine whether such a mixture can be used in industrial practice. The application of this agent on laboratory sheets prepared in a repetitive recycling process was performed to investigate its influence on the formation and properties of the products, as well as the contamination of circulating water. Measurements of the water contact angle, Cobb tests, and water penetration dynamics (PDA) were performed to test the barrier properties of the resulting materials. The effects of the applied coatings and recycling process on the paper’s tensile strength, tear index, roughness, air permeance, and ISO brightness were studied. Studies have proven that this formulation imparts relatively high surface hydrophobicity to all materials tested (contact angles above 100°) and a significant improvement in barrier properties while maintaining good mechanical and optical performance. The agent also does not interfere with the pulping and re-forming processes during recycling and increases circulation water contamination to an acceptable degree. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of the paper samples revealed the presence of a polysiloxane network on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Ganicz
- Center of Papermaking and Printing, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-426-313-807
| | - Krystyna Rozga-Wijas
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Lodz, Poland;
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25
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Lowe CN, Phillips KA, Favela KA, Yau AY, Wambaugh JF, Sobus JR, Williams AJ, Pfirrman AJ, Isaacs KK. Chemical Characterization of Recycled Consumer Products Using Suspect Screening Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:11375-11387. [PMID: 34347456 PMCID: PMC8475772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Recycled materials are found in many consumer products as part of a circular economy; however, the chemical content of recycled products is generally uncharacterized. A suspect screening analysis using two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS) was applied to 210 products (154 recycled, 56 virgin) across seven categories. Chemicals in products were tentatively identified using a standard spectral library or confirmed using chemical standards. A total of 918 probable chemical structures identified (112 of which were confirmed) in recycled materials versus 587 (110 confirmed) in virgin materials. Identified chemicals were characterized in terms of their functional use and structural class. Recycled paper products and construction materials contained greater numbers of chemicals than virgin products; 733 identified chemicals had greater occurrence in recycled compared to virgin materials. Products made from recycled materials contained greater numbers of fragrances, flame retardants, solvents, biocides, and dyes. The results were clustered to identify groups of chemicals potentially associated with unique chemical sources, and identified chemicals were prioritized for further study using high-throughput hazard and exposure information. While occurrence is not necessarily indicative of risk, these results can be used to inform the expansion of existing models or identify exposure pathways currently neglected in exposure assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N. Lowe
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831, United States
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, United States
| | - Katherine A. Phillips
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, United States
| | - Kristin A. Favela
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, 78759, United States
| | - Alice Y. Yau
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, 78759, United States
| | - John F. Wambaugh
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, United States
| | - Jon R. Sobus
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, United States
| | - Antony J. Williams
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, United States
| | - Ashley J. Pfirrman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, United States
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831, United States
| | - Kristin K. Isaacs
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, United States
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26
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Krause A, Häfner F, Augustin F, Udert KM. Qualitative Risk Analysis for Contents of Dry Toilets Used to Produce Novel Recycling Fertilizers. CIRCULAR ECONOMY AND SUSTAINABILITY 2021; 1:1107-1146. [PMID: 34888571 PMCID: PMC8280996 DOI: 10.1007/s43615-021-00068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Human excreta are a sustainable, economical source of nutrients, and can be used to produce recycling fertilizer for horticulture by collecting and processing the contents of dry toilets. Herein, we discuss the key categories of risk associated with the main groups of materials commonly found in dry toilets. The study was part of the development of a German product standard for marketable and quality-assured recycling fertilizers from human excreta for use in horticulture. Particular attention is paid to ensuring that the fertilizer is epidemiologically and environmentally harmless and that the quality of the recycling fertilizer is adequate in terms of low pollution and nutrient availability. In sum, the risk of transmissible human pathogens lies within the human excreta, particularly feces; plant materials added during composting are of particular phytosanitary relevance; pharmaceutical residues in excrements and chemical additives are potential sources of pollutants; non-biodegradable contaminants can cause pollution and injury; and the horticultural risks involve mainly the ammonia emission potential and in some cases the salinity effects of urine. These risks can be reduced significantly (i) with education of users around proper operation of dry toilets and the consequences of adding inappropriate waste, (ii) with facilitation of proper use with general waste bins and clear instructions, and importantly (iii) by using modern sanitization and cleaning processes and testing for harmful substances under the guidance of local laws and regulations, ensuring safe and high-quality fertilizers. In conclusion, the benefits of using dry toilet contents to produce fertilizers for use in horticulture are unquestionable. Our analysis highlights the need to support recycling optimization and awareness for the purpose of a sustainable circular economy and to minimize the risk of harm to humans and the environment overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Krause
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ) e.V., program area ‘Next-Generation Horticultural Systems’ (HORTSYS), Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Franziska Häfner
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ) e.V., program area ‘Next-Generation Horticultural Systems’ (HORTSYS), Großbeeren, Germany
| | | | - Kai M. Udert
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Zürich, Switzerland
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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27
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Ma Z, Yang Y, Chen WQ, Wang P, Wang C, Zhang C, Gan J. Material Flow Patterns of the Global Waste Paper Trade and Potential Impacts of China's Import Ban. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:8492-8501. [PMID: 34152737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Waste paper, an essential substitute for wood and other plant-based fibers in paper making, is an indispensable part of the circular economy; yet, the impacts of China's ban on global waste paper cycles have not been well understood. We modeled the evolution of the global waste paper trade network during 1995-2019. We found that the cumulative trade volume of global waste paper reached 1010 million tons in the last 25 years and showed a downward trend since 2015. The global import center of waste paper experienced a transfer from Europe to East Asia and then to Southeast Asia. The ban has stimulated some developed countries to reduce the exports of unsorted waste paper since 2017, but for many major importers their changes in waste paper trade patterns were related to waste paperboard, which was not banned by China, suggesting that this import change trend may be inevitable and irrespective of China's ban. Besides, India has replaced China to become a new import hub of unsorted waste paper. Our results lay a foundation for exploring the evolution of the future global solid waste cycle under the background of zero import of solid waste increasingly implemented by China and many other developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Ma
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Institute of Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Chen
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Institute of Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Institute of Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Research Base of Beijing Modern Manufacturing Development, College of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jianbang Gan
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Challenges and opportunities in biological funneling of heterogeneous and toxic substrates beyond lignin. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 73:1-13. [PMID: 34242853 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Significant developments in the understanding and manipulation of microbial metabolism have enabled the use of engineered biological systems toward a more sustainable energy and materials economy. While developments in metabolic engineering have primarily focused on the conversion of carbohydrates, substantial opportunities exist for using these same principles to extract value from more heterogeneous and toxic waste streams, such as those derived from lignin, biomass pyrolysis, or industrial waste. Funneling heterogeneous substrates from these streams toward valuable products, termed biological funneling, presents new challenges in balancing multiple catabolic pathways competing for shared cellular resources and engineering against perturbation from toxic substrates. Solutions to many of these challenges have been explored within the field of lignin valorization. This perspective aims to extend beyond lignin to highlight the challenges and discuss opportunities for use of biological systems to upgrade previously inaccessible waste streams.
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Shehna Mahim S, Anjali VR, Remya VS, Reshmi S, Aruna Devi C. Oxidative stress responses of a freshwater fish, Labeo rohita, to a xenobiotic, bisphenol S. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22820. [PMID: 34075651 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol S (BPS) is an organic chemical that has been used as a substitute for bisphenol A (BPA) in making polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins, thermal receipt papers, and currency bills, as BPA has been reported to have dreadful effects on the living system. From this view point, the present study investigates whether BPS has the same or rather more toxic effects like BPA or not. Limited studies were carried out on the effect of BPS on fish. The hepatic antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), along with the nonenzymatic antioxidant, glutathione, in a freshwater fish, Labeo rohita, were selected as biomarkers. The results revealed that the sublethal exposure of BPS significantly influenced the activities of these biomarkers. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) products such as malondialdehyde and conjugate diene levels were also altered by the exposure. The alteration in the levels of antioxidants and LPO products after BPS exposure clearly showed that the fish experienced oxidative stress. Furthermore, the current study showed that BPS is a pollutant with oxidative potential by disrupting the antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shehna Mahim
- Department of Zoology, University College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - V R Anjali
- Department of Zoology, University College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - V S Remya
- Department of Zoology, University College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - S Reshmi
- Department of Zoology, University College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - C Aruna Devi
- Department of Zoology, University College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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30
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Carlos KS, de Jager LS, Begley TH. Determination of phthalate concentrations in paper-based fast food packaging available on the U.S. market. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:501-512. [PMID: 33493086 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1859623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are one of many chemical compounds that are used as plasticisers. Packaging can transfer plasticisers to the surfaces of foods or other materials. A recent study suggested a link between fast food consumption and increased urine phthalate metabolites even though phthalates are most commonly found in food contact materials made of PVC while fast food packaging is most commonly composed of paper and paper board. Phthalates in PVC are usually present in percent concentrations. In non-PVC food contact materials, such as paper or paperboard, the concentrations, if any, are expected to be significantly lower which can greatly impact the analytical method used for their determination. Due to the widespread use of plasticised PVC in many commercial applications, background concentrations of phthalates are a concern for trace concentration analyses and background contamination must be avoided when performing these analyses. A glassware cleaning method was developed and a solvent extraction with dichloromethane and hexane was used to extract phthalates from paper-based food packaging. The extracts were then analysed using a GC-MS/MS. The minimum reporting concentrations for the method were determined to be 0.10-0.40 µg/g depending on the phthalate investigated. Phthalate concentrations in several different non-PVC printed and unprinted packaging are presented. Of the 54 packaging samples tested, 10 samples contained no reportable concentrations of any of the 6 phthalates investigated. Of those that were reportable, all measured lower than 10 µg/g and in fact, most had concentrations less than 1 µg/g. These data demonstrate that phthalates from fast food packaging do not significantly contribute to overall consumer exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Carlos
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Lowri S de Jager
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Timothy H Begley
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
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31
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Gaur VK, Sharma P, Sirohi R, Awasthi MK, Dussap CG, Pandey A. Assessing the impact of industrial waste on environment and mitigation strategies: A comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 398:123019. [PMID: 32768833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand of rising population leads to the escalation of industrial sectors such as agro-, food-, paper and pulp industries. These industries generated hazardous waste which is primarily organic in nature thus is being dumped or processed in the environment. These waste leads to increasing contamination leading to increased mortality, physical and morphological changes in the organisms/animals in contact. Although the generated waste is hazardous yet it predominantly contains macromolecules and bioactive compounds thus can be efficiently utilized for the extraction and production of value added products. This article reviews the effect of these waste streams on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Since these wastes abundantly contain proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and lignocelluloses thus recycling, reuse and valorization offers an effective strategy for their reduction while comforting the environment. The policies laid down by national and international agencies that directs these industries for reducing the generation of waste and increasing the recyclability and reuse of the generated waste is discussed and the gaps and bottlenecks for these is identified. This study essentially provides the state-of-art information on above aspects by identifying the gaps for future research directions and may contribute in policy development for mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar Gaur
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Poonam Sharma
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Postharvest Process and Food Engineering, GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Claude-Gilles Dussap
- Polytech Clermont Ferrand, Institut Pascal, Univeriste Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India; Frontier Research Lab, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Liu M, Tan S, Zhang M, He G, Chen Z, Fu Z, Luan C. Waste paper recycling decision system based on material flow analysis and life cycle assessment: A case study of waste paper recycling from China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 255:109859. [PMID: 32063319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
China's paper industry development is rapid, but the recycling rate of China's waste paper has been low all the time. Meanwhile, material flow analysis can help determine the flow of waste paper, and life cycle assessment (LCA) is the methodological framework for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, present study integrates these two methods into the model construction of China's waste paper recycling decision system. Present study constructs a benchmark model of China's waste paper recycling decision system in 2017, focusing on the impact of nonstandard waste paper recycling on the economic and environmental benefits of China's domestic waste paper recycling system. This model construction is followed by sensitivity analysis of the relevant parameters affecting the efficiency of the waste paper recycling system. Finally, present study forecasts the system's economic benefits and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the context of integrating and regulating nonstandard recycling vendors. The results show that the economic benefit of China's waste paper recycling in 2017 is approximately 458.3 yuan/t and that the GHG emissions are 901.1 kgCO2eq. The standard recovery rate and nonstandard recovery acceptance rate will both have a significant impact on the system's economic benefits and improve the GHG emissions structure. In the context of integrating nonstandard recycling enterprises and individual recycling vendors, the economic benefits will rise to 3312.5 yuan/t in 2030, while GHG emissions will rise to 942.9 kgCO2eq. Present study can play a certain guiding role for policy makers in formulating waste paper recycling industry specifications and formulating relevant policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzhi Liu
- School of Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China.
| | - Shuai Tan
- School of Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China.
| | - Mengya Zhang
- School of Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China.
| | - Gang He
- Department of Technology and Society, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, 11794, USA.
| | - Zhizhi Chen
- School of Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China.
| | - Zhiwei Fu
- School of Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China.
| | - Changjin Luan
- School of Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China.
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Castaldo R, De Falco F, Avolio R, Bossanne E, Cicaroni Fernandes F, Cocca M, Di Pace E, Errico ME, Gentile G, Jasiński D, Spinelli D, Albein Urios S, Vilkki M, Avella M. Critical Factors for the Recycling of Different End-of-Life Materials: Wood Wastes, Automotive Shredded Residues, and Dismantled Wind Turbine Blades. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1604. [PMID: 31581529 PMCID: PMC6835544 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Different classes of wastes, namely wooden wastes, plastic fractions from automotive shredded residues, and glass fiber reinforced composite wastes obtained from dismantled wind turbines blades were analyzed in view of their possible recycling. Wooden wastes included municipal bulky wastes, construction and demolition wastes, and furniture wastes. The applied characterization protocol, based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in attenuated total reflection (ATR) mode, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) coupled with FTIR spectrometry for the investigation of the evolved gases, revealed that the selected classes of wastes are very complex and heterogeneous materials, containing different impurities that can represent serious obstacles toward their reuse/recycling. Critical parameters were analyzed and discussed, and recommendations were reported for a safe and sustainable recycling of these classes of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Castaldo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (R.C.); (F.D.F.); (R.A.); (M.C.); (E.D.P.); (M.E.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Francesca De Falco
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (R.C.); (F.D.F.); (R.A.); (M.C.); (E.D.P.); (M.E.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Roberto Avolio
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (R.C.); (F.D.F.); (R.A.); (M.C.); (E.D.P.); (M.E.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Emilie Bossanne
- Institut technologique FCBA,10 rue Galilée, 77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France;
| | | | - Mariacristina Cocca
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (R.C.); (F.D.F.); (R.A.); (M.C.); (E.D.P.); (M.E.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Emilia Di Pace
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (R.C.); (F.D.F.); (R.A.); (M.C.); (E.D.P.); (M.E.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Maria Emanuela Errico
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (R.C.); (F.D.F.); (R.A.); (M.C.); (E.D.P.); (M.E.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Gennaro Gentile
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (R.C.); (F.D.F.); (R.A.); (M.C.); (E.D.P.); (M.E.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Dominik Jasiński
- Exergy Ltd, Coventry Innovation Village, CUTP, Cheetah Road, Coventry CV1 2TL, UK; (F.C.F.)
| | | | - Sonia Albein Urios
- Aimplas, Istituto Tecnologico del Plastico, València Parc Tecnològic, Calle Gustave Eiffel 4, 46980 Paterna, Spain;
| | - Markku Vilkki
- Conenor Ltd, Kaitilantie 30, 16300 Orimattila, Finland;
| | - Maurizio Avella
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (R.C.); (F.D.F.); (R.A.); (M.C.); (E.D.P.); (M.E.E.); (M.A.)
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34
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Faraca G, Edjabou VM, Boldrin A, Astrup T. Combustible waste collected at Danish recycling centres: Characterisation, recycling potentials and contribution to environmental savings. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 89:354-365. [PMID: 31079749 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Europe is currently adapting its waste management strategies towards the increased recycling of waste materials, motivated by ambitious recycling targets. This requires correctly sorting and recovering of all relevant waste flows. In Denmark, a considerable share of residential household waste is collected at recycling centres, 16% of which is sent to energy recovery in the form of "small combustible waste". Although essential in order to enhance the management of household waste, very little information exists on its composition. In this study, 25 tonnes of small combustible waste were sampled from eight Danish recycling centres and classified according to material fraction, application and physical properties. On this basis, the potential contribution to the overall recycling rate was evaluated together with estimation of the potential environmental savings associated with recycling of these fractions. Less than half of the sampled waste comprised combustible materials, whereas recyclable fractions accounted for 47-64%, mainly including textiles, plastics and paper waste. Assuming this composition applicable to the national level, recycling these waste materials collected as small combustibles increased national recycling rates for households by 12%, calculated as waste received at recycling processes. Moreover, the potential climate change savings associated with recycling of Danish household waste increased by 30% compared to the current level. Plastics, textiles and paper were the main contributors to this increase, suggesting that improved sorting practices for these materials should be prioritised. The study demonstrates that detailed compositional data for waste materials has paramount importance when estimating recycling potentials and quantifying the associated environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Faraca
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Vincent M Edjabou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alessio Boldrin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Astrup
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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35
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Peters RJ, Groeneveld I, Sanchez PL, Gebbink W, Gersen A, de Nijs M, van Leeuwen SP. Review of analytical approaches for the identification of non-intentionally added substances in paper and board food contact materials. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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36
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Amare DE, Ogun MK, Körner I. Anaerobic treatment of deinking sludge: Methane production and organic matter degradation. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 85:417-424. [PMID: 30803596 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Deinking sludge (DS) is a residue from the waste paper recycling industry. It is a by-product originating from the deinking process which is designed to remove inks and other impurities from waste papers to recover usable fibers. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of anaerobic digestion (AD) of DS in order to produce methane (CH4) by degrading organic matter. DS differs clearly from common AD substrates due to its specific composition. The focus was laid on comparing various inocula in order to find appropriate microbial consortia. Three inocula from different origins were investigated. After sludge and inocula characterization, batch AD at a mesophilic (37 °C) condition was performed for 21 days to determine biogas and CH4 potentials as well as sludge biodegradability in comparison to cellulose. The highest average CH4 yield achieved in the 21 days of the batch experiment was 167 NmL/g organic dry matter (oDM). However, the CH4 potentials from all experiments did not have a wide range (average 160 NmL/g oDM; standard deviation ±5.0 NmL/g oDM). The highest organic matter degradation achieved was 31%. It can be stated that conventional AD inocula are usable to degrade DS, but that a significant part of the oDM was anaerobically not degradable. The overall CH4 yields were lower compared to top AD substrates such as energy crops, but in a similar range like residue-based AD substrates such as manure. Since actual DS management is cost-intensive and affecting the profitability of waste paper industry significantly, AD as a management option with an energetically valuable output is a very promising option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagnachew Eyachew Amare
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection, 21073 Hamburg, Germany; University of Gondar, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, P.O. Box. 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Moses Kolade Ogun
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ina Körner
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
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37
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Kadam A, Saratale RG, Shinde S, Yang J, Hwang K, Mistry B, Saratale GD, Lone S, Kim DY, Sung JS, Ghodake G. Adsorptive remediation of cobalt oxide nanoparticles by magnetized α-cellulose fibers from waste paper biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 273:386-393. [PMID: 30458408 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Remediation of engineered-nanomaterials is an up-coming major environmental concern. This study demonstrates adsorptive-remediation of cobalt oxide nanoparticles (CoO NPs) from the water. The α-cellulose-fibers were extracted from waste-paper biomass (WP-αCFs) and magnetized with Fe3O4 NPs (M-WP-αCFs). The XRD, FT-IR, and TGA were performed for detailed characterization of the newly developed bioadsorbent. The M-WP-αCFs was then applied for adsorptive remediation of CoO NPs. The adsorptive kinetics of CoO NPs adsorption onto the M-WP-αCFs reveals the pseudo-second-order model. The various adsorption isotherm studies revealed Langmuir is a best-fit isotherm. A prominently high adsorption capacity qm (1567 mg/g) corroborated extraordinary adsorptive potential of M-WP-αCFs. Furthermore, CoO NPs were adsorbed onto M-WP-αCFs were analyzed by the XPS, VSM, and TEM. Therefore, this study gave rise WP biomass extracted and rapidly-separable nano-biocomposite of 'M-WP-αCFs' with a high-capacity for CoO NPs remediation and can be further applied in remediation of several other engineered-nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Kadam
- Research Institute of Biotechnology & Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32, Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyonggido 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Rijuta Ganesh Saratale
- Research Institute of Biotechnology & Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32, Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyonggido 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Surendra Shinde
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32, Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyonggido 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwook Yang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32, Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyonggido 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyojung Hwang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32, Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyonggido 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Bhupendra Mistry
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32, Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyonggido 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32, Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyonggido 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Saifullah Lone
- Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Youg Kim
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32, Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyonggido 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Suk Sung
- Department of Life Sciences, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32, Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyonggido 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Gajanan Ghodake
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32, Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyonggido 10326, Republic of Korea.
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Žgajnar Gotvajn A, Kalčíková G. Delamination of plastic-coated waste paper by enzymes of the white rot fungus Dichomitus squalens. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 228:165-168. [PMID: 30218903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many paper products are coated with plastic to improve their quality and stability. However, this limits recycling and recovery options and the plastic-coated waste paper is mostly disposed in landfills. Such practices are uneconomical and contrary to sustainable waste management. In this work enzymes of the white rot fungus Dichomitus squalens were investigated for possible delamination of plastic-coated waste paper. Enzymes were found capable to release the polyethylene foil from plastic-coated paper which resulted in 88.6-91.5% mass loss. The delamination rate, however, was depended on the ratio between plastic-coated paper and volume of enzyme filtrate. Results of a consequent experiment showed that enzymes are also efficient when plastic-coated paper is treated in a sequencing batch reactor resulting in 88.2-90.6% mass loss. The system was fully functional up to the 5th cycle; afterwards, the delamination rate reduced due to high thickness of the waste paper sludge. The enzyme activity, however, was still very high; with the laccase activity at the end of the experiment above 900 U/L and manganese peroxidase above 250 U/L. Our results demonstrated, that plastic-coated waste paper has the potential to be efficiently recovered instead of being disposed in landfills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Žgajnar Gotvajn
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, 113 Večna pot, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gabriela Kalčíková
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, 113 Večna pot, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Bolinius DJ, Sobek A, Löf MF, Undeman E. Evaluating the consumption of chemical products and articles as proxies for diffuse emissions to the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:1427-1440. [PMID: 30207349 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00270c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study we have evaluated the use of consumption of manufactured products (chemical products and articles) in the EU as proxies for diffuse emissions of chemicals to the environment. The content of chemical products is relatively well known. However, the content of articles (products defined by their shape rather than their composition) is less known and currently has to be estimated from chemicals that are known to occur in a small set of materials, such as plastics, that are part of the articles. Using trade and production data from Eurostat in combination with product composition data from a database on chemical content in materials (the Commodity Guide), we were able to calculate trends in the apparent consumption and in-use stocks for 768 chemicals in the EU for the period 2003-2016. The results showed that changes in the apparent consumption of these chemicals over time are smaller than in the consumption of corresponding products in which the chemicals are present. In general, our results suggest that little change in chemical consumption has occurred over the timespan studied, partly due to the financial crisis in 2008 which led to a sudden drop in the consumption, and partly due to the fact that each of the chemicals studied is present in a wide variety of products. Estimated in-use stocks of chemicals show an increasing trend over time, indicating that the mass of chemicals in articles in the EU, that could potentially be released to the environment, is increasing. The quantitative results from this study are associated with large uncertainties due to limitations of the available data. These limitations are highlighted in this study and further underline the current lack of transparency on chemicals in articles. Recommendations on how to address these limitations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien J Bolinius
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Khan MD, Ahn JW, Nam G. Environmental benign synthesis, characterization and mechanism studies of green calcium hydroxide nano-plates derived from waste oyster shells. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 223:947-951. [PMID: 30007890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Continuous dumping of oyster shells in open fields has been a global issue, causing serious problems in the water and human health. The conversion of those wastes into value-added products is highly desirable. Here, Green Calcium Hydroxide Nano-plates (GCHNPs) were first synthesized from waste oyster shells by a chemical precipitation method in an aqueous medium at 90 °C without using any additives. The crystal structure with a hexagonal portlandite (Ca(OH)2) was observed by both X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The crystal size of around 350-450 nm and specific surface area with 4.96 m2g-1 were confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), respectively. In addition, a schematically organized new qualitative model for a mechanism was proposed to explain the genesis and evolution of GCHNPs from raw oyster shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Danish Khan
- University of Science and Technology, Center for Carbon Mineralization, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, 34132, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Whan Ahn
- Center for Carbon Mineralization, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 34132, Republic of Korea
| | - Gnu Nam
- Center for Carbon Mineralization, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 34132, Republic of Korea.
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Biedermann M, Schum R, Grob K. Activated carbon added to recycled paperboard to prevent migration into food: approach for determining efficacy, and first results. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1832-1844. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1506162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maurus Biedermann
- Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Schum
- Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Koni Grob
- Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
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Li W, Ji P, Zhou Q, Hua C, Han C. Insights into the Synergistic Biodegradation of Waste Papers Using a Combination of Thermostable Endoglucanase and Cellobiohydrolase from Chaetomium thermophilum. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 60:49-54. [PMID: 29192396 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-017-0043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis is considered an efficient and environmental strategy for the degradation of organic waste materials. Compared to mesophilic cellulases, thermostable cellulases with considerable activity are more advantageous in waste paper hydrolysis, particularly in terms of their participation in synergistic action. In this study, the synergistic effect of two different types of thermostable Chaetomium thermophilum cellulases, the endoglucanase CTendo45 and the cellobiohydrolase CtCel6, on five common kinds of waste papers was investigated. CtCel6 significantly enhanced the bioconversion process, and CTendo45 synergistically increased the degradation, with a maximum degree of synergistic effect of 1.67 when the mass ratio of CTendo45/CtCel6 was 5:3. The synergistic degradation products of each paper material were also determined. Additionally, the activities of CTendo45 and CtCel6 were found to be insensitive to various metals at 2 mM and 10 mM ion concentrations. This study gives an initial insight into a satisfactory synergistic effect of C. thermophilum thermostable cellulases for the hydrolysis of different paper materials, which provides a potential combination of enzymes for industrial applications, including environmentally friendly waste management and cellulosic ethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguang Li
- Department of Mycology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Mycology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Qinzheng Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Chengyao Hua
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Mycology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China. .,College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China.
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Effective lactic acid production from waste paper using Streptococcus thermophilus at low enzyme loading assisted by Gleditsia saponin. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 200:122-127. [PMID: 30177148 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Waste paper has considerable potential as a raw material for lactic acid (LA) production due to high cellulose content, abundance and low cost. In this study, four kinds of waste papers were used for LA production through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) by Streptococcus thermophilus. The SSF of office paper achieved the highest LA concentration (39.71 g/L), while the highest LA yield was observed for magazine (99.56%), followed by office paper (82.85%). High LA concentration is unfavorable to total LA conversion because of product inhibition. However, the addition of Gleditsia saponin (GS) could obtain both high yield and high concentration of LA at a low enzyme loading, indicating that product inhibition could be moderated. A lactic acid yield of 86.30% was obtained from office paper at an enzyme loading of 9 FPU/g-cellulose with GS, which was higher than that of without GS at a higher loading of 18 FPU/g-cellulose.
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Pieke EN, Granby K, Teste B, Smedsgaard J, Rivière G. Prioritization before risk assessment: The viability of uncertain data on food contact materials. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 97:134-143. [PMID: 29932981 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The shortage of data on non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) present in food contact material (FCM) limits the ability to ensure food safety. Recent strategies in analytical method development permit NIAS investigation by using chemical exploration, but this has not been sufficiently investigated in risk assessment context. Here, exploration is utilized and followed by risk prioritization on chemical compounds that can potentially migrate to food from two paperboard FCM samples. Concentration estimates from exploration are converted to tentative exposure assessment, while predicted chemical structures are assessed using quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) models for carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and reproductive toxicity. A selection of 60 chemical compounds from two FCMs is assessed by four risk assessors to classify compounds based on probable risk. For almost 60% of cases, the assessors classified compounds as either high priority or low priority. Unclassified compounds are due to disagreements between experts (18%) or due to a perceived lack of data (23%). Among the high priority substances are high-concentration compounds, benzophenone derivatives, and dyes. The low priority compounds contained e.g. oligomers from plasticizers and linear alkane amides. The classification scheme provides valuable information based on tentative data and is able to prioritize discovered chemical compounds for pending risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eelco N Pieke
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, Kemitorvet Building 202, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Kit Granby
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, Kemitorvet Building 202, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Bruno Teste
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
| | - Jørn Smedsgaard
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, Kemitorvet Building 202, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Gilles Rivière
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
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Li Z, Shao L, Ruan Z, Hu W, Lu L, Chen Y. Converting untreated waste office paper and chitosan into aerogel adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 193:221-227. [PMID: 29773376 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of waste paper, an obsolete recyclable resource, helps to save resources and protect environment. In this paper, an aerogel was prepared to convert the waste paper into a useful material, which was used to adsorb heavy metal ions and handle water pollution. Combining waste office paper and chitosan, the aerogel obtained the enhanced mechanical strength, acid resistance and high adsorption capacity (up to 156.3 mg/g for Cu2+). This adsorption process obeyed the pseudo-second order model and the Langmuir model. The research showed that a coordination compound was formed between amino group and Cu2+ during the adsorption process. The adsorbent could be regenerated well in 0.1 M H2SO4 with up to 98.3% desorption efficiency. The low cost, environmental friendliness, excellent adsorption capacity and regeneration ability made this novel aerogel a promising adsorbent for heavy metal ions. And this conversion is an effective reuse way of waste paper too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Lin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zehai Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Wenbin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Lingbin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China.
| | - Yongjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Pieke EN, Smedsgaard J, Granby K. Exploring the chemistry of complex samples by tentative identification and semiquantification: A food contact material case. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:323-335. [PMID: 29218811 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In fields such as food safety and environmental chemistry, ensuring safety is greatly challenged by large numbers of unknown substances occurring. Even with current state-of-the-art mass spectrometers, dealing with nonidentified substances is a very laborious process as it includes structure elucidation of a vast number of unknowns, of which only a fraction may be relevant. Here, we present an exploration and prioritization approach based on high-resolution mass spectrometry. The method uses algorithm-based precursor/product-ion correlations on quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry data to retrieve the most likely chemical match from a structure database. In addition, time-of-flight-only data are used to estimate analyte concentration via semiquantification. The method is demonstrated in recycled paper food contact material. Here, 585 chromatographic peaks were discovered, of which 117 were unique to the sample and could be tentatively elucidated via accurate mass, isotopic pattern, and precursor/product-ion correlations. Nearly 85% of these 117 peaks were matched with database entries, which provided varying certainty of information about the analyte structure. Semiquantitative concentration ranges of investigated compounds were between 0.7 and 1600 μg dm-2 . With these data, a subgroup of chemicals was risk-categorized and prioritized by using the most likely candidate structure(s) obtained. Prioritization based on expected health impact was possible by using the tentatively assigned data. Overall, the described method not only is a valuable chemical exploration tool for nonidentified substances but may also be used as a preliminary prioritization tool for substances expected to have the highest health impact, for example, in food contact materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eelco N Pieke
- National Food Institute, Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Jørn Smedsgaard
- National Food Institute, Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Kit Granby
- National Food Institute, Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
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Khazi MI, Jeong W, Kim JM. Functional Materials and Systems for Rewritable Paper. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1705310. [PMID: 29359827 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
"Paper" has greatly contributed to the development and spread of civilization. Even in today's "digitalized" world, paper continues to play a key role in socioeconomic growth, as is evidenced by the growth in global paper consumption. Unfortunately, the use of paper has its cost in terms of the exhaustion of world's natural resources. Consequently, new, cost-effective technologies that preserve natural resources are required for this purpose. Functional materials have revolutionized the way people think about developing new technologies. Especially important in this regard are "smart reactive materials," which are capable of actively responding to external stimuli such as heat, light, mechanical stress, and specific molecular orientations. Moreover, functionalized chromogenic materials, which undergo reversible color switching upon external stimulation, have attracted great attention in the context of developing rewritable paper. Here, investigations of various materials and systems that are devised for use as rewritable paper are reviewed with the hope that the coverage will stimulate and guide future studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Iqbal Khazi
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea
| | - Woomin Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea
| | - Jong-Man Kim
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea
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Tsavkelova E, Prokudina L, Egorova M, Leontieva M, Malakhova D, Netrusov A. The structure of the anaerobic thermophilic microbial community for the bioconversion of the cellulose-containing substrates into biogas. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Fudala-Ksiazek S, Pierpaoli M, Luczkiewicz A. Fate and significance of phthalates and bisphenol A in liquid by-products generated during municipal solid waste mechanical-biological pre-treatment and disposal. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 64:28-38. [PMID: 28372851 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Samples of liquid by-products generated by municipal solid waste plants (MSWPs) were tested for the presence of phthalates (PAEs) and bisphenol A (BPA). The results indicated that the wastewater generated during mechanical (sorting unit - SU) and biological (composting unit - CU) pre-treatment (MBT) of residual (mixed) solid waste is a significant source of these compounds. The concentrations of PAEs (up to 32222μg/L) and BPA (up to 1795μg/L) in the SU and CU wastewaters were generally higher than those in landfill leachates tested in this and other studies. To date, MBT wastewaters have been poorly studied and are usually overlooked. However, in this study, despite their relatively small quantities, they constituted an important load of ammonia (up to 1610mg/L) and organic matter (COD up to 52980mg/L). Thus, to apply an effective treatment, it is critical to monitor the current quality and quantity of all liquid by-products generated at MSWPs and to prioritize the (micro)pollutants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Fudala-Ksiazek
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Mattia Pierpaoli
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Aneta Luczkiewicz
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland.
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Arp HPH, Morin NAO, Hale SE, Okkenhaug G, Breivik K, Sparrevik M. The mass flow and proposed management of bisphenol A in selected Norwegian waste streams. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 60:775-785. [PMID: 28094158 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Current initiatives for waste-handling in a circular economy favor prevention and recycling over incineration or landfilling. However, the impact of such a transition on environmental emissions of contaminants like bisphenol A (BPA) during waste-handling is not fully understood. To address this, a material flow analysis (MFA) was constructed for selected waste categories in Norway, for which the amount recycled is expected to increase in the future; glass, vehicle, electronic, plastic and combustible waste. Combined, 92tons/y of BPA are disposed of via these waste categories in Norway, with 98.5% associated with plastic and electronic waste. During the model year 2011, the MFA showed that BPA in these waste categories was destroyed through incineration (60%), exported for recycling into new products (35%), stored in landfills (4%) or released into the environment (1%). Landfilling led to the greatest environmental emissions (up to 13% of landfilled BPA), and incinerating the smallest (0.001% of incinerated BPA). From modelling different waste management scenarios, the most effective way to reduce BPA emissions are to incinerate BPA-containing waste and avoid landfilling it. A comparison of environmental and human BPA concentrations with CoZMoMAN exposure model estimations suggested that waste emissions are an insignificant regional source. Nevertheless, from monitoring studies, landfill emissions can be a substantial local source of BPA. Regarding the transition to a circular economy, it is clear that disposing of less BPA-containing waste and less landfilling would lead to lower environmental emissions, but several uncertainties remain regarding emissions of BPA during recycling, particularly for paper and plastics. Future research should focus on the fate of BPA, as well as BPA alternatives, in emerging reuse and recycling processes, as part of the transition to a circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Peter H Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Nicolas A O Morin
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Environmental and Food Laboratory of Vendée (LEAV), Department of Chemistry, Rond-point Georges Duval CS 80802, 85021 La Roche-sur-Yon, France
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gudny Okkenhaug
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Department of Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Knut Breivik
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway; Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnus Sparrevik
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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