1
|
Carcauzon V, Herrera JP, Kaufman K, Baudino F, Wickenkamp N, Randriamoria TM, Soarimalala V, Goodman SM, Nunn CL, Lebarbenchon C, Tortosa P. Astroviruses in terrestrial Malagasy mammals. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012263. [PMID: 38875307 PMCID: PMC11262628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Small terrestrial mammals are major hosts of infectious agents responsible for zoonotic diseases. Astroviruses (AstVs)-the cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis mainly affecting young children-have been detected in a wide array of mammalian and avian host species. However, understanding the factors that influence AstV infection within and across hosts is limited. Here, we investigated the impact of land use changes on AstVs in terrestrial small mammals in rural northeastern Madagascar. We sampled 515 small mammals, representing seven endemic and four introduced species. Twenty-two positive samples were identified, all but one of which were found in the introduced species Mus musculus and Rattus rattus (family Muridae), with a positivity rate of 7.7% (6/78) and 5.6% (15/266), respectively. The non-introduced rodent case was from an endemic shrew-tenrec (family Tenrecidae). We found the highest positivity rate of AstVs infection in brushy regrowth (17.5%, 7/40) as compared to flooded rice fields (4.60%, 8/174), secondary forest (4.1%, 3/74), agroforest (3.6%, 1/28), village (2.61%, 3/115), and semi-intact forest (0%, 0/84). A phylogenetic analysis revealed an association between AstVs and their rodent host species. None of the viruses were phylogenetically related to AstVs previously described in Malagasy bats. This study supports AstV circulation in synanthropic animals in agricultural habitats of Madagascar and highlights the need to assess the spillover risk to human populations in rural areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Carcauzon
- Université de La Réunion, Unité Mixte de Recherche Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (UMR PIMIT), CNRS 9192, INSERM 1187, IRD 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - James P. Herrera
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Lemur Center SAVA Conservation, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kayla Kaufman
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- University of California Santa Barbara, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Fiona Baudino
- Université de La Réunion, Unité Mixte de Recherche Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (UMR PIMIT), CNRS 9192, INSERM 1187, IRD 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Natalie Wickenkamp
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | | | - Steven M. Goodman
- Association Vahatra, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Charles L. Nunn
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Camille Lebarbenchon
- Université de La Réunion, Unité Mixte de Recherche Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (UMR PIMIT), CNRS 9192, INSERM 1187, IRD 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Pablo Tortosa
- Université de La Réunion, Unité Mixte de Recherche Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (UMR PIMIT), CNRS 9192, INSERM 1187, IRD 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cui D, Li S, Yin B, Li C, Zhang L, Li Z, Huang J. Rapid Rescue of Goose Astrovirus Genome via Red/ET Assembly. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2024:10.1007/s12560-024-09593-4. [PMID: 38582780 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-024-09593-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
The host-specific infection of Avian Astrovirus (AAstVs) has posed significant challenges to the poultry industry, resulting in substantial economic losses. However, few reports exist on the functional consequences of genome diversity, cross-species infectivity and mechanisms governing virus replication of AAstVs, making it difficult to develop measures to control astrovirus transmission. Reverse genetics technique can be used to study the function of viruses at the molecular level, as well as investigating pathogenic mechanisms and guide vaccine development and disease treatment. Herein, the reverse genetics technique of goose astrovirus GAstV/JS2019 strain was developed based on use of a reconstructed vector including CMV promotor, hammerhead ribozyme (HamRz), hepatitis delta virus ribozyme (HdvRz), and SV40 tail, then the cloned viral genome fragments were connected using Red/ET recombineering. The recombinant rGAstV-JS2019 was readily rescued by transfected the infectious clone plasmid into LMH cells. Importantly, the rescued rGAstV/JS2019 exhibited similar growth kinetics comparable to those of the parental GAstV/JS2019 isolate in cultured cells. Our research results provide an alternative and more effective reverse genetic tool for a detailed understanding of viral replication, pathogenic mechanisms, and molecular mechanisms of evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daqing Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shujun Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Boxuan Yin
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Changyan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lilin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zexing Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mertens A, Arnold BF, Benjamin-Chung J, Boehm AB, Brown J, Capone D, Clasen T, Fuhrmeister ER, Grembi JA, Holcomb D, Knee J, Kwong LH, Lin A, Luby SP, Nala R, Nelson K, Njenga SM, Null C, Pickering AJ, Rahman M, Reese HE, Steinbaum L, Stewart JR, Thilakaratne R, Cumming O, Colford JM, Ercumen A. Is detection of enteropathogens and human or animal faecal markers in the environment associated with subsequent child enteric infections and growth: an individual participant data meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2024; 12:e433-e444. [PMID: 38365415 PMCID: PMC10882208 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00563-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantifying contributions of environmental faecal contamination to child diarrhoea and growth faltering can illuminate causal mechanisms behind modest health benefits in recent water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) trials. We aimed to assess associations between environmental detection of enteropathogens and human or animal microbial source tracking markers (MSTM) and subsequent child health outcomes. METHODS In this individual participant data meta-analysis we searched we searched PubMed, Embase, CAB Direct Global Health, Agricultural and Environmental Science Database, Web of Science, and Scopus for WASH intervention studies with a prospective design and concurrent control that measured enteropathogens or MSTM in environmental samples, or both, and subsequently measured enteric infections, diarrhoea, or height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ) in children younger than 5 years. We excluded studies that only measured faecal indicator bacteria. The initial search was done on Jan 19, 2021, and updated on March 22, 2023. One reviewer (AM) screened abstracts, and two independent reviewers (AM and RT) examined the full texts of short-listed articles. All included studies include at least one author that also contributed as an author to the present Article. Our primary outcomes were the 7-day prevalence of caregiver-reported diarrhoea and HAZ in children. For specific enteropathogens in the environment, primary outcomes also included subsequent child infection with the same pathogen ascertained by stool testing. We estimated associations using covariate-adjusted regressions and pooled estimates across studies. FINDINGS Data from nine published reports from five interventions studies, which included 8603 children (4302 girls and 4301 boys), were included in the meta-analysis. Environmental pathogen detection was associated with increased infection prevalence with the same pathogen and lower HAZ (ΔHAZ -0·09 [95% CI -0·17 to -0·01]) but not diarrhoea (prevalence ratio 1·22 [95% CI 0·95 to 1·58]), except during wet seasons. Detection of MSTM was not associated with diarrhoea (no pooled estimate) or HAZ (ΔHAZ -0·01 [-0·13 to 0·11] for human markers and ΔHAZ -0·02 [-0·24 to 0·21] for animal markers). Soil, children's hands, and stored drinking water were major transmission pathways. INTERPRETATION Our findings support a causal chain from pathogens in the environment to infection to growth faltering, indicating that the lack of WASH intervention effects on child growth might stem from insufficient reductions in environmental pathogen prevalence. Studies measuring enteropathogens in the environment should subsequently measure the same pathogens in stool to further examine theories of change between WASH, faecal contamination, and health. Given that environmental pathogen detection was predictive of infection, programmes targeting specific pathogens (eg, vaccinations and elimination efforts) can environmentally monitor the pathogens of interest for population-level surveillance instead of collecting individual biospecimens. FUNDING The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Development Office.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Mertens
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Division of Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Benjamin F Arnold
- Francis I Proctor Foundation and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jade Benjamin-Chung
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexandria B Boehm
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joe Brown
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Michael Hooker Research Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Drew Capone
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Thomas Clasen
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erica R Fuhrmeister
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - David Holcomb
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Michael Hooker Research Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jackie Knee
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, London, UK
| | - Laura H Kwong
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Audrie Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Stephen P Luby
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rassul Nala
- Ministério da Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Maputo, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Kara Nelson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Amy J Pickering
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Diseases Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Heather E Reese
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lauren Steinbaum
- California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jill R Stewart
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Michael Hooker Research Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Oliver Cumming
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, London, UK
| | - John M Colford
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ayse Ercumen
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Panizzolo M, Gea M, Carraro E, Gilli G, Bonetta S, Pignata C. Occurrence of human pathogenic viruses in drinking water and in its sources: A review. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 132:145-161. [PMID: 37336605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Since many waterborne diseases are caused by human pathogenic viruses, virus monitoring of drinking water (DW) and DW sources is crucial for public health. Therefore, the aim of this review was to describe the occurrence of human pathogenic viruses in DW and DW sources; the occurrence of two viruses proposed as novel indicators of human faecal contamination (Pepper mild mottle virus and Tobacco mosaic virus) was also reported. This research was focused on articles that assessed viral occurrence using molecular methods in the surface water used for DW production (SW-D), groundwater used for DW production (GW-D), DW and bottled-DW (BW). A total of 1544 studies published in the last 10 years were analysed, and 79 were ultimately included. In considering the detection methods, filtration is the most common concentration technique, while quantitative polymerase chain reaction is the most common quantification technique. Regarding virus occurrence in SW-D, GW-D, and DW, high percentages of positive samples were reported for adenovirus, polyomavirus and Pepper mild mottle virus. Viral genomes were frequently detected in SW-D and rarely in GW-D, suggesting that GW-D may be a safe DW source. Viral genomes were also detected in DW, posing a possible threat to human health. The lowest percentages of positive samples were found in Europe, while the highest were found in Asia and South America. Only three articles assessed viral occurrence in BW. This review highlights the lack of method standardization and the need for legislation updates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Panizzolo
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Gea
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Torino, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Carraro
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gilli
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Bonetta
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Cristina Pignata
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shirakawa D, Shirasaki N, Hu Q, Matsushita T, Matsui Y, Takagi H, Oka T. Investigation of removal and inactivation efficiencies of human sapovirus in drinking water treatment processes by applying an in vitro cell-culture system. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 236:119951. [PMID: 37060876 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Here, we examined the efficiencies of drinking water treatment processes for the removal and inactivation of human sapovirus (HuSaV). We applied a recently developed in vitro cell-culture system to produce purified solutions of HuSaV containing virus concentrations high enough to conduct virus-spiking experiments, to develop an integrated cell culture-polymerase chain reaction (ICC-PCR) assay to quantify the infectivity of HuSaV, and to conduct virus-spiking experiments. In virus-spiking coagulation-sedimentation-rapid sand filtration (CS-RSF) and coagulation-microfiltration (C-MF) experiments, HuSaV removals of 1.6-3.7-log10 and 1.2->4.3-log10, respectively, were observed. The removal ratios observed with CS-RSF were comparable and correlated with those of murine norovirus (MNV, a widely used surrogate for human noroviruses) and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV, a potential surrogate for human enteric viruses in physical and physicochemical drinking water treatment processes), and those observed with C-MF were higher than but still correlated with those of MNV and PMMoV, indicating that MNV and PMMoV are both potential surrogates for HuSaV in CS-RSF and C-MF. For astrovirus (AstV, a representative human enteric virus), removal ratios of 1.8-3.3-log10 and 1.1->4.0-log10 were observed with CS-RSF and C-MF, respectively. The removal ratios of AstV observed with CS-RSF were comparable and correlated with those of PMMoV, and those observed with C-MF were higher than but still correlated with those of PMMoV, indicating that PMMoV is a potential surrogate for AstV in CS-RSF and C-MF. When the efficacy of chlorine treatment was examined by using the developed ICC-PCR assay, 3.8-4.0-log10 inactivation of HuSaV was observed at a CT value (free-chlorine concentration [C] multiplied by contact time [T]) of 0.02 mg-Cl2·min/L. The infectivity reduction ratios of HuSaV were comparable with those of MNV. For AstV, 1.3-1.7-log10 and >3.4-log10 inactivation, as evaluated by ICC-PCR, was observed at CT values of 0.02 and 0.09 mg-Cl2·min/L, respectively. These results indicate that HuSaV and AstV are both highly sensitive to chlorine treatment and more sensitive than a chlorine-resistant virus, coxsackievirus B5 (1.3-log10 inactivation at a CT value of 0.4 mg-Cl2·min/L, as evaluated by the ICC-PCR assay).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Shirakawa
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - N Shirasaki
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Q Hu
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - T Matsushita
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Y Matsui
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - H Takagi
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - T Oka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hussain FS, Abro NQ, Ahmed N, Memon SQ, Memon N. Nano-antivirals: A comprehensive review. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2022.1064615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles can be used as inhibitory agents against various microorganisms, including bacteria, algae, archaea, fungi, and a huge class of viruses. The mechanism of action includes inhibiting the function of the cell membrane/stopping the synthesis of the cell membrane, disturbing the transduction of energy, producing toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inhibiting or reducing RNA and DNA production. Various nanomaterials, including different metallic, silicon, and carbon-based nanomaterials and nanoarchitectures, have been successfully used against different viruses. Recent research strongly agrees that these nanoarchitecture-based virucidal materials (nano-antivirals) have shown activity in the solid state. Therefore, they are very useful in the development of several products, such as fabric and high-touch surfaces. This review thoroughly and critically identifies recently developed nano-antivirals and their products, nano-antiviral deposition methods on various substrates, and possible mechanisms of action. By considering the commercial viability of nano-antivirals, recommendations are made to develop scalable and sustainable nano-antiviral products with contact-killing properties.
Collapse
|
7
|
Dean K, Mitchell J. Meta-Analysis Addressing the Implications of Model Uncertainty in Understanding the Persistence of Indicators and Pathogens in Natural Surface Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12106-12115. [PMID: 35984692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the impact persistence model selection has on the prediction of persistence values of interest and the identification of influential water quality and environmental factors for microorganisms in natural surface waters. Five persistence models representing first-order decay and nonlinear decay profiles were fit to a comprehensive database of 629 data sets for fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), bacteriophages, bacteria, viruses, and protozoa mined from the literature. Initial periods of minimal decay and decay rates tapering off over time were often observed, and a two-parameter model, based on the logistic probability distribution, provided the best fit to the data most frequently. First-order decay kinetics provided the best fit to less than 20% of the analyzed data. Using the best fitting models in this analysis, T90 and T99 metrics were calculated for each data set and used as the dependent variable in a variety of exploratory factor analyses. Random forest methods identified temperature and predation as some of the most important water quality factors influencing persistence, and the protozoa target type differed the most from FIB. This analysis further confirmed the interactions between temperature and predation and suggests that pH and turbidity be more frequently documented in persistence studies to further elucidate their impact on target persistence. The findings from this analysis and the calculated persistence metrics can be used to better inform quantitative microbial risk assessments and may lead to improved predictions of human health risks and water management decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kara Dean
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, 524 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan48824, United States
| | - Jade Mitchell
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, 524 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan48824, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Moresco V, Charatzidou A, Oliver DM, Weidmann M, Matallana-Surget S, Quilliam RS. Binding, recovery, and infectiousness of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses associated with plastic pollution in surface water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 308:119594. [PMID: 35680062 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics in wastewater and surface water rapidly become colonised by microbial biofilm. Such 'plastisphere' communities are hypothesised to persist longer and be disseminated further in the environment and may act as a vector for human pathogens, particularly as microplastics entering wastewater treatment plants are exposed to high concentrations of pathogenic bacteria. However, the potential for human viral pathogens to become associated with the plastisphere has never before been quantified. Here, we have used rotavirus (RV) SA11 (a non-enveloped enteric virus) and the enveloped bacteriophage Phi6 as model viruses to quantify binding and recovery from biofilm-colonised microplastic pellets in three different water treatments (filtered and non-filtered surface water, and surface water with added nutrients). Viruses associated with biofilm-colonised pellets were more stable compared to those remaining in the water. While infectious particles and genome copies of RV remained stable over the 48 h sampling period, Phi6 stability was highly impacted, with a reduction ranging from 2.18 to 3.94 log10. Virus particles were protected against inactivation factors when associated with the biofilm on microplastic surfaces, and when there was a high concentration of particulate matter in the liquid phase. Although our results suggest that the presence of an envelope may limit virus interaction with the plastisphere, the ability to recover both enveloped and non-enveloped infectious viruses from colonised microplastic pellets highlights an additional potential public health risk of surface waters becoming contaminated with microplastics, and subsequent human exposure to microplastics in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Moresco
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Anna Charatzidou
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - David M Oliver
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Manfred Weidmann
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Senftenberg, D-01968, Germany
| | - Sabine Matallana-Surget
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Richard S Quilliam
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bortagaray V, Gamazo P, Castro S, Grilli M, Colina R, Victoria M. Comparison of the risk of infection of human rotavirus and astrovirus according to fishing and swimming activities at Las Cañas beach, Uruguay. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:3523-3533. [PMID: 36000509 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To estimate the risk of human Rotavirus (RV) and Astrovirus (HAstV) infections for swimmers and fishers at Las Cañas beach, Uruguay. METHODS AND RESULTS Surface water samples were collected monthly for one year. The dose response models used were β Poisson and 1 F1 hypergeometric for RV and HAstV, respectively. The probabilities of infection were calculated using a kernel density estimate to fitting the data and then sampling from this distribution (Monte Carlo simulation). The probability of RV infection for fishers was between 0 and 65% and for swimmers was between 0 and 50% (<18 years old) and between 0 and 38% (>18 years old). For HAstV, the probability of infection for fishers was between 0% and 45% and for swimmers was between 0 and 38% (<18 years old) and between 0 and 18% (>18 years old). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that fishers are at higher risk of infection for both viruses when compared with swimmers mainly due to higher viral frequency and concentration at the site for fishing activities. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study highlights the different risk of infection for Rotavirus and Astrovirus, determined according to two popular activities such as swimming and fishing evidencing their negative impact in public health when contaminated waters are used mainly in developing countries like Uruguay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Bortagaray
- Laboratorio of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Gamazo
- Department of Water, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Sebastián Castro
- Department of Mathematics and Estadistic from litoral (DMEL), CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Marcos Grilli
- Laboratorio of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Rodney Colina
- Laboratorio of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Matias Victoria
- Laboratorio of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang M, Ghosh S, Li M, Altan-Bonnet N, Shuai D. Vesicle-Cloaked Rotavirus Clusters are Environmentally Persistent and Resistant to Free Chlorine Disinfection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:8475-8484. [PMID: 35653550 PMCID: PMC9472322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent discovery of vesicle-cloaked virus clusters (i.e., viral vesicles) has greatly challenged the central paradigm of viral transmission and infection as a single virion. To understand the environmental transmission of viral vesicles, we used an in vivo model to investigate their environmental persistence and engineering control by disinfection. Murine rotavirus vesicles maintained both their integrity and infectivity after incubation in filtered freshwater and wastewater for at least 7 days, with 24.5-27.5% of the vesicles still intact at 16 weeks after exposure to both waters. Free chlorine disinfection at a dosage of 13.3 mg min L-1 did not decompose murine rotavirus vesicles, and it was much less effective in inactivating rotaviruses inside vesicles than free rotaviruses based on the quantification of rotavirus shedding in mouse stool and rotavirus replication in small intestines. Rotavirus vesicles may be more environmentally transmissible than free rotaviruses regardless of disinfection. Vesicle-mediated en bloc transmission could be responsible for vesicles' resistance to disinfection due to an increased multiplicity of infection and/or genetic recombination or reassortment to promote infection. Our work highlights the environmental, biological, and public health significance of viral vesicles, and the findings call for urgent action in advancing disinfection for pathogen control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Sourish Ghosh
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Mengqiao Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Nihal Altan-Bonnet
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
- Corresponding Author: Nihal Altan-Bonnet, Phone: 301-435-0817 , Website: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/science/host-pathogen-dynamics; Danmeng Shuai, Phone: 202-994-0506, Fax: 202-994-0127, , Website: http://materwatersus.weebly.com
| | - Danmeng Shuai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
- Corresponding Author: Nihal Altan-Bonnet, Phone: 301-435-0817 , Website: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/science/host-pathogen-dynamics; Danmeng Shuai, Phone: 202-994-0506, Fax: 202-994-0127, , Website: http://materwatersus.weebly.com
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tubatsi G, Kebaabetswe LP. Detection of Enteric Viruses from Wastewater and River Water in Botswana. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2022; 14:157-169. [PMID: 35150381 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-022-09513-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne diseases remain a public health concern in developing countries where many lack access to safe water. Water testing mainly uses bacterial indicators to assess water quality, which may not fully indicate the threat from other non-bacterial pathogens like enteric viruses. This study was done to ascertain and establish the viral load, the temporal and spatial distribution of rotavirus A and norovirus (GI and GII) in sewage and river water samples. A total of 45 samples of raw and treated sewage, and surface water, were collected from a sludge activated wastewater treatment plant in Gaborone, and after treatment from the Notwane River, Botswana, over a period of 9 months (February 2016 to October 2016). Viruses were concentrated using polyethylene glycol/NaCl precipitation. Virus detection was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Rotavirus A was the most prevalent (84.4% positive samples), followed by Norovirus GI (48.9% positive samples), and Norovirus GII 46.7% positive samples). Detected viral loads went up to 104 genome copies per liter (copies/L) for all the viruses. The enteric viruses were detected in all the study sites with highest detection from site S1 (inlet). There was no significant association between physicochemical parameters and viral loads, except for pH which showed significant relationship with rotavirus and norovirus GII (p ≤ 0.05). This is the first study in Botswana to highlight the occurrence and quantification of the enteric viruses in treated and untreated wastewater, as well as surface water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gosaitse Tubatsi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, P/Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Lemme P Kebaabetswe
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, P/Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hrdy J, Vasickova P. Virus detection methods for different kinds of food and water samples – The importance of molecular techniques. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
13
|
Omatola CA, Olaniran AO. Epidemiological significance of the occurrence and persistence of rotaviruses in water and sewage: a critical review and proposal for routine microbiological monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:380-399. [PMID: 35174845 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00435b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Globally, waterborne gastroenteritis attributable to rotaviruses is on the increase due to the rapid increase in population growth, poor socioeconomic conditions, and drastic changes in climatic conditions. The burden of diarrhea is quite alarming in developing nations where the majority of the populations still rely on untreated surface water that is usually polluted for their immediate water needs. Humans and animals of all ages are affected by rotaviruses. In humans, the preponderance of cases occurs in children under 5 years. Global efforts in advancing water/wastewater treatment technologies have not yet realized the objective of complete viral removal from wastewater. Most times, surface waters are impacted heavily by inadequately treated wastewater run-offs thereby exposing people or animals to preventable health risks. The relative stability of rotaviruses in aquatic matrices during wastewater treatment, poor correlation of bacteriological indicators with the presence of rotaviruses, and their infectiousness at a low dose informed the proposal for inclusion in the routine microbiological water screening panel. Environmental monitoring data have been shown to provide early warnings that can complement clinical data used to monitor the impact of current rotavirus vaccination in a community. This review was therefore undertaken to critically appraise rotavirus excretion and emission pathways, and the existence, viability and persistence in the receiving aquatic milieu. The efficiency of the current wastewater treatment modality for rotavirus removal, correlation of the current bacteriological water quality assessment strategy, public health risks and current laboratory methods for an epidemiological study were also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius A Omatola
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, Republic of South Africa.
| | - Ademola O Olaniran
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, Republic of South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mozgovoj M, Miño S, Barbieri E, Tort F, Victoria-Montero M, Frydman C, Cap M, Baron P, Colina R, Matthijnssens J, Parreño V. GII.4 human norovirus and G8P[1] bovine-like rotavirus in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) from Argentina. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 365:109553. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
15
|
Zhou S, Jin M, Tan R, Shen Z, Yin J, Qiu Z, Chen Z, Shi D, Li H, Yang Z, Wang H, Gao Z, Li J, Yang D. A reduced graphene oxide-Fe 3O 4 composite functionalized with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide for efficient adsorption of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudovirus and human enteric viruses. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132995. [PMID: 34808196 PMCID: PMC8602125 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The latent dangers of waterborne viral transmission have become a major public health concern. In this study, reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-Fe3O4 nanoparticles were decorated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to adsorb severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike pseudovirus and three human enteric viruses (HuNoV, HRV, and HAdV). The successful combination of CTAB with rGO-Fe3O4 was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential, Brunner-Emmet-Teller, and vibrating sample magnetometer measurements. The adsorption of HuNoV and HAdV followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, while that of HRV conformed to the pseudo-second-order model. CTAB-functionalized rGO-Fe3O4 exhibited exceptionally high adsorption of HuNoV, HRV, HAdV and SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudovirus, with maximum adsorption capacities of 3.55 × 107, 7.01 × 107, 2.21 × 107 and 6.92 × 106 genome copies mg-1, respectively. Moreover, the composite could effectively adsorb the four types of virus particles from coastal, tap, and river water. In addition, concentrating the virions using CTAB functionalized rGO-Fe3O4 composites before qPCR analysis significantly improved the detection limit. The results indicate that viruses are captured on the surface of CTAB functionalized rGO-Fe3O4 composites through electrostatic interactions and the intrinsic adsorption ability of rGO. Overall, CTAB-functionalized rGO-Fe3O4 composites are promising materials for the adsorption and detection of human enteric viruses as well as SARS-CoV-2 from complex aqueous environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing Zhou
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Min Jin
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Rong Tan
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Jing Yin
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Zhigang Qiu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Zhengshan Chen
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Danyang Shi
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Haibei Li
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Zhongwei Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Huaran Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Zhixian Gao
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Junwen Li
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China.
| | - Dong Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dean K, Mitchell J. Identifying water quality and environmental factors that influence indicator and pathogen decay in natural surface waters. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 211:118051. [PMID: 35051677 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biphasic decay has been observed for indicators and pathogens in bench-scale and in-situ water experiments for decades, however, first-order decay kinetics continue to be applied to persistence data because of their simplicity and ease of application. Model uncertainty introduced by broadly applying first-order decay kinetics to persistence data may lead to erroneous decision making in the fields of water management and protection. As surface waters are exposed to highly variable environmental and water quality factors that influence microbial and viral persistence, it is expected that first-order decay kinetics are not representative of most of the persistence literature for indicators and pathogens in surface water matrices. This review compiled the methods and results of 61 studies that conducted experiments evaluating the persistence of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), bacteriophages, pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and protozoa in natural surface water matrices. The goals of this review were trifold: (1) collate studies in the literature with data available for future persistence modeling, (2) present the current state of knowledge with regards to the environmental and water quality factors affecting persistence in natural surface waters, and (3) identify recurrent evidence for interactions between the frequently studied factors to inform future factor analyses. Comparing the methods and results across the 61 studies suggest potential interactions between sunlight and water type; sunlight and method of detection; predation and water type; predation and temperature; and water type and method of detection. The majority of the identified literature evaluated FIB or bacteria persistence; future experiments are needed that focus on protozoa, brackish or marine water types, and molecular-based methods of detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kara Dean
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, USA
| | - Jade Mitchell
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Impacts of Event-Based Recharge on the Vulnerability of Public Supply Wells. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13147695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic recharge events related to extreme rainfall or snowmelt are becoming more common due to climate change. The vulnerability of public supply wells to water quality degradation may temporarily increase during these types of events. The Walkerton, ON, Canada, tragedy (2000) highlighted the threat to human health associated with the rapid transport of microbial pathogens to public supply wells during dynamic recharge events. Field research at the Thornton (Woodstock, ON, Canada) and Mannheim West (Kitchener, ON, Canada) well fields, situated in glacial overburden aquifers, identified a potential increase in vulnerability due to event-based recharge phenomena. Ephemeral surface water flow and local ponding containing microbial pathogen indicator species were observed and monitored within the capture zones of public supply wells following heavy rain and/or snowmelt. Elevated recharge rates beneath these temporary surface water features were estimated to range between 40 and 710 mm over two-week periods using analytical and numerical modelling based on the water level, soil moisture, and temperature data. Modelling also suggested that such events could reduce contaminant travel times to a supply well, increasing vulnerability to water quality degradation. These studies suggest that event-based recharge processes occurring close to public supply wells may enhance the vulnerability of the wells to surface-sourced contaminants.
Collapse
|
18
|
Dayaram A, Seeber P, Courtiol A, Soilemetzidou S, Tsangaras K, Franz M, McEwen GK, Azab W, Kaczensky P, Melzheimer J, East ML, Ganbaatar O, Walzer C, Osterrieder N, Greenwood AD. Seasonal host and ecological drivers may promote restricted water as a viral vector. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145446. [PMID: 33588222 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In climates with seasonally limited precipitation, terrestrial animals congregate at high densities at scarce water sources. We hypothesize that viruses can exploit the recurrence of these diverse animal congregations to spread. In this study, we test the central prediction of this hypothesis - that viruses employing this transmission strategy remain stable and infectious in water. Equid herpesviruses (EHVs) were chosen as a model as they have been shown to remain stable and infectious in water for weeks under laboratory conditions. Using fecal data from wild equids from a previous study, we establish that EHVs are shed more frequently by their hosts during the dry season, increasing the probability of water source contamination with EHV. We document the presence of several strains of EHVs present in high genome copy number from the surface water and sediments of waterholes sampled across a variety of mammalian assemblages, locations, temperatures and pH. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the different EHV strains found exhibit little divergence despite representing ancient lineages. We employed molecular approaches to show that EHVs shed remain stable in waterholes with detection decreasing with increasing temperature in sediments. Infectivity experiments using cell culture reveals that EHVs remain infectious in water derived from waterholes. The results are supportive of water as an abiotic viral vector for EHV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Dayaram
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Institut für Neurophysiologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Seeber
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, Mainaustrasse 252, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Alexandre Courtiol
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sanatana Soilemetzidou
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kyriakos Tsangaras
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitissas Avenue, CY-2417 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Mathias Franz
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gayle K McEwen
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Walid Azab
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str, 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Kaczensky
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Savoyenstrasse 1, A-1160 Vienna, Austria; Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jörg Melzheimer
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marion L East
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oyunsaikhan Ganbaatar
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Mongolia; Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area, Takhiin Tal, Gobi-Altai Province, Mongolia
| | - Christian Walzer
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Savoyenstrasse 1, A-1160 Vienna, Austria; Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd, 10460 Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str, 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Alex D Greenwood
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Roach SN, Langlois RA. Intra- and Cross-Species Transmission of Astroviruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061127. [PMID: 34208242 PMCID: PMC8230745 DOI: 10.3390/v13061127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses are non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses that infect mammalian and avian species. In humans, astrovirus infections are one of the most common causes of gastroenteritis in children. Infection has also been linked to serious neurological complications, especially in immunocompromised individuals. More extensive disease has also been characterized in non-human mammalian and avian species. To date, astroviruses have been detected in over 80 different avian and mammalian hosts. As the number of hosts continues to rise, the need to understand how astroviruses transmit within a given species as well as to new host species becomes increasingly important. Here, we review the current understanding of astrovirus transmission, the factors that influence viral spread, and the potential for cross-species transmission. Additionally, we highlight the current gaps in knowledge and areas of future research that will be key to understanding astrovirus transmission and zoonotic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanley N. Roach
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Ryan A. Langlois
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dayaram A, Seeber PA, Greenwood AD. Environmental Detection and Potential Transmission of Equine Herpesviruses. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040423. [PMID: 33916280 PMCID: PMC8066653 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesviruses (EHV) are a major health concern for domestic and wild equids and represent one of the most economically important disease agents of horses. Most known EHVs are transmitted directly between individuals as a result of direct exposure to exudates and aerosols. However, accumulating evidence suggests that environmental transmission may play a role including air, water, and fomites. Here, we reviewed studies on environmental stability and transmission of EHVs, which may influence viral dynamics and the use of environmental samples for monitoring EHV shedding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Dayaram
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), 10315 Berlin, Germany; (A.D.); (P.A.S.)
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter A. Seeber
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), 10315 Berlin, Germany; (A.D.); (P.A.S.)
- Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Alex D. Greenwood
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), 10315 Berlin, Germany; (A.D.); (P.A.S.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)30-5168255
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kebe O, Fernandez-Garcia MD, Fall A, Dia H, Bidalot M, Ambert-Balay K, Ndiaye K. Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Aichi Virus 1 from Urban Wastewater in Senegal. Intervirology 2021; 64:96-101. [PMID: 33440372 DOI: 10.1159/000512130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aichi virus 1 (AiV-1) has been proposed as a causative agent of human gastroenteritis. In this study, raw, decanted, and treated wastewater samples from a wastewater treatment plant in an urban area of Dakar, Senegal, were collected. AiV-1 was detected in raw (70%, 14/20), decanted (68.4%, 13/19), and treated (59.3%, 16/27) samples, revealing a noticeable resistance of AiV-1 to chlorine-based treatment. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all sequences clustered within genotype B. Our study presents the first report on the detection of AiV-1 in the environment of Dakar and constitutes indirect evidence of virus circulation in the population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ousmane Kebe
- Laboratory of Enteric Viruses, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Amary Fall
- Laboratory of Enteric Viruses, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Hamet Dia
- Laboratory of Enteric Viruses, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Maxime Bidalot
- National Reference Centre for Gastroenteritis Viruses, Laboratory of Biology and Pathology, University Hospital Dijon, Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Katia Ambert-Balay
- National Reference Centre for Gastroenteritis Viruses, Laboratory of Biology and Pathology, University Hospital Dijon, Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Kader Ndiaye
- Laboratory of Enteric Viruses, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Amimo JO, Machuka EM, Abworo EO, Vlasova AN, Pelle R. Whole Genome Sequence Analysis of Porcine Astroviruses Reveals Novel Genetically Diverse Strains Circulating in East African Smallholder Pig Farms. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111262. [PMID: 33167568 PMCID: PMC7694451 DOI: 10.3390/v12111262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses (AstVs) are widely distributed and are associated with gastroenteritis in human and animals. The knowledge of the genetic diversity and epidemiology of AstVs in Africa is limited. This study aimed to characterize astroviruses in asymptomatic smallholder piglets in Kenya and Uganda. Twenty-four samples were randomly selected from a total of 446 piglets aged below 6 months that were initially collected for rotavirus study and sequenced for whole genome analysis. Thirteen (13/24) samples had contigs with high identity to genus Mamastrovirus. Analysis of seven strains with complete (or near complete) AstV genome revealed variable nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities with known porcine astrovirus (PoAstV) strains. The U083 and K321 strains had nucleotide sequence identities ranging from 66.4 to 75.4% with the known PoAstV2 strains; U460 strain had nucleotide sequence identities of 57.0 to 65.1% regarding the known PoAstV3; and K062, K366, K451, and K456 strains had nucleotide sequence identities of 63.5 to 80% with the known PoAstV4 strains. The low sequence identities (<90%) indicate that novel genotypes of PoAstVs are circulating in the study area. Recombination analysis using whole genomes revealed evidence of multiple recombination events in PoAstV4, suggesting that recombination might have contributed to the observed genetic diversity. Linear antigen epitope prediction and a comparative analysis of capsid protein of our field strains identified potential candidate epitopes that could help in the design of immuno-diagnostic tools and a subunit vaccine. These findings provide new insights into the molecular epidemiology of porcine astroviruses in East Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua O. Amimo
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi 00625, Kenya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1168 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44961, USA;
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (E.M.M.); (E.O.A.); (R.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Eunice M. Machuka
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (E.M.M.); (E.O.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Edward O. Abworo
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (E.M.M.); (E.O.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Anastasia N. Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1168 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44961, USA;
| | - Roger Pelle
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (E.M.M.); (E.O.A.); (R.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Meel SK, Katewa V, Singh R, Bishnoi A, Sharma P, Rathore SS, Kamrai D, Shah K. The Burden of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis in Children: A Hospital-Based Prospective Study in Western Rajasthan. Cureus 2020; 12:e11020. [PMID: 33214948 PMCID: PMC7671170 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Rotaviruses are the prime cause of gastroenteritis amongst infants and young children worldwide. In India, the mortality and economic impact caused by rotavirus are high. The objective of this is to understand the burden of rotavirus in acute watery diarrhea and its circulating genotypes in hospitalized children less than five years of age for acute gastroenteritis in western Rajasthan. Methodology This is a hospital-based prospective study conducted in the pediatrics department of Dr. Sampurnanand (S.N.) Medical College of Jodhpur in India for one year during 2018. The study included 399 children less than five years old, presenting with acute gastroenteritis who needed to be admitted for at least six hours. We enrolled subjects after obtaining informed consent from the guardian. Stool samples of 5 gm or ml were collected in a sterile container and stored at minus 20 degrees centigrade while transporting to Christian Medical College (CMC) virology lab in Vellore, India. The stool samples were subjected to Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) testing, followed by genotype determination. We investigated data through statistical analysis from all collected data. Results A total of 399 patients fulfilled the enrollment criteria; out of them, 92 (23.05%) were positive for rotavirus, and maximum cases were seen in the age group of six months to two years (78.26%). Rotavirus positivity was more in males (64.13%) than females (35.86%). The rotavirus infection was seen throughout the year, with a peak in cases from November to February (73.91%). G3P8 (55.43%) was the most common strain causing rotavirus diarrhea, followed by G1P8 (9.72%) and G3+G12P8 (8.69%). Based on the Vesikari clinical severity score, 70.65% of patients had severe diarrhea. Conclusion This prospective study highlights the healthcare and economic burden of rotavirus, especially in children of less than five years. The incidence of rotavirus is observed in winter months, and its prevalence in all cases of acute diarrhea in our study is 23.05%. G3P8 was the most common genotype causing rotavirus diarrhea in our region in both non-vaccinated and vaccinated children, followed by G1P8 and G3+G12P8, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Romil Singh
- Internal Medicine, Metropolitan Hospital, Jaipur, IND
| | - Alka Bishnoi
- Pediatrics, Dr. S.N. Medical College, Jodhpur, IND
| | | | | | | | - Kaushal Shah
- Psychiatry, Griffin Memorial Hospital, Norman, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li M, Yang Y, Lu Y, Zhang D, Liu Y, Cui X, Yang L, Liu R, Liu J, Li G, Qu J. Natural Host-Environmental Media-Human: A New Potential Pathway of COVID-19 Outbreak. ENGINEERING (BEIJING, CHINA) 2020; 6:1085-1098. [PMID: 33520330 PMCID: PMC7834166 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the first infected case (patient zero) is key in tracing the origin of a virus; however, doing so is extremely challenging. Patient zero for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is likely to be permanently unknown. Here, we propose a new viral transmission route by focusing on the environmental media containing viruses of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or RaTG3-related bat-borne coronavirus (Bat-CoV), which we term the "environmental quasi-host." We reason that the environmental quasi-host is likely to be a key node in helping recognize the origin of SARS-CoV-2; thus, SARS-CoV-2 might be transmitted along the route of natural host-environmental media-human. Reflecting upon viral outbreaks in the history of humanity, we realize that many epidemic events are caused by direct contact between humans and environmental media containing infectious viruses. Indeed, contacts between humans and environmental quasi-hosts are greatly increasing as the space of human activity incrementally overlaps with animals' living spaces, due to the rapid development and population growth of human society. Moreover, viruses can survive for a long time in environmental media. Therefore, we propose a new potential mechanism to trace the origin of the COVID-19 outbreak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yunfeng Yang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yun Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dayi Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaofeng Cui
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruiping Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guanghe Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Interaction between norovirus and Histo-Blood Group Antigens: A key to understanding virus transmission and inactivation through treatments? Food Microbiol 2020; 92:103594. [PMID: 32950136 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a main cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. They are frequently involved in foodborne and waterborne outbreaks. Environmental transmission of the virus depends on two main factors: the ability of viral particles to remain infectious and their adhesion capacity onto different surfaces. Until recently, adhesion of viral particles to food matrices was mainly investigated by considering non-specific interactions (e.g. electrostatic, hydrophobic) and there was only limited information about infectious HuNoVs because of the absence of a reliable in vitro HuNoV cultivation system. Many HuNoV strains have now been described as having specific binding interactions with human Histo-Blood Group Antigens (HBGAs) and non-HBGA ligands found in food and the environment. Relevant approaches to the in vitro replication of HuNoVs were also proposed recently. On the basis of the available literature data, this review discusses the opportunities to use this new knowledge to obtain a better understanding of HuNoV transmission to human populations and better evaluate the hazard posed by HuNoVs in foodstuffs and the environment.
Collapse
|
26
|
Occurrence of Enteric Viruses in Surface Water and the Relationship with Changes in Season and Physical Water Quality Dynamics. Adv Virol 2020; 2020:9062041. [PMID: 32695168 PMCID: PMC7354635 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9062041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental water quality issues have dominated global discourse and studies over the past five decades. Significant parameters of environmental water quality include changes in biological and physical parameters. Some of the biological parameters of significance include occurrence of enteric viruses. Enteric viruses can affect both human and animal's health by causing diseases such as gastrointestinal and respiratory infections. In this study, the relationship between the occurrence of enteric viruses with reference to adenoviruses and enteroviruses and the physical water quality characteristics was assessed from water samples collected from Lake Victoria (LV) in Kenya. In order to understand the dynamics of season driven enteric viruses' contamination of the lake waters, we additionally analysed seasonal behavior of the lake's catchment area in terms of rainfall effects. Physical quality parameters were measured on-site while viral analysis was carried out by molecular methods using the nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR). From 216 samples that were analysed for viral contamination, enteric viral genomes were discovered in 18 (8.3%) of the samples. Out of half of the samples (108) collected during the rainy season, enteric viral genomes were detected in 9.26% (10) while 8 (7.41%) samples tested positive from the other half of the samples (108) collected during the dry season. There was, however, no significant correlation noted between the physical water quality characteristics and the enteric viruses' occurrence. Neither wet season nor dry season was significantly associated with the prevalence of the viruses. In Lake Victoria waters, most of the samples had an average of physical water quality parameters that were within the range accepted by the World Health Organization (WHO) for surface waters with exemption of turbidity which was above the recommended 5 NTU as recorded from some sampling sites. Continuous and long-term surveillance of the lake water to accurately monitor the contaminants and possible correlation between chemical, physical, and biological characteristics is recommended. This would be important in continuous understanding of the hydrological characteristics changes of the lake for proper management of its quality with reference to the WHO standards. A multiple varied-sampling approach in different geographical regions during different seasons is recommended to establish the geographical distribution and relatedness to seasonal distribution patterns of the viruses. The data generated from this study will be useful in providing a basis for assessment of seasonally driven fecal pollution load of the lake and enteric virus contamination for proper management of the sanitary situation around the lake.
Collapse
|
27
|
Morrison CM, Betancourt WQ, Quintanar DR, Lopez GU, Pepper IL, Gerba CP. Potential indicators of virus transport and removal during soil aquifer treatment of treated wastewater effluent. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 177:115812. [PMID: 32311575 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Increased water demands have led to a notable interest in the use of treated wastewater for reuse. Typically, this results from the implementation of advanced treatment of final effluent from wastewater treatment plants prior to reuse for potable or non-potable purposes. Soil aquifer treatment (SAT) is a natural treatment process in which water from sources of varying quality is infiltrated into the soil to further improve its quality. The goal of this study was to determine the log10 reduction values (LRVs) of viruses naturally present in treated effluent and evaluate two potential indicators of virus removal and transport, pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) and crAssphage, during SAT of treated effluent. Groundwater was sampled at three wells with different attributes within the Sweetwater Recharge Facility (SWRF) in Tucson, AZ. These sites vary greatly in operational parameters such as effluent infiltration rates and wetting/drying cycles, which may influence virus removal efficiency. Detection of adenovirus, enterovirus, PMMoV, and crAssphage were determined by qPCR/RT-qPCR and log10 reduction values (LRVs) were determined. PMMoV and crAssphage were detected in groundwater associated with a set of recharge basins that exhibited shorter wetting/drying cycles and faster infiltration rates. LRVs for crAssphage and PMMoV at this site ranged from 3.9 to 5.8, respectively. Moreover, PMMoV was detected downflow of the SAT sites, indicating the potential degradation of microbial groundwater quality in the region surrounding managed aquifer recharge facilities. Overall, PMMoV and crAssphage showed potential as conservative process indicators of virus removal during SAT, particularly for attribution of LRV credits. Moreover, the detection of these viruses indicated the potential influence of wetting/drying cycles on virus removal by SAT, a parameter that has not yet been studied with respect to biological contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Morrison
- Department of Environmental Science, Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Walter Q Betancourt
- Department of Environmental Science, Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Gerardo U Lopez
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ian L Pepper
- Department of Environmental Science, Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Charles P Gerba
- Department of Environmental Science, Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bortagaray V, Girardi V, Pou S, Lizasoain A, Tort LFL, Spilki FR, Colina R, Victoria M. Detection, Quantification, and Microbial Risk Assessment of Group A Rotavirus in Rivers from Uruguay. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2020; 12:89-98. [PMID: 31792742 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09416-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect, quantify, and assess the risk of infection and illness for Group A Rotavirus (RVA) in the watersheds of the Santa Lucia and Uruguay rivers in Uruguay. Monthly sampling was carried out for one year in six sites in the watershed of the Santa Lucía River and four in the Uruguay River. All the collection sites are used for recreational activities. Viral concentration was performed with the adsorption-elution method, and detection and quantification of RVA was carried out by TaqMan quantitative PCR (qPCR). Quantitative microbial risk assessment was applied to estimate the daily and annual risk of RVA infection, as well as the daily risk of illness considering direct exposure through recreational activity. RVA was detected in 42% (20/48) of the analyzed samples in the Uruguay River and 40% (29/72) in the Santa Lucía River. The virus was present in all the analyzed points in both watersheds. A pattern of seasonality, characterized by a higher detection frequency of the virus during coldest month of the year, was observed in both basins. The mean concentration for RVA was 1.3 × 105 genomic copies/L. The microbiological risk assessment shows that Santa Lucía watershed presented the highest daily risk of infection (6.41E-01) and illness (3.20E-01) estimated for the point downstream of Florida City; meanwhile for Uruguay River, the highest probabilities of infection (6.82E-01) and illness (3.41E-01) were estimated for the collection site for drinking water intake in Salto city. These results suggest that RVA contamination of these important rivers negatively impact on their microbiological quality since they are used for recreation and drinking water intake, demonstrating that the disposal of waste from cities located in their riverside confers a constant threat of infection for the general population, especially for children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Bortagaray
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Viviane Girardi
- Laboratório de Saúde Única, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - Sonia Pou
- Institute of Research in Health Sciences (INICSA), Faculty of Medical Sciences, CONICET and Biostatistics Unit, School of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical SciencesNational University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrés Lizasoain
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Luis Fernando López Tort
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Fernando R Spilki
- Laboratório de Saúde Única, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - Rodney Colina
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Matias Victoria
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Naqvi SS, Javed S, Naseem S, Sadiq A, Khan N, Sattar S, Shah NA, Bostan N. G3 and G9 Rotavirus genotypes in waste water circulation from two major metropolitan cities of Pakistan. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8665. [PMID: 32457481 PMCID: PMC7251132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65583-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus A (RVA) is a diarrheal pathogen affecting children under age five, particularly in developing and underdeveloped regions of the world due to malnutrition, poor healthcare and hygienic conditions. Water and food contamination are found to be major sources of diarrheal outbreaks. Pakistan is one of the countries with high RVA related diarrhea burden but with insufficient surveillance system. The aim of this study was to gauge the RVA contamination of major open sewerage collecting streams and household water supplies in two major metropolitan cities of Pakistan. Three concentration methods were compared using RNA purity and concentration as parameters, and detection efficiency of the selected method was estimated. Water samples were collected from 21 sites in Islamabad and Rawalpindi in two phases during the year 2014-2015. Meteorological conditions were recorded for each sampling day and site from Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD). Nested PCR was used to detect the presence of RVA in samples targeting the VP7 gene. Logistic regression was applied to assess the association of weather conditions with RVA persistence in water bodies. Statistical analysis hinted at a temporal and seasonal pattern of RVA detection in water. Phylogenetic analysis of selected isolates showed a close association of environmental strains with clinical RVA isolates from hospitalized children with acute diarrhea during the same period. This is the first scientific report cataloging the circulating RVA strains in environmental samples from the region. The study highlights the hazards of releasing untreated sewerage containing potentially infectious viral particles into collecting streams, which could become a reservoir of multiple pathogens and a risk to exposed communities. Moreover, routine testing of these water bodies can present an effective surveillance system of circulating viral strains in the population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sundus Javed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saadia Naseem
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Asma Sadiq
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Netasha Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Sattar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Naseer Ali Shah
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazish Bostan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
de Bruyn K, Theron EMC, Dewar JB, Hendrick RM. The use of aged stool specimens for the detection of rotavirus. S Afr J Infect Dis 2020; 35:113. [PMID: 34485468 PMCID: PMC8378160 DOI: 10.4102/sajid.v35i1.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rotavirus is considered worldwide as one of the most important viral gastrointestinal infections, resulting in potentially life-threatening diarrhoea and death in children under the age of 5 years. Rotavirus can survive and remain infectious for long periods outside of the human body and can be easily transmitted via environmental surfaces. Method Stool specimens that had been collected and stored since 2010/2011 at 2°C – 8°C instead of −20°C or −80°C were analysed to determine the viability of rotavirus in these specimens after 6 years of improper storage. The specimens were analysed using simple enzyme immunoassay (EIA) methods from two different suppliers at different times throughout the period (2012–2017). Results The analysis showed similar detection results for the two EIA kits. Conclusion The rotavirus can be detected after several years of incorrect storage with EIA kits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin de Bruyn
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Science Laboratories, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth M C Theron
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Science Laboratories, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, South Africa
| | - John B Dewar
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, South Africa
| | - Richard M Hendrick
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Clemens H, Pang L, Morgan LK, Weaver L. Attenuation of rotavirus, MS2 bacteriophage and biomolecule-modified silica nanoparticles in undisturbed silt loam over gravels dosed with onsite wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 169:115272. [PMID: 31726397 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of potable groundwater by pathogenic viruses from on-site wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) poses a serious health risk. This study investigated the attenuation and transport of rotavirus, bacteriophage MS2 and DNA-labelled-glycoprotein-coated silica nanoparticles (DGSnp) in 2 intact cores of silt loam over gravels dosed with wastewater from an OWTS at 3.53 L/day. To simulate a worst-case scenario, experiments were conducted under saturated conditions. The results from 6 experiments demonstrated that the rotavirus and DGSnp reductions were very similar and markedly greater than the MS2 reduction. This was reflected in the peak concentrations, relative mass recoveries, and temporal and spatial reduction rates. For a given log10 reduction, the estimated soil depth required for MS2 was over twice that required for rotavirus and DGSnp. This is the first study in which DGSnp was used as a rotavirus surrogate in soil under wastewater applications. Consistent with previous studies, DGSnp showed promise at mimicking rotavirus attenuation and transport in porous media. The results suggest DGSnp could be used to assess the attenuation capacity of subsurface media to rotavirus. However, DGSnp is not conservative and will underestimate the setback distances required for rotavirus reductions by 3%. On the other hand, separation distances determined using the rotavirus parameters and criteria but based on MS2 attenuation, can be too conservative in some subsurface media. To determine safe and realistic separation distances, it would be beneficial and complementary to apply both conservative virus surrogate using MS2 bacteriophage and representative but non-conservative new virus surrogates using biomolecule-modified silica nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Clemens
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, PO Box 29181, Christchurch, 8540, New Zealand; Waterways Centre for Freshwater Management, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Liping Pang
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, PO Box 29181, Christchurch, 8540, New Zealand.
| | - Leanne K Morgan
- Waterways Centre for Freshwater Management, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Louise Weaver
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, PO Box 29181, Christchurch, 8540, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Shaheen MNF, Abd El-Daim SE, Ahmed NI, Elmahdy EM. Environmental monitoring of Aichi virus and human bocavirus in samples from wastewater treatment plant, drain, and River Nile in Egypt. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2020; 18:30-37. [PMID: 32129184 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2019.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater plays a major role in water pollution causing transmission of several viral pathogens, including Aichi virus (AiV) and human bocavirus (HBoV), associated with gastrointestinal illness in humans. In this study, we investigated the presence of AiV and HBoV in aquatic, sludge, sediment matrices collected from Abu-Rawash wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), El-Rahawy drain, Rosetta branch of the River Nile in Egypt by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). AiV RNA was detected in 16.6% (2/12), 8.3% (1/12), 8.3% (1/12), 22% (16/72), 12.5% (3/24), 4% (1/24), and 0/24 (0%) of untreated raw sewage, treated sewage, sewage sludge, drainage water, drain sediment, river water, and river sediment, respectively. On the other hand, HBoV DNA was detected in 41.6% (5/12), 25% (3/12), 16.6% (2/12), 48.6% (35/72), 29% (7/24), 3/24 (12.5%), 4% (1/24) of untreated raw sewage, treated raw sewage, sewage sludge, drainage water, drain sediment, river water, and river sediment, respectively. This study provides data on the presence of these viruses in various types of water samples that are valuable to environmental risk assessment. In addition, the current study demonstrates the importance of environmental monitoring as an additional tool to investigate the epidemiology of AiV and HBoV circulating in a given community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed N F Shaheen
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Al-Buhouth Street, 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt E-mail:
| | - Sahar E Abd El-Daim
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Al-Buhouth Street, 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt E-mail:
| | - Nehal I Ahmed
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Al-Buhouth Street, 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt E-mail:
| | - Elmahdy M Elmahdy
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Al-Buhouth Street, 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Teschovirus and other swine and human enteric viruses in Brazilian watersheds impacted by swine husbandry. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 51:711-717. [PMID: 31784949 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00197-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several emerging viral agents related to gastroenteritis are distributed in human and animal populations and may contaminate the environment due to anthropic activities. The objective of this study was to analyze the seasonal contamination by enteric virus and coliforms in water from streams in the Vale do Taquari, draining a large number of pig farms. Microbiological contamination was evidenced by the detection of total and thermotolerant coliforms, reaching their peak in December. Hepatitis E virus (HEV), Enterovirus-G (EV-G) genome, and Sapelovirus-A (SV-A) genome were not detected. On the other hand, Rotavirus (RV) was detected in 3% (1/32) of the samples, whereas Teschovirus-A (PTV) was detected in 6% (2/32). This is the first detection of PTV in environmental samples in Brazil, pointing that the virus is being shedded from swine herds to watersheds. Human mastadenovirus (HAdV) was the most frequent detected viral agent in 9.3% (3/32) with values of 2.54 × 105, 7.13 × 104, and 3.09 × 105 genome copies/liter (gc/L). The circulation of coliforms and viral pathogens is noticeable due to anthropic activities and to the management of animal waste from the pig farming. In this way, enteric viruses can assist in monitoring the quality of watersheds and in tracking sources of contamination.
Collapse
|
34
|
Boehm AB, Silverman AI, Schriewer A, Goodwin K. Systematic review and meta-analysis of decay rates of waterborne mammalian viruses and coliphages in surface waters. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 164:114898. [PMID: 31404902 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Surface waters are essential natural resources. They are also receiving waters for a variety of anthropogenic waste streams that carry a myriad of pollutants including pathogens. Watershed and fate and transport models can help inform the spatial and temporal extent of microbial pollution from point and non-point sources and thus provide useful information for managing surface waters. Viruses are particularly important water-related pathogens because they often have a low infectious dose, which means that ingestion of even a small volume of water containing a low concentration of virions has the potential to cause disease. We conducted a systematic review of the literature, following best practices, to gather decay rate constants (k) of mammalian waterborne viruses (enteroviruses, adenoviruses, noroviruses, astroviruses, rotaviruses, and hepatitis A viruses) and coliphages in raw surface waters to aid in the parameterization of virus fate and transport models. We identified 562 k values from the literature, with the largest number identified for enteroviruses and coliphages and the smallest for astrovirus, hepatitis A virus, and norovirus. Average k values for each virus varied from 0.07 to 0.9 per day, in order from smallest to largest: Norwalk virus (i.e., noroviruses) < Human astrovirus < Mastadenovirus (i.e., adenoviruses) < Hepatovirus A (i.e., hepatitis A viruses) < Rotavirus A < coliphages < Enterovirus. A meta-analysis investigated how k varied among viruses for experiments conducted with different virus serotypes or species at different temperatures, salinities, and sunlight exposures, and for experiments that enumerated viruses using different methodologies. Virus species or serotype did not affect k among decay experiments. k values were generally larger for experiments conducted at higher temperatures, in sunlight, and in estuarine waters, and enumerated using culture methods. k values were statistically different between virus types with Norwalk virus, Hepatovirus A, and Mastadenovirus having smaller k values than other viruses, controlling for experimental condition and enumeration method. While F+ coliphage k values were similar to those of Enterovirus, Human astrovirus, and Rotavirus A, they were different from those of the other mammalian viruses. This compilation of coliphage and mammalian virus k values provides essential information for researchers and risk assessors who model virus fate and transport in surface waters and identifies avenues for future research to fill knowledge gaps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria B Boehm
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Andrea I Silverman
- Department of Civil and Urban Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA; College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, 10012, USA
| | - Alexander Schriewer
- Weston Solutions, Inc., 5817 Dryden Place Suite 101, Carlsbad, CA, 92008, USA
| | - Kelly Goodwin
- Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (stationed at NOAA/NMFS/SWFSC, La Jolla, CA), Miami, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhou S, Yang D, Xu Q, Yang Z, Jin M, Yin J, Wang H, Zhou K, Wang L, Li J, Shen Z. Presence of bacteroidales as a predicator of human enteric viruses in Haihe River of Tianjin City, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:8169-8181. [PMID: 30689108 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04217-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Traditional microbe indicators including total bacteria, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, and F+ coliphage are all frequently used to characterize the microbial contamination state of water bodies for their correlation with pathogenic bacteria. However, these indicators have a poor relationship with viruses, which pose serious threat to economic and human health. Alternative indicators such as bacteroidales may be suitable complementary alternatives to traditional microbe indicators and are being increasingly reported. In the present study, water was analyzed for selected sites along Haihe River in Tianjin for traditional indicators, an alternative indicator (bacteroidales), pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella, Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus), viruses (enteric adenovirus, norovirus, enterovirus, poliovirus and rotavirus), and physicochemical parameters. Results indicated that traditional microbe indicators detected in this study showed good correlation with pathogenic bacteria, and the alternative indicator (bacteroidales) had a surprisingly good relationship with viral presence. We propose that bacteroidales might be a suitable complementary indicator for viral contamination in water bodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing Zhou
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Qunying Xu
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhongwei Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Min Jin
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Jing Yin
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Huaran Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lianqi Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Junwen Li
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhu X, Dsikowitzky L, Kucher S, Ricking M, Schwarzbauer J. Formation and Fate of Point-Source Nonextractable DDT-Related Compounds on Their Environmental Aquatic-Terrestrial Pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:1305-1314. [PMID: 30608655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nonextractable residues (NER) are pollutants incorporated into the matrix of natural solid matter via different binding mechanisms. They can become bioavailable or remobilize during physical-chemical changes of the surrounding conditions and should thus not be neglected in environmental risk assessment. Sediments, soils, and groundwater sludge contaminated with DDXs (DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; and its metabolites) were treated with solvent extraction, sequential chemical degradation, and thermochemolysis to study the fate of NER-DDX along different environmental aquatic-terrestrial pathways. The results showed that DDT and its first degradation products, DDD (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane) and DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene), were dominant in the free extractable fraction, whereas DDM (dichlorodiphenylmethane), DBP (dichlorobenzophenone), and DDA (dichlorodiphenylacetic acid) were observed primarily after chemical degradation. The detection of DDA, DDMUBr (bis( p-chlorophenyl)-bromoethylene), DDPU (bis( p-chlorophenyl)-propene) and DDPS (bis( p-chlorophenyl)-propane) after chemical treatments evidenced the covalent bindings between these DDXs and the organic matrix. The identified NER-DDXs were categorized into three groups according to the three-step degradation process of DDT. Their distribution along the different pathways demonstrated significant specificity. Based on the obtained results, a conceptual model of the fate of NER-DDXs on their different environmental aquatic-terrestrial pathways is proposed. This model provides basic knowledge for risk assessment and remediation of both extractable and nonextractable DDT-related contaminations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Zhu
- Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal , RWTH Aachen University , Lochnerstr. 4-20 , 52064 Aachen , Germany
| | - Larissa Dsikowitzky
- Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal , RWTH Aachen University , Lochnerstr. 4-20 , 52064 Aachen , Germany
| | - Sebastian Kucher
- Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal , RWTH Aachen University , Lochnerstr. 4-20 , 52064 Aachen , Germany
| | - Mathias Ricking
- Department of Earth Sciences , Freie Universitäte Berlin , Malteser Str. 74-100 , 12249 Berlin , Germany
| | - Jan Schwarzbauer
- Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal , RWTH Aachen University , Lochnerstr. 4-20 , 52064 Aachen , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Miao J, Guo X, Liu W, Yang D, Shen Z, Qiu Z, Chen X, Zhang K, Hu H, Yin J, Yang Z, Li J, Jin M. Total coliforms as an indicator of human enterovirus presence in surface water across Tianjin city, China. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:542. [PMID: 30382895 PMCID: PMC6211496 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3438-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric viruses in surface water pose considerable risk to morbidity in populations living around water catchments and promote outbreaks of waterborne diseases. However, due to poor understanding of the correlation between water quality and the presence of human enteric viruses, the failure to assess viral contamination through alternative viral indicators makes it difficult to control disease transmission. METHODS We investigated the occurrence of Enteroviruses (EnVs), Rotaviruses (HRVs), Astroviruses (AstVs), Noroviruses GII (HuNoVs GII) and Adenoviruses (HAdVs) from Jinhe River over 4 years and analyzed their correlation with physicochemical and bacterial parameters in water samples. RESULTS The findings showed that all target viruses were detected in water at frequencies of 91.7% for HAdVs, 81.3% for HuNoVs GII, 79.2% for EnVs and AstVs, and 70.8% for HRVs. These viruses had a seasonal pattern, which showed that EnVs were abundant in summer but rare in winter, while HAdVs, HRVs, AstVs, and HuNoVs GII exhibited opposite seasonal trends. Pearson correlation analysis showed that total coliforms (TC) was significantly positively correlated with EnVs concentrations while no consistent significant correlations were observed between bacterial indices and viruses that precipitate acute gastroenteritis. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the findings provide insights into alternative viral indicators, suggesting that TC is a potentially promising candidate for assessment of EnVs contamination. However, it failed to predict the presence of HAdVs, HRVs, AstVs, and HuNoVs GΙΙ in surface water across the city of Tianjin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Miao
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medcine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Xuan Guo
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medcine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050 China
- Research Institution of Chemical Defense, Beijing, 102205 China
| | - Weili Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medcine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Dong Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medcine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medcine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Zhigang Qiu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medcine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medcine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Kunming Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medcine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Hui Hu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medcine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Jing Yin
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medcine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Zhongwei Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medcine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Junwen Li
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medcine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Min Jin
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medcine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050 China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gamazo P, Victoria M, Schijven JF, Alvareda E, Tort LFL, Ramos J, Burutaran L, Olivera M, Lizasoain A, Sapriza G, Castells M, Colina R. Evaluation of Bacterial Contamination as an Indicator of Viral Contamination in a Sedimentary Aquifer in Uruguay. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2018; 10:305-315. [PMID: 29564721 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In Uruguay, groundwater is frequently used for agricultural activities, as well as for human consumption in urban and rural areas. As in many countries worldwide, drinking water microbiological quality is evaluated only according to bacteriological standards and virological analyses are not mentioned in the legislation. In this work, the incidence of human viral (Rotavirus A, Norovirus GII, and human Adenovirus) and bacterial (total and thermotolerant coliform and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) contamination in groundwater in the Salto district, Uruguay, as well as the possible correlation between these groups of microorganisms, was studied. From a total of 134 groundwater samples, 42 (32.1%) were positive for Rotavirus, only 1 (0.7%) for both Rotavirus and Adenovirus, and 96 (72.6%) samples were positive for bacterial indicators. Results also show that Rotavirus presence was not associated with changes in chemical composition of the aquifer water. Bacteriological indicators were not adequate to predict the presence of viruses in individual groundwater samples (well scale), but a deeper spatial-temporal analysis showed that they are promising candidates to assess the viral contamination degree at aquifer scale, since from the number of wells with bacterial contamination the number of wells with viral contamination could be estimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Gamazo
- Departamento del Agua (Water Department), CENUR LN (North Littoral Regional University Center), Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, Salto, CP: 50.000, Uruguay
| | - M Victoria
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, (Molecular Virology Laboratory), CENUR LN (North Littoral Regional University Center), Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, Salto, CP: 50.000, Uruguay
| | - J F Schijven
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, P.O. Box 80021, 3508 TA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Statistics, Informatics and Modelling, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - E Alvareda
- Departamento del Agua (Water Department), CENUR LN (North Littoral Regional University Center), Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, Salto, CP: 50.000, Uruguay
| | - L F L Tort
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, (Molecular Virology Laboratory), CENUR LN (North Littoral Regional University Center), Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, Salto, CP: 50.000, Uruguay
| | - J Ramos
- Departamento del Agua (Water Department), CENUR LN (North Littoral Regional University Center), Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, Salto, CP: 50.000, Uruguay
| | - L Burutaran
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, (Molecular Virology Laboratory), CENUR LN (North Littoral Regional University Center), Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, Salto, CP: 50.000, Uruguay
| | - M Olivera
- Departamento del Agua (Water Department), CENUR LN (North Littoral Regional University Center), Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, Salto, CP: 50.000, Uruguay
| | - A Lizasoain
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, (Molecular Virology Laboratory), CENUR LN (North Littoral Regional University Center), Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, Salto, CP: 50.000, Uruguay
| | - G Sapriza
- Departamento del Agua (Water Department), CENUR LN (North Littoral Regional University Center), Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, Salto, CP: 50.000, Uruguay
| | - M Castells
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, (Molecular Virology Laboratory), CENUR LN (North Littoral Regional University Center), Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, Salto, CP: 50.000, Uruguay
| | - R Colina
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, (Molecular Virology Laboratory), CENUR LN (North Littoral Regional University Center), Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, Salto, CP: 50.000, Uruguay.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Microcosm environment models for studying the stability of adenovirus and murine norovirus in water and sediment. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:734-741. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
40
|
Kraay ANM, Brouwer AF, Lin N, Collender PA, Remais JV, Eisenberg JNS. Modeling environmentally mediated rotavirus transmission: The role of temperature and hydrologic factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E2782-E2790. [PMID: 29496960 PMCID: PMC5866583 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1719579115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is considered a directly transmitted disease due to its high infectivity. Environmental pathways have, therefore, largely been ignored. Rotavirus, however, persists in water sources, and both its surface water concentrations and infection incidence vary with temperature. Here, we examine the potential for waterborne rotavirus transmission. We use a mechanistic model that incorporates both direct and waterborne transmission pathways, coupled with a hydrological model, and we simulate rotavirus transmission between two communities with interconnected water sources. To parameterize temperature dependency, we estimated temperature-dependent decay rates in water through a meta-analysis. Our meta-analysis suggests that rotavirus decay rates are positively associated with temperature (n = 39, P [Formula: see text] 0.001). This association is stronger at higher temperatures (over 20 °C), consistent with tropical climate conditions. Our model analysis demonstrates that water could disseminate rotavirus between the two communities for all modeled temperatures. While direct transmission was important for disease amplification within communities, waterborne transmission could also amplify transmission. In standing-water systems, the modeled increase in decay led to decreased disease, with every 1 °C increase in temperature leading to up to a 2.4% decrease in incidence. These effect sizes are consistent with prior meta-analyses, suggesting that environmental transmission through water sources may partially explain the observed associations between temperature and rotavirus incidence. Waterborne rotavirus transmission is likely most important in cooler seasons and in communities that use slow-moving or stagnant water sources. Even when indirect transmission through water cannot sustain outbreaks, it can seed outbreaks that are maintained by high direct transmission rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia N M Kraay
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104
| | - Andrew F Brouwer
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Nan Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Philip A Collender
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Justin V Remais
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Oristo S, Lee HJ, Maunula L. Performance of pre-RT-qPCR treatments to discriminate infectious human rotaviruses and noroviruses from heat-inactivated viruses: applications of PMA/PMAxx, benzonase and RNase. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124:1008-1016. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Oristo
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - H.-J. Lee
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - L. Maunula
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
El-Senousy WM, Abou-Elela SI. Assessment and Evaluation of an Integrated Hybrid Anaerobic-Aerobic Sewage Treatment System for the Removal of Enteric Viruses. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:287-303. [PMID: 28197973 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The capability of a cost-effective and a small size decentralized pilot wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) to remove enteric viruses such as rotavirus, norovirus genogroup I (GGI), norovirus genogroup II (GGII), Hepatitis E virus (HEV), and adenovirus was studied. This pilot plant is an integrated hybrid anaerobic/aerobic setup which consisted of anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), biological aerated filter (BAF), and inclined plate settler (IPS). Both the UASB and BAF are packed with a non-woven polyester fabric (NWPF). Results indicated that the overall log10 reductions of enteric viruses' genome copies through the whole system were 3.1 ± 1, 3.3 ± 0.5, and 2.6 ± 0.9 log10 for rotavirus, norovirus GGI, and adenovirus, respectively. Reduction efficiency for both norovirus GGII and HEV after the different treatment steps could not be calculated because there were no significant numbers of positive samples for both viruses. The overall reduction of rotavirus infectious units through the whole system was 2.2 ± 0.8 log10 reduction which is very close to the overall log10 reduction of adenovirus infectious units through the whole system which was 2.1 ± 0.8 log10 reduction. There was no considerable difference in the removal efficiency for different rotavirus G and P types. Adenovirus 41 was the only type detected in the all positive samples. Although the pilot WWTP investigated is cost effective, has a small footprint, does not need a long distance network pipes, and easy to operate, its efficiency to remove enteric viruses is comparable with the conventional centralized WWTPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waled Morsy El-Senousy
- Environmental Virology Lab., Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Buhouth st., Dokki, Giza, P.O. 12622, Egypt.
| | - Sohair Imam Abou-Elela
- Wastewater Treatment Lab., Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Buhouth st., Dokki, Giza, P.O. 12622, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Long term stability and infectivity of herpesviruses in water. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46559. [PMID: 28429732 PMCID: PMC5399353 DOI: 10.1038/srep46559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For viruses to utilize environmental vectors (hard surfaces, soil, water) for transmission, physical and chemical stability is a prerequisite. There are many factors including pH, salinity, temperature, and turbidity that are known to contribute to the ability of viruses to persist in water. Equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1) is a pathogenic alphaherpesvirus associated with domestic horses and wild equids. EHV-1 and recombinants of EHV-1 and EHV-9 are able to cause infections in non-equid animal species, particularly in captive settings. Many of the captive non-equid mammals are not naturally sympatric with equids and do not share enclosures, however, in many cases water sources may overlap. Similarly, in the wild, equids encounter many species at waterholes in times of seasonal drought. Therefore, we hypothesized that EHV-1 is stable in water and that water may act as a vector for EHV-1. In order to establish the conditions promoting or hindering EHV-1 longevity, infectivity and genomic stability in water; we exposed EHV-1 to varied water environments (pH, salinity, temperature, and turbidity) in controlled experiments over 21 days. The presence and infectivity of the virus was confirmed by both qPCR and cell culture experiments. Our results show that EHV-1 remains stable and infectious under many conditions in water for up to three weeks.
Collapse
|
44
|
Quantitative reverse transcription PCR to determine the inactivation of Human Rotavirus by chlorine. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:719-725. [PMID: 28292642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human rotaviruses (HRVs) are the major cause of acute diarrhea in infants and young children. Here, a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay targeting the rotaviral VP4 gene (VP4-RT-qPCR) was established to evaluate the inactivation of HRV upon chlorine disinfection, based on a previous report that damage to the 1227-2354bp region of the VP4 gene was associated with eliminated HRV infectivity by chlorine. In this study, inactivation of HRV by 0.6mg/L free chlorine was assessed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.2), and tap and river water samples, using both TCID50 and RT-qPCR (VP2- and VP4-RT-qPCR) assays, respectively. Among the samples tested, the VP2-RT-qPCR method did not show significant inactivation after chlorine disinfection; however, the reduction in VP4-RT-qPCR signal was correlated with decreased HRV infectivity. Moreover, the higher sensitivity of the VP4-RT-qPCR assay allowed for assessment of chlorine HRV inactivation at longer exposure times compared with the conventional TCID50 assay. Collectively, these results indicated that the VP4-RT-qPCR assay is a rapid, sensitive, and reliable tool to detect infectious HRV following chlorine inactivation, and highlights the potential for further development of qPCR/RT-qPCR assays to provide information regarding viral infectivity from drinking water plants.
Collapse
|
45
|
Blaschke AP, Derx J, Zessner M, Kirnbauer R, Kavka G, Strelec H, Farnleitner AH, Pang L. Setback distances between small biological wastewater treatment systems and drinking water wells against virus contamination in alluvial aquifers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:278-289. [PMID: 27570196 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of groundwater by pathogenic viruses from small biological wastewater treatment system discharges in remote areas is a major concern. To protect drinking water wells against virus contamination, safe setback distances are required between wastewater disposal fields and water supply wells. In this study, setback distances are calculated for alluvial sand and gravel aquifers for different vadose zone and aquifer thicknesses and horizontal groundwater gradients. This study applies to individual households and small settlements (1-20 persons) in decentralized locations without access to receiving surface waters but with the legal obligation of biological wastewater treatment. The calculations are based on Monte Carlo simulations using an analytical model that couples vertical unsaturated and horizontal saturated flow with virus transport. Hydraulic conductivities and water retention curves were selected from reported distribution functions depending on the type of subsurface media. The enteric virus concentration in effluent discharge was calculated based on reported ranges of enteric virus concentration in faeces, virus infectivity, suspension factor, and virus reduction by mechanical-biological wastewater treatment. To meet the risk target of <10-4infections/person/year, a 12 log10 reduction was required, using a linear dose-response relationship for the total amount of enteric viruses, at very low exposure concentrations. The results of this study suggest that the horizontal setback distances vary widely ranging 39 to 144m in sand aquifers, 66-289m in gravel aquifers and 1-2.5km in coarse gravel aquifers. It also varies for the same aquifers, depending on the thickness of the vadose zones and the groundwater gradient. For vulnerable fast-flow alluvial aquifers like coarse gravels, the calculated setback distances were too large to achieve practically. Therefore, for this category of aquifer, a high level of treatment is recommended before the effluent is discharged to the ground surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A P Blaschke
- TU Wien, Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, E222/2, Karlsplatz 13, A-1040 Vienna, Austria; Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health (ICC Water & Health), www.waterandhealth.at; Centre for Water Resource Systems, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.
| | - J Derx
- TU Wien, Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, E222/2, Karlsplatz 13, A-1040 Vienna, Austria; Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health (ICC Water & Health), www.waterandhealth.at; Centre for Water Resource Systems, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.
| | - M Zessner
- Centre for Water Resource Systems, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Water Quality, Resources and Waste Management, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - G Kavka
- Austrian Federal Agency for Water Management, Petzenkirchen, Austria
| | - H Strelec
- TU Wien, Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, E222/2, Karlsplatz 13, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - A H Farnleitner
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health (ICC Water & Health), www.waterandhealth.at; Centre for Water Resource Systems, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria; TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Technology, Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Diagnostics, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - L Pang
- Institute of Environmental Science & Research Ltd., P.O. Box 29181, Christchurch, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kaas L, Gourinat AC, Urbès F, Langlet J. A 1-Year Study on the Detection of Human Enteric Viruses in New Caledonia. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2016; 8:46-56. [PMID: 26670603 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-015-9224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Human enteric viruses occur in high concentrations in wastewater and can contaminate receiving environmental waters. Due to the lack of data on the prevalence of enteric viruses in New Caledonia, the presence and the concentrations of enteric viruses in wastewater and seawater were determined. Untreated wastewater and seawater samples were collected monthly for 1 year from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and from the WWTP's outlet, located directly on a popular recreational beach. Samples were tested for norovirus genogroups I and II (NoV GI and GII), astroviruses (AsV), sapoviruses (SaV), enteroviruses (EV), hepatitis A viruses (HAV), rotaviruses (RoV), human adenoviruses (HAdV) and human polyomaviruses (HPyV). To support these data, faecal samples from cases of gastroenteritis were tested for the first time for NoV and detected in the population. NoV GI, NoV GII, EV, SaV, HAdV and HPyV were detected in all wastewaters, RoV in 75% and AsV in 67%. HAV were not detected in wastewater. Overall, 92% of seawater samples were positive for at least one virus. HPyV were detected most frequently in 92% of samples and at concentrations up to 7.7 × 10(3) genome copies/L. NoV GI, NoV GII, EV, SaV, RoV and HAdV were found in 33, 66, 41, 33, 16 and 66% of seawater samples, respectively. AsV were not detected in seawater. This study reports for the first time the presence of NoV and other enteric viruses in New Caledonia and highlights the year-round presence of enteric viruses in the seawater of a popular beach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Kaas
- Environmental and Food Virology Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science & Research Ltd. (ESR), Kenepuru Science Centre, PO Box 50-348, Porirua, 5240, New Zealand
| | | | - Florence Urbès
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Jérémie Langlet
- Environmental and Food Virology Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science & Research Ltd. (ESR), Kenepuru Science Centre, PO Box 50-348, Porirua, 5240, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Moresco V, Damazo N, Barardi C. Rotavirus vaccine stability in the aquatic environment. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:321-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Moresco
- Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada; Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia; Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis Santa Catarina State Brazil
| | - N.A. Damazo
- Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada; Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia; Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis Santa Catarina State Brazil
| | - C.R.M. Barardi
- Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada; Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia; Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis Santa Catarina State Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Arthur SE, Gibson KE. Environmental persistence of Tulane virus - a surrogate for human norovirus. Can J Microbiol 2015; 62:449-54. [PMID: 26825139 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. The persistence of HuNoV in the environment contributes significantly to its transmission to humans. Surrogate viruses are used to study HuNoV owing to the lack of a cell culture system for this virus. Here, the persistence of Tulane virus (TV) - a novel HuNoV surrogate - in surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) as well as on acrylic-based solid (ABS) and stainless steel (SS) surfaces was investigated. After 28 days, TV remained stable in SW (<1 log10 reduction) but was reduced by ≥3.5 to 4 log10 in GW by day 21. TV had a higher rate of reduction on SS compared with ABS, with corresponding D values of 18.5 ± 0.34 and 13.1 ± 0.36 days, respectively. This is the first study to demonstrate the persistence of TV in environmental waters and on fomite surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabastine Eugene Arthur
- University of Arkansas, Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.,University of Arkansas, Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
| | - Kristen Elizabeth Gibson
- University of Arkansas, Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.,University of Arkansas, Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Fongaro G, Padilha J, Schissi CD, Nascimento MA, Bampi GB, Viancelli A, Barardi CRM. Human and animal enteric virus in groundwater from deep wells, and recreational and network water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:20060-6. [PMID: 26300358 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to assess the presence of human adenovirus (HAdV), rotavirus-A (RVA), hepatitis A virus (HAV), and porcine circovirus-2 (PCV2) in groundwater from deep wells, and recreational and network waters. The water samples were collected and concentrated and the virus genomes were assessed and quantified by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Infectious HAdV was evaluated in groundwater and network water samples by integrated cell culture using transcribed messenger RNA (mRNA) (ICC-RT-qPCR). In recreational water samples, HAdV was detected in 100 % (6/6), HAV in 66.6 % (4/6), and RVA in 66.6 % (4/6). In network water, HAdV was detected in 100 % (6/6) of the samples (these 83 % contained infectious HAdV), although HAV and RVA were not detected and PCV2 was not evaluated. In groundwater from deep wells, during rainy period, HAdV and RVA were detected in 80 % (4/5) of the samples, and HAV and PCV2 were not detected; however, during dry period, HAdV and RVA were detected in 60 % (3/5), HAV in only one sample, and PCV2 in 60 % (4/5). In groundwater, all samples contained infectious HAdV. PCV2 presence in groundwater is indicative of contamination caused by swine manure in Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil. The disinfection of human and animal wastes is urgent, since they can contaminate surface and groundwater, being a potential threat for public and animal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gislaine Fongaro
- Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - J Padilha
- Laboratório de Análise Ambiental, Fundação Universidade do Contestado, Concórdia, SC, 89700-000, Brazil
| | - C D Schissi
- Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - M A Nascimento
- Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - G B Bampi
- Laboratório de Análise Ambiental, Fundação Universidade do Contestado, Concórdia, SC, 89700-000, Brazil
| | - A Viancelli
- Laboratório de Análise Ambiental, Fundação Universidade do Contestado, Concórdia, SC, 89700-000, Brazil
| | - C R M Barardi
- Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Tort LFL, Victoria M, Lizasoain A, García M, Berois M, Cristina J, Leite JPG, Gómez MM, Miagostovich MP, Colina R. Detection of Common, Emerging and Uncommon VP4, and VP7 Human Group A Rotavirus Genotypes from Urban Sewage Samples in Uruguay. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2015; 7:342-353. [PMID: 26267835 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-015-9213-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Environmental approach has proven to be a useful tool for epidemiological studies demonstrating through environmental studies the diversity of viruses circulating in a given population. The aim of this study was to perform a phylogenetic characterization of the group A rotavirus (RVA) glycoprotein (G)- and protease-sensitive (P)-genotypes obtained from sewage samples (n = 116) collected in six cities of Uruguay during March 2011 to April 2013. A worldwide standardized semi-nested multiplex RT-PCR (SNM RT-PCR) protocol directed against VP4 and VP7 genes were conducted for RVA detection and consensual DNA fragments were submitted to nucleotide sequencing. P and/or G genotype was successfully determined by phylogenetic analysis in 61% (n = 37) of the positive samples obtained by SNM RT-PCR (n = 61). The RVA genotypes were as follow: G1 (n = 2), G2 (n = 14), G3 (n = 5), G12 (n = 2), P[4] (n = 4), P[8] (n = 16), and P[3] (n = 2). Interestingly, through phylogenetic analysis, emerging, and uncommon human genotypes could be detected. Results obtained from the comparison of RVA genotypes detected in the current study and Uruguayan RVA strains previously described for contemporary clinical pediatric cases showed that monitoring sewage may be a good screening option for a rapid and economical overview of the circulating genotypes in the surrounding human population and a useful approximation to study RVA epidemiology in a future vaccine monitoring program. The present study represents the first report in Uruguay that describes the phylogenetic diversity of RVA from urban sewage samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando Lopez Tort
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Regional Norte - CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, 50000, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Matías Victoria
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Regional Norte - CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, 50000, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Andrés Lizasoain
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Regional Norte - CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, 50000, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Mariana García
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Regional Norte - CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, 50000, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Mabel Berois
- Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Cristina
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - José Paulo Gagliardi Leite
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Mariela Martínez Gómez
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Rodney Colina
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Regional Norte - CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, 50000, Salto, Uruguay.
| |
Collapse
|