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Khanzada AK, Al-Hazmi HE, Kurniawan TA, Majtacz J, Piechota G, Kumar G, Ezzati P, Saeb MR, Rabiee N, Karimi-Maleh H, Lima EC, Mąkinia J. Hydrochar as a bio-based adsorbent for heavy metals removal: A review of production processes, adsorption mechanisms, kinetic models, regeneration and reusability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:173972. [PMID: 38897477 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The spread of heavy metals throughout the ecosystem has extremely endangered human health, animals, plants, and natural resources. Hydrochar has emerged as a promising adsorbent for removal of heavy metals from water and wastewater. Hydrochar, obtained from hydrothermal carbonization of biomass, owns unique physical and chemical properties that are highly potent in capturing heavy metals via surface complexation, electrostatic interactions, and ion exchange mechanisms. This review focuses on removing heavy metals by hydrochar adsorbents from water bodies. The article discusses factors affecting the adsorption capacity of hydrochars, such as contact time, pH, initial metal concentration, temperature, and competing ions. Literature on optimization approaches such as surface modification, composite development, and hybrid systems are reviewed to enlighten mechanisms undertaking the efficiency of hydrochars in heavy metals removal from wastewater. The review also addresses challenges such as hydrochar regeneration and reusability, alongside potential issues related to its disposal and metal leaching. Integration with current water purification methods and the significance of ongoing research and initiatives promoting hydrochar-based technologies were also outlined. The article concludes that combining hydrochar with modern technologies such as nanotechnology and advanced oxidation techniques holds promise for improving heavy metal remediation. Overall, this comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights to guide future studies and foster the development of effective, affordable, and environmentally friendly heavy metal removal technologies to ensure the attainment of safer drinking water for communities worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Khan Khanzada
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdansk 80-233, Poland
| | - Hussein E Al-Hazmi
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdansk 80-233, Poland.
| | | | - Joanna Majtacz
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdansk 80-233, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Piechota
- GPCHEM, Laboratory of Biogas Research and Analysis, ul. Legionów 40a/3, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Box 8600 Forus 4036, Stavanger, Norway; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republicof Korea
| | - Peyman Ezzati
- ERA Co., Ltd, Science and Technology Center, P.O. Box: 318020, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, SIMATS, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Hassan Karimi-Maleh
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, P.O. Box 611731, Xiyuan Ave, Chengdu, China
| | - Eder Claudio Lima
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Jacek Mąkinia
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdansk 80-233, Poland
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Bhatt A, Sahu N, Dada AC, Kumar Prajapati S, Arora P. Assessing sustainability of microalgae-based wastewater treatment: Environmental considerations and impacts on human health. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120435. [PMID: 38402790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
An integrated life cycle assessment (LCA) and quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) were conducted to assess microalgae-mediated wastewater disinfection (M-WWD). M-WWD was achieved by replacing ultraviolet disinfection with a microalgal open raceway pond in an existing sewage treatment plant (STP) in India. Regarding impacts on human health, both M-WWD and STP yielded comparable life cycle impacts, around 0.01 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per person per year. However, QMRA impacts for M-WWD (0.053 DALYs per person per year) were slightly lower than that for STP while considering exposure to E. coli O157:H7 and adenovirus. Additionally, a comparative LCA resolved the dilemma about the appropriate utilization of microalgal biomass. Among biodiesel, biocrude, and biogas production, the lowest impacts of 0.015 DALYs per person per year were obtained for biocrude for 1 m3 water treated by M-WWD. Electricity consumption in microalgae cultivation was a major environmental hotspot. Overall, M-WWD, followed by production of microalgal biocrude, emerged as a sustainable alternative from environmental and public health perspectives. These findings set the foundation for pilot-scale M-WWD system development, testing, and economic evaluation. Such comprehensive investigations, encompassing LCA, QMRA, and resource recovery scenarios, offer crucial insights for stakeholders and decision-makers in wastewater treatment and environmental management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Bhatt
- Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nitin Sahu
- Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Sanjeev Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pratham Arora
- Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
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3
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Cutrupi F, Cadonna M, Postinghel M, Foladori P. SARS-CoV-2 removal in municipal wastewater treatment plants: Focus on conventional activated sludge, membrane bioreactor and anaerobic digestion. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167434. [PMID: 37774861 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the removal of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the various stages of a full-scale municipal WWTP characterised by two biological processes in parallel: (i) conventional activated sludge (CAS) and (ii) membrane bioreactor (MBR). The monitoring was carried out during the Omicron wave in 2022, a period characterised by a high concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in influent wastewater. The average concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in influent wastewater was 3.7 × 104 GU/L. In the primary sedimentation, the removal of SARS-CoV-2 was not appreciable. The largest log removal value of SARs-CoV-2 occurred in the biological stages, with 1.8 ± 0.9 and 2.2 ± 0.7 logs in CAS and MBR systems. The mean concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 in the CAS and MBR effluents were 6.8 × 102 GU/L and 6.4 × 102 GU/L, respectively. The MBR effluent showed more negative samples, because small particles are retained by membrane and cake layer. The analysis of the different types of sludge confirmed the accumulation of SARS-CoV-2 in primary (5.2 × 104 GU/L) and secondary sludge (3.5 × 104 GU/L), due to the affinity of enveloped viruses towards biosolids. A SARS-CoV-2 concentration in the digested sludge equal to 4.8 × 104 GU/L denotes a negligible reduction in the mesophilic anaerobic digester at temperature of 31-33 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cutrupi
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A) - University of Trento, via Edmund Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all' Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Maria Cadonna
- ADEP - Agenzia per la Depurazione, Autonomous Province of Trento, via Gilli, n. 3, 38121 Trento, Italy
| | - Mattia Postinghel
- ADEP - Agenzia per la Depurazione, Autonomous Province of Trento, via Gilli, n. 3, 38121 Trento, Italy
| | - Paola Foladori
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering (DICAM) - University of Trento, via Mesiano, n. 77, 38123 Trento, Italy.
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4
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Xue B, Guo X, Cao J, Yang S, Qiu Z, Wang J, Shen Z. The occurrence, ecological risk, and control of disinfection by-products from intensified wastewater disinfection during the COVID-19 pandemic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165602. [PMID: 37478942 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Increased disinfection of wastewater to preserve its microbiological quality during the coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have inevitably led to increased production of toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs). However, there is limited information on such DBPs (i.e., trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, nitrosamines, and haloacetonitriles). This review focused on the upsurge of chlorine-based disinfectants (such as chlorine, chloramine and chlorine dioxide) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the global response to COVID-19. The formation and distribution of DBPs in wastewater were then analyzed to understand the impacts of these large-scale usage of disinfectants in WWTPs. In addition, potential ecological risks associated with DBPs derived from wastewater disinfection and its receiving water bodies were summarized. Finally, various approaches for mitigating DBP levels in wastewater and suggestions for further research into the environmental risks of increased wastewater disinfection were provided. Overall, this study presented a comprehensive overview of the formation, distribution, potential ecological risks, and mitigating approaches of DBPs derived from wastewater disinfection that will facilitate appropriate wastewater disinfection techniques selection, potential ecological risk assessment, and removal approaches and regulations consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xue
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Xuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Academy of Military Science, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Jinrui Cao
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Shuran Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Zhigang Qiu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China.
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5
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Puri M, Gandhi K, Kumar MS. Emerging environmental contaminants: A global perspective on policies and regulations. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 332:117344. [PMID: 36736081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants include many synthetic or natural substances, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products, hormones, and flame retardants that are not often controlled or monitored in the environment. The consumption or use of these substances is on an ever-rising trend, which dangerously increases their prevalence in practically all environmental matrices. These contaminants are present in low environmental concentrations and cause severe effects on human health and the biota. The present review analyzed 2012-2022 years papers via PubChem, science direct, National Center for Biotechnology Information, web of science on the legislations and policies of emerging contaminants globally. A state-of-the-art review of several studies in the literature focus on examining and evaluating the emerging contaminants and the frameworks adopted by developed and developing countries to combat the release of emerging contaminants and form footprints towards water sustainability which includes water availability, usage patterns, generation and pollution management, the health of aquatic systems, and societal vulnerability. The paper aims to provide a comprehensive view of current global policies and framework regarding evaluating and assessing the chemicals, in light of being a threat to the environment and biota. The review also highlights the future global prospects, including current governmental activities and emerging contaminant policy measures. The review concludes with suggestions and way forward to control the inventory and disposal of emerging contaminants in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehak Puri
- Environmental Impact and Sustainability Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - Kavita Gandhi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Sophisticated Environmental Analytical Facility, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India.
| | - M Suresh Kumar
- Environmental Impact and Sustainability Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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6
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Quantitative Assessment of Microbial Pathogens and Indicators of Wastewater Treatment Performance for Safe and Sustainable Water Reuse in India. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0172022. [PMID: 36314905 PMCID: PMC9769927 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01720-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no data on the molecular quantification of microbial indicators of recycled water quality in India. In this study, multiple microbial pathogens and indicators of water quality were evaluated at three wastewater treatment plants located in two Indian cities (New Delhi and Jaipur) to determine the treatment performance and suitability of recycled water for safe and sustainable reuse applications. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the rapid evaluation of six human pathogens and six microbial indicators of fecal contamination. Among the microbial indicators, pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), F+RNA-GII bacteriophage, Bacteroides thetaiotamicron, and four human pathogens (Norovirus genogroups I & II, Giardia, and Campylobacter coli) were detected in all of the influent samples analyzed. This work suggests that the raw influents contain lower levels of noroviruses and adenoviruses and higher levels of Giardia compared to those reported from other geographic regions. Overall, the efficacy of the removal of microbial targets was over 93% in the final effluent samples, which is consistent with reports from across the world. PMMoV and Giardia were identified as the best microbial targets, from the microbial indicators spanning across bacteria, bacteriophages, DNA/RNA viruses, and protozoan parasites, by which to evaluate treatment performance and recycled water quality in Indian settings, as they were consistently present at high concentrations in untreated wastewater both within and across the sites. Also, they showed a strong correlation with other microbial agents in both the raw influent and in the final effluent. These findings provide valuable insights into the use of culture-independent molecular indicators that can be used to assess the microbial quality of recycled water in Indian settings. IMPORTANCE Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have rapidly increased in India during the last decade. Nonetheless, there are only a few labs in India that can perform culture-based screening for microbial quality. In the last 2 years of the pandemic, India has witnessed a sharp increase in molecular biology labs. Therefore, it is evident that culture-independent real-time PCR will be increasingly used for the assessment of microbial indicators/pathogens in wastewater, especially in resource-limited settings. There is no data available on the molecular quantitation of microbial indicators from India. There is an urgent need to understand and evaluate the performance of widely used microbial indicators via molecular quantitation in Indian WWTPs. Our findings lay the groundwork for the molecular quantitation of microbial indicators in WWTPs in India. We have screened for 12 microbial targets (indicators and human pathogens) and have identified pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) and Giardia as the best molecular microbiological indicators in Indian settings.
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7
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Wang R, Alamin M, Tsuji S, Hara-Yamamura H, Hata A, Zhao B, Ihara M, Honda R. Removal performance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater treatment by membrane bioreactor, anaerobic-anoxic-oxic, and conventional activated sludge processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158310. [PMID: 36030862 PMCID: PMC9411102 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The potential risk of SARS-CoV-2 in treated effluent from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is concerned since SARS-CoV-2 is contained in wastewater during the COVID-19 outbreak. However, the removal of SARS-CoV-2 in WWTP has not been well investigated. The objectives of this study were (i) to clarify the removal performance of SARS-CoV-2 during wastewater treatment, (ii) to compare the removal performance of different secondary treatment processes, and (iii) to evaluate applicability of pepper mild mottle of virus (PMMoV) as a performance indicator for the reduction of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater treatment. Influent wastewater, secondary-treatment effluent (before chlorination), and final effluent (after chlorination) samples were collected from a WWTP from May 28 to September 24, 2020, during the COVID-19 outbreak in Japan. The target WWTP had three parallel treatment systems employing conventional activated sludge (CAS), anaerobic-anoxic -oxic (A2O), and membrane bioreactor (MBR) processes. SARS-CoV-2 in both the liquid and solid fractions of the influent wastewater was concentrated and quantified using RT-qPCR. SARS-CoV-2 in treated effluent was concentrated from 10 L samples to achieve a detection limit as low as 10 copies/L. The log reduction value (LRV) of SARS-CoV-2 was 2.7 ± 0.86 log10 in CAS, 1.6 ± 0.50 log10 in A2O, and 3.6 ± 0.62 log10 in MBR. The lowest LRV observed during the sampling period was 2.8 log10 in MBR, 1.2 log10 in CAS, and 1.0 log10 in A2O process, indicating that the MBR had the most stable reduction performance. PMMoV was found to be a good indicator virus to evaluate reduction performance of SARS-CoV-2 independent of the process configuration because the LRV of PMMoV was significantly lower than that of SARS-CoV-2 in the CAS, A2O and MBR processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxuan Wang
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Md Alamin
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shohei Tsuji
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroe Hara-Yamamura
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Akihiko Hata
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Japan
| | - Bo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, PR China; Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Masaru Ihara
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Otsu, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Ryo Honda
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Otsu, Japan.
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Gerrity D, Papp K, Pecson BM. Pathogen Peak "Averaging" in Potable Reuse Systems: Lessons Learned from Wastewater Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2. ACS ES&T WATER 2022; 2:1863-1870. [PMID: 37566355 PMCID: PMC8791031 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.1c00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This study describes wastewater concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 at seven different sampling locations in Southern Nevada (ranging from 4.2 to 8.7 log10 gc/L) and highlights several key variables affecting those concentrations, including COVID-19 incidence, sample type, and service area population. This information is important for implementing wastewater-based epidemiology, but it also provides insight relevant to the design and regulation of potable reuse systems. Specifically, smaller systems may be more prone to influent concentration spikes that can drive enteric pathogen risk during disease outbreaks. It may be possible to leverage reactor hydraulics to achieve peak "averaging" in these scenarios, although it then becomes important to consider how elevated risks at the lower percentiles potentially offset benefits at the upper percentiles. Informed by SARS-CoV-2 concentration dynamics, the current study simulated relative risk for a hypothetical enteric pathogen. Simulated reactor hydraulics (i.e., dispersion) increased pathogen concentrations by up to 2.6 logs at lower percentiles but also decreased concentrations by up to 1.1 logs at the upper percentiles that sometimes drive public health risk. Collectively, these data highlight the importance of considering outbreak conditions, pathogen spikes, and peak "averaging" in the design and operation of treatment systems and in the development of regulatory frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gerrity
- Applied Research and Development Center,
Southern Nevada Water Authority, Las Vegas, Nevada 89193,
United States
| | - Katerina Papp
- Applied Research and Development Center,
Southern Nevada Water Authority, Las Vegas, Nevada 89193,
United States
| | - Brian M. Pecson
- Trussell Technologies,
Inc., Oakland, California 94612, United States
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9
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Mousazadeh M, Kabdaşlı I, Khademi S, Sandoval MA, Moussavi SP, Malekdar F, Gilhotra V, Hashemi M, Dehghani MH. A critical review on the existing wastewater treatment methods in the COVID-19 era: What is the potential of advanced oxidation processes in combatting viral especially SARS-CoV-2? JOURNAL OF WATER PROCESS ENGINEERING 2022; 49:103077. [PMID: 35990175 PMCID: PMC9381433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 epidemic has put the risk of virus contamination in water bodies on the horizon of health authorities. Hence, finding effective ways to remove the virus, especially SARS-CoV-2, from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has emerged as a hot issue in the last few years. Herein, this study first deals with the fate of SARS-CoV-2 genetic material in WWTPs, then critically reviews and compares different wastewater treatment methods for combatting COVID-19 as well as to increase the water quality. This critical review sheds light the efficiency of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to inactivate virus, specially SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Although several physicochemical treatment processes (e.g. activated sludge) are commonly used to eliminate pathogens, AOPs are the most versatile and effective virus inactivation methods. For instance, TiO2 is the most known and widely studied photo-catalyst innocuously utilized to degrade pollutants as well as to photo-induce bacterial and virus disinfection due to its high chemical resistance and efficient photo-activity. When ozone is dissolved in water and wastewater, it generates a wide spectrum of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are responsible to degrade materials in virus membranes resulting in destroying the cell wall. Furthermore, electrochemical advanced oxidation processes act through direct oxidation when pathogens react at the anode surface or by indirect oxidation through oxidizing species produced in the bulk solution. Consequently, they represent a feasible choice for the inactivation of a wide range of pathogens. Nonetheless, there are some challenges with AOPs which should be addressed for application at industrial-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Mousazadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Işık Kabdaşlı
- İstanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Ayazağa Campus, 34469 Maslak, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sara Khademi
- Health, Safety, and Environment Specialist, North Drilling Company, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Miguel Angel Sandoval
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile USACH, Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Laboratorio de Electroquímica Medio Ambiental, LEQMA, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago, Chile
- Universidad de Guanajuato, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Noria Alta S/N, 36050, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Fatemeh Malekdar
- Department of Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine Production, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - Vishakha Gilhotra
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Marjan Hashemi
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Dehghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Institute for Environmental Research, Center for Solid Waste Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Review of Method and a New Tool for Decline and Inactive SARS-CoV-2 in Wastewater Treatment. CLEANER CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [PMCID: PMC9213033 DOI: 10.1016/j.clce.2022.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Following the recent outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, monitoring sewage has become crucial, according to reports that the virus was detected in sewage. Currently, various methods are discussed for understanding the SARS-CoV-2 using wastewater surveillance. This paper first introduces the fundamental knowledge of primary, secondary, and tertiary water treatment on SARS-CoV-2. Next, a thorough overview is presented to summarize the recent developments and breakthroughs in removing SARS-CoV-2 using solar water disinfection (SODIS) and UV (UVA (315–400 nm), UVB (280-315 nm), and UVC (100–280 nm)) process. In addition, Due to the fact that the distilled water can be exposed to sunlight if there is no heating source, it can be disinfected using solar water disinfection (SODIS). SODIS, on the other hand, is a well-known method of reducing pathogens in contaminated water; moreover, UVC can inactivate SARS-CoV-2 when the wavelength is between 100 to 280 nanometers. High temperatures (more than 56°C) and UVC are essential for eliminating SARS-CoV-2; however, the SODIS systems use UVA and work at lower temperatures (less than45°C). Therefore, using SODIS methods for wastewater treatment (or providing drinking water) is not appropriate during a situation like the ongoing pandemic. Finally, a wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) tracking tool for SARS-CoV-2 can be used to detect its presence in wastewater.
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11
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Lanrewaju AA, Enitan-Folami AM, Sabiu S, Edokpayi JN, Swalaha FM. Global public health implications of human exposure to viral contaminated water. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:981896. [PMID: 36110296 PMCID: PMC9468673 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.981896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric viruses are common waterborne pathogens found in environmental water bodies contaminated with either raw or partially treated sewage discharge. Examples of these viruses include adenovirus, rotavirus, noroviruses, and other caliciviruses and enteroviruses like coxsackievirus and polioviruses. They have been linked with gastroenteritis, while some enteric viruses have also been implicated in more severe infections such as encephalitis, meningitis, hepatitis (hepatitis A and E viruses), cancer (polyomavirus), and myocarditis (enteroviruses). Therefore, this review presents information on the occurrence of enteric viruses of public health importance, diseases associated with human exposure to enteric viruses, assessment of their presence in contaminated water, and their removal in water and wastewater sources. In order to prevent illnesses associated with human exposure to viral contaminated water, we suggest the regular viral monitoring of treated wastewater before discharging it into the environment. Furthermore, we highlight the need for more research to focus on the development of more holistic disinfection methods that will inactivate waterborne viruses in municipal wastewater discharges, as this is highly needed to curtail the public health effects of human exposure to contaminated water. Moreover, such a method must be devoid of disinfection by-products that have mutagenic and carcinogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abimbola Motunrayo Enitan-Folami
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Abimbola Motunrayo Enitan-Folami,
| | - Saheed Sabiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Joshua Nosa Edokpayi
- Water and Environmental Management Research Group, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Feroz Mahomed Swalaha
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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12
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Bilal M, Rizwan K, Adeel M, Barceló D, Awad YA, Iqbal HMN. Robust strategies to eliminate endocrine disruptive estrogens in water resources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 306:119373. [PMID: 35500715 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence and ubiquitous distribution of estrogens, i.e., estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3) in our water matrices, is an issue of global concern. Public and regulatory authorities are concerned and placing joint efforts to eliminate estrogens and related environmentally hazardous compounds, due to their toxic influences on the environmental matrices, ecology, and human health, even at low concentrations. However, most of the available literature is focused on the occurrence of estrogens in different water environments with limited treatment options. Thus, a detailed review to fully cover the several treatment processes is needed. This review comprehensively and comparatively discusses many physical, chemical, and biological-based treatments to eliminate natural estrogens, i.e., estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3) and related synthetic estrogens, e.g., 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and other related hazardous compounds. The covered techniques include adsorption, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, ultrasonication, photocatalysis of estrogenic compounds, Fenton, Fenton-like and photo-Fenton degradation of estrogenic compounds, electro-Fenton degradation of estrogenic compounds, ozonation, and biological methods for the removal of estrogenic compounds are thoroughly discussed with suitable examples. The studies revealed that treatment plants based on chemical and biological approaches are cost-friendly for removing estrogenic pollutants. Further, there is a need to properly monitor and disposal of the usage of estrogenic drugs in humans and animals. Additional studies are required to explore a robust and more advanced oxidation treatment strategy that can contribute effectively to industrial-scale applications. This review may assist future investigations, monitoring, and removing estrogenic compounds from various environmental matrices. In concluding remarks, a way forward and future perspectives focusing on bridging knowledge gaps in estrogenic compounds removal are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, China
| | - Komal Rizwan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, 57000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adeel
- Faculty of Applied Engineering, iPRACS, University of Antwerp, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, c/Emili Grahit, 101, Edifici H(2)O, 17003, Girona, Spain; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, India
| | - Youssef Ahmed Awad
- Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico.
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13
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Sabar MA, Honda R, Haramoto E. CrAssphage as an indicator of human-fecal contamination in water environment and virus reduction in wastewater treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 221:118827. [PMID: 35820313 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Viral indicators of human-fecal contamination in wastewaters and environmental waters have been getting much attention in the past decade. Cross-assembly phage (crAssphage) is the most abundant DNA virus in human feces. Recently, the usefulness of crAssphage as a microbial source tracking and water quality monitoring tool for human-fecal contamination has been highlighted. Here, we conducted a comprehensive review on crAssphage in water, focusing on detection methodology, concentration range in various waters and wastewaters, specificity to human-fecal contamination, and reduction in wastewater treatment systems. This review highlights that crAssphage is globally distributed in wastewaters and various fecal-contaminated water bodies at high concentrations without seasonal fluctuations. CrAssphage is highly specific to human-fecal contamination and is rarely found in animal feces. It also has a good potential as a performance indicator to ensure virus reduction in wastewater treatment systems. Accordingly, crAssphage could be an effective tool for monitoring of human-fecal contamination and potential presence of fecal pathogenic microbes in environmental waters. Bridging the research gaps highlighted in this review would make crAssphage a powerful tool to support the control of water-related health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryo Honda
- Faculty of Geoscience and Civil Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Eiji Haramoto
- Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Japan
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14
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Li J, Liu J, Yu H, Zhao W, Xia X, You S, Zhang J, Tong H, Wei L. Sources, fates and treatment strategies of typical viruses in urban sewage collection/treatment systems: A review. DESALINATION 2022; 534:115798. [PMID: 35498908 PMCID: PMC9033450 DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2022.115798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) throughout the world has severely threatened the global economy and public health. Due to receiving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a wide variety of sources (e.g., households, hospitals, slaughterhouses), urban sewage treatment systems are regarded as an important path for the transmission of waterborne viruses. This review presents a quantitative profile of the concentration distribution of typical viruses within wastewater collection systems and evaluates the influence of different characteristics of sewer systems on virus species and concentration. Then, the efficiencies and mechanisms of virus removal in the units of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are summarized and compared, among which the inactivation efficiencies of typical viruses by typical disinfection approaches under varied operational conditions are elucidated. Subsequently, the occurrence and removal of viruses in treated effluent reuse and desalination, as well as that in sewage sludge treatment, are discussed. Potential dissemination of viruses is emphasized by occurrence via aerosolization from toilets, the collection system and WWTP aeration, which might have a vital role in the transmission and spread of viruses. Finally, the frequency and concentration of viruses in reclaimed water, the probability of infection are also reviewed for discussing the potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Weixin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xinhui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shijie You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hailong Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Liangliang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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15
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Wu B, Liu H, Liu Z, Zhang J, Zhai X, Zhu Y, Sano D, Wang X, Chen R. Interface behavior and removal mechanisms of human pathogenic viruses in anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR). WATER RESEARCH 2022; 219:118596. [PMID: 35598470 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Effective removal of human pathogenic viruses is an indispensable yet rarely studied aspect for sustainable treatment of domestic wastewater by anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR). In this study, the interface behaviors and removal mechanisms of norovirus genogroup I (GI), genogroup II (GII), and rotavirus A from domestic wastewater was systematically investigated in a one-stage AnMBR. On average, norovirus GI, GII and rotavirus were reduced by 4.64, 5.00, and 2.31 logs, respectively. Viruses tended to be transferred to larger-sized suspended solids from sewage influent to the mixed liquor, and the weight-specific concentration of the virus in >100 μm particles of the mixed liquor was significantly higher than that of sewage, indicating a particle scale-dependent affinity with the virus. In-series membrane filtration test showed the main contribution of the membrane retention, which was dominated by the bio-cake layer and the pristine membrane, while the membrane and associated pore foulants can retain viruses in a filtration resistance-efficient way. An unsteady-state mass balance model revealed that free viruses in the bulk liquid of AnMBR were minimally attached to the cake layer but mainly retained by the membrane and pore foulants (>99%). In addition, despite the small virus decay rates in the mixed liquor, the associated contribution increased with run time due to the prolonged sludge retention time. These insights into virus behaviors and removal mechanisms may provide novel regulation strategies for enhanced virus removal by AnMBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolei Wu
- Shaanxi Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Shaanxi Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Zhendong Liu
- Shaanxi Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Jinfan Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xuanyu Zhai
- Shaanxi Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Department of Frontier Sciences for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Xiaochang Wang
- Shaanxi Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China; International S&T Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Shaanxi Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China; International S&T Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, China.
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16
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Foladori P, Cutrupi F, Cadonna M, Manara S. Coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 in sewerage and their removal: Step by step in wastewater treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 207:112204. [PMID: 34656637 PMCID: PMC8516124 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The fate of Coronaviruses (CoVs) and in particular SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has not been completely understood yet, but an adequate knowledge on the removal performances in WWTPs could help to prevent waterborne transmission of the virus that is still under debate. CoVs and SARS-CoV-2 are discharged from faeces into the sewer network and reach WWTPs within a few hours. This review presents the fate of SARS-CoV-2 and other CoVs in the primary, secondary and tertiary treatments of WWTPs as well as in sludge treatments. The viral loads decrease progressively along with the treatments from 20 to 3.0E+06 GU/L (Genomic Units/L) in the influent wastewater to concentrations below 2.50E+05 GU/L after secondary biological treatments and finally to negative concentrations (below detection limit) in disinfected effluents. Reduction of CoVs is due to (i) natural decay under unfavourable conditions (solids, microorganisms, temperature) for relatively long hydraulic retention times and (ii) processes of sedimentation, filtration, predation, adsorption, disinfection. In primary and secondary settling, due to the hydrophobic properties, a partial accumulation of CoVs may occur in the separated sludge. In secondary treatment (i.e. activated sludge) CoVs and SARS-CoV-2 loads can be reduced only by about one logarithm (∼90%). To enhance this removal, tertiary treatment with ultrafiltration (Membrane Bioreactors) and chemical disinfection or UV light is needed. CoVs and SARS-CoV-2 in the sludge (1.2E+04-4.6E+08 GU/L) can be inactivated significantly in the thermophilic digestion (55 °C), while mesophilic temperatures (33-37 °C) are not efficient. Additional studies are required to investigate the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in WWTPs, especially in view of increasing interest in wastewater reclamation and reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Foladori
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering (DICAM) - University of Trento, via Mesiano, n. 77, 38123, Trento, Italy.
| | - Francesca Cutrupi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering (DICAM) - University of Trento, via Mesiano, n. 77, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Maria Cadonna
- ADEP - Agenzia per la Depurazione, Autonomous Province of Trento, via Gilli, n. 3, 38121, Trento, Italy
| | - Serena Manara
- Department of Cellular Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO) - University of Trento, via Sommarive, n. 9, 38123, Trento, Italy
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17
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Pecson BM, Darby E, Danielson R, Dearborn Y, Giovanni GD, Jakubowski W, Leddy M, Lukasik G, Mull B, Nelson KL, Olivieri A, Rock C, Slifko T. Distributions of waterborne pathogens in raw wastewater based on a 14-month, multi-site monitoring campaign. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 213:118170. [PMID: 35183914 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The California State Water Resources Control Board is the first regulatory body in the United States to develop statewide regulations for direct potable reuse (DPR). To support this effort, a pathogen monitoring campaign was undertaken to develop and implement an optimized standard operating protocol to better characterize the concentration of human pathogens in raw wastewater. Methods to detect relevant viral and protozoan pathogens in raw wastewater were optimized and implemented during a 14-month monitoring campaign. Over 120 samples were collected from five wastewater treatment plants treating a quarter of California's population. Samples were analyzed for two protozoa (Cryptosporidium and Giardia) using microscopy methods, three enteric viruses (enterovirus, adenovirus, and norovirus) using culture and/or molecular methods, and male-specific coliphage using culture methods. The method recovery efficiency was measured in every protozoa sample and every other virus sample to confirm minimum recovery efficiencies were achieved and to correct the concentrations for pathogen losses during sample processing. The results from this study provide the industry with a large, high-quality dataset as demonstrated by the high degree of method sensitivity, method recovery, and QA/QC steps. Such high-quality data on pathogen concentrations in raw wastewater are critical for confirming the level of treatment needed to reduce pathogen concentrations down to acceptable levels for potable water in DPR projects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - George Di Giovanni
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Menu Leddy
- Essential Environmental & Engineering Systems, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Kara L Nelson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Channah Rock
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - Theresa Slifko
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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18
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Prakruthi K, Ujwal MP, Yashas SR, Mahesh B, Kumara Swamy N, Shivaraju HP. Recent advances in photocatalytic remediation of emerging organic pollutants using semiconducting metal oxides: an overview. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:4930-4957. [PMID: 34797548 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17361-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many untreated and partly treated wastewater from the home and commercial resources is being discharged into the aquatic environment these days, which contains numerous unknown and complex natural and inorganic compounds. These compounds tend to persist, initiating severe environmental problems, which affect human health. Conventionally, physicochemical treatment methods were adopted to remove such complex organic chemicals, but they suffer from critical limitations. Over time, photocatalysis, an advanced oxidation process, has gained its position for its efficient and fair performance against emerging organic pollutant decontamination. Typically, photocatalysis is a green technology to decompose organics under UV/visible light at ambient conditions. Semiconducting nanometal oxides have emerged as pioneering photocatalysts because of large active surface sites, flexible oxidation states, various morphologies, and easy preparation. The current review presents an overview of emerging organic pollutants and their effects, advanced oxidation processes, photocatalytic mechanism, types of photocatalysts, photocatalyst support materials, and methods for improving photodegradation efficiency on the degradation of complex emerging organic pollutants. In addition, the recent reports of metal-oxide-driven photocatalytic remediation of emerging organic pollutants are presented in brief. This review is anticipated to reach a broader scientific community to understand the first principles of photocatalysis and review the recent advancements in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komargoud Prakruthi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, JSS Science and Technology University, Mysuru , 570006, India
| | | | - Shivamurthy Ravindra Yashas
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Science, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, 570015, India
| | - Basavaraju Mahesh
- Department of Chemistry, JSS Academy of Technical Education, Dr. Vishnuvardhan Road, Bengaluru, 560060, India
| | - Ningappa Kumara Swamy
- Department of Chemistry, JSS Science and Technology University, Mysuru, 570006, India.
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19
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Current advances in treatment technologies for removal of emerging contaminants from water – A critical review. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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20
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Saba B, Hasan SW, Kjellerup BV, Christy AD. Capacity of existing wastewater treatment plants to treat SARS-CoV-2. A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 15:100737. [PMID: 34179735 PMCID: PMC8216935 DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2021.100737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Water is one of many viral transmission routes, and the presence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in wastewater has brought attention to its treatment. SARS CoV-2 primarily transmits in the air but the persistence of the virus in the water possibly can serve as a secondary source even though current studies do not show this. In this paper, an evaluation of the current literature with regards to the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents and biosolids is presented. Treatment efficiencies of WWTPs are compared for viral load reduction on the basis of publicly available data. The results of this evaluation indicate that existing WWTPs are effectively removing 1-6 log10 viable SARS-CoV-2. However, sludge and biosolids provide an umbrella of protection from treatment and inactivation to the virus. Hence, sludge treatment factors like high temperature, pH changes, and predatory microorganisms can effectively inactivate SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beenish Saba
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Department of Environmental Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, 46300, Rawalpindi, Pakistan,Corresponding author at: Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shadi W. Hasan
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Birthe V. Kjellerup
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ann D. Christy
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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21
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Buonerba A, Corpuz MVA, Ballesteros F, Choo KH, Hasan SW, Korshin GV, Belgiorno V, Barceló D, Naddeo V. Coronavirus in water media: Analysis, fate, disinfection and epidemiological applications. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 415:125580. [PMID: 33735767 PMCID: PMC7932854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Considerable attention has been recently given to possible transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via water media. This review addresses this issue and examines the fate of coronaviruses (CoVs) in water systems, with particular attention to the recently available information on the novel SARS-CoV-2. The methods for the determination of viable virus particles and quantification of CoVs and, in particular, of SARS-CoV-2 in water and wastewater are discussed with particular regard to the methods of concentration and to the emerging methods of detection. The analysis of the environmental stability of CoVs, with particular regard of SARS-CoV-2, and the efficacy of the disinfection methods are extensively reviewed as well. This information provides a broad view of the state-of-the-art for researchers involved in the investigation of CoVs in aquatic systems, and poses the basis for further analyses and discussions on the risk associated to the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in water media. The examined data indicates that detection of the virus in wastewater and natural water bodies provides a potentially powerful tool for quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) and for wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) for the evaluation of the level of circulation of the virus in a population. Assays of the viable virions in water media provide information on the integrity, capability of replication (in suitable host species) and on the potential infectivity. Challenges and critical issues relevant to the detection of coronaviruses in different water matrixes with both direct and surrogate methods as well as in the implementation of epidemiological tools are presented and critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Buonerba
- Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, SA, Italy; Inter-University Centre for Prediction and Prevention of Relevant Hazards (Centro Universitario per la Previsione e Prevenzione Grandi Rischi, C.U.G.RI.), Via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Mary Vermi Aizza Corpuz
- Environmental Engineering Program, National Graduate School of Engineering, University of the Philippines, 1101 Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Florencio Ballesteros
- Environmental Engineering Program, National Graduate School of Engineering, University of the Philippines, 1101 Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Kwang-Ho Choo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University (KNU), 80 Daehak-ro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Shadi W Hasan
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gregory V Korshin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Box 352700, Seattle, WA 98105-2700, United States
| | - Vincenzo Belgiorno
- Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICR-CERCA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Naddeo
- Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, SA, Italy.
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Teymoorian T, Teymourian T, Kowsari E, Ramakrishna S. Direct and indirect effects of SARS-CoV-2 on wastewater treatment. JOURNAL OF WATER PROCESS ENGINEERING 2021; 42:102193. [PMID: 35592058 PMCID: PMC8226068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The novel SARS-CoV-2 is expanding internationally. While the current focus is on limiting its transmission from direct contact with infected patients and surfaces during the pandemic, the secondary transmission potential via sewage should not be underestimated, especially in low-income and developing countries with weak wastewater treatment technologies. Recent studies have indicated SARS-CoV-2 positivity also be detected in the feces of patients. Therefore, the risk of transmission and infection can be increased into sewage by the fecal-oral way, mainly in some parts of the globe with a high amount of open defecation. This review collected scattered data and recent studies about the direct and indirect effects of coronavirus in the water cycle. The direct impacts of COVID-19 on wastewater are related to the presence of the coronavirus and suitable viral removal methods in different phases of treatment in wastewater treatment plants. The indirect effects of COVID-19 on wastewater are related to the overuse of cleaning and disinfecting products to protect against viral infection and the overuse of certain drugs to protect against virus or novel mental problems and panic to COVID-19 and consequently their presence in wastewater. This unexpected situation leads to changes in the quality of wastewater and brings adverse and harmful effects for the human, aquatic organisms, and the environment. Therefore, applying effective wastewater treatment technologies with low toxic by-products in wastewater treatment plants will be helpful to prevent the increasing occurrence of these extra contaminants in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Termeh Teymoorian
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Hafez St., Tehran 15875-4413, Iran
| | - Targol Teymourian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Hafez St., Tehran 15875-4413, Iran
| | - Elaheh Kowsari
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Hafez St., Tehran 15875-4413, Iran
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore
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23
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Thakur AK, Sathyamurthy R, Velraj R, Lynch I, Saidur R, Pandey AK, Sharshir SW, Kabeel AE, Hwang JY, GaneshKumar P. Secondary transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through wastewater: Concerns and tactics for treatment to effectively control the pandemic. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 290:112668. [PMID: 33895445 PMCID: PMC8055200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has spread globally and has severely impacted public health and the economy. Hand hygiene, social distancing, and the usage of personal protective equipment are considered the most vital tools in controlling the primary transmission of the virus. Converging evidence indicated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and its persistence over several days, which may create secondary transmission of the virus via waterborne and wastewater pathways. Although, researchers have started focusing on this mode of virus transmission, limited knowledge and societal unawareness of the transmission through wastewater may lead to significant increases in the number of positive cases. To emphasize the severe issue of virus transmission through wastewater and create societal awareness, we present a state of the art critical review on transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and the potential remedial strategies to effectively control the viral spread and safeguard society. For low-income countries with high population densities, it is suggested to identify the virus in large scale municipal wastewater plants before following up with one-to-one testing for effective control of the secondary transmission. Ultrafiltration is an effective method for wastewater treatment and usually more than 4 logs of virus removal are achieved while safeguarding good protein permeability. Decentralized wastewater treatment facilities using solar-assisted disinfestation methods are most economical and can be effectively used in hospitals, isolation wards, and medical centers for reducing the risk of transmission from high local concentration sites, especially in tropical countries with abundant solar energy. Disinfection with chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, benzalkonium chloride, and peracetic acid have shown potential in terms of virucidal properties. Biological wastewater treatment using micro-algae will be highly effective in removal of virus and can be incorporated into membrane bio-reaction to achieve excellent virus removal rate. Though promising results have been shown by initial research for inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater using physical, chemical and biological based treatment methods, there is a pressing need for extensive investigation of COVID-19 specific disinfectants with appropriate concentrations, their environmental implications, and regular monitoring of transmission. Effective wastewater treatment methods with high virus removal capacity and low treatment costs should be selected to control the virus spread and safeguard society from this deadly virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Kumar Thakur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Arasur, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641407, India.
| | - Ravishankar Sathyamurthy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Arasur, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641407, India.
| | - R Velraj
- Institute for Energy Studies, Anna University, Chennai-600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - I Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - R Saidur
- Research Centre for Nano-Materials and Energy Technology (RCNMET), School of Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - A K Pandey
- Research Centre for Nano-Materials and Energy Technology (RCNMET), School of Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Swellam W Sharshir
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Abd Elnaby Kabeel
- Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Egypt; Faculty of Engineering, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Jang-Yeon Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - P GaneshKumar
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 712-749, Republic of Korea
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24
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Chen M, Lei Q, Ren L, Li J, Li X, Wang Z. Efficacy of electrochemical membrane bioreactor for virus removal from wastewater: Performance and mechanisms. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 330:124946. [PMID: 33743278 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment facilities play pivotal roles in preventing the transmission of water-borne viruses and protecting human health. In this study, a new electrochemical membrane bioreactor (EMBR) was proposed to achieve a long-lasting and efficient removal of virus from wastewater. Results showed that applying a low electric field (2.0 V) in EMBR system could achieve ~100% removal efficiency at both batch tests and continuous flow experiments. In contrast, the control MBR, without the exertion of electric field, exhibited a very low removal efficiency (19.8% on average). Moreover, the fouling in EMBR was significantly mitigated, which enabled its operation duration almost 3 times longer than that of the control. Further explorations suggested that the reactive oxidants generated on electrodes in the EMBR system were mainly responsible for MS2 removal. This study demonstrated the potential of utilizing the EMBR process to achieve an enhanced virus disinfection efficiency during the wastewater treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qian Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lehui Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xuesong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Shanghai 200092, China.
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25
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Yadav D, Rangabhashiyam S, Verma P, Singh P, Devi P, Kumar P, Hussain CM, Gaurav GK, Kumar KS. Environmental and health impacts of contaminants of emerging concerns: Recent treatment challenges and approaches. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 272:129492. [PMID: 35534951 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, new contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in the air, water, and soil have gained significant attention due to their adverse impact on human health and the environment. The sources of CECs have been identified in different forms from domestic and industrial activities such as personal care products and pharmaceuticals. It has been established that aqueous medium plays a major role in the dissemination of various contaminants, like drinking water, reservoirs, lakes, rivers and waste with water medium. There remains inadequate technology for the treatment of CECs in the wastewater systems. Though different techniques have advanced for the treatment of CECs, they still pose a severe threat to human health and disturb the ecological balance. In this review, the characteristics, recent technologies, risk assessment and management of CECs have been discussed. The primary aim is to highlight the new innovative and cost-effective technologies for the remediations of CECs in all forms. Biochar is readily and economically available in abundance and an economical adsorbent with 100% adsorptive removal for H2PO4-. The bibliometric analysis also performed to understand the emerging research trends on the treatment techniques, which can help in developing a guiding pathway to modern research in academia and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Yadav
- Chemical Engineering Department, Harcourt Butler Technical University (Formerly HBTI), Kanpur, India.
| | - S Rangabhashiyam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613401, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Pramit Verma
- Integrative Ecology Laboratory (IEL), Institute of Environment & Sustainable Development (IESD), Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Pardeep Singh
- Department of Environment Studies, PGDAV College University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
| | - Pooja Devi
- CSIR- Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Sector-30C, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, India
| | - Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and Environment Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, 07102, USA
| | - Gajendra Kumar Gaurav
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Developmenton Shallow Lakes and College of Civil, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Kuppusamy Sathish Kumar
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes,Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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26
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Bedrosian N, Mitchell E, Rohm E, Rothe M, Kelly C, String G, Lantagne D. A Systematic Review of Surface Contamination, Stability, and Disinfection Data on SARS-CoV-2 (Through July 10, 2020). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4162-4173. [PMID: 33227206 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a systematic review of hygiene intervention effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2, including developing inclusion criteria, conducting the search, selecting articles for inclusion, and summarizing included articles. Overall, 96 268 articles were screened and 78 articles met inclusion criteria with outcomes in surface contamination, stability, and disinfection. Surface contamination was assessed on 3343 surfaces using presence/absence methods. Laboratories had the highest percent positive surfaces (21%, n = 83), followed by patient-room healthcare facility surfaces (17%, n = 1170), non-COVID-patient-room healthcare facility surfaces (12%, n = 1429), and household surfaces (3%, n = 161). Surface stability was assessed using infectivity, SARS-CoV-2 survived on stainless steel, plastic, and nitrile for half-life 2.3-17.9 h. Half-life decreased with temperature and humidity increases, and was unvaried by surface type. Ten surface disinfection tests with SARS-CoV-2, and 15 tests with surrogates, indicated sunlight, ultraviolet light, ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, and hypochlorite attain 99.9% reduction. Overall there was (1) an inability to align SARS-CoV-2 contaminated surfaces with survivability data and effective surface disinfection methods for these surfaces; (2) a knowledge gap on fomite contribution to SARS-COV-2 transmission; (3) a need for testing method standardization to ensure data comparability; and (4) a need for research on hygiene interventions besides surfaces, particularly handwashing, to continue developing recommendations for interrupting SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Bedrosian
- Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155, United States
| | - Elizabeth Mitchell
- Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155, United States
| | - Elsa Rohm
- Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155, United States
| | - Miguel Rothe
- Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155, United States
| | - Christine Kelly
- Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155, United States
| | - Gabrielle String
- Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155, United States
| | - Daniele Lantagne
- Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155, United States
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27
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Saawarn B, Hait S. Occurrence, fate and removal of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: Current knowledge and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021; 9:104870. [PMID: 33282675 PMCID: PMC7706426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2020.104870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a pandemic of global concern, is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Recently, many studies have documented the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in human excreta and wastewater. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in human excreta and wastewater poses serious implications for wastewater treatment. Thus, this review aims to understand the fate of SARS-CoV-2 in the urban water cycle and its inactivation in different stages of treatment in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for effective control to prevent any recurrence of the outbreak. The viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in feces of individuals tested positive has been reported to be in the range of 104-108 copies/L depending on the infection stages. In the wastewater, dilution of feces results in the decrease of the viral load in the range of 102-106.5 copies/L. Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in WWTP samples following the wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) can complement real epidemiological data from clinical testing to help to monitor disease outbreaks in a community. Though promising, high uncertainty involved with the WBE technique warrants further research for reliable and quantitative information. Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in WWTPs depends on the operational parameters and is generally enhanced by the tertiary treatment and disinfection techniques with a higher dosage. However, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 dissemination by the treated effluent intended to be disposed of or reused in the urban water cycle needs to be assessed with respect to the extent of viral infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavini Saawarn
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar 801 106, India
| | - Subrata Hait
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar 801 106, India
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28
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Route of SARS-CoV-2 in sewerage and wastewater treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT OF NOVEL CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19 ) 2021. [PMCID: PMC8237645 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85780-2.00005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The detection of SARS-CoV-2 in the stool of COVID-19 positive persons raises the question of potential fecal-oral transmission. The virus is transported from feces to the sewer system where a dilution of about 103 times occurs, due to the discharge of drinking water, rainwater, or infiltrations. A progressive decay of SARS-CoV-2 occurs along the sewerage network and in wastewater treatment plants due to the presence of pollutants, solids, and detergents. The fragile envelope makes SARS-CoV-2 more rapidly inactivated than enteric viruses. In WWTPs, primary treatment and activated sludge process contribute partially to the virus reduction, while SARS-CoV-2 is more susceptible to disinfection such as chlorination, ozonation, or UV light. Potential sewage-associated transmission of COVID-19 may occur during flooding events in urban areas when untreated wastewater is spread or from the overload of untreated blackwater in the combined sewer systems.
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29
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Foladori P, Cutrupi F, Segata N, Manara S, Pinto F, Malpei F, Bruni L, La Rosa G. SARS-CoV-2 from faeces to wastewater treatment: What do we know? A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140444. [PMID: 32649988 PMCID: PMC7311891 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, has been found in the faeces of infected patients in numerous studies. Stool may remain positive for SARS-CoV-2, even when the respiratory tract becomes negative, and the interaction with the gastrointestinal tract poses a series of questions about wastewater and its treatments. This review aims to understand the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in faeces and sewage and its fate in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The viral load in the faeces of persons testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 was estimated at between 5·103 to 107.6 copies/mL, depending on the infection course. In the sewerage, faeces undergo dilution and viral load decreases considerably in the wastewater entering a WWTP with a range from 2 copies/100 mL to 3·103 copies/mL, depending on the level of the epidemic. Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage, although no evidence of COVID-19 transmission has been found via this route, could be advantageously exploited as an early warning of outbreaks. Preliminary studies on WBE seem promising; but high uncertainty of viral loads in wastewater and faeces remains, and further research is needed. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage, based on RNA sequences and RT-PCR, requires a shared approach on sample pre-treatment and on-site collection to ensure comparable results. The finding of viral RNA in stools does not imply that the virus is viable and infectious. Viability of CoVs such as SARS-CoV-2 decreases in wastewater - due to temperature, pH, solids, micropollutants - but high inactivation in WWTPs can be obtained only by using disinfection (free chlorine, UVC light). A reduction in the quantity of disinfectants can be obtained by implementing Membrane-Bioreactors with ultrafiltration to separate SARS-CoV-2 virions with a size of 60-140 nm. In sludge treatment, thermophilic digestion is effective, based on the general consensus that CoVs are highly sensitive to increased temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Foladori
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy.
| | - Francesca Cutrupi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Nicola Segata
- Department of Cellular Computational and Integrative Biology-CIBIO, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Serena Manara
- Department of Cellular Computational and Integrative Biology-CIBIO, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Federica Pinto
- Department of Cellular Computational and Integrative Biology-CIBIO, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Francesca Malpei
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Bruni
- ADEP, Agenzia per la Depurazione (Wastewater Treatment Agency), Autonomous Province of Trento, via Gilli 3, 38121 Trento, Italy
| | - Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
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30
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Dhangar K, Kumar M. Tricks and tracks in removal of emerging contaminants from the wastewater through hybrid treatment systems: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 738:140320. [PMID: 32806367 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, many biological and physicochemical treatment technologies have been investigated for the removal of the emerging contaminants (ECs) from the wastewater matrix. However, due to the deficiency of these treatments to completely degrade the ECs in wastewater, hybrid systems were explored using the distinguishing removal potential of the different treatment processes. This review gives an insight on such hybrid systems combining several physical, chemical and biological treatments for the fast and eco-efficient removal of ECs from wastewater. Most of the hybrid systems have applied biological treatments first and then physical or chemical treatments. The hybrid system of membrane bioreactor (MBR) followed by membrane filtrations (RO/NF) effectively removed a suite of ECs such as pharmaceuticals, beta blockers, pesticides and EDCs. Some of the hybrid systems of constructed wetlands and waste stabilization ponds showed promising potential for the biosorptive removal of pharmaceuticals and some beta blockers. The hybrid systems combining activated sludge process and physical processes such as ultrafiltration (UF), reverse osmosis (RO) and gamma radiations are considered as the cost effective technologies and had better removal of trace organic pollutants. The hybrid system of MBR coupled with UV oxidation, activated carbon and ultrasound, and ozonation followed by ultrasounds, completely degraded some ECs and many pharmaceuticals. The review also synthesizes the trend followed by the hybrid system processes for the removal of various categories of ECs. The future research directions for the ECs removal utilizing hybrid nanocomposites and green sustainable technology have been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Dhangar
- Discipline of Earth Sciences, IIT Gandhinagar, 382355, India.
| | - Manish Kumar
- Discipline of Earth Sciences, IIT Gandhinagar, 382355, India.
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31
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Amoah ID, Kumari S, Bux F. Coronaviruses in wastewater processes: Source, fate and potential risks. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 143:105962. [PMID: 32711332 PMCID: PMC7346830 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The last 17 years have seen three major outbreaks caused by coronaviruses, with the latest outbreak, COVID-19, declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. The frequency of these outbreaks, their mortality and associated disruption to normal life calls for concerted efforts to understand their occurrence and fate in different environments. There is an increased interest in the occurrence of coronaviruses in wastewater from the perspective of wastewater-based epidemiology. However, there is no comprehensive review of the knowledge on coronavirus occurrence, fate and potential transmission in wastewater. This paper, provides a review of the literature on the occurrence of coronaviruses in wastewater treatment processes. We discuss the presence of viral RNA in feces as a result of diarrhoea caused by gastrointestinal infections. We also reviewed the literature on the presence, survival and potential removal of coronaviruses in common wastewater treatment processes. The detection of infectious viral particles in feces of patients raises questions on the potential risks of infection for people exposed to untreated sewage/wastewater. We, therefore, highlighted the potential risk of infection with coronaviruses for workers in wastewater treatment plants and the public that may be exposed through faulty plumbing or burst sewer networks. The mortalities and morbidities associated with the current COVID-19 pandemic warrants a much more focused research on the role of environments, such as wastewater and surface water, in disease transmission. The current wealth of knowledge on coronaviruses in wastewater based on the reviewed literature is scant and therefore calls for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Dennis Amoah
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Sheena Kumari
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Faizal Bux
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
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32
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Bhatt A, Arora P, Prajapati SK. Occurrence, fates and potential treatment approaches for removal of viruses from wastewater: A review with emphasis on SARS-CoV-2. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 8:104429. [PMID: 32895629 PMCID: PMC7467108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2020.104429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The world is combating the emergence of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by novel coronavirus; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Further, due to the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage and stool samples, its transmission through water routes cannot be neglected. Thus, the efficient treatment of wastewater is a matter of utmost importance. The conventional wastewater treatment processes demonstrate a wide variability in absolute removal of viruses from wastewater, thereby posing a severe threat to human health and environment. The fate of SARS-CoV-2 in the wastewater treatment plants and its removal during various treatment stages remains unexplored and demands immediate attention; particularly, where treated effluent is utilised as reclaimed water. Consequently, understanding the prevalence of pathogenic viruses in untreated/treated waters and their removal techniques has become the topical issue of the scientific community. The key objective of the present study is to provide an insight into the distribution of viruses in wastewater, as well as the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2, and its possible transmission by the faecal-oral route. The review also gives a detailed account of the major waterborne and non-waterborne viruses, and environmental factors governing the survival of viruses. Furthermore, a comprehensive description of the potential methods (physical, chemical, and biological) for removal of viruses from wastewater has been presented. The present study also intends to analyse the research trends in microalgae-mediated virus removal and, inactivation. The review also addresses the UN SDG 'Clean Water and Sanitation' as it is aimed at providing pathogenically safe water for recycling purposes.
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Key Words
- ASP, Activated Sludge Process
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease 2019
- DUV-LED, Deep Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diode
- E.coli, Escherichia coli
- EPS, Exopolysaccharide
- LRV, Log Reduction Value
- MBR, Membrane Bioreactor
- MERS-CoV, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
- MLSS, Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids
- Microalgaee
- PMR, Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor
- Phycoremediationn
- RH, Relative Humidity
- SARS-CoV, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
- SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
- SBBGR, Sequencing Batch Biofilter Granular Reactor
- SEM, Scanning Electron Microscopy
- SSF, Slow Sand Filtration
- UASB, Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
- UN SDG, United Nations Sustainable Development Goal
- UV, Ultraviolet
- WHO, World Health Organisation
- WWTP, Wastewater Treatment Plant
- Waterbornee
- dsDNA, Double stranded Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- dsRNA, Double stranded Ribonucleic acid
- ssRNA, Single stranded Ribonucleic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Bhatt
- Environment and Biofuel Research Lab (EBRL), Hydro and Renewable Energy Department, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Pratham Arora
- Hydro and Renewable Energy Department, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Prajapati
- Environment and Biofuel Research Lab (EBRL), Hydro and Renewable Energy Department, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
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Farkas K, Walker DI, Adriaenssens EM, McDonald JE, Hillary LS, Malham SK, Jones DL. Viral indicators for tracking domestic wastewater contamination in the aquatic environment. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 181:115926. [PMID: 32417460 PMCID: PMC7211501 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne enteric viruses are an emerging cause of disease outbreaks and represent a major threat to global public health. Enteric viruses may originate from human wastewater and can undergo rapid transport through aquatic environments with minimal decay. Surveillance and source apportionment of enteric viruses in environmental waters is therefore essential for accurate risk management. However, individual monitoring of the >100 enteric viral strains that have been identified as aquatic contaminants is unfeasible. Instead, viral indicators are often used for quantitative assessments of wastewater contamination, viral decay and transport in water. An ideal indicator for tracking wastewater contamination should be (i) easy to detect and quantify, (ii) source-specific, (iii) resistant to wastewater treatment processes, and (iv) persistent in the aquatic environment, with similar behaviour to viral pathogens. Here, we conducted a comprehensive review of 127 peer-reviewed publications, to critically evaluate the effectiveness of several viral indicators of wastewater pollution, including common enteric viruses (mastadenoviruses, polyomaviruses, and Aichi viruses), the pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), and gut-associated bacteriophages (Type II/III FRNA phages and phages infecting human Bacteroides species, including crAssphage). Our analysis suggests that overall, human mastadenoviruses have the greatest potential to indicate contamination by domestic wastewater due to their easy detection, culturability, and high prevalence in wastewater and in the polluted environment. Aichi virus, crAssphage and PMMoV are also widely detected in wastewater and in the environment, and may be used as molecular markers for human-derived contamination. We conclude that viral indicators are suitable for the long-term monitoring of viral contamination in freshwater and marine environments and that these should be implemented within monitoring programmes to provide a holistic assessment of microbiological water quality and wastewater-based epidemiology, improve current risk management strategies and protect global human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Farkas
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK; School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK.
| | - David I Walker
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | | | - James E McDonald
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Luke S Hillary
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Shelagh K Malham
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK
| | - Davey L Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK; UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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de Oliveira M, Frihling BEF, Velasques J, Filho FJCM, Cavalheri PS, Migliolo L. Pharmaceuticals residues and xenobiotics contaminants: Occurrence, analytical techniques and sustainable alternatives for wastewater treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135568. [PMID: 31846817 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants are increasingly present in the environment, and their appearance on both the environment and health of living beings are still poorly understood by society. Conventional sewage treatment facilities that are under validity and were designed years ago are not developed to remove pharmaceutical compounds, their main focus is organic and bacteriological removal. Pharmaceutical residues are associated directly with quantitative production aspects as well as inadequate waste management policies. Persistent classes of emerging compounds such as xenobiotics present molecules whose physicochemical properties such as small molecular size, ionizability, water solubility, lipophilicity, polarity and volatility make degradability, identification and quantification of these complex compounds difficult. Based on research results showing that there is a possibility of risk to human and environmental health the presence of these compounds in the environment this article aimed to review the main pharmaceutical and xenobiotic residues present in the environment, as well as to present the most common methodologies used. The most commonly used analytical methods for identifying these compounds were HPLC and Gas Chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry with potential for characterize complex substances in the environment with low concentrations. An alternative and low-cost technology for emerging compound treatment demonstrated in the literature with a satisfactory performance for several types of sewage such as domestic sewage, wastewater and agroindustrial, was the Wetlands Constructed. The study was able to identify the main compounds that are being found in the environment and identify the most used analytical methods to identify and quantify these compounds, bringing some alternatives combining technologies for the treatment of compounds. Environmental contamination is eminent, since the production of emerging compounds aims to increase along with technological development. This demonstrates the need to explore and aggregate sewage treatment technologies to reduce or prevent the deposition of these compounds into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milina de Oliveira
- Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | - Jannaina Velasques
- Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Brazil
| | - Fernando Jorge Corrêa Magalhães Filho
- Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Ambientais e Sustentabilidade Agropecuária, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | - Ludovico Migliolo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.
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Razafimahefa RM, Ludwig-Begall LF, Thiry E. Cockles and mussels, alive, alive, oh-The role of bivalve molluscs as transmission vehicles for human norovirus infections. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67 Suppl 2:9-25. [PMID: 31232515 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses are recognized as the leading worldwide cause of sporadic and epidemic viral gastroenteritis, causing morbidity and mortality in impoverished developing countries and engendering enormous economic losses in developed countries. Transmitted faecal-orally, either via person-to-person contact, or by consumption of contaminated foods or water, norovirus outbreaks are often reported in institutional settings or in the context of communal dining. Bivalve molluscs, which accumulate noroviruses via filter feeding and are often eaten raw or insufficiently cooked, are a common food vehicle implicated in gastroenteritis outbreaks. The involvement of bivalve molluscs in norovirus outbreaks and epidemiology over the past two decades are reviewed. The authors describe how their physiology of filter feeding can render them concentrated vehicles of norovirus contamination in polluted environments and how high viral loads persist in molluscs even after application of depuration practices and typical food preparation steps. The global prevalence of noroviruses in bivalve molluscs as detected by different monitoring efforts is determined and the various methods currently utilized for norovirus extraction and detection from bivalve matrices described. An overview of gastroenteritis outbreaks affirmatively associated with norovirus-contaminated bivalve molluscs as reported in the past 18 years is also provided. Strategies for risk reduction in shellfish contamination and subsequent human infection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravo M Razafimahefa
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Louisa F Ludwig-Begall
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
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O'Brien E, Xagoraraki I. A water-focused one-health approach for early detection and prevention of viral outbreaks. One Health 2019; 7:100094. [PMID: 31080867 PMCID: PMC6501061 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2019.100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite consistent efforts to protect public health there is still a heavy burden of viral disease, both in the United States and abroad. In addition to conventional medical treatment, there is a need for a holistic approach for early detection and prevention of viral outbreaks at a population level. One-Health is a relatively new integrative approach to the solving of global health challenges. A key component to the One-Health approach is the notion that human health, animal health, and environmental health are all innately interrelated. One-Health interventions, initiated by veterinary doctors, have proven to be effective in controlling outbreaks, but thus far the applications focus on zoonotic viruses transmitted from animals to humans. Environmental engineers and environmental scientists hold a critical role in the further development of One-Health approaches that include water-related transport and transmission of human, animal, and zoonotic viruses. In addition to waterborne viruses, the proposed approach is applicable to a wide range of viruses that are found in human excrement since contaminated water-based surveillance systems may be used for early detection of viral disease. This paper proposes a greater One-Health based framework that involves water-related pathways. The first step in the proposed framework is the identification of critical exposure pathways of viruses in the water environment. Identification of critical pathways informs the second and third steps, which include water-based surveillance systems for early detection at a population level and implementation of intervention approaches to block the critical pathways of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Xagoraraki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Pang X, Qiu Y, Gao T, Zurawell R, Neumann NF, Craik S, Lee BE. Prevalence, levels and seasonal variations of human enteric viruses in six major rivers in Alberta, Canada. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 153:349-356. [PMID: 30743085 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence and seasonal variation of 7 viruses in 6 major rivers in Alberta were assessed using a combination of qPCR, cell culture and integrated cell culture with qPCR (ICC-qPCR). Water samples were collected monthly from rivers at different sites upstream and downstream of major urban centers. Seven viruses including rotavirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, norovirus, sapovirus, JC virus and enterovirus, were detected in at least one of the water samples at each site using qPCR. Rotavirus was most common with concentration ranging from 2.3 to 4.5 log10 genomic equivalent (GE) copies/L. Norovirus, sapovirus, astrovirus, adenoviruses and JC virus peaked during the winter (November to March). Viruses were most prevalent at the Bow River sampling site downstream of the City of Calgary, followed by the North Saskatchewan River site downstream of the City of Edmonton and the Red Deer River site downstream of the City of Red Deer. The detection rates and quantity of viruses had significant difference in the sampling sites between upstream and downstream of major urban centers (p < 0.001). 14% of the samples tested positive using viral culture indicating the presence of infectious viruses in river. Sequencing analysis identified human rotavirus in 75% of the samples collected from downstream versus 37% of the samples collected from upstream sites (p < 0.02). Multivariate binary regression showed that human activity in watersheds is a significant determinant of viruses in Alberta's Rivers. The discharge from wastewater treatment plants may be the possible sources of viral contamination. Seasonal coincidence of acute viral gastroenteritis outbreaks and monthly peak occurrence of enteric viruses in river water implies potential impact of waterborne viruses on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Pang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 116st & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada; Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, 8440-112st, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J2, Canada.
| | - Yuanyuan Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 116st & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Tiejun Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 116st & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Ron Zurawell
- Environmental Monitoring and Science Division, Alberta Environment and Parks, Edmonton, AB, T5J 5C6, Canada
| | - Norman F Neumann
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 1405-87 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Stephen Craik
- EPCOR Water, 9469 Rossdale Rd NW, Edmonton, AB, T5K 2E9, Canada
| | - Bonita E Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Alberta, 1405-87 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
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Abstract
The immense global burden of infectious disease outbreaks and the need to establish prediction and prevention systems have been recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the United States Agency of International Development (USAID), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and the international scientific community. Despite multiple efforts, this infectious burden is still increasing. For example, it has been reported that between 1.5 and 12 million people die each year from waterborne diseases and diarrheal diseases are listed within the top 15 leading causes of death worldwide. Rapid population growth, climate change, natural disasters, immigration, globalization, and the corresponding sanitation and waste management challenges are expected to intensify the problem in the years to come.
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Xiao K, Liang S, Wang X, Chen C, Huang X. Current state and challenges of full-scale membrane bioreactor applications: A critical review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 271:473-481. [PMID: 30245197 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology for wastewater treatment has been developed for over three decades. Our latest survey shows that MBR applications for wastewater treatment are still in rapid growth today. This review summarizes the pros, cons and progress in full-scale MBR applications. Critical statistics on the capital cost, operating cost, footprint, energy consumption and chemical consumption of full-scale MBRs are provided, and are compared to those of conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes with/without tertiary treatment. The efficiencies in full-scale treatment of ordinary pollutants (C, N and P), pathogens (bacteria and viruses) and emerging pollutants (e.g., trace organic pollutants) are reviewed. The long-term operation stability of full-scale MBRs is also discussed with several examples provided, with special attention placed on the seasonal variation of membrane fouling. Finally, the future challenges of MBR application are outlined from the perspectives of fouling control, pollutant removal, cost-effectiveness and competitiveness in specific fields of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Xiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, THU-Beijing Origin Water Joint Research Center for Environmental Membrane Technology, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuai Liang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, THU-Beijing Origin Water Joint Research Center for Environmental Membrane Technology, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaomao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, THU-Beijing Origin Water Joint Research Center for Environmental Membrane Technology, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chunsheng Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, THU-Beijing Origin Water Joint Research Center for Environmental Membrane Technology, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xia Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, THU-Beijing Origin Water Joint Research Center for Environmental Membrane Technology, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Schoen ME, Jahne MA, Garland J. Human health impact of non-potable reuse of distributed wastewater and greywater treated by membrane bioreactors. MICROBIAL RISK ANALYSIS 2018; 9:72-81. [PMID: 35280215 PMCID: PMC8914979 DOI: 10.1016/j.mran.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the annual probability of infection resulting from non-potable exposures to distributed greywater and domestic wastewater treated by an aerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR) followed by chlorination. A probabilistic quantitative microbial risk assessment was conducted for both residential and office buildings and a residential district using Norovirus, Rotavirus, Campylobacter jejuni, and Cryptosporidium spp. as reference pathogens. A Monte Carlo approach captured variation in pathogen concentration in the collected water and pathogen (or microbial surrogate) treatment performance, when available, for various source water and collection scale combinations. Uncertain inputs such as dose-response relationships and the volume ingested were treated deterministically and explored through sensitivity analysis. The predicted 95th percentile annual risks for non-potable indoor reuse of distributed greywater and domestic wastewater at district and building scales were less than the selected health benchmark of 10-4 infections per person per year (ppy) for all pathogens except Cryptosporidium spp., given the selected exposure (which included occasional, accidental ingestion), dose-response, and treatment performance assumptions. For Cryptosporidium spp., the 95th percentile annual risks for reuse of domestic wastewater (for all selected collection scenarios) and district-collected greywater were greater than the selected health benchmark when using the limited, available MBR treatment performance data; this finding is counterintuitive given the large size of Cryptosporidium spp. relative to the MBR pores. Therefore, additional data on MBR removal of protozoa is required to evaluate the proposed MBR treatment process for non-potable reuse. Although the predicted Norovirus annual risks were small across scenarios (less than 10-7 infections ppy), the risks for Norovirus remain uncertain, in part because the treatment performance is difficult to interpret given that the ratio of total to infectious viruses in the raw and treated effluents remains unknown. Overall, the differences in pathogen characterization between collection type (i.e., office vs. residential) and scale (i.e., district vs. building) drove the differences in predicted risk; and, the accidental ingestion event (although modeled as rare) determined the annual probability of infection. The predicted risks resulting from treatment malfunction scenarios indicated that online, real-time monitoring of both the MBR and disinfection processes remains important for non-potable reuse at distributed scales. The resulting predicted health risks provide insight on the suitability of MBR treatment for distributed, non-potable reuse at different collection scales and the potential to reduce health risks for non-potable reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Schoen
- Soller Environmental, LLC, 3022 King St., Berkeley, CA 94703, USA
- Corresponding author. (M.E. Schoen)
| | - Michael A. Jahne
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Jay Garland
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
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Miura T, Schaeffer J, Le Saux JC, Le Mehaute P, Le Guyader FS. Virus Type-Specific Removal in a Full-Scale Membrane Bioreactor Treatment Process. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2018; 10:176-186. [PMID: 29214559 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9330-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated removal of noroviruses, sapoviruses, and rotaviruses in a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) plant by monitoring virus concentrations in wastewater samples during two gastroenteritis seasons and evaluating the adsorption of viruses to mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS). Sapoviruses and rotaviruses were detected in 25% of MBR effluent samples with log reduction values of 3- and 2-logs in geometric mean concentrations, respectively, while noroviruses were detected in only 6% of the samples. We found that norovirus and sapovirus concentrations in the solid phase of mixed liquor samples were significantly higher than in the liquid phase (P < 0.01, t test), while the concentration of rotaviruses was similar in both phases. The efficiency of adsorption of the rotavirus G1P[8] strain to MLSS was significantly less than norovirus GI.1 and GII.4 and sapovirus GI.2 strains (P < 0.01, t test). Differences in the adsorption of viruses to MLSS may cause virus type-specific removal during the MBR treatment process as shown by this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Miura
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2 M, IFREMER, Nantes, France.
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama, 351-0197, Japan.
| | - Julien Schaeffer
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2 M, IFREMER, Nantes, France
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El-Senousy WM, Abdel-Moneim A, Abdel-Latif M, El-Hefnawy MH, Khalil RG. Coxsackievirus B4 as a Causative Agent of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1: Is There a Role of Inefficiently Treated Drinking Water and Sewage in Virus Spreading? FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2018; 10:89-98. [PMID: 29022248 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This study proposed to detect the enterovirus (EV) infection in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) and to assess the role of insufficiently treated water and sewage as sources of viral spreading. Three hundred and eighty-two serum specimens of children with T1D, one hundred serum specimens of children who did not suffer from T1D as control, and forty-eight water and sewage samples were screened for EV RNA using nested RT-PCR. The number of genome copies and infectious units of EVs in raw and treated sewage and water samples were investigated using real-time (RT)-PCR and plaque assay, respectively. T1D markers [Fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbA1c, and C-peptide], in addition to anti-Coxsackie A & B viruses (CVs A & B) IgG, were measured in control, T1D-negative EV (T1D-EV-), and T1D-positive EV (T1D-EV+) children specimens. The prevalence of EV genome was significantly higher in diabetic children (26.2%, 100 out of 382) than the control children (0%, 0 out of 100). FBG and HbA1c in T1D-EV- and T1D-EV+ children specimens were significantly higher than those in the control group, while c-peptide in T1D-EV- and T1D-EV+ children specimens was significantly lower than that in the control (n = 100; p < 0.001). Positivity of anti-CVs A & B IgG was 70.7, 6.7, and 22.9% in T1D-EV+, T1D-EV-, and control children specimens, respectively. The prevalence of EV genome in drinking water and treated sewage samples was 25 and 33.3%, respectively. The prevalence of EV infectious units in drinking water and treated sewage samples was 8.5 and 25%, respectively. Quantification assays were performed to assess the capabilities of both wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and water treatment plants (WTPs) to remove EV. The reduction of EV genome in Zenin WWTP ranged from 2 to 4 log10, while the reduction of EV infectious units ranged from 1 to 4 log10. The reduction of EV genome in El-Giza WTP ranged from 1 to 3 log10, while the reduction of EV infectious units ranged from 1 to 2 log10. This capability of reduction did not prevent the appearance of infectious EV in treated sewage and drinking water. Plaque purification was performed for isolation of separate EV isolates from treated and untreated water and sewage samples. Characterization of the EV amplicons by RT-PCR followed by sequencing of these isolates revealed high homology (97%) with human coxsackievirus B4 (CV B4) in 60% of the isolates, while the rest of the isolates belonged to poliovirus type 1 and type 2 vaccine strains. On the other hand, characterization of the EV amplicons by RT-PCR followed by sequencing for T1D-EV+ children specimens indicated that all samples contained CV B4 with the same sequence characterized in the environmental samples. CV B4-contaminated drinking water or treated sewage may play a role as a causative agent of T1D in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waled M El-Senousy
- Environmental Virology Lab, Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre (NRC), El Bohouth st., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Adel Abdel-Moneim
- Molecular Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Abdel-Latif
- Immunology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H El-Hefnawy
- Department of Pediatric, National Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rehab G Khalil
- Immunology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
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O'Brien E, Nakyazze J, Wu H, Kiwanuka N, Cunningham W, Kaneene JB, Xagoraraki I. Viral diversity and abundance in polluted waters in Kampala, Uganda. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 127:41-49. [PMID: 29031798 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne viruses are a significant cause of human disease, especially in developing countries such as Uganda. A total of 15 virus-selective samples were collected at five sites (Bugolobi Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) influent and effluent, Nakivubo Channel upstream and downstream of the WWTP, and Nakivubo Swamp) in July and August 2016. Quantitative PCR and quantitative RT-PCR was performed to determine the concentrations of four human viruses (adenovirus, enterovirus, rotavirus, and hepatitis A virus) in the samples. Adenovirus (1.53*105-1.98*107 copies/L) and enterovirus (3.17*105-8.13*107 copies/L) were found to have the highest concentrations in the samples compared to rotavirus (5.79*101-3.77*103 copies/L) and hepatitis A virus (9.93*102-1.11*104 copies/L). In addition, next-generation sequencing and metagenomic analyses were performed to assess viral diversity, and several human and vertebrate viruses were detected, including Herpesvirales, Iridoviridae, Poxviridae, Circoviridae, Parvoviridae, Bunyaviridae and others. Effluent from the wastewater treatment plant appears to impact surface water, as samples taken from surface water downstream of the treatment plant had higher viral concentrations than samples taken upstream. Temporal fluctuations in viral abundance and diversity were also observed. Continuous monitoring of wastewater may contribute to assessing viral disease patterns at a population level and provide early warning of potential outbreaks using wastewater-based epidemiology methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan O'Brien
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Joyce Nakyazze
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Huiyun Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Noah Kiwanuka
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - William Cunningham
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - John B Kaneene
- Center for Comparative Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Irene Xagoraraki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Shimabuku QL, Arakawa FS, Fernandes Silva M, Ferri Coldebella P, Ueda-Nakamura T, Fagundes-Klen MR, Bergamasco R. Water treatment with exceptional virus inactivation using activated carbon modified with silver (Ag) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2017; 38:2058-2069. [PMID: 27766917 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1245361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow experiments (450 mL min-1) were performed in household filter in order to investigate the removal and/or inactivation of T4 bacteriophage, using granular activated carbon (GAC) modified with silver and/or copper oxide nanoparticles at different concentrations. GAC and modified GAC were characterized by X-ray diffractometry, specific surface area, pore size and volume, pore average diameter, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, zeta potential and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The antiviral activity of the produced porous media was evaluated by passing suspensions of T4 bacteriophage (∼105 UFP/mL) through filters. The filtered water was analyzed for the presence of the bacteriophage and the release of silver and copper oxide. The porous media containing silver and copper oxide nanoparticles showed high inactivation capacity, even reaching reductions higher than 3 log. GAC6 (GAC/Ag0.5%Cu1.0%) was effective in the bacteriophage inactivation, reaching 5.53 log reduction. The levels of silver and copper released in filtered water were below the recommended limits (100 ppb for silver and 1000 ppb for copper) in drinking water. From this study, it is possible to conclude that activated carbon modified with silver and copper oxide nanoparticles can be used as a filter for virus removal in the treatment of drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quelen Letícia Shimabuku
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , State University of Maringá , Maringá , Paraná , Brazil
- b Department of Chemical Engineering , University of West Parana , Toledo , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Flávia Sayuri Arakawa
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , State University of Maringá , Maringá , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Marcela Fernandes Silva
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , State University of Maringá , Maringá , Paraná , Brazil
| | | | - Tânia Ueda-Nakamura
- c Department of Basic Health Sciences , State University of Maringá , Maringá , Paraná , Brazil
| | | | - Rosangela Bergamasco
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , State University of Maringá , Maringá , Paraná , Brazil
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45
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Membrane Bioreactor-Based Wastewater Treatment Plant in Saudi Arabia: Reduction of Viral Diversity, Load, and Infectious Capacity. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9070534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Junter GA, Lebrun L. Cellulose-based virus-retentive filters: a review. RE/VIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND BIO/TECHNOLOGY 2017; 16:455-489. [PMID: 32214924 PMCID: PMC7088658 DOI: 10.1007/s11157-017-9434-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Viral filtration is a critical step in the purification of biologics and in the monitoring of microbiological water quality. Viral filters are also essential protection elements against airborne viral particles. The present review first focuses on cellulose-based filter media currently used for size-exclusion and/or adsorptive filtration of viruses from biopharmaceutical and environmental water samples. Data from spiking studies quantifying the viral filtration performance of cellulosic filters are detailed, i.e., first, the virus reduction capacity of regenerated cellulose hollow fiber filters in the manufacturing process of blood products and, second, the efficiency of virus recovery/concentration from water samples by the viradel (virus adsorption-elution) method using charge modified, electropositive cellulosic filters or conventional electronegative cellulose ester microfilters. Viral analysis of field water samples by the viradel technique is also surveyed. This review then describes cellulose-based filter media used in individual protection equipment against airborne viral pathogens, presenting innovative filtration media with virucidal properties. Some pros and cons of cellulosic viral filters and perspectives for cellulose-based materials in viral filtration are underlined in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy-Alain Junter
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Laurent Lebrun
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France
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Lu R, Zhang C, Piatkovsky M, Ulbricht M, Herzberg M, Nguyen TH. Improvement of virus removal using ultrafiltration membranes modified with grafted zwitterionic polymer hydrogels. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 116:86-94. [PMID: 28324709 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Potable water reuse has been adopted by cities suffering water scarcity in recent years. The microbial safety in water reuse, especially with respect to pathogenic viruses, is still a concern for water consumers. Membrane filtration can achieve sufficient removal of pathogenic viruses without disinfection byproducts, but the required energy is intensive. In this study, we graft-polymerized zwitterionic SPP ([3-(methacryloylamino) propyl] dimethyl (3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide) on a 150 kDa ultrafiltration polyethersulfone membrane to achieve a significantly higher virus removal. The redox-initiated graft-polymerization was performed in an aqueous solution during filtration of the monomer and initiators, allowing for functionalizing the membrane pores with hydrophilic polySPP. Bacteriophage MS2 and human adenovirus type 2 (HAdV-2) were used as surrogates for pathogenic human norovirus and human adenovirus. The grafting resulted in ∼18% loss of the membrane permeability but an increase of 4 log10 in HAdV-2 removal and 3 log10 in MS2 removal. The pristine and the grafted membranes were both conditioned with soluble microbial products (SMP) extracted from a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) in order to test the virus removal after fouling the membranes. After fouling, the HAdV-2 removal by the grafted membrane was 1 log10 higher than that of the pristine membrane. For MS2, the grafted membrane after fouling with SMP achieved an additional 5 log10 removal compared to the unmodified membrane. The simple graft-polymerization functionalization of commercialized membrane achieving enhanced virus removal efficiency highlights the promise of membrane filtration for pathogen control in potable water reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Lu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States
| | - Chang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Maria Piatkovsky
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84990, Israel
| | - Mathias Ulbricht
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie II, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45117, Essen, Germany
| | - Moshe Herzberg
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84990, Israel.
| | - Thanh H Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States.
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O'Brien E, Munir M, Marsh T, Heran M, Lesage G, Tarabara VV, Xagoraraki I. Diversity of DNA viruses in effluents of membrane bioreactors in Traverse City, MI (USA) and La Grande Motte (France). WATER RESEARCH 2017; 111:338-345. [PMID: 28107747 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study assesses diversity of DNA viruses in the effluents of two membrane bioreactor (MBR) wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs): an MBR in the United States and an MBR in France. Viral diversity of these effluents is compared to that of a conventional activated sludge WWTP in the U.S. Diversity analysis indicates Herpesvirales to be the most abundant order of potentially pathogenic human DNA viruses in wastewater treated effluent in all utilities. Other potentially pathogenic human viruses detected include Adenoviridae, Parvoviridae, and Polyomaviridae. Bacteriophage order Caudovirales comprises the majority of DNA virus sequences in the effluent of all utilities. The choice of treatment process (MBR versus activated sludge reactor) utilized had no impact on effluent DNA viral diversity. In contrast, the type of disinfection applied had an impact on the viral diversity present in the effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan O'Brien
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Mariya Munir
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Terence Marsh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Marc Heran
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR-5635, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Geoffroy Lesage
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR-5635, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Volodymyr V Tarabara
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Irene Xagoraraki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA.
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Gurung K, Ncibi MC, Sillanpää M. Assessing membrane fouling and the performance of pilot-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) to treat real municipal wastewater during winter season in Nordic regions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:1289-1297. [PMID: 27913026 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the performance of a pilot-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) to treat real municipal wastewater was assessed at low temperatures (7 to 20°C) in Nordic regions. First, the effect of low temperatures on membrane fouling was evaluated by monitoring trans-membrane pressure. A significant membrane fouling was observed when the sludge temperature inside the MBR unit was below 10°C with a 75% permeability drop, thus indicating high deterioration of the membrane performance at low temperatures. Moreover, increasing values of sludge volume index (SVI) during low temperatures showed high deterioration of sludge settleability. As for the pollution removal, MBR achieved high performances primarily for pathogens and emerging micropollutants. The average log reductions of 1.82, 3.02, and 1.94 log units were achieved for norovirus GI, norovirus GII, and adenoviruses, respectively. Among the four trace organic compounds (TrOCs), the average removal efficiencies of bisoprolol, diclofenac and bisphenol A were 65%, 38%, and >97%, respectively. However, carbamazepine was not efficiently removed (-89% to 28%). Regarding trace metals, an average removal of >80% was achieved for Cd, Pb, and V. For the rest of the metals, the removal capacities were between 30 and 60%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khum Gurung
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130 Mikkeli, Finland.
| | - Mohamed Chaker Ncibi
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130 Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130 Mikkeli, Finland; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida International University, Miami FL-33174, USA.
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50
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Gerba CP, Betancourt WQ, Kitajima M. How much reduction of virus is needed for recycled water: A continuous changing need for assessment? WATER RESEARCH 2017; 108:25-31. [PMID: 27838026 PMCID: PMC7112101 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
To ensure the safety of wastewater reuse for irrigation of food crops and drinking water pathogenic viruses must be reduced to levels that pose no significant risk. To achieve this goal minimum reduction of viruses by treatment trains have been suggested. For use of edible crops a 6-log reduction and for production of potable drinking water a 12-log reduction has been suggested. These reductions were based on assuming infective virus concentrations of 105 to 106 per liter. Recent application of molecular methods suggests that some pathogenic viruses may be occurring in concentrations of 107 to 109 per liter. Factors influencing these levels include the development of molecular methods for virus detection, emergence of newly recognized viruses, decrease in per capita water use due to conservation measures, and outbreaks. Since neither cell culture nor molecular methods can assess all the potentially infectious virus in wastewater conservative estimates should be used to assess the virus load in untreated wastewater. This review indicates that an additional 2- to 3-log reduction of viruses above current recommendations may be needed to ensure the safety of recycled water. Information is needed on peak loading of viruses. In addition, more virus groups need to be quantified using better methods of virus quantification, including more accurate methods for measuring viral infectivity in order to better quantify risks from viruses in recycled water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles P Gerba
- The Water, Energy and Sustainable Technology Center, Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.
| | - Walter Q Betancourt
- The Water, Energy and Sustainable Technology Center, Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
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