Applying bio-electric field of microbial fuel cell-upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor catalyzed blast furnace dusting ash for promoting anaerobic digestion

A novel Anaerobic Cathodic Dynamic Membrane Bioreactor (AnCDMBR) for efficient mitigating fouling and recovering bioenergy from municipal wastewater

Concerns regarding membrane fouling and suboptimal bioenergy recovery have constrained the implementation of anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) for treating low-strength municipal wastewater. This study presents a novel anaerobic cathodic dynamic membrane bioreactor (AnCDMBR) designed to address these challenges. A self-formed cathodic dynamic membrane (CDM) on inexpensive carbon cloth was developed to function as both a membrane and biocathode to achieve dual-function effects of mitigating membrane fouling and accelerating organics conversion. Compared with common dynamic membrane (1.52 kPa/d) and commercial membranes (7.52 kPa/d), the developed CDM presented a significantly reduced fouling rate (1.02 kPa/d), exhibiting the potential as a substitute for high-cost conductive membranes. Furthermore, efficient and stable biomethanation occurred in AnCDMBR with a superior methane yield rate of 0.26 L-CH4/g-COD (CH4 content > 95 %), which was 1.42 times higher than the control, linked to the higher activities of microbial metabolism and methanogenic-related key enzymes. Further analysis revealed that electrostimulation-induced niche differentiation of microbiota regulated interspecies interactions between electroactive microorganisms and complex anaerobic digestion microbiomes, facilitating organic matter conversion to methane and leading to superior bioenergy recovery. This study offered a new strategy for effectively mitigating fouling and recovering bioenergy from low-strength wastewater, potentially expanding the application of AnMBRs.

Unlocking anaerobic digestion potential via extracellular electron transfer by exogenous materials: Current status and perspectives

The efficiency of energy transfer among microorganisms presents a substantial hurdle for the widespread implementation of anaerobic digestion techniques. Nonetheless, recent studies have demonstrated that enhancing the extracellular electron transfer (EET) can markedly enhance this efficiency. This review highlights recent advancements in EET for anaerobic digestion and examines the contribution of external additives to fostering enhanced efficiency within this context. Diverse mechanisms through which additives are employed to improve EET in anaerobic environments are delineated. Furthermore, specific strategies for effectively regulating EET are proposed, aiming to augment methane production from anaerobic digestion. This review thus offers a perspective on future research directions aimed at optimizing waste resources, enhancing methane production efficiency, and improving process predictability in anaerobic digestion.

Electro-mediated cathodic oxygen drives respiration chain electron transfer of electroactive bacteria to enhance refractory organic biological oxidation

In electro-mediated biological system (EMBS), biological anode and cathode components were incorporated into an anaerobic bioreactor, providing a small amount of oxygen to the cathode as an electron acceptor. Oxygen diffusion also impacts the anode's anaerobic ecological environment. This study unraveled how oxygen influences the metabolism and electron transport chain during the biological oxidation of refractory organics. Under the influence of electromotive force, the straight-chain model pollutant N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) showed rapid degradation and better ammonification, with maximum rates reaching 0.53 h-1 and 26.6 %, respectively. Elevated electromotive force promoted the enrichment of functional electroactive bacteria on the anode and enhanced the availability of electron storage sites, thereby facilitating electron transfer at the anode-biofilm interface. Conversely, the anodic micro-aerobic environment disrupted the anaerobic microbial community structure, and the competitive interactions among fermentative bacteria and electroactive bacteria inhibited DMF degradation. Metagenomic analysis confirmed that cathodic oxygen up-regulated the pyruvate metabolism and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to generate NADH and synthesize ATP. The electromotive force induced by cathodic oxygen accelerated the electron transfer in respiratory chains of electroactive bacteria, driving the oxidation of NADH and enhancing the degradation of organics. This study improves our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms governing metabolic pathways under the influence of cathodic oxygen. It offers potential for developing more efficient EMBS in industrial wastewater pretreatment, ensuring that oxygen is prevented from diffusing to the anode during micro-aeration at the cathode.

In-situ methane enrichment in anaerobic digestion of food waste slurry by nano zero-valent iron: Long-term performance and microbial community succession

In this work, nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) was added to a lab-scale continuous stirring tank reactor (CSTR) for food waste slurry treatment, and the effect of dosing rate and dosage of nZVI were attempted to be changed. The results showed that anaerobic digestion (AD) efficiency and biomethanation stability were optimum under the daily dosing and dosage of 0.48 g/gTCOD. The average daily methane (CH4) yield reached 495.38 mL/gTCOD, which was 43.65% higher than that at control stage, and the maximum CH4 content reached 95%. However, under single dosing rate conditions, high nZVI concentrations caused microbial cell rupture and loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS) precipitation degradation. The daily dosing rate promoted the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway, and the activity of coenzyme F420 increased by 400.29%. The microbial analysis indicated that daily addition of nZVI could promote the growth of acid-producing bacteria (Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes) and methanogens (Methanothrix).

Subtle magnesium liberation of self-fabricated functional filler actuates highly efficient phosphorus removal from source-separated urine by SBBR

Domestic wastewater source-separated treatment has attracted wide attention due to the efficiency improvement of sewage treatment systems, energy saving, resource reuse, and the construction and operation cost saving of pipeline networks. Nonetheless, the excess source-separated urine still demands further harmless treatment. Sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR), a new type of composite biofilm reactor developed by filling different fillers into the sequential batch reactor (SBR) reactor, has higher pollutant removal performance and simpler operation and maintenance. However, the phosphorus removal ability of the SBBR filling with conventional fillers is still limited and needs further improvement. In this study, we developed two new fillers, the self-fabricated filler A and B (SFA/SFB), and compared their source-separated urine treatment performance. Long-term treatment experimental results demonstrated that the SBBR systems with different fillers had good removal performance on the COD and TN in the influent, and the removal rate increased with the increasing HRT. However, only the SBBR system with the SFA showed excellent PO43--P and TP removal performance, with the removal rates being 83.7 ± 11.9% and 77.3 ± 13.7% when the HRT was 1 d. Microbial community analysis results indicated that no special bacteria with strong phosphorus removal ability were present on the surface of the SFA. Adsorption experimental results suggested that the SFA had better adsorption performance for phosphorus than the SFB, but it could not always have stronger phosphorus adsorption and removal performance during long-term operation due to the adsorption saturation. Through a series of characterizations such as SEM, XRD, and BET, it was found that the SFA had a looser structure due to the use of different binder and production processes, and the magnesium in the SFA gradually released and reacted with PO43- and NH4+ in the source-separated urine to form dittmarite and struvite, thus achieving efficient phosphorus removal. This study provides a feasible manner for the efficient treatment of source-separated urine using the SBBR system with self-fabricated fillers.

Harmless and resourceful utilization of solid waste: Multi physical field regulation in the microbiological treatment process of solid waste treatment

Solid waste (SW) treatment methods mainly include physical, chemical, and biological methods, while physical and chemical methods have advantages such as fast effectiveness and short treatment time, but have high costs and were prone to secondary pollution. Due to the advantages of mild conditions and environmental protection, microbial methods have attracted the attention of numerous researchers. Recently, promotion of biological metabolic activity in biotreatment technology by applying multiple physical conditions, and reducing the biochemical reaction energy base to promote the transfer of protons and electrons, has made significant progress in harmless and resourceful utilization of SW. This paper main summarized the harmless and resourceful treatment methods of common bulk SW. The research of physical field-enhanced microbial treatment of inorganic solid waste (ISW) and organic solid waste (OSW) was discussed. The advantages and mechanisms of microbial treatment compared to traditional SW treatment methods were analyzed. The multi-physical field coupling enhanced microbial treatment technology was proposed to further improving the efficiency of large-scale treatment of bulk SW. The application prospects and potential opportunities of this technology were analyzed. Novel research ideas for the large-scale harmless and resourceful treatment of bulk SW were provided.

Impact of sandwich-type composite anodic membrane on membrane fouling and methane recovery from sewage sludge and food waste via electrochemical anaerobic membrane bioreactor

Membrane fouling presents a big challenge for the real-world implementation of anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) in digesting high-solid biowastes. In this study, an electrochemical anaerobic membrane bioreactor (EC-AnMBR) with a novel sandwich-type composite anodic membrane was designed and constructed for controlling membrane fouling whilst improving the energy recovery. The results showed that EC-AnMBR produced a higher methane yield of 358.5 ± 74.8 mL/d, rising by 12.8% compared to the AnMBR without applied voltage. Integration of composite anodic membrane induced a stable membrane flux and low transmembrane pressure through forming an anodic biofilm while total coliforms removal reached 97.9%. The microbial community analysis further provided compelling evidence that EC-AnMBR enriched the relative abundance of hydrolyzing (Chryseobacterium 2.6%) bacteria and methane-producing (Methanobacterium 32.8%) archaea. These findings offered new insights into anti-biofouling performance and provided significant implications for municipal organic waste treatment and energy recovery in the new EC-AnMBR.

Long-term performance on volatile fatty acids production improved in a kitchen wastewater fermenter by co-fermentation of sludge and membrane separation

Kitchen wastewater can be transformed into a valuable resource through anaerobic fermentation. However, the efficiency of this process is hindered by various factors including salt inhibition and nutrient imbalance. In this study, we examined the effects of co-fermentation with sludge and membrane filtration on the anaerobic fermentation of kitchen wastewater. Our findings indicate that co-fermentation with sludge resulted in a 4-fold increase in fermentation rate and a 2-fold increase in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production. This suggests that the addition of sludge helped to alleviate salt and acid inhibition through ammonia buffering and elemental balancing. The membrane filtration retained 60% of soluble carbohydrates and 15% of proteins in the reactor for further fermentation and recovered nearly 100% of NH₄⁺ and SCFAs in the filtrate, which helped to alleviate acid and ammonia inhibition. The combined fermentation system significantly increased the richness and diversity of microorganisms, particularly caproiciproducens and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_12. The membrane flux remained stable and at a relatively high level, indicating that the combined process may be economically feasible. However, scaling up the co-anaerobic fermentation of kitchen wastewater and sludge in a membrane reactor is necessary for further economic evaluation in the future.

Effects of biochar supported nano zero-valent iron with different carbon/iron ratios on two-phase anaerobic digestion of food waste

The promotion effects of biochar supported nano zero-valent iron (BC/nZVI) with different carbon/iron ratios on two-phase anaerobic digestion (AD) of food waste (FW) were studied. Results suggested that when the carbon/iron ratio was 3:1 AD system showed the best performance, with the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in acidogenic phase (AP) and the cumulative methane production in methanogenic phase (MP) increased by 31.4% and 24.8%, respectively. Metagenomic analysis demonstrated that BC/nZVI increased the relative abundance of Defluviitoga in AP, and promoted the growth of Methanothrix in MP. Metabolic pathway analysis in AP indicated that BC/nZVI mainly promoted the abundances of acetate kinase and butyrate kinase to enhance acid production. Methane metabolism pathway analysis in MP revealed that BC/nZVI increased methane production by promoting the module of M00357 and activating related enzymes. The results of this sutdy showed that BC/nZVI promoted AD of FW mainly through acetoclastic methanogenic pathway.

Mechanism of nitrogen-doped biochar activated peroxymonosulfate for degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol

Biochar activated peroxymonosulfate has been widely used to degrade organic pollutants. However, the chemical inertness of the sp2 hybrid conjugated carbon framework and the limited number of active sites on the pristine biochar resulted in the low catalytic activity of the system, restricting its further application. In this study, nitrogen-doped biochar was prepared following a simple one-step synthesis method taking advantage of the similar atomic radius and significant difference in electronegativity of N and C atoms to explore the properties and mechanisms of biochar-mediated peroxymonosulfate activation to degrade 2,4-dichlorophenol. Results from degradation experiments revealed that the catalytic efficiency of the prepared nitrogen-doped biochar was approximately 37.8 times higher than that of the undoped biochar. Quenching experiments combined with Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis illustrated that the generated singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and superoxide anion radical (O₂^•-) were the main reactive oxidative species that dominated the target organics removal processes. This work will provide a theoretical basis for expanding the practical application of nitrogen-doped biochar to remediate water pollution via peroxymonosulfate activation.

Novel electro-assisted micro-aerobic cathode biological technology induces oxidative demethylation of N, N-dimethylformamide for efficient ammonification of refractory membrane-making wastewater

Recalcitrant and toxicological membrane-making wastewater displays negative impacts on environment, and this is difficult to treat efficiently using conventional hydrolytic acidification. In this study, a novel electro-assisted biological reactor with micro-aerobic cathode (EABR-MAC) was developed to improve the biodegradation and ammonification of N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in membrane-making wastewater, and the metabolic mechanism using metagenomic sequencing as comprehensively illustrated. The results showed that EABR-MAC significantly improved the ammonification of refractory organonitrogen and promoted DMF oxidative degradation by driving the electron transferred to the cathode. Additionally, the inhibition rates of oxygen uptake rate and nitrification in EABR-MAC were both lower under different cathode aeration frequency conditions. Microbial community analysis indicated that the functional fermentation bacteria and exoelectrogens, which were correlated with COD removal, ammonification, and detoxification, were significantly enriched upon electrostimulation, and the positive biological connections increased to form highly connected communities instead of competition. The functional genes revealed that EABR-MAC forcefully intervened with the metabolic pathway, so that DMF converted to formamide and ammonia by oxidative demethylation and formamide hydrolysis. The results of this study provide a promising strategy for efficient conversion of organonitrogen into ammonia nitrogen, and offer a new insight into the effects of electrostimulation on microbial metabolism.

Evaluation of digestate-derived biochar to alleviate ammonia inhibition during long-term anaerobic digestion of food waste

The feasibility of using food waste anaerobic digestate-derived biochar (FWDB) to mitigate ammonia toxicity in an anaerobic digester was evaluated. The optimal conditions for preparing and adding the activated FWDB were explored using response surface experiments, and the long-term effects of adding activated FWDB on digester performance under optimum conditions were verified in semi-continuous experiments. The results showed that the optimal preparation and addition conditions for activated FWDB were pyrolysis temperature of 565 °C, particle size of 0-0.30 mm, and dosage of 15.52 g·L-1. During the long-term operation of the digesters, when the total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentration was higher than 2000 mg·L-1, the control and experimental digesters showed deteriorated reactor performance. Volatile fatty acids in the control digester accumulated to 20,306 mg·L-1 after the TAN concentration increased to 3391 mg·L-1, the methane yield decreased to 31 mL·g VS-1, and the digester experienced process failure. In contrast, the experimental digester with added activated FWDB only suffered a slight short-term accumulation of acetate and a slight decline in methane yield. This may be attributed to the adsorption of NH4+/NH3 by activated FWDB, which reduced the TAN concentration in the anaerobic digestion (AD) system and mitigated ammonia toxicity. Microbial analysis and metagenome predictions demonstrated that the community richness, diversity, and evenness, as well as the abundance of acetogens and related key genes (ACSM1, paaF, and acdA) were higher in the experimental digester than in the control digester. This study provides a closed-loop AD enhancement strategy by pyrolysis of digestate and in-situ supplementation into the digester.

Mechanistic insight of weak magnetic field trigger transformation of amorphous Fe(III)-(oxy)hydroxide for enhanced ferrate (VI) towards selective removal of natural organic matter

It was important to regulate the formation of Fe-hydroxyl during ferrate (Fe(VI)) oxidation and hydrolysis which was beneficial for interfacial adsorption of natural organic matter (NOM). Based on the influence of weak magnetic field (WMF) on the physical and chemical characteristics of particles in chemistry. This study investigated the effect of WMF on Fe(VI) oxidation and Fe(III) flocculation performance by regulating iron species during hydrolysis, for NOM removal. Results indicated WMF efficiently accelerate the removal of NOM that the reactions rate constants in magnetization system was twice as much as the control group. With the structure and electrochemical analysis, WMF enhanced Hydrogen-bond and caused much polar hydroxyl groups combined with iron ions, further triggered Fe(III) transformed to amorphous Fe-hydroxide and ferrihydrite with large specific surface area and high surface activity which removed the pollutants by adsorption and co-precipitation, instead of crystalloid Fe₂O₃ and Fe₃O₄. In addition, the nucleation aggregation behavior and interaction energy of Fe-(oxy)hydroxide revealed that the lower free energy obtained in magnetization system, could lead to higher nucleation rate, and promoted the aggregation. WMF increased hydrophobicity of Fe-(oxy)hydroxides, further more easily adsorbed with humic acid (HA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) with lower interaction energies than in control group. The selective removal mechanism of Fe-(oxy)hydroxide hardly to aggregate with pollutants which caused by the difference of electrostatic interaction, was illustrated that electronegativity HA and SA were liable to electrostatically attract with Fe-(oxy)hydroxide and removed while the low electronegativity BSA was difficult to remove which its attraction was weakened.

Iron cobalt and nitrogen co-doped carbonized wood sponge for peroxymonosulfate activation: Performance and internal temperature-dependent mechanism

The directional regulation of oxidation capacity in the carbon-based peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation system is a promising strategy for wastewater purification. In this work, a novel iron cobalt and nitrogen co-doped carbonized wood sponge (FeCoNCWS) was developed. A superb catalytic performance for sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation (∼100.0%) was obtained within 30 min in FeCoNCWS800/PMS system at 60 °C. Besides, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribution was verified at different reaction temperatures. Specifically, the primary roles of sulfate and hydroxyl radicals (SO₄^- and OH) in SMX removal weakened, while the secondary role of singlet oxygen (¹O₂) in SMX degradation was enhanced with the rise of reaction temperature in FeCoNCWS800/PMS system. Interestingly, defects, graphitic N and carbonyl (CO) groups were vital active sites for PMS activation to produce ¹O₂, which was facilitated at higher reaction temperature. Besides, the metal sites were identified as PMS activators for SO₄^- and OH generation, which was promoted under lower reaction temperature. The findings revealed a novel internal temperature-dependent PMS activation mechanism, which can help to regulate the oxidation capacity of PMS activation system rationally for pollutant degradation.

Use of bag-filter gas dust in anaerobic digestion of cattle manure for boosting the methane yield and digestate utilization

Plenty of refractory and environmentally hazardous bag-filter gas dust (BGD) is produced in the iron-making process. The effects of untreated BGD on anaerobic digestion (AD) with cattle manure were investigated. The BGD had the potential to boost the methane yield and digestate utilization considerably. The digester with 2.0 wt% BGD gained the highest methane yield (256.3 mL/g VS) and chemical oxygen demand removal rate (56.8%), 51.3% and 20.1% higher than that (169.4 mL/g VS, 47.3%) of the control group, respectively. The digestates with BGD possessed a utilization potential with the stability of 49.5-57.9% and fertility of 4.65-4.86%. Electrochemical measurements demonstrated that 2.0 wt% BGD improved the electron transport capacity of the AD system and increased the limiting current and redox peak current by 40.3% and 12.9%, respectively. A strategy for understanding the BGD reinforcing methanogenesis was proposed. This work also provides a technical support for recycling the BGD.

Microbial electrochemical degradation of lipids for promoting methane production in anaerobic digestion

In order to solve problems of low methane production from lipids in anaerobic digestion, microbial electrochemical degradation was proposed to promote methane yield of glycerol trioleate (a typical lipid component of food waste). The beta-oxidation of lipids was strengthened with an applied voltage to promote electron transfer and anaerobic digestion. SEM images showed that a lot of spherical and rod-shaped microbes adhered to electrode surfaces. Cyclic voltammetry showed that electron transfer rate constant at 0.8 V was 14.4-fold that at 0 V. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy showed that small organic degraded molecules were used more efficiently in anaerobic digestion. The methane yield of glycerol trioleate increased to 791.6 mL/g-TVS (at 0.8 V), while methane production peak rate increased to 26.8 mL/g-TVS/d with a shortened peak time to 24th day. The overall energy conversion efficiency in methane production increased from 53.6 to 60.1% due to microbial electrochemical degradation of lipids.

Integrating anaerobic digestion with bioelectrochemical system for performance enhancement: A mini review

Strategies for enhancing performance of anaerobic digestion (AD) process has been widely studied. The bioelectrochemical system (BES), including microbial fuel cell, microbial electrolysis cell (MEC), microbial desalination cell, and microbial electrosynthesis, had been proposed to integrate with AD for performance enhancement. This mini-review summarizes the current researches that integrated AD with BES to enhance the performance of the former. The working principles of BES were introduced. The integrated configurations of AD-BES as well as the associated applications were summarized. The statistics analysis for AD-MEC performances reported in literature were then performed to confirm the effects of reactor size and applied voltage on the methane productivity and enhancement. The challenges and prospects of the integrated AD-BES were delineated, and the potential scenarios of applying integrated AD-BES in field were discussed.

Co/N co-doped carbonized wood sponge with 3D porous framework for efficient peroxymonosulfate activation: Performance and internal mechanism

Renewable wood sponge with lamellar structure, compressibility and three-dimensional porous frameworks exhibits excellent functionalization application potential in various fields. Herein, cobalt and nitrogen (Co/N) co-doped carbonized wood sponge (CoNCWS800) was prepared successfully for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation to degrade sulfamethoxazole (SMX). The CoNCWS800 material exhibited admirable catalytic activity in PMS activation to oxidize SMX molecules (99.7% within 60 min). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis, quenching tests and electrochemical experiments confirmed the existence of both radical (SO₄^·-,·OH and O₂^·-) and non-radical (¹O₂ and direct charge transfer) pathways during the SMX degradation process. Co species were verified as major contributors for the generation of multiple radicals via activating PMS. Surface defective structure and ketonic CO groups performed the positive linear correlation with reaction kinetic constants, revealing the critical role of the two active sites in PMS activation via non-radical process. This study provides a unique insight in PMS activation mechanism via both radical and non-radical pathways of wood sponge-based functional materials.

Application of bioelectrochemical systems to regulate and accelerate the anaerobic digestion processes

Anaerobic digestion (AD) serves as a potential bioconversion process to treat various organic wastes/wastewaters, including sewage sludge, and generate renewable green energy. Despite its efficiency, AD has several limitations that need to be overcome to achieve maximum energy recovery from organic materials while regulating inhibitory substances. Hence, bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) have been widely investigated to treat inhibitory compounds including ammonia in AD processes and improve the AD operational efficiency, stability, and economic viability with various integrations. The BES operations as a pretreatment process, inside AD or after the AD process aids in the upgradation of biogas (CO₂ to methane) and residual volatile fatty acids (VFAs) to valuable chemicals and fuels (alcohols) and even directly to electricity generation. This review presents a comprehensive summary of BES technologies and operations for overcoming the limitations of AD in lab-scale applications and suggests upscaling and future opportunities for BES-AD systems.

Effects of graphite, graphene, and graphene oxide on the anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge and food waste: Attention to methane production and the fate of antibiotic resistance genes

This study explored and compared the influence of graphite, graphene, and graphene oxide (GO) on the performance of anaerobic co-digestion fed with sewage sludge and food waste, the variations of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and the evolution of microbial community. Graphene exhibited the best performance for improving methane production and organic degradation, which increased by 36.09% and 23.07% compared with control group. The experimental results showed that graphene had the greatest influence on the removal efficiency of blaOXA-1, macrolide resistance genes (ermF and ermB), and some tetracycline resistance genes (tetQ and tetX); however, the removal efficiency of sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1 and sul2), intI1, and some tetracycline resistance genes (tetM, tetO, and tetW) were highest when GO was added. Network analysis indicated that the host cells of mefA, ermB, and tetO were different from other ARG host cells; moreover, graphene controlled the horizontal transfer of ARGs between microbial communities.

Coupled Thermodynamics and Phase Diagram Analysis of Gas-Duct Concretion Formation in Pyro-Processing Ironmaking and Steelmaking Dust

In recent years, the steel industry has accumulated approximately 100 million tons of dust annually, severely threatening the environment. Rotary kiln technology is one of the main industrial methods used to process this dust. However, some substances in flue gas congeal on the cooling wall of the gas duct and seriously affect production. In this study, the properties and formation mechanisms of the coagulum were investigated on the basis of experimental and thermodynamic analyses. The experimental results showed that the coagulum is mainly composed of chlorides (KCl, NaCl, and ZnCl2), oxides (ZnO, FeO), and carbon, with three structures: lumps, fibers, and particles. Based on a thermodynamic analysis, a reasonable explanation was proposed to clarify the formation mechanism. The liquid phase (a eutectic system of KCl–NaCl–ZnCl2), dendrites (KCl, NaCl), and particles (ZnO, FeO, C) were found to act as binders, stiffeners, and aggregates in the coagulum, respectively, constituting a composite structure. Liquids acting as binders are essential for coagulum formation, and dendrites and particles strengthen this effect. Furthermore, the eutectic system of chlorides plays a crucial role in coagulum formation. The results of the present study offer a theoretical understanding of gas-duct coagulation and will provide guidance for adopting alleviation measures.

Coconut-shell-derived bio-based carbon enhanced microbial electrolysis cells for upgrading anaerobic co-digestion of cow manure and aloe peel waste

Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) and exogenous accelerants can augment anaerobic digestion performance. Herein, MECs and coconut-shell-derived bio-based carbon (CBC) accelerant are adopted to strengthen anaerobic co-digestion of cow manure and aloe peel waste. The MEC with the voltage of 0.6 V and CBC accelerant of 0.15 wt.% gained the highest cumulative biogas yield (444.20 NmL/g VS) and chemical oxygen demand removal rate (75.46%), which are 80.25% and 58.33% higher than those (246.44 NmL/g VS, 47.66%) of the blank group, respectively. The digestates embodied a utilization potential with thermogravimetric loss of 37.12%-50.67% and total nutrient content of 35.36-51.58 g/kg. These results benefited from excellent electrocatalytic activity of MECs and physicochemical properties of CBC accelerant. A general strategy for understanding improved methanogenesis was proposed based on integrated effects of MECs and CBC accelerant. This work will shed light on development of anaerobic co-digestion by combining MECs and bio-based carbon accelerants.

Progress in microbial fuel cell technology for wastewater treatment and energy harvesting

The global energy crisis has stimulated the development of various forms of green energy technology such as microbial fuel cells (MFCs) that can be applied synergistically and simultaneously toward wastewater treatment and bioenergy generation. This is because electricigens in wastewater can act as catalysts for destroying organic pollutants to produce bioelectricity through bacterial metabolism. In this review, the factors affecting energy production are discussed to help optimize MFC processes with respect to design (e.g., single, double, stacked, up-flow, sediment, photosynthetic, and microbial electrolysis cells) and operational conditions/parameters (e.g., cell potential, microorganisms, substrate (in wastewater), pH, temperature, salinity, external resistance, and shear stress). The significance of electron transfer mechanisms and microbial metabolism is also described to pursue the maximum generation of power by MFCs. Technically, the generation of power by MFCs is still a significant challenge for real-world applications due to the difficulties in balancing between harvesting efficiency and upscaling of the system. This review summarizes various techniques used for MFC-based energy harvesting systems. This study aims to help narrow such gaps in their practical applications. Further, it is also expected to give insights into the upscaling of MFC technology while assisting environmental scientists to gain a better understanding on this energy harvesting approach.

Biological power generation and earthworm assisted sludge treatment wetland to remove organic matter in sludge and synchronous power generation

In order to eliminate the weak degradation ability of organic matter in sludge treatment wetland (STW). In current work, a combined biological power generation and earthworm assisted sludge treatment wetland (BE-STW) system is proposed for the first time to accelerate degradation and dehydration process of organics in STW, thusly, recovering biomass energy in sludge. Experimental results show that S₄ system (earthworm and bioelectricity combined) yields a voltage of 0.832 V and maximum power density of 94.98 W/m² in the 5th day. The combination of earthworm, microorganism and plants in STW system can reduce the ratio of volatile solids to total solids (VS/TS) to 15% while the removal rate of total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) reaches 92.1%. The BE-STW system increases sludge particle size while reduces absolute value of Zeta and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content, so that the moisture content of effluent sludge retains to 66.8%. Meanwhile, the richness of bacterial communities in S₄ proves that bioelectrochemistry and earthworm can effectively improve the sludge treatment effect.

Progress in osmotic membrane bioreactors research: Contaminant removal, microbial community and bioenergy production in wastewater

Renewable energy, water conservation, and environmental protection are the most important challenges today. Osmotic membrane bioreactor (OMBR) is an innovative process showing superior performance in bioenergy production, eliminating contaminants, and low fouling tendency. However, salinity build-up is the main drawback of this process. Identifying the microbial community can improve the process in bioenergy production and contaminant treatment. This review aims to study the recent progress and challenges of OMBRs in contaminant removal, microbial communities and bioenergy production. OMBRs are widely reported to remove over 80% of total organic carbon, PO₄^3-, NH₄⁺ and emerging contaminants from wastewater. The most important microbial phyla for both hydrogen and methane production in OMBR are Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Firmicutes' dominance in anaerobic processes is considerably increased from usually 20% at the beginning to 80% under stable condition. Overall, OMBR process has great potential to be applied for simultaneous bioenergy production and wastewater treatment.

New insight into quinones triggered ferrate in-situ synthesized polynuclear Fe-hydroxyl complex for enhancing interfacial adsorption in highly efficient removal of natural organic matter

In this study, the effects of quinone on the formation of in-situ synthesized polynuclear Fe-hydroxide (PnFe-H) from ferrate activation and enhanced degradation of organics were investigated by in-situ UV linear differential absorbance spectra for the first time. Results indicated benzoquinone (BQ) efficiently activated ferrate for the flocculation of humic acid (HA) that the flocculation reactions rate constants in Fe(VI)-0.1 mM BQ was 3.3 times as much as the blank. Interestingly, quenching studies suggested PnFe-H derived from the high-valence iron species which were the active components by BQ activation, was proved the vital factor for removing of HA. According to the analysis of interaction energy, BQ promoted FeOH²⁺ converted to Fe(OH)₂⁺ and Fe₂(OH)₂⁴⁺ which weakened the polar property and increased hydrophobicity of compounds, further benefited for adsorption with lower Lifshitz-van del Waals (LW) and Lewis acid-base (AB) interfacial energy between PnFe-H-contaminant compounds. However, excessive BQ reduced freshly particulate Fe(III) to Fe(II), weakened the PnFe-H flocculation performance which retarded the transformation of iron species. In addition, the effects of HA concentration were also studied due to the existent of functional quinone-like moieties. The contribution of PnFe-H flocculation removal on the total removal (Re_flocculation/Re_total) improved from 2.6% to 17.09% with Fe(VI)/HA from 0.1 to 1.12. Fe(VI) sufficient oxidized electron-rich moieties and decreased the aromaticity due to π bond was broken, further cooperated with PnFe-H captured small fragment particles by sweep flocculation that Fe(VI) self-accelerating decay produced more Fe(III). The research elucidated a new insight into of ferrate activation by quinone which could expand our knowledge of activation pathway, further regulate the relationship between oxidation and flocculation for enhancing organic and colloidal particle removal in practical application.

Phosphate substances transformation and vivianite formation in P-Fe containing sludge during the transition process of aerobic and anaerobic conditions

Excess sludge was considered as a promising raw material for phosphorus recovery. In this study, the P-Fe containing sludge came from the aerobic membrane bioreactor with electrocoagulation (EC), which was refluxed to the anaerobic unit for iron reduction. Under anaerobic condition, the ORP and pH maintained at -350 mV and 7.5, which exactly met the conditions for vivianite formation. According to the analysis of X-ray polycrystalline diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), the final product of the sludge after anaerobic condition was mainly vivianite. Microbial analysis showed that there were iron reducing bacteria (IRB) in sludge before and after anaerobic process, including Dechloromonas, Desulfovibrio. Aeromonas and Methanobacterium. During the transition process of aerobic and anaerobic conditions, amorphous phosphate substances in P-Fe containing sludge could be transformed vivianite just with long term standing, which could promote the recovery of phosphate resource from wastewater.

Efficacy of electrode position in microbial fuel cell for simultaneous Cr(VI) reduction and bioelectricity production

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) that are bio-energy transducers capture bioelectricity produced from the oxidation of organic matter by using the electro-active bacteria grown on the biofilm attached on anode. Previous studies explored the effect of several limiting factors, such as electrode material, catalyst type, membrane structure, and electrolyte, on the electrochemical performance of MFCs. However, the effects of electrode position on Cr(VI) reduction and bioelectricity production remain unknown. In this study, MFCs with different electrode positions (i.e., 4 cm (MFC-4), 3 cm (MFC-3), 2 cm (MFC-2), and 1 cm (MFC-1)) were designed and fabricated to evaluate the overall performance of MFCs. The results of electrochemical analysis confirmed that MFC-2 exhibited low exchange transfer resistance (4.9 Ω) and strong conductivity, resulting in optimal electrochemical performance. In addition, Cr(VI) was completely removed within 11 h in MFC-2 with a large reduction rate of 0.91 g/m³·h. and COD removal efficiency of 78.25%. The overall performance of MFC-2 was comparatively higher than those of MFC-1 (0.80 g/m³·h and 68.82%), MFC-3 (0.64 g/m³·h and 61.67%), and MFC-4 (0.52 g/m³·h and 39.85%). Meanwhile, MFC-2 generated high open voltage (1.02 V) and power density (535.4 mW/m²), which are 1.4- and 3.1-fold larger than those of MFC-4 (0.72 V and 171.3 mW/m²). High COD removal and power density indicated the strong electrochemical activity of electroactive bacteria in the anode chamber of the MFCs, which was due to the low resistance in the MFCs could accelerate electron transfer and boost electrochemical reaction. Consequently, the optimal electrode spacing in MFCs was 2 cm. Further studies confirmed that Cr(VI) was removed and deposited in the form of Cr(III) on the electrode surface. High-throughput analysis suggested Pseudomonas species are the key electroactive bacteria for electricity generation.

Specific microbial diversity and functional gene (AOB amoA) analysis of a sponge-based aerobic nitrifying moving bed biofilm reactor exposed to typical pharmaceuticals

Four bench-scale sponge-based aerobic nitrifying moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) were used to treat municipal wastewater containing typical pharmaceuticals (1 mg/L, 2 mg/L and 5 mg/L). This preliminary research aims to investigate the effects of sulfadiazine (SDZ), ibuprofen (IBU) and carbamazepine (CBZ) on nitrification performance and explore specific microbial diversity and functional gene (Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), amoA) of MBBRs. After 90 days of operation, the MBBR without pharmaceuticals could remove up to 97.4 ± 1.5% of NH₄⁺-N while the removals of NH₄⁺-N by the MBBRs with SDZ, IBU and CBZ were all suppressed to varying degrees. Based on the Shannon and Chao 1 index, the specific microbial diversity and richness in biofilm samples increased at a range of 1 mg/L to 2 mg/L pharmaceuticals (SDZ, IBU or CBZ) and started decreasing after the pharmaceutical concentration was higher than 2 mg/L. The determination of functional gene (AOB amoA) showed that Proteobacteria was the most dominant bacteria within all biofilms with the relative abundance ranging from 24.81% to 55.32%. Furthermore, Nitrosomonas was the most numerous genus in AOB, followed by Campylobacter and Thauera, whose relative abundance shifted under the pressure of different pharmaceuticals.

The bio-chemical cycle of iron and the function induced by ZVI addition in anaerobic digestion: A review

Zero-valent iron (ZVI) is known to be an additive in facilitating waste treatment and improving biogas production in anaerobic digestion (AD) systems. This review concentrates on the chemical cycle of iron as well as the function of the iron cycle in the removal of four kinds of pollutants: organic carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus, which are commonly encountered in waste treatment. In recent studies, the addition of ZVI to an AD system promoted the in-situ production of CH₄ from CO₂, enabling carbon capture through biotechnology. Additionally, using iron-carbon microbial electrolytic cells in AD systems in order to accelerate electron transport, as well as specific pollutant degradation mechanisms, are illustrated in the present study. Particularly, the main factors affecting the removal efficiency of contaminants in a ZVI-AD system such as pH, VFA/ Alkalinity (ALK), oxidation-reduction potential and particle size are reviewed. According to the above characteristics, combined with technical model and economic analyses, an AD system based on ZVI was considered to be an economical, efficient and carbon-neutral pollutant treatment technology. Accordingly, Iron-based AD is suggested to be a promising and sustainable approach orientated to a circular economy, which may be applied to many waste treatments fields.

Roles of structure defect, oxygen groups and heteroatom doping on carbon in nonradical oxidation of water contaminants

A rational design of structure-tailored and functionalized nanocarbons for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation is important in metal-free catalysis for degradation of water contaminants. In this work, we employed ionic liquids (ILs) for synthesis of porous carbon materials (PCMs) as a PMS activator for oxidative removal of naproxen and systematically investigated the functions of structure defects, oxygen functional groups and heteroatom doping toward the catalytic oxidation. A positive linear correlation between reaction rate constants and carbon defect ratios of PCMs revealed that the structural defects played an important role in PMS activation. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra, radical quenching experiments and electrochemical analysis tests verified nonradical-dominated oxidations via electron transfer and ¹O₂. Structural vacancies, ketonic C=O groups and graphitic-N atoms on carbons have been revealed to be the active sites for the nonradical pathways via direct electron transfer or generation of O₂^•-/¹O₂. This work provides new insight into the reaction mechanism and structure-performance relationships of the catalytic centers in nonradical oxidation.

Enhanced isophthalonitrile complexation-reduction removal using a novel anaerobic fluidized bed reactor in a bioelectrochemical system based on electric field activation (AFBR-EFA)

On account of the recalcitrant and highly toxicity of organonitrile substrates, traditional processes are limited by HCN poisoning thus inefficient. This article proposed a novel anaerobic fluidized bed reactor with electric field activation (AFBR-EFA) which had a 260-day continuous operation. The operation aims to explore the practicability of the enhanced reduction of isophthalonitrile (IPN), with emphasis on the optimum operation parameters and synergistic effect between electric field and anaerobic processes. The results showed that relatively higher voltage (1.0 V < V < 1.6 V) had a positive impact on reduction enhancement. High removal could be obtained at high initial concentration, low methanol dosage and short HRT which indicated that tolerance to shock loading was significantly enhanced in AFBR-EFA. Furthermore, EFA visibly motivated the enrichment of electrochemically active bacteria and various autotrophic IPN degradation-related species. The significantly efficient performance makes the potential for full-scale application of the AFBR-EFA markedly improved, particularly for treating hard-biodegraded contaminants.

A novel UASB-MFC dual sensors system for wastewater treatment: On-line sensor recovery and electrode cleaning in the long-term operation

In this research, the UASB-MFC dual sensors system was established and treatment the brewery wastewater. The COD removal rate attain about 90% and the NH₄⁺-N concentration less than 15 mg/L, MFCs has a voltage range of 0.34-0.42 V. Meanwhile, as the biosensor for coupling system, MFCs can be used to make simultaneous monitor COD and TVFA. The potential distribution can in-situ accelerate the reattachment of micro-organisms, which shorten the recovery time to 55% of the original. The long-term performance of MFCs were tested by electrochemical methods and found that the degradation of biosensors was mainly caused by the precipitation of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ on the cathode surface and affected by concentration. More importantly, cleaning the electrode by an self-enhanced method without external assistance ECS (Electrodes Connection Switching) can improve the MFCs performance to 83.2 %-84.6%. Dual sensors system in UASB gives a novel possibility for UASB-MFC sensor self-sustaining in a long-term.

Responses of short-chain fatty acids production to the addition of various biocarriers to sludge anaerobic fermentation

This study aimed to evaluate the effects and explore the mechanisms of polyethylene (PE), polyurethane sponge (PUS), and granule activated carbon (GAC) on short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production from sludge anaerobic fermentation. Results showed that no matter the biocarrier type, addition of biocarriers increased the diversity of SCFAs. In contrast with GAC, addition of PE and PUS considerably facilitated the accumulation of the total SCFAs. Suspended PE and PUS might have stronger frictions with sludge particles which resulted in a better sludge disintegration. Other factors that contributed to the enhancement of PE and PUS include higher hydrolytic and acidogenic enzymes activities, lower methanogenic enzyme activity, more Firmicutes and less Proteobacteria. Consistent with enzymatic and microbial results, the PE and the PUS tests also showed greater abundance in all metabolic functions predicted with PICRUSt. This study provides a novel strategy for sludge anaerobic fermentation by using traditional wastewater biocarriers.

Hysteresis effect on backwashing process in a submerged hollow fiber membrane bioreactor (MBR) applied to membrane fouling mitigation

Hysteresis effect on backwashing in a submerged MBR was investigated with dead-end hollow fiber membranes. The out-of-step changes in TMP and flux is the real hysteresis effect which is common but easily overlooked. Methods of visualization and ultrasonic spectrum analysis were implemented. The results showed that fouling layer is just the culprit of hysteresis effect. Fouling level and fiber length were determined as two key factors that affect hysteresis effect by data and model derivation. Moreover, a hysteresis evaluation index "τ_bw" is proposed to quantify the result of TMP vs time. The relationship between influence factors and "τ_bw" is interactive. A linear relationship between fouling level and "τ_bw" was found as well as an extreme value between fiber length and "τ_bw". A lower fouling level (lower backwashing flow) and optimal backwashing duration will be helpful for an effective backwashing no matter for membrane fouling control or energy cost reduce.

Arsenate removal from underground water by polystyrene-confined hydrated ferric oxide (HFO) nanoparticles:effect of humic acid

Arsenic decontamination from groundwater is an urgent but still challenging task. Polystyrene-based hydrated ferric oxide (denoted as D201-HFO) nanocomposite is a new emerging current adsorbent for efficient arsenate removal in natural waters; the resulting materials can interact with arsenate, mainly driven by inner complexation and static interaction and the existing HA effects on adsorption was well investigated. Results reveals that low concentrations of HA (below 25 mg/L) coexistence led to negligible effects on As(V) removal, but high levels of HA (100 mg/L) exerted outstanding sorption competition to As(V) removal; kinetics results revealed the HA additions brought about the diffusion prolonging and capacity decline, due to the large molecule structure of HA. Column experiments further showed the slight decrease application capacity of 810 BV by HA additions, with satisfactory saturation capacity; significantly, the presence of HA also exerted negligible influences on regeneration performances. All the sorbents with or without HA could be well regenerated by binary alkaline and salt mixture.

Prepartion and application of novel blast furnace dust based catalytic-ceramic-filler in electrolysis assisted catalytic micro-electrolysis system for ciprofloxacin wastewater treatment

Blast furnace dust (BFD), a hazardous metallurgical waste, is generated during the iron-making process and consists plenty of Fe and C. This study is among the first to apply BFD in catalytic-ceramic-filler (CCF) preparation and degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP). The novel BFD based Fe-Ni CCF obviously enhanced the removal of CIP (from around 42%-72% after 3 h) in comparation with troditional Fe-C ceramic-filler(CF). The Fe-Ni CCF was further applied in a coupled system of electrolysis assisted catalytic micro-electrolysis (E-CME) process for CIP wastewater treatment. Under optimal operating conditions (iron rod as anode, voltage of 10v and HRT of 3 h), nearly 97% of CIP, 90% of total organic carbon (TOC) and 99% of total phosphorus (TP) were removed by E-CME process in near-neutral solution. The degradation mechanism analysis by LC-MS revealed that polyhydroxy sub-stituted, piperazine rings cleavage and so on were the main reaction of CIP in E-CME process. Additionally, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) residue after E-CME process could be effectively eliminated by up-flow anaerobic filter (UAF), owing to the significant improvement of wastewater biodegradability by E-CME pretreatment. This study provides a new way for co-friend recycling of BFD and a highly-efficient, cost-sffective technology for CIP wastewater treatment.

Microbial community in in-situ waste sludge anaerobic digestion with alkalization for enhancement of nutrient recovery and energy generation

Microbial community in in-situ waste sludge anaerobic digestion with alkalization for enhancement of nutrient recovery and energy generation was studied. Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes phylum became the majority in the microbial community, especially Firmicutes showed the predominate role in the community due to its thick cell wall structure, potential ability hydrolysis and hydrogenogenic acidogenesis. Anaerobic digestion with alkalization caused the obvious microbial diversity decrease, and over 50% of minority bacteria grew up in quantity from original sludge. Phylum of Firmicutes developed by themselves having few interactions with other bacteria, partly contributing to its rapid growth in anaerobic digestion with alkalization. The decrease of hydrocarbon degradation, and the increase of both fermentation and reductive acetogenesis in microbial community, indicating the promotion of short chain fatty acids production, especially acetic acid which is the key intermediate products for nutrient recovery and energy generation.

Fluctuation of electrode potential based on molecular regulation induced diversity of electrogenesis behavior in multiple equilibrium microbial fuel cell

In this study, the electrogenesis behaviors and mechanisms in multiple equilibrium microbial fuel cells (MEMFCs) which volatile fatty acids as multiple electron donors are investigated. The electrochemical property and energy recovery can be enhanced in propionic acid dominant systems (HPr-D-MEMFCs) which compares to butyric acid dominant systems (HBu-D-MEMFCs), increase power density from 0.04 to 0.43 W/m² and energy recovery efficiency from 2.07 to 5.44%, respectively. With isotope experiment analysis, the fluctuation of electrode potentials induce diverse electrogenesis pathways that high utilization efficiencies and bioconversion efficiency of hybrid acids observed in HPr-D-MEMFCs which different with HAc-D-MEMFCs and HBu-D-MEMFCs. In addition, the electrochemical and microbial community variation of MEMFCs reveal that the direct interspecies electron transfer stimulated with higher electric double layer capacitance, and activities of exoelectrogens enhanced with high relative abundance in HPr-D-MEMFCs. The findings present an intensive study in electrogenesis, providing a promising way to promote energy recovery and further extend its application value.

Improved degradation of anthraquinone dye by electrochemical activation of PDS

Electrochemical oxidation (EO) coupled with peroxydisulfate (PDS) activation as a synergistic wastewater treatment process (PDS/EO) was performed to degrade anthraquinone dye-Reactive Brilliant Blue (RBB) in aqueous solution. Introducing PDS into the EO improved the RBB removal than the sole PDS and conventional EO systems. The RBB could activate PDS to a certain degree by itself. By the comparison of various inorganic ions addition, it showed that adding NO₃^- as the background electrolyte was more effective than the systems using the Cl^- and SO₄^2-, respectively. In this PDS/EO-NO₃^- system, increasing PDS concentration (1-5 mmol L^-1) and current density (5-10 mA cm^-2) considerably promoted the degradation of RBB. The adjustment of the solution pH displayed that the acidic and neutral condition was beneficial to the RBB removal, and the synergistic effect was inverse ratio to the RBB initial concentration. Furthermore, the scavenger experiments verified that both SO₄^·- and HO· were the major active substances in the RBB decomposition, and other reactive oxygen species also had considerable contributions. Thereinto NO₃^- only act a catalytic agent to improve the generation of active matters in the PDS/EO-NO₃^-. Overall, the proposed synergistic process could serve as an efficient method for the degradation of anthraquinone dye.

The investigation on Fe3O4 magnetic flocculation for high efficiency treatment of oily micro-polluted water

For the low-concentration oily micro-polluted water formed by the leakage of refined oil products, an unexpensive and high-efficiency magnetic enhanced flocculation method was introduced in this study. First, the performance of magnetic flocculation(MF) to remove oily contaminants was discussed. The results indicated that it achieved more than 95% removal in only 1min with 50mg/L-Polyaluminum chloride(PAC), 50mg/L-Fe₃O₄ and10mg/L- Polyacrylamide (PAM). The novel indexs R_δand S_i were proposed to evaluate the oil removal with UV-Abs in-situ method. According to the adsorption kinetics of oil contaminants, the adsorption kinetics changed from pseudo-first-order to pseudo-second-order kinetics after the addition of Fe₃O₄ on the basis of conventional coagulation (CF). It was transformed into intraparticle diffusion kinetics when the PAM continued to be added. Combined with the Fe-O-Al bond in the FTIR spectrum of flocs, the main mechanism of MF is enhanced charge neutralization and hydrogen bond adsorption. In addition, it was shown that satisfactory oil removal after recover, which indicated the great potential of a sustainable way by reusing low-cost magnetic seeds.

Data-Mining for Processes in Chemistry, Materials, and Engineering

With the rapid development of machine learning techniques, data-mining for processes in chemistry, materials, and engineering has been widely reported in recent years. In this discussion, we summarize some typical applications for process optimization, design, and evaluation of chemistry, materials, and engineering. Although the research and application targets are various, many important common points still exist in their data-mining. We then propose a generalized strategy based on the philosophy of data-mining, which should be applicable for the design and optimization targets for processes in various fields with both scientific and industrial purposes.