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Eevera T, Kumaran S, Djanaguiraman M, Thirumaran T, Le QH, Pugazhendhi A. Unleashing the potential of nanoparticles on seed treatment and enhancement for sustainable farming. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 236:116849. [PMID: 37558116 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The foremost challenge in farming is the storage of seeds after harvest and maintaining seed quality during storage. In agriculture, studies showed positive impacts of nanotechnology on plant development, seed storage, endurance under various types of stress, detection of seed damages, and seed quality. Seed's response varies with different types of nanoparticles depending on its physical and biochemical properties and plant species. Herein, we aim to cover the impact of nanoparticles on seed coating, dormancy, germination, seedling, nutrition, plant growth, stress conditions protection, and storage. Although the seed treatment by nanopriming has been shown to improve seed germination, seedling development, stress tolerance, and seedling growth, their full potential was not realized at the field level. Sustainable nano-agrochemicals and technology could provide good seed quality with less environmental toxicity. The present review critically discusses eco-friendly strategies that can be employed for the nanomaterial seed treatment and seed enhancement process to increase seedling vigor under different conditions. Also, an integrated approach involving four innovative concepts, namely green co-priming, nano-recycling of agricultural wastes, nano-pairing, and customized nanocontainer storage, has been proposed to acclimatize nanotechnology in farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamilmani Eevera
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanmugam Kumaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science & Technology (Deemed to be University), Vallam, Thanjavur, 613 403, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Maduraimuthu Djanaguiraman
- Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thanabalu Thirumaran
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551
| | - Quynh Hoang Le
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam.
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2
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Wohlleben W, Mehling A, Landsiedel R. Lessons Learned from the Grouping of Chemicals to Assess Risks to Human Health. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202210651. [PMID: 36254879 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In analogy to the periodic system that groups elements by their similarity in structure and chemical properties, the hazard of chemicals can be assessed in groups having similar structures and similar toxicological properties. Here we review case studies of chemical grouping strategies that supported the assessment of hazard, exposure, and risk to human health. By the EU-REACH and the US-TSCA New Chemicals Program, structural similarity is commonly used as the basis for grouping, but that criterion is not always adequate and sufficient. Based on the lessons learned, we derive ten principles for grouping, including: transparency of the purpose, criteria, and boundaries of the group; adequacy of methods used to justify the group; and inclusion or exclusion of substances in the group by toxicological properties. These principles apply to initial grouping to prioritize further actions as well as to definitive grouping to generate data for risk assessment. Both can expedite effective risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendel Wohlleben
- Department of Analytical and Material Science, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Annette Mehling
- Dept. of Advanced Formulation and Performance Technology, BASF Personal Care and Nutrition GmbH, 40589, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
- Free University of Berlin, Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy-Pharmacology and Toxicology, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Current Advances in Lipid Nanosystems Intended for Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery Applications. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020656. [PMID: 36839978 PMCID: PMC9967415 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin delivery is an exciting and challenging field. It is a promising approach for effective drug delivery due to its ease of administration, ease of handling, high flexibility, controlled release, prolonged therapeutic effect, adaptability, and many other advantages. The main associated challenge, however, is low skin permeability. The skin is a healthy barrier that serves as the body's primary defence mechanism against foreign particles. New advances in skin delivery (both topical and transdermal) depend on overcoming the challenges associated with drug molecule permeation and skin irritation. These limitations can be overcome by employing new approaches such as lipid nanosystems. Due to their advantages (such as easy scaling, low cost, and remarkable stability) these systems have attracted interest from the scientific community. However, for a successful formulation, several factors including particle size, surface charge, components, etc. have to be understood and controlled. This review provided a brief overview of the structure of the skin as well as the different pathways of nanoparticle penetration. In addition, the main factors influencing the penetration of nanoparticles have been highlighted. Applications of lipid nanosystems for dermal and transdermal delivery, as well as regulatory aspects, were critically discussed.
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Tundisi LL, Ataide JA, Costa JSR, Coêlho DDF, Liszbinski RB, Lopes AM, Oliveira-Nascimento L, de Jesus MB, Jozala AF, Ehrhardt C, Mazzola PG. Nanotechnology as a tool to overcome macromolecules delivery issues. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 222:113043. [PMID: 36455361 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.113043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanocarriers can deliver drugs to specific organs or cells, potentially bridging the gap between a drug's function and its interaction with biological systems such as human physiology. The untapped potential of nanotechnology stems from its ability to manipulate materials, allowing control over physical and chemical properties and overcoming drug-related problems, e.g., poor solubility or poor bioavailability. For example, most protein drugs are administered parenterally, each with challenges and peculiarities. Some problems faced by bioengineered macromolecule drugs leading to poor bioavailability are short biological half-life, large size and high molecular weight, low permeability through biological membranes, and structural instability. Nanotechnology emerges as a promising strategy to overcome these problems. Nevertheless, the delivery system should be carefully chosen considering loading efficiency, physicochemical properties, production conditions, toxicity, and regulations. Moving from the bench to the bedside is still one of the major bottlenecks in nanomedicine, and toxicological issues are the greatest challenges to overcome. This review provides an overview of biotech drug delivery approaches, associated nanotechnology novelty, toxicological issues, and regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janaína Artem Ataide
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Souza Ribeiro Costa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil; Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology (Latef), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Raquel Bester Liszbinski
- Nano-Cell Interactions Lab., Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil
| | - André Moreni Lopes
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Laura Oliveira-Nascimento
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil; Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology (Latef), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Bispo de Jesus
- Nano-Cell Interactions Lab., Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Angela Faustino Jozala
- LAMINFE - Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Process, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Carsten Ehrhardt
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Priscila Gava Mazzola
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil
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Landsiedel R, Honarvar N, Seiffert SB, Oesch B, Oesch F. Genotoxicity testing of nanomaterials. WIRES NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1833. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Landsiedel
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology BASF SE Ludwigshafen am Rhein Germany
- Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Free University of Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Naveed Honarvar
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology BASF SE Ludwigshafen am Rhein Germany
| | | | - Barbara Oesch
- Oesch‐Tox Toxicological Consulting and Expert Opinions, GmbH & Co KG Ingelheim Germany
| | - Franz Oesch
- Oesch‐Tox Toxicological Consulting and Expert Opinions, GmbH & Co KG Ingelheim Germany
- Institute of Toxicology Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
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Song Y, Bleeker E, Cross RK, Vijver MG, Peijnenburg WJGM. Similarity assessment of metallic nanoparticles within a risk assessment framework: A case study on metallic nanoparticles and lettuce. NANOIMPACT 2022; 26:100397. [PMID: 35560295 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Similarity assessment is one of the means of optimally using scarcely available experimental data on the fate and hazards of nanoforms (NFs) for regulatory purposes. For a set of NFs that are shown to be similar it is allowed in a regulatory context to apply the information available on any of the NFs within the group to the whole set of NFs. Obviously, a proper justification for such a similarity assessment is to be provided. Within the context of exemplifying such a justification, a case study was performed aimed at assessing the similarity of a set of spherical metallic NFs that different with regard to chemical composition (three metals) and particle size (three different sizes). The endpoints of assessment were root elongation and biomass increase of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings and exposure assessment was performed in order to express the actual exposure concentration in terms of time-weighted average particle concentrations. The results of the study show that for the specific endpoints assessed, chemical composition is driving NF toxicity and this is mostly due to impacts on the fate of the NFs. On the other hand, particle size of Cu NFs had a negligible impact on the dose-response relationships for the specific endpoints assessed. It is thus concluded that hazard data available on spherical Cu NF tested in our case can be used to inform on the hazards of any spherical Cu NF within the size range of 25-100 nm, but only applies for the certain endpoints. Also, toxicity data for the Cu2+-ion are suited for such a similarity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Song
- Leiden University, Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), P.O. Box 9518, 2300, RA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Eric Bleeker
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, P.O. Box 1, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Richard K Cross
- UKRI Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, MacLean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Martina G Vijver
- Leiden University, Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), P.O. Box 9518, 2300, RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- Leiden University, Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), P.O. Box 9518, 2300, RA, Leiden, the Netherlands; National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, P.O. Box 1, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Shivaraj SM, Mandlik R, Bhat JA, Raturi G, Elbaum R, Alexander L, Tripathi DK, Deshmukh R, Sonah H. Outstanding Questions on the Beneficial Role of Silicon in Crop Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:4-18. [PMID: 34558628 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is widely accepted as a beneficial element for plants. Despite the substantial progress made in understanding Si transport mechanisms and modes of action in plants, several questions remain unanswered. In this review, we discuss such outstanding questions and issues commonly encountered by biologists studying the role of Si in plants in relation to Si bioavailability. In recent years, advances in our understanding of the role of Si-solubilizing bacteria and the efficacy of Si nanoparticles have been made. However, there are many unknown aspects associated with structural and functional features of Si transporters, Si loading into the xylem, and the role of specialized cells like silica cells and compounds preventing Si polymerization in plant tissues. In addition, despite several 1,000 reports showing the positive effects of Si in high as well as low Si-accumulating plant species, the exact roles of Si at the molecular level are yet to be understood. Some evidence suggests that Si regulates hormonal pathways and nutrient uptake, thereby explaining various observed benefits of Si uptake. However, how Si modulates hormonal pathways or improves nutrient uptake remains to be explained. Finally, we summarize the knowledge gaps that will provide a roadmap for further research on plant silicon biology, leading to an exploration of the benefits of Si uptake to enhance crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Shivaraj
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
| | - Rushil Mandlik
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Punjab 160014, India
| | - Javaid Akhter Bhat
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Gaurav Raturi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Punjab 160014, India
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- R H Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Lux Alexander
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Bratislava SK-84215, Slovakia
| | - Durgesh Kumar Tripathi
- Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313, India
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
| | - Humira Sonah
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
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Wall J, Seleci DA, Schworm F, Neuberger R, Link M, Hufnagel M, Schumacher P, Schulz F, Heinrich U, Wohlleben W, Hartwig A. Comparison of Metal-Based Nanoparticles and Nanowires: Solubility, Reactivity, Bioavailability and Cellular Toxicity. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 12:nano12010147. [PMID: 35010097 PMCID: PMC8746854 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While the toxicity of metal-based nanoparticles (NP) has been investigated in an increasing number of studies, little is known about metal-based fibrous materials, so-called nanowires (NWs). Within the present study, the physico-chemical properties of particulate and fibrous nanomaterials based on Cu, CuO, Ni, and Ag as well as TiO2 and CeO2 NP were characterized and compared with respect to abiotic metal ion release in different physiologically relevant media as well as acellular reactivity. While none of the materials was soluble at neutral pH in artificial alveolar fluid (AAF), Cu, CuO, and Ni-based materials displayed distinct dissolution under the acidic conditions found in artificial lysosomal fluids (ALF and PSF). Subsequently, four different cell lines were applied to compare cytotoxicity as well as intracellular metal ion release in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Both cytotoxicity and bioavailability reflected the acellular dissolution rates in physiological lysosomal media (pH 4.5); only Ag-based materials showed no or very low acellular solubility, but pronounced intracellular bioavailability and cytotoxicity, leading to particularly high concentrations in the nucleus. In conclusion, in spite of some quantitative differences, the intracellular bioavailability as well as toxicity is mostly driven by the respective metal and is less modulated by the shape of the respective NP or NW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Wall
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biosciences, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.W.); (F.S.); (R.N.); (M.L.); (M.H.); (P.S.)
| | | | - Feranika Schworm
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biosciences, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.W.); (F.S.); (R.N.); (M.L.); (M.H.); (P.S.)
| | - Ronja Neuberger
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biosciences, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.W.); (F.S.); (R.N.); (M.L.); (M.H.); (P.S.)
| | - Martin Link
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biosciences, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.W.); (F.S.); (R.N.); (M.L.); (M.H.); (P.S.)
| | - Matthias Hufnagel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biosciences, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.W.); (F.S.); (R.N.); (M.L.); (M.H.); (P.S.)
| | - Paul Schumacher
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biosciences, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.W.); (F.S.); (R.N.); (M.L.); (M.H.); (P.S.)
| | | | | | | | - Andrea Hartwig
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biosciences, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.W.); (F.S.); (R.N.); (M.L.); (M.H.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Braakhuis HM, Murphy F, Ma-Hock L, Dekkers S, Keller J, Oomen AG, Stone V. An Integrated Approach to Testing and Assessment to Support Grouping and Read-Across of Nanomaterials After Inhalation Exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:112-128. [PMID: 34746334 PMCID: PMC8567336 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2021.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Here, we describe the generation of hypotheses for grouping nanoforms (NFs) after inhalation exposure and the tailored Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATA) with which each specific hypothesis can be tested. This is part of a state-of-the-art framework to support the hypothesis-driven grouping and read-across of NFs, as developed by the EU-funded Horizon 2020 project GRACIOUS. Development of Grouping Hypotheses and IATA: Respirable NFs, depending on their physicochemical properties, may dissolve either in lung lining fluid or in acidic lysosomal fluid after uptake by cells. Alternatively, NFs may also persist in particulate form. Dissolution in the lung is, therefore, a decisive factor for the toxicokinetics of NFs. This has led to the development of four hypotheses, broadly grouping NFs as instantaneous, quickly, gradually, and very slowly dissolving NFs. For instantaneously dissolving NFs, hazard information can be derived by read-across from the ions. For quickly dissolving particles, as accumulation of particles is not expected, ion toxicity will drive the toxic profile. However, the particle aspect influences the location of the ion release. For gradually dissolving and very slowly dissolving NFs, particle-driven toxicity is of concern. These NFs may be grouped by their reactivity and inflammation potency. The hypotheses are substantiated by a tailored IATA, which describes the minimum information and laboratory assessments of NFs under investigation required to justify grouping. Conclusion: The GRACIOUS hypotheses and tailored IATA for respiratory toxicity of inhaled NFs can be used to support decision making regarding Safe(r)-by-Design product development or adoption of precautionary measures to mitigate potential risks. It can also be used to support read-across of adverse effects such as pulmonary inflammation and subsequent downstream effects such as lung fibrosis and lung tumor formation after long-term exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig M Braakhuis
- Centre for Health Protection and Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona Murphy
- NanoSafety Research Group, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lan Ma-Hock
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Susan Dekkers
- Centre for Health Protection and Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Keller
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Agnes G Oomen
- Centre for Health Protection and Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Vicki Stone
- NanoSafety Research Group, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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More S, Bampidis V, Benford D, Bragard C, Halldorsson T, Hernández‐Jerez A, Hougaard Bennekou S, Koutsoumanis K, Lambré C, Machera K, Naegeli H, Nielsen S, Schlatter J, Schrenk D, Silano (deceased) V, Turck D, Younes M, Castenmiller J, Chaudhry Q, Cubadda F, Franz R, Gott D, Mast J, Mortensen A, Oomen AG, Weigel S, Barthelemy E, Rincon A, Tarazona J, Schoonjans R. Guidance on risk assessment of nanomaterials to be applied in the food and feed chain: human and animal health. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06768. [PMID: 34377190 PMCID: PMC8331059 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The EFSA has updated the Guidance on risk assessment of the application of nanoscience and nanotechnologies in the food and feed chain, human and animal health. It covers the application areas within EFSA's remit, including novel foods, food contact materials, food/feed additives and pesticides. The updated guidance, now Scientific Committee Guidance on nano risk assessment (SC Guidance on Nano-RA), has taken account of relevant scientific studies that provide insights to physico-chemical properties, exposure assessment and hazard characterisation of nanomaterials and areas of applicability. Together with the accompanying Guidance on Technical requirements for regulated food and feed product applications to establish the presence of small particles including nanoparticles (Guidance on Particle-TR), the SC Guidance on Nano-RA specifically elaborates on physico-chemical characterisation, key parameters that should be measured, methods and techniques that can be used for characterisation of nanomaterials and their determination in complex matrices. The SC Guidance on Nano-RA also details aspects relating to exposure assessment and hazard identification and characterisation. In particular, nanospecific considerations relating to in vitro/in vivo toxicological studies are discussed and a tiered framework for toxicological testing is outlined. Furthermore, in vitro degradation, toxicokinetics, genotoxicity, local and systemic toxicity as well as general issues relating to testing of nanomaterials are described. Depending on the initial tier results, additional studies may be needed to investigate reproductive and developmental toxicity, chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity and allergenicity, neurotoxicity, effects on gut microbiome and endocrine activity. The possible use of read-across to fill data gaps as well as the potential use of integrated testing strategies and the knowledge of modes or mechanisms of action are also discussed. The Guidance proposes approaches to risk characterisation and uncertainty analysis.
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Algar WR, Massey M, Rees K, Higgins R, Krause KD, Darwish GH, Peveler WJ, Xiao Z, Tsai HY, Gupta R, Lix K, Tran MV, Kim H. Photoluminescent Nanoparticles for Chemical and Biological Analysis and Imaging. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9243-9358. [PMID: 34282906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Research related to the development and application of luminescent nanoparticles (LNPs) for chemical and biological analysis and imaging is flourishing. Novel materials and new applications continue to be reported after two decades of research. This review provides a comprehensive and heuristic overview of this field. It is targeted to both newcomers and experts who are interested in a critical assessment of LNP materials, their properties, strengths and weaknesses, and prospective applications. Numerous LNP materials are cataloged by fundamental descriptions of their chemical identities and physical morphology, quantitative photoluminescence (PL) properties, PL mechanisms, and surface chemistry. These materials include various semiconductor quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, graphene derivatives, carbon dots, nanodiamonds, luminescent metal nanoclusters, lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles and downshifting nanoparticles, triplet-triplet annihilation nanoparticles, persistent-luminescence nanoparticles, conjugated polymer nanoparticles and semiconducting polymer dots, multi-nanoparticle assemblies, and doped and labeled nanoparticles, including but not limited to those based on polymers and silica. As an exercise in the critical assessment of LNP properties, these materials are ranked by several application-related functional criteria. Additional sections highlight recent examples of advances in chemical and biological analysis, point-of-care diagnostics, and cellular, tissue, and in vivo imaging and theranostics. These examples are drawn from the recent literature and organized by both LNP material and the particular properties that are leveraged to an advantage. Finally, a perspective on what comes next for the field is offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Russ Algar
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Melissa Massey
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Kelly Rees
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Rehan Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Katherine D Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Ghinwa H Darwish
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - William J Peveler
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Zhujun Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hsin-Yun Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Rupsa Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Kelsi Lix
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Michael V Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hyungki Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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12
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Keller JG, Persson M, Müller P, Ma-Hock L, Werle K, Arts J, Landsiedel R, Wohlleben W. Variation in dissolution behavior among different nanoforms and its implication for grouping approaches in inhalation toxicity. NANOIMPACT 2021; 23:100341. [PMID: 35559842 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Different nanoforms (NF) of the same substance each need to be registered under REACH, but similarities in physiological interaction -among them biodissolution- can justify read-across within a group of NFs, thereby reducing the need to perform animal studies. Here we focused on the endpoint of inhalation toxicity and explored how differences in physical parameters of 17 NFs of silica, and organic and inorganic pigments impact dissolution rates, half-times, and transformation under both pH 7.4 lung lining conditions and pH 4.5 lysosomal conditions. We benchmarked our observations against well-known TiO2, BaSO4 and ZnO nanomaterials, representing very slow, partial and quick dissolution respectively. By automated image evaluation, structural transformations were observed for dissolution rates in the order of 0.1 to 10 ng/cm2/h, but did not provide additional decision criteria on the similarity of NFs. Dissolution half-times spanned nearly five orders of magnitude, mostly dictated by the substance and simulant fluid, but modulated up to ten-fold by the subtle differences between NFs. Physiological time scales and benchmark materials help to frame the biologically relevant range, proposed as 1 h to 1 y. NFs of ZnO, Ag, SiO2, BaSO4 were in this range. We proposed numerical rules of pairwise similarity within a group, of which the worst case NF would be further assessed by in vivo inhalation studies. These rules divided the colloidal silica NFs into two separate candidate groups, one with Al-doping, one without. Shape or silane surface treatment were less important. The dissolution halftimes of many organic and inorganic pigment NFs were longer than the biologically relevant range, such that dissolution behavior is not an obstacle for their groupings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes G Keller
- BASF SE, Dept. Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Dept. Material Physics, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Michael Persson
- Nouryon Pulp and Performance Chemicals AB, S-445 80 Bohus, Sweden.
| | - Philipp Müller
- BASF SE, Dept. Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Dept. Material Physics, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Lan Ma-Hock
- BASF SE, Dept. Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Dept. Material Physics, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Kai Werle
- BASF SE, Dept. Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Dept. Material Physics, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Josje Arts
- Nouryon Pulp and Performance Chemicals AB, S-445 80 Bohus, Sweden.
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- BASF SE, Dept. Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Dept. Material Physics, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- BASF SE, Dept. Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Dept. Material Physics, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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13
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Keller JG, Wiemann M, Gröters S, Werle K, Vennemann A, Landsiedel R, Wohlleben W. Aerogels are not regulated as nanomaterials, but can be assessed by tiered testing and grouping strategies for nanomaterials. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:3881-3893. [PMID: 36133012 PMCID: PMC9419173 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00044f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aerogels contribute to an increasing number of novel applications due to many unique properties, such as high porosity and low density. They outperform most other insulation materials, and some are also useful as carriers in food or pharma applications. Aerogels are not nanomaterials by the REACH definition but retain properties of nanoscale structures. Here we applied a testing strategy in three tiers. In Tier 1, we examined a panel of 19 aerogels (functionalized chitosan, alginate, pyrolyzed carbon, silicate, cellulose, polyurethane) for their biosolubility, and oxidative potential. Biosolubility was very limited except for some alginate and silicate aerogels. Oxidative potential, as by the ferric reduction ability of human serum (FRAS), was very low except for one chitosan and pyrolyzed carbon, both of which were <10% of the positive control Mn2O3. Five aerogels were further subjected to the Tier 2 alveolar macrophage assay, which revealed no in vitro cytotoxicity, except for silicate and polyurethane that induced increases in tumor necrosis factor α. Insufficiently similar aerogels were excluded from a candidate group, and a worst case identified. In the Tier 3 in vivo instillation, polyurethane (0.3 to 2.4 mg) elicited dose-dependent but reversible enzyme changes in lung lavage fluid on day 3, but no significant inflammatory effects. Overall, the results show a very low inherent toxicity of aerogels and support a categorization based on similarities in Tier 1 and Tier 2. This exemplifies how nanosafety concepts and methods developed on particles can be applied to specific concerns on advanced materials that contain or release nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes G Keller
- BASF SE, Dept. Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Dept. Material Physics 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Martin Wiemann
- IBE R&D Institute for Lung Health, gGmbH Münster Germany
| | - Sibylle Gröters
- BASF SE, Dept. Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Dept. Material Physics 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Kai Werle
- BASF SE, Dept. Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Dept. Material Physics 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | | | - Robert Landsiedel
- BASF SE, Dept. Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Dept. Material Physics 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- BASF SE, Dept. Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Dept. Material Physics 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
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14
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Carnovale C, Guarnieri D, Di Cristo L, De Angelis I, Veronesi G, Scarpellini A, Malvindi MA, Barone F, Pompa PP, Sabella S. Biotransformation of Silver Nanoparticles into Oro-Gastrointestinal Tract by Integrated In Vitro Testing Assay: Generation of Exposure-Dependent Physical Descriptors for Nanomaterial Grouping. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11061587. [PMID: 34204296 PMCID: PMC8233905 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Grouping approaches of nanomaterials have the potential to facilitate high throughput and cost effective nanomaterial screening. However, an effective grouping of nanomaterials hinges on the application of suitable physicochemical descriptors to identify similarities. To address the problem, we developed an integrated testing approach coupling acellular and cellular phases, to study the full life cycle of ingested silver nanoparticles (NPs) and silver salts in the oro-gastrointestinal (OGI) tract including their impact on cellular uptake and integrity. This approach enables the derivation of exposure-dependent physical descriptors (EDPDs) upon biotransformation of undigested nanoparticles, digested nanoparticles and digested silver salts. These descriptors are identified in: size, crystallinity, chemistry of the core material, dissolution, high and low molecular weight Ag-biomolecule soluble complexes, and are compared in terms of similarities in a grouping hypothesis. Experimental results indicate that digested silver nanoparticles are neither similar to pristine nanoparticles nor completely similar to digested silver salts, due to the presence of different chemical nanoforms (silver and silver chloride nanocrystals), which were characterized in terms of their interactions with the digestive matrices. Interestingly, the cellular responses observed in the cellular phase of the integrated assay (uptake and inflammation) are also similar for the digested samples, clearly indicating a possible role of the soluble fraction of silver complexes. This study highlights the importance of quantifying exposure-related physical descriptors to advance grouping of NPs based on structural similarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Carnovale
- Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Nanoregulatory Platform, Drug Discovery and Development Department, 16163 Genova, Italy; (C.C.); (L.D.C.)
| | - Daniela Guarnieri
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, 84084 Salerno, Italy;
- Research Centre for Biomaterials BIONAM, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, 84084 Salerno, Italy
| | - Luisana Di Cristo
- Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Nanoregulatory Platform, Drug Discovery and Development Department, 16163 Genova, Italy; (C.C.); (L.D.C.)
| | | | - Giulia Veronesi
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals (CBM), University Grenoble Alpes/CNRS/CEA, 38000 Grenoble, France;
- ESRF, the European Synchrotron, 71 Av. des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Alice Scarpellini
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy;
| | | | - Flavia Barone
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy; (I.D.A.); (F.B.)
| | - Pier Paolo Pompa
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy;
| | - Stefania Sabella
- Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Nanoregulatory Platform, Drug Discovery and Development Department, 16163 Genova, Italy; (C.C.); (L.D.C.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Ma-Hock L, Sauer UG, Ruggiero E, Keller JG, Wohlleben W, Landsiedel R. The Use of Nanomaterial In Vivo Organ Burden Data for In Vitro Dose Setting. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2005725. [PMID: 33586349 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Effects of nanomaterials are usually observed at higher concentrations in vitro compared to animal studies. This is pointing to differences between in vivo situations and generally less complex in vitro models. These differences concern toxicodynamics and the internal exposure (at the target cells of the in vitro and in vivo test system). The latter can be minimized by appropriate in vivo to in vitro dose extrapolations (IVIVE). An IVIVE six-step procedure is proposed here: 1) determine in vivo exposure; 2) identify in vivo organ burden at lowest observed adverse effect concentration; 3) extrapolate in vivo organ burden to in vitro effective dose; 4) extrapolate in vitro effective dose to nominal concentration; 5) set dose ranges to establish dose-response relationships; and 6) consider uncertainties and specificities of in vitro test system. Assessing the results of in vitro studies needs careful consideration of discrepancies between in vitro and in vivo models: apart from different endpoints (usually cellular responses in vitro and adverse effects on organs or organisms in vivo), nanomaterials can also have a different potency in relatively simple in vitro models and the more complex corresponding organ in vivo. IVIVE can, nonetheless, reduce the differences in exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Ma-Hock
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy-Animal Welfare, Hallstattfeld 16, 85579, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Ruggiero
- Department of Material Physics, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Wendel Wohlleben
- Department of Material Physics, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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16
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Gray EP, Browning CL, Vaslet CA, Gion KD, Green A, Liu M, Kane AB, Hurt RH. Chemical and Colloidal Dynamics of MnO 2 Nanosheets in Biological Media Relevant for Nanosafety Assessment. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000303. [PMID: 32191401 PMCID: PMC7461694 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Many layered crystal phases can be exfoliated or assembled into ultrathin 2D nanosheets with novel properties not achievable by particulate or fibrous nanoforms. Among these 2D materials are manganese dioxide (MnO2 ) nanosheets, which have applications in batteries, catalysts, and biomedical probes. A novel feature of MnO2 is its sensitivity to chemical reduction leading to dissolution and Mn2+ release. Biodissolution is critical for nanosafety assessment of 2D materials, but the timing and location of MnO2 biodissolution in environmental or occupational exposure scenarios are poorly understood. This work investigates the chemical and colloidal dynamics of MnO2 nanosheets in biological media for environmental and human health risk assessment. MnO2 nanosheets are insoluble in most aqueous phases, but react with strong and weak reducing agents in biological fluid environments. In vitro, reductive dissolution can be slow enough in cell culture media for MnO2 internalization by cells in the form of intact nanosheets, which localize in vacuoles, react to deplete intracellular glutathione, and induce cytotoxicity that is likely mediated by intracellular Mn2+ release. The results are used to classify MnO2 nanosheets within a new hazard screening framework for 2D materials, and the implications of MnO2 transformations for nanotoxicity testing and nanosafety assessment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P Gray
- The Department of Civil Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Cynthia L Browning
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Charles A Vaslet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Kyle D Gion
- The School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Allen Green
- The School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Muchun Liu
- The School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Agnes B Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Robert H Hurt
- The School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
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17
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Keller JG, Peijnenburg W, Werle K, Landsiedel R, Wohlleben W. Understanding Dissolution Rates via Continuous Flow Systems with Physiologically Relevant Metal Ion Saturation in Lysosome. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10020311. [PMID: 32059359 PMCID: PMC7075195 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dissolution rates of nanomaterials can be decisive for acute in vivo toxicity (via the released ions) and for biopersistence (of the remaining particles). Continuous flow systems (CFSs) can screen for both aspects, but operational parameters need to be adjusted to the specific physiological compartment, including local metal ion saturation. CFSs have two adjustable parameters: the volume flow-rate and the initial particle loading. Here we explore the pulmonary lysosomal dissolution of nanomaterials containing the metals Al, Ba, Zn, Cu over a wide range of volume flow-rates in a single experiment. We identify the ratio of particle surface area (SA) per volume flow-rate (SA/V) as critical parameter that superimposes all dissolution rates of the same material. Three complementary benchmark materials—ZnO (quick dissolution), TiO2 (very slow dissolution), and BaSO4 (partial dissolution)—consistently identify the SA/V range of 0.01 to 0.03 h/cm as predictive for lysosomal pulmonary biodissolution. We then apply the identified method to compare against non-nanoforms of the same substances and test aluminosilicates. For BaSO4 and TiO2, we find high similarity of the dissolution rates of their respective nanoform and non-nanoform, governed by the local ion solubility limit at relevant SA/V ranges. For aluminosilicates, we find high similarity of the dissolution rates of two Kaolin nanoforms but significant dissimilarity against Bentonite despite the similar composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes G. Keller
- BASF SE, Dept. Experimental Toxicology and Ecology and Dept. Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (J.G.K.); (K.W.)
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biology, Chemistry & Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Willie Peijnenburg
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment RIVM, 3721 Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kai Werle
- BASF SE, Dept. Experimental Toxicology and Ecology and Dept. Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (J.G.K.); (K.W.)
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- BASF SE, Dept. Experimental Toxicology and Ecology and Dept. Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (J.G.K.); (K.W.)
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- BASF SE, Dept. Experimental Toxicology and Ecology and Dept. Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (J.G.K.); (K.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-621-609-5339
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18
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Sizochenko N, Syzochenko M, Fjodorova N, Rasulev B, Leszczynski J. Evaluating genotoxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles: Application of advanced supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 185:109733. [PMID: 31580980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Presence of missing data points in datasets is among main challenges in handling the toxicological data for nanomaterials. As the processing of missing data is an important part of data analysis, we have introduced a read-across approach that uses a combination of supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques to fill the missing values. A series of classification models (supervised learning) was developed to predict class label, and self-organizing map approach (unsupervised learning) was used to estimate relative distances between nanoparticles and refine results obtained during supervised learning. In this study, genotoxicity of 49 silicon and metal oxide nanoparticles in Ames and Comet tests. Collected literature data did not demonstrate significant variations related to the change of size including selected bulk materials. Genotoxicity-related features of nanomaterials were represented by ionic characteristics. General tendencies found in the current study were convincingly linked to known theories of genotoxic action at nano-level. Mechanisms of primary and secondary genotoxic effects were discussed in the context of developed models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sizochenko
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA; Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, 03755, NH, USA.
| | - Michael Syzochenko
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA; Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, 03755, NH, USA.
| | - Natalja Fjodorova
- Department of Chemoinformatics, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia.
| | - Bakhtiyor Rasulev
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, 58108, ND, USA.
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA.
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19
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Wohlleben W, Hellack B, Nickel C, Herrchen M, Hund-Rinke K, Kettler K, Riebeling C, Haase A, Funk B, Kühnel D, Göhler D, Stintz M, Schumacher C, Wiemann M, Keller J, Landsiedel R, Broßell D, Pitzko S, Kuhlbusch TAJ. The nanoGRAVUR framework to group (nano)materials for their occupational, consumer, environmental risks based on a harmonized set of material properties, applied to 34 case studies. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:17637-17654. [PMID: 31539006 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03306h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The project nanoGRAVUR (BMBF, 2015-2018) developed a framework for grouping of nanomaterials. Different groups may result for each of the three distinct perspectives of occupational, consumer and environmental safety. The properties, methods and descriptors are harmonised between the three perspectives and are based on: Tier 1 intrinsic physico-chemical properties (what they are) or GHS classification of the non-nano-form (human tox, ecotox, physical hazards); Tier 2 extrinsic physico-chemical properties, release from nano-enabled products, in vitro assays with cells (where they go; what they do); Tier 3 case-specific tests, potentially in vivo studies to substantiate the similarity within groups or application-specific exposure testing. Amongst all properties, dissolution and transformation are least modulated by different nanoforms within one substance, whereas dustiness, dispersion stability, abiotic and especially in vitro surface reactivity vary more often between different nanoforms. The methods developed or selected by nanoGRAVUR fill several gaps highlighted in the ProSafe reviews, and are useful to implement (i) the concept of nanoforms of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) and (ii) the concept of discrete forms of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). One cannot assess the significance of a dissimilarity, if the dynamic range of that property is unknown. Benchmark materials span dynamic ranges that enable us to establish bands, often with order-of-magnitude ranges. In 34 case studies we observed high biological similarity within each substance when we compared different (nano)forms of SiO2, BaSO4, kaolin, CeO2, ZnO, organic pigments, especially when we compared forms that are all untreated on the surface. In contrast, different Fe2O3 or TiO2 (nano)forms differ more significantly. The same nanoforms were also integrated in nano-enabled products (NEPs) for automotive coatings, clinker-reduced cements, cosmetic sunscreen, and lightweight polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendel Wohlleben
- BASF SE, Dept. of Material Physics and Dept. of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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20
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Yanamala N, Desai IC, Miller W, Kodali VK, Syamlal G, Roberts JR, Erdely AD. Grouping of carbonaceous nanomaterials based on association of patterns of inflammatory markers in BAL fluid with adverse outcomes in lungs. Nanotoxicology 2019; 13:1102-1116. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2019.1640911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naveena Yanamala
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ishika C. Desai
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - William Miller
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Vamsi K. Kodali
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Girija Syamlal
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jenny R. Roberts
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Aaron D. Erdely
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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21
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Mitter N, Hussey K. Moving policy and regulation forward for nanotechnology applications in agriculture. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 14:508-510. [PMID: 31168072 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0464-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neena Mitter
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Karen Hussey
- Centre for Policy Futures, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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22
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Kononenko V, Warheit DB, Drobne D. Grouping of Poorly Soluble Low (Cyto)Toxic Particles: Example with 15 Selected Nanoparticles and A549 Human Lung Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E704. [PMID: 31064102 PMCID: PMC6566622 DOI: 10.3390/nano9050704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Poorly soluble, low (cyto)toxic particles (PSLTs) are often regarded as one group, but it is important that these particles can be further differentiated based on their bioactivity. Currently, there are no biological endpoint based groupings for inhaled nanoparticles (NPs) that would allow us to subgroup PSLTs based on their mode of action. The aim of this study was to group NPs based on their cytotoxicity and by using the in vitro response of the endo-lysosomal system as a biological endpoint. The endo-lysosomal system is a main cellular loading site for NPs. An impaired endo-lysosomal system in alveolar type II cells may have serious adverse effects on the maintenance of pulmonary surfactant homeostasis. The 15 different NPs were tested with human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells. The highly soluble NPs were most cytotoxic. With respect to PSLTs, only three NPs increased the cellular load of acid and phospholipid rich organelles indicating particle biopersistence. All the rest PSLTs could be regarded as low hazardous. The presented in vitro test system could serve as a fast screening tool to group particles according to their ability to interfere with lung surfactant metabolism. We discuss the applicability of the suggested test system for bringing together substances with similar modes-of-action on lung epithelium. In addition, we discuss this approach as a benchmark test for the comparative assessment of biopersistence of PSLTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veno Kononenko
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | | | - Damjana Drobne
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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23
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Ortenzio J, Degn L, Goldstein-Plesser A, McGee JK, Navratilova J, Rogers K, Zucker RM, Boyes WK. Determination of Silver Nanoparticle Dose in vitro. NANOIMPACT 2019; 14:100156. [PMID: 34316524 PMCID: PMC8312577 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2019.100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
An important issue for interpreting in vitro nanomaterial testing is quantifying the dose delivered to target cells. Considerations include the concentration added to the culture, the proportion of the applied dose that interacts with the target cells, and the amount that is eventually absorbed by the target cells. Rapid and efficient techniques are needed to determine delivered doses. Previously, we demonstrated that TiO2 and silver nanoparticles (AgNP) were absorbed by cells in a dose dependent manner between 1 μg/ml and 30 μg/ml and were detected in cells by light scatter using a flow cytometer. Here, we compare four potential indices of the dose of AgNP to cells, including: inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP-MS); flow cytometry side scatter (SSC); and amount of silver deposited to the cell layer as estimated with both an integrated Volumetric Centrifugation Method - In Vitro Sedimentation, Diffusion and Dosimetry Model (VCM-ISDD) and a Distorted Grid (DG) model. A retinal pigment epithelial cell line was exposed to 20 nm or 75 nm citrate-coated AgNP for 24 hr. The relationships between particle sizes and internalized doses varied according to the dose metric. Twenty-four hours after exposure, the cell layer contained a greater mass of silver when treated with 75 nm AgNP than with 20 nm AgNP. When the dose was expressed as the number of particles or as the total surface area of absorbed particles, however, the reverse was true; the dose to the cells was higher after exposure to 20 than 75 nm AgNP. Flow cytometry SSC increased with dose for both sizes of AgNP, and was correlated with Ag in cells measured by ICP-MS. The rate of SSC increase was greater for 75 than for 20 nm AgNP, suggesting it could be used as an indicator of cellular dose after accounting for particle size and composition. Silver was detected by ICP-MS in re-suspended supernates of the isolated cell layer suggested that not all the silver deposited to the cell layer was absorbed by the cells. Both the VCM-ISDD and DG models estimated the proportion of Ag deposited to the cellular layer, which in both cases was greater than the amount of silver in the cells measured by ICP-MS. Modeled deposition more closely compared to the total Ag deposition by ICP-MS, i.e. mass of silver in the cells plus the resuspended, unabsorbed Ag from the cell layer. ICP-MS indicated the mass of silver in cells from AgNP treatment, but not whether the Ag was in the form of particles or dissolved ions. Deposition models predicted the amount of AgNP deposited to the cell layer, but not cellular uptake. Flow cytometry SSC was correlated to cellular uptake of particle-form AgNP and could be calibrated against ICP-MS to indicate mass of cellular uptake. Therefore, a combination of approaches may be required to accurately understand cellular dosimetry of in vitro nanotoxicology experiments. In summary, cellular dosimetry is an important consideration for nanotoxicology experiments, and not necessarily related to the applied dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayna Ortenzio
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) appointee at the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, USEPA, RTP, NC 27711
| | - Laura Degn
- Toxicity Assessment Division, MD B105-04, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, USEPA, RTP, NC 27711
| | - Alice Goldstein-Plesser
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) appointee at the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, USEPA, RTP, NC 27711
| | - John K. McGee
- EPH Division, MD B105-02 NHEERL, ORD, U.S. E.P.A., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jana Navratilova
- National Research Council Fellow at the National Exposure Research Laboratory, USEPA, RTP, NC 27711
| | - Kim Rogers
- Exposure Methods & Measurements Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, USEPA, RTP, NC 27711
| | - Robert M. Zucker
- Toxicity Assessment Division, MD B105-04, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, USEPA, RTP, NC 27711
| | - William K. Boyes
- Toxicity Assessment Division, MD B105-04, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, USEPA, RTP, NC 27711
- Corresponding author: 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, B105-04, NHEERL/TAD/NB, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States, Telephone: +1-919-541-7538; Fax:+1-919-541-4849;
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Kabadi PK, Rodd AL, Simmons AE, Messier NJ, Hurt RH, Kane AB. A novel human 3D lung microtissue model for nanoparticle-induced cell-matrix alterations. Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:15. [PMID: 30943996 PMCID: PMC6448215 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have been shown to elicit the release of inflammatory and pro-fibrotic mediators, as well as histopathological changes in lungs of exposed animals. Current standards for testing MWCNTs and other nanoparticles (NPs) rely on low-throughput in vivo studies to assess acute and chronic toxicity and potential hazard to humans. Several alternative testing approaches utilizing two-dimensional (2D) in vitro assays to screen engineered NPs have reported conflicting results between in vitro and in vivo assays. Compared to conventional 2D in vitro or in vivo animal model systems, three-dimensional (3D) in vitro platforms have been shown to more closely recapitulate human physiology, providing a relevant, more efficient strategy for evaluating acute toxicity and chronic outcomes in a tiered nanomaterial toxicity testing paradigm. RESULTS As inhalation is an important route of nanomaterial exposure, human lung fibroblasts and epithelial cells were co-cultured with macrophages to form scaffold-free 3D lung microtissues. Microtissues were exposed to multi-walled carbon nanotubes, M120 carbon black nanoparticles or crocidolite asbestos fibers for 4 or 7 days, then collected for characterization of microtissue viability, tissue morphology, and expression of genes and selected proteins associated with inflammation and extracellular matrix remodeling. Our data demonstrate the utility of 3D microtissues in predicting chronic pulmonary endpoints following exposure to MWCNTs or asbestos fibers. These test nanomaterials were incorporated into 3D human lung microtissues as visualized using light microscopy. Differential expression of genes involved in acute inflammation and extracellular matrix remodeling was detected using PCR arrays and confirmed using qRT-PCR analysis and Luminex assays of selected genes and proteins. CONCLUSION 3D lung microtissues provide an alternative testing platform for assessing nanomaterial-induced cell-matrix alterations and delineation of toxicity pathways, moving towards a more predictive and physiologically relevant approach for in vitro NP toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranita K Kabadi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA.,AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - April L Rodd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA.
| | - Alysha E Simmons
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA
| | - Norma J Messier
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA
| | - Robert H Hurt
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA
| | - Agnes B Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA.
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25
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Aschberger K, Asturiol D, Lamon L, Richarz A, Gerloff K, Worth A. Grouping of multi-walled carbon nanotubes to read-across genotoxicity: A case study to evaluate the applicability of regulatory guidance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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26
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Mohamed MA, Abd-Elsalam KA. Magnetic Nanoparticles: A Unique Gene Delivery System in Plant Science. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE LIFE SCIENCES 2019:95-108. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16439-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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27
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Kane AB, Hurt RH, Gao H. The asbestos-carbon nanotube analogy: An update. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 361:68-80. [PMID: 29960000 PMCID: PMC6298811 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is an emerging industry based on commercialization of materials with one or more dimensions of 100 nm or less. Engineered nanomaterials are currently incorporated into thin films, porous materials, liquid suspensions, or filler/matrix nanocomposites with future applications predicted in energy and catalysis, microelectronics, environmental sensing and remediation, and nanomedicine. Carbon nanotubes are one-dimensional fibrous nanomaterials that physically resemble asbestos fibers. Toxicologic studies in rodents demonstrated that some types of carbon nanotubes can induce mesothelioma, and the World Health Organization evaluated long, rigid multiwall carbon nanotubes as possibly carcinogenic for humans in 2014. This review summarizes key physicochemical similarities and differences between asbestos fibers and carbon nanotubes. The "fiber pathogenicity paradigm" has been extended to include carbon nanotubes as well as other high-aspect-ratio fibrous nanomaterials including metallic nanowires. This paradigm identifies width, length, and biopersistence of high-aspect-ratio fibrous nanomaterials as critical determinants of lung disease, including mesothelioma, following inhalation. Based on recent theoretical modeling studies, a fourth factor, mechanical bending stiffness, will be considered as predictive of potential carcinogenicity. Novel three-dimensional lung tissue platforms provide an opportunity for in vitro screening of a wide range of high aspect ratio fibrous nanomaterials for potential lung toxicity prior to commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes B Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Providence, RI, United States.
| | - Robert H Hurt
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Huajian Gao
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Providence, RI, United States
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Abstract
Each year, 20%–40% of crops are lost due to plant pests and pathogens. Existing plant disease management relies predominantly on toxic pesticides that are potentially harmful to humans and the environment. Nanotechnology can offer advantages to pesticides, like reducing toxicity, improving the shelf-life, and increasing the solubility of poorly water-soluble pesticides, all of which could have positive environmental impacts. This review explores the two directions in which nanoparticles can be utilized for plant disease management: either as nanoparticles alone, acting as protectants; or as nanocarriers for insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, and RNA-interference molecules. Despite the several potential advantages associated with the use of nanoparticles, not many nanoparticle-based products have been commercialized for agricultural application. The scarcity of commercial applications could be explained by several factors, such as an insufficient number of field trials and underutilization of pest–crop host systems. In other industries, nanotechnology has progressed rapidly, and the only way to keep up with this advancement for agricultural applications is by understanding the fundamental questions of the research and addressing the scientific gaps to provide a rational and facilitate the development of commercial nanoproducts.
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29
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Gray EP, Browning CL, Wang M, Gion KD, Chao EY, Koski KJ, Kane AB, Hurt RH. Biodissolution and Cellular Response to MoO3 Nanoribbons and a New Framework for Early Hazard Screening for 2D Materials. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2018; 5:2545-2559. [PMID: 31548890 PMCID: PMC6756761 DOI: 10.1039/c8en00362a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials are a broad class of synthetic ultra-thin sheet-like solids whose rapid pace of development motivates systematic study of their biological effects and safe design. A challenge for this effort is the large number of new materials and their chemical diversity. Recent work suggests that many 2D materials will be thermodynamically unstable and thus non-persistent in biological environments. Such information could inform and accelerate safety assessment, but experimental data to confirm the thermodynamic predictions is lacking. Here we propose a framework for early hazard screening of nanosheet materials based on biodissolution studies in reactive media, specially chosen for each material to match chemically feasible degradation pathways. Simple dissolution and in vitro tests allow grouping of nanosheet materials into four classes: A, potentially biopersistent; B: slowly degradable (>24-48 hours); C, biosoluble with potentially hazardous degradation products; and D, biosoluble with low-hazard degradation products. The proposed framework is demonstrated through an experimental case study on MoO3 nanoribbons, which have a dual 2D / 1D morphology and have been reported to be stable in aqueous stock solutions. The nanoribbons are shown to undergo rapid dissolution in biological simulant fluids and in cell culture, where they elicit no adverse responses up to 100μg ml-1 dose. These results place MoO3 nanoribbons in Class D, and assigns them a low priority for further nanotoxicology testing. We anticipate use of this framework could accelerate the risk assessment for the large set of new powdered 2D nanosheet materials, and promote their safe design and commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P Gray
- The School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence RI, 02912, United States.
| | - Cynthia L Browning
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Providence RI, 02912, United States.
| | - Mengjing Wang
- The Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 156 George Street, Providence RI, 02912, United States
| | - Kyle D Gion
- The School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence RI, 02912, United States.
| | - Eric Y Chao
- The School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence RI, 02912, United States.
| | - Kristie J Koski
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave. Davis CA 95616.
| | - Agnes B Kane
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Providence RI, 02912, United States.
| | - Robert H Hurt
- The School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence RI, 02912, United States.
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30
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Lamon L, Aschberger K, Asturiol D, Richarz A, Worth A. Grouping of nanomaterials to read-across hazard endpoints: a review. Nanotoxicology 2018; 13:100-118. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1506060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Lamon
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - K. Aschberger
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - D. Asturiol
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - A. Richarz
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - A. Worth
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
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31
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Mech A, Rasmussen K, Jantunen P, Aicher L, Alessandrelli M, Bernauer U, Bleeker EAJ, Bouillard J, Di Prospero Fanghella P, Draisci R, Dusinska M, Encheva G, Flament G, Haase A, Handzhiyski Y, Herzberg F, Huwyler J, Jacobsen NR, Jeliazkov V, Jeliazkova N, Nymark P, Grafström R, Oomen AG, Polci ML, Riebeling C, Sandström J, Shivachev B, Stateva S, Tanasescu S, Tsekovska R, Wallin H, Wilks MF, Zellmer S, Apostolova MD. Insights into possibilities for grouping and read-across for nanomaterials in EU chemicals legislation. Nanotoxicology 2018; 13:119-141. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1513092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Mech
- Directorate F – Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, JRC, European Commission's Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - K. Rasmussen
- Directorate F – Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, JRC, European Commission's Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - P. Jantunen
- Directorate F – Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, JRC, European Commission's Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - L. Aicher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - U. Bernauer
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - E. A. J. Bleeker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), RIVM, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - J. Bouillard
- Parc Technologique ALATA, INERIS, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | | | - R. Draisci
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, ISS, Roma, Italy
| | - M. Dusinska
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, NILU, Kjeller, Norway
| | - G. Encheva
- Institute of Molecular Biology – BAS, IMB-BAS, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - G. Flament
- Nanotechnology Industries Association, NIA, Woluwe-Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A. Haase
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Y. Handzhiyski
- Institute of Molecular Biology – BAS, IMB-BAS, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - F. Herzberg
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Huwyler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - N. R. Jacobsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, NRCWE, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - P. Nymark
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, KI, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Toxicology Division, Misvik Biology, Turku, Finland
| | - R. Grafström
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, KI, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Toxicology Division, Misvik Biology, Turku, Finland
| | - A. G. Oomen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), RIVM, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - M. L. Polci
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, ISS, Roma, Italy
| | - C. Riebeling
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Sandström
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - B. Shivachev
- Institute of Molecular Biology – BAS, IMB-BAS, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - S. Stateva
- Institute of Molecular Biology – BAS, IMB-BAS, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - S. Tanasescu
- Romanian Academy, Institute of Physical Chemistry “Ilie Murgulescu”, IPC, Bucharest, Romania
| | - R. Tsekovska
- Institute of Molecular Biology – BAS, IMB-BAS, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - H. Wallin
- National Institute of Occupational Health, STAMI, Gydas vei 8, Oslo, 0363, Norway
| | - M. F. Wilks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - S. Zellmer
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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32
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Sohal IS, Cho YK, O'Fallon KS, Gaines P, Demokritou P, Bello D. Dissolution Behavior and Biodurability of Ingested Engineered Nanomaterials in the Gastrointestinal Environment. ACS NANO 2018; 12:8115-8128. [PMID: 30021067 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENM) are extensively used as food additives in numerous food products, and at present, little is known about the fate of ingested ENM (iENM) in the gastrointestinal (GI) environment. Here, we investigated the dissolution behavior, biodurability, and persistence of four major iENM (TiO2, SiO2, ZnO, and two Fe2O3) in individual simulated GI fluids (saliva, gastric, and intestinal) and a physiologically relevant digestion cascade (saliva → gastric → intestinal) in the fasted state over physiologically relevant time frames. TiO2 was found to be the most biodurable and persistent iENM in simulated GI fluids with a maximum of only 0.42% (4 μM Ti4+ ion release) dissolution in cascade digestion, followed by iron oxides, of which the rod-like morphology was more biodurable and persistent (0.7% maximum dissolution, 8.7 μM Fe3+) than the acicular one (2.27% maximum dissolution, 16.7 μM Fe3+) in the cascade digestion, respectively. SiO2 and ZnO were less biodurable than Fe2O3, with 65.5% (416 μM Si4+) and 100% (1718.1 μM Zn2+) dissolution in the gastric phase, respectively. In the intestinal phase, however, Si4+ ions reprecipitated, possibly due to sudden pH changes, while ZnO remained completely dissolved. These observations were also confirmed using high-resolution particle size and concentration, and electron microscopy, time-dependent analysis. In terms of decreasing biodurability and persistence in the simulated GI environment, the tested nanomaterials can be ranked as follows: TiO2 ≫ rod-like Fe2O3 > acicular Fe2O3 ≫ SiO2 > ZnO, which is in agreement with limited animal biokinetics data. Chronic uptake of these iENM as particles or ions by the GI tract, especially in the presence of a food matrix and authentic digestive media, and associated implications for human health warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kevin S O'Fallon
- Development and Engineering Center , Natick Soldier Research , Natick , Massachusetts 01760 , United States
| | | | - Philip Demokritou
- Department of Environmental Health and the Harvard Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Harvard University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Dhimiter Bello
- Department of Environmental Health and the Harvard Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Harvard University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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Soares S, Sousa J, Pais A, Vitorino C. Nanomedicine: Principles, Properties, and Regulatory Issues. Front Chem 2018; 6:360. [PMID: 30177965 PMCID: PMC6109690 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Several scientific areas have benefited significantly from the introduction of nanotechnology and the respective evolution. This is especially noteworthy in the development of new drug substances and products. This review focuses on the introduction of nanomedicines in the pharmaceutical market, and all the controversy associated to basic concepts related to these nanosystems, and the numerous methodologies applied for enhanced knowledge. Due to the properties conferred by the nanoscale, the challenges for nanotechnology implementation, specifically in the pharmaceutical development of new drug products and respective regulatory issues are critically discussed, mainly focused on the European Union context. Finally, issues pertaining to the current applications and future developments are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Soares
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Sousa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alberto Pais
- Department of Chemistry, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Hardy A, Benford D, Halldorsson T, Jeger MJ, Knutsen HK, More S, Naegeli H, Noteborn H, Ockleford C, Ricci A, Rychen G, Schlatter JR, Silano V, Solecki R, Turck D, Younes M, Chaudhry Q, Cubadda F, Gott D, Oomen A, Weigel S, Karamitrou M, Schoonjans R, Mortensen A. Guidance on risk assessment of the application of nanoscience and nanotechnologies in the food and feed chain: Part 1, human and animal health. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05327. [PMID: 32625968 PMCID: PMC7009542 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Food Safety Authority has produced this Guidance on human and animal health aspects (Part 1) of the risk assessment of nanoscience and nanotechnology applications in the food and feed chain. It covers the application areas within EFSA's remit, e.g. novel foods, food contact materials, food/feed additives and pesticides. The Guidance takes account of the new developments that have taken place since publication of the previous Guidance in 2011. Potential future developments are suggested in the scientific literature for nanoencapsulated delivery systems and nanocomposites in applications such as novel foods, food/feed additives, biocides, pesticides and food contact materials. Therefore, the Guidance has taken account of relevant new scientific studies that provide more insights to physicochemical properties, exposure assessment and hazard characterisation of nanomaterials. It specifically elaborates on physicochemical characterisation of nanomaterials in terms of how to establish whether a material is a nanomaterial, the key parameters that should be measured, the methods and techniques that can be used for characterisation of nanomaterials and their determination in complex matrices. It also details the aspects relating to exposure assessment and hazard identification and characterisation. In particular, nanospecific considerations relating to in vivo/in vitro toxicological studies are discussed and a tiered framework for toxicological testing is outlined. It describes in vitro degradation, toxicokinetics, genotoxicity as well as general issues relating to testing of nanomaterials. Depending on the initial tier results, studies may be needed to investigate reproductive and developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity, allergenicity, neurotoxicity, effects on gut microbiome and endocrine activity. The possible use of read‐across to fill data gaps as well as the potential use of integrated testing strategies and the knowledge of modes/mechanisms of action are also discussed. The Guidance proposes approaches to risk characterisation and uncertainty analysis, and provides recommendations for further research in this area. This publication is linked to the following EFSA Supporting Publications article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2018.EN-1430/full
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35
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Schulte PA, Kuempel ED, Drew NM. Characterizing risk assessments for the development of occupational exposure limits for engineered nanomaterials. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 95:207-219. [PMID: 29574195 PMCID: PMC6075708 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The commercialization of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) began in the early 2000's. Since then the number of commercial products and the number of workers potentially exposed to ENMs is growing, as is the need to evaluate and manage the potential health risks. Occupational exposure limits (OELs) have been developed for some of the first generation of ENMs. These OELs have been based on risk assessments that progressed from qualitative to quantitative as nanotoxicology data became available. In this paper, that progression is characterized. It traces OEL development through the qualitative approach of general groups of ENMs based primarily on read-across with other materials to quantitative risk assessments for nanoscale particles including titanium dioxide, carbon nanotubes and nanofibers, silver nanoparticles, and cellulose nanocrystals. These represent prototypic approaches to risk assessment and OEL development for ENMs. Such substance-by-substance efforts are not practical given the insufficient data for many ENMs that are currently being used or potentially entering commerce. Consequently, categorical approaches are emerging to group and rank ENMs by hazard and potential health risk. The strengths and limitations of these approaches are described, and future derivations and research needs are discussed. Critical needs in moving forward with understanding the health effects of the numerous EMNs include more standardized and accessible quantitative data on the toxicity and physicochemical properties of ENMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Schulte
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States.
| | - E D Kuempel
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States
| | - N M Drew
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States
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Landvik NE, Skaug V, Mohr B, Verbeek J, Zienolddiny S. Criteria for grouping of manufactured nanomaterials to facilitate hazard and risk assessment, a systematic review of expert opinions. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 95:270-279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Bierkandt FS, Leibrock L, Wagener S, Laux P, Luch A. The impact of nanomaterial characteristics on inhalation toxicity. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:321-346. [PMID: 30090585 PMCID: PMC6060709 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00242d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last few decades, nanotechnology has evolved into a success story, apparent from a steadily increasing number of scientific publications as well as a large number of applications based on engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Its widespread uses suggest a high relevance for consumers, workers and the environment, hence justifying intensive investigations into ENM-related adverse effects as a prerequisite for nano-specific regulations. In particular, the inhalation of airborne ENMs, being assumed to represent the most hazardous type of human exposure to these kinds of particles, needs to be scrutinized. Due to an increased awareness of possible health effects, which have already been seen in the case of ultrafine particles (UFPs), research and regulatory measures have set in to identify and address toxic implications following their almost ubiquitous occurrence. Although ENM properties differ from those of the respective bulk materials, the available assessment protocols are often designed for the latter. Despite the large benefit ensuing from the application of nanotechnology, many issues related to ENM behavior and adverse effects are not fully understood or should be examined anew. The traditional hypothesis that ENMs exhibit different or additional hazards due to their "nano" size has been challenged in recent years and ENM categorization according to their properties and toxicity mechanisms has been proposed instead. This review summarizes the toxicological effects of inhaled ENMs identified to date, elucidating the modes of action which provoke different mechanisms in the respiratory tract and their resulting effects. By linking particular mechanisms and adverse effects to ENM properties, grouping of ENMs based on toxicity-related properties is supposed to facilitate toxicological risk assessment. As intensive studies are still required to identify these "ENM classes", the need for alternatives to animal studies is evident and advances in cell-based test systems for pulmonary research are presented here. We hope to encourage the ongoing discussion about ENM risks and to advocate the further development and practice of suitable testing and grouping methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank S Bierkandt
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
| | - Lars Leibrock
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
| | - Sandra Wagener
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
| | - Peter Laux
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
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Park MV, Catalán J, Ferraz N, Cabellos J, Vanhauten R, Vázquez-Campos S, Janer G. Development of a systematic method to assess similarity between nanomaterials for human hazard evaluation purposes - lessons learnt. Nanotoxicology 2018; 12:652-676. [PMID: 29732939 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1465142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Within the EU FP-7 GUIDEnano project, a methodology was developed to systematically quantify the similarity between a nanomaterial (NM) that has been tested in toxicity studies and the NM for which risk needs to be evaluated, for the purpose of extrapolating toxicity data between the two materials. The methodology is a first attempt to use current knowledge on NM property-hazard relationships to develop a series of pragmatic and systematic rules for assessing NM similarity. Moreover, the methodology takes into account the practical feasibility, in that it is based on generally available NM characterization information. In addition to presenting this methodology, the lessons learnt and the challenges faced during its development are reported here. We conclude that there is a large gap between the information that is ideally needed and its application to real cases. The current database on property-hazard relationships is still very limited, which hinders the agreement on the key NM properties constituting the basis of the similarity assessment and the development of associated science-based and unequivocal rules. Currently, one of the most challenging NM properties to systematically assess in terms of similarity between two NMs is surface coating and functionalization, which lacks standardized parameters for description and characterization methodology. Standardization of characterization methods that lead to quantitative, unambiguous, and measurable parameters describing NM properties are necessary in order to build a sufficiently robust property-hazard database that allows for evidence-based refinement of our methodology, or any other attempt to systematically assess the similarity of NMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margriet Vdz Park
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Health Protection , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - Julia Catalán
- b Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Helsinki , Finland.,c Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza , Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Natalia Ferraz
- d Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Gemma Janer
- e Leitat Technological Center , Terrassa , Spain
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Wiemann M, Sauer UG, Vennemann A, Bäcker S, Keller JG, Ma-Hock L, Wohlleben W, Landsiedel R. In Vitro and In Vivo Short-Term Pulmonary Toxicity of Differently Sized Colloidal Amorphous SiO₂. NANOMATERIALS 2018. [PMID: 29534009 PMCID: PMC5869651 DOI: 10.3390/nano8030160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In vitro prediction of inflammatory lung effects of well-dispersed nanomaterials is challenging. Here, the in vitro effects of four colloidal amorphous SiO2 nanomaterials that differed only by their primary particle size (9, 15, 30, and 55 nm) were analyzed using the rat NR8383 alveolar macrophage (AM) assay. Data were compared to effects of single doses of 15 nm and 55 nm SiO2 intratracheally instilled in rat lungs. In vitro, all four elicited the release of concentration-dependent lactate dehydrogenase, β-glucuronidase, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, and the two smaller materials also released H2O2. All effects were size-dependent. Since the colloidal SiO2 remained well-dispersed in serum-free in vitro conditions, effective particle concentrations reaching the cells were estimated using different models. Evaluating the effective concentration–based in vitro effects using the Decision-making framework for the grouping and testing of nanomaterials, all four nanomaterials were assigned as “active.” This assignment and the size dependency of effects were consistent with the outcomes of intratracheal instillation studies and available short-term rat inhalation data for 15 nm SiO2. The study confirms the applicability of the NR8383 AM assay to assessing colloidal SiO2 but underlines the need to estimate and consider the effective concentration of such well-dispersed test materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wiemann
- IBR R&D gGmbH Institute for Lung Health, Mendelstr. 11, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy-Animal Welfare, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany.
| | - Antje Vennemann
- IBR R&D gGmbH Institute for Lung Health, Mendelstr. 11, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Sandra Bäcker
- BASF SE, Human Biomonitoring and Industrial Hygiene, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | | | - Lan Ma-Hock
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- BASF SE, Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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Sizochenko N, Mikolajczyk A, Jagiello K, Puzyn T, Leszczynski J, Rasulev B. How the toxicity of nanomaterials towards different species could be simultaneously evaluated: a novel multi-nano-read-across approach. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:582-591. [PMID: 29168526 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05618d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Application of predictive modeling approaches can solve the problem of missing data. Numerous studies have investigated the effects of missing values on qualitative or quantitative modeling, but only a few studies have discussed it for the case of applications in nanotechnology-related data. The present study is aimed at the development of a multi-nano-read-across modeling technique that helps in predicting the toxicity of different species such as bacteria, algae, protozoa, and mammalian cell lines. Herein, the experimental toxicity of 184 metal and silica oxide (30 unique chemical types) nanoparticles from 15 datasets is analyzed. A hybrid quantitative multi-nano-read-across approach that combines interspecies correlation analysis and self-organizing map analysis is developed. In the first step, hidden patterns of toxicity among nanoparticles are identified using a combination of methods. Subsequently, the developed model based on categorization of the toxicity of the metal oxide nanoparticle outcomes is evaluated via the combination of supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques to determine the underlying factors responsible for the toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sizochenko
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemometrics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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41
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Krause B, Meyer T, Sieg H, Kästner C, Reichardt P, Tentschert J, Jungnickel H, Estrela-Lopis I, Burel A, Chevance S, Gauffre F, Jalili P, Meijer J, Böhmert L, Braeuning A, Thünemann AF, Emmerling F, Fessard V, Laux P, Lampen A, Luch A. Characterization of aluminum, aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide nanomaterials using a combination of methods for particle surface and size analysis. RSC Adv 2018; 8:14377-14388. [PMID: 35540747 PMCID: PMC9079890 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00205c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of appropriate analytical techniques is essential for nanomaterial (NM) characterization. In this study, we compared different analytical techniques for NM analysis. Regarding possible adverse health effects, ionic and particulate NM effects have to be taken into account. As NMs behave quite differently in physiological media, special attention was paid to techniques which are able to determine the biosolubility and complexation behavior of NMs. Representative NMs of similar size were selected: aluminum (Al0) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3), to compare the behavior of metal and metal oxides. In addition, titanium dioxide (TiO2) was investigated. Characterization techniques such as dynamic light scattering (DLS) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) were evaluated with respect to their suitability for fast characterization of nanoparticle dispersions regarding a particle's hydrodynamic diameter and size distribution. By application of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in the single particle mode (SP-ICP-MS), individual nanoparticles were quantified and characterized regarding their size. SP-ICP-MS measurements were correlated with the information gained using other characterization techniques, i.e. transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The particle surface as an important descriptor of NMs was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). NM impurities and their co-localization with biomolecules were determined by ion beam microscopy (IBM) and confocal Raman microscopy (CRM). We conclude advantages and disadvantages of the different techniques applied and suggest options for their complementation. Thus, this paper may serve as a practical guide to particle characterization techniques. The application of appropriate analytical techniques is essential for nanomaterial (NM) characterization.![]()
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Gajewicz A, Puzyn T, Odziomek K, Urbaszek P, Haase A, Riebeling C, Luch A, Irfan MA, Landsiedel R, van der Zande M, Bouwmeester H. Decision tree models to classify nanomaterials according to the DF4nanoGrouping scheme. Nanotoxicology 2017; 12:1-17. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2017.1415388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gajewicz
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemometrics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Puzyn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemometrics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Odziomek
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemometrics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Urbaszek
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemometrics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Andrea Haase
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Riebeling
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Muhammad A. Irfan
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Hans Bouwmeester
- RIKILT – Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Boyes WK, Thornton BLM, Al-Abed SR, Andersen CP, Bouchard DC, Burgess RM, Hubal EAC, Ho KT, Hughes MF, Kitchin K, Reichman JR, Rogers KR, Ross JA, Rygiewicz PT, Scheckel KG, Thai SF, Zepp RG, Zucker RM. A comprehensive framework for evaluating the environmental health and safety implications of engineered nanomaterials. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:767-810. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1328400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William K. Boyes
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Brittany Lila M. Thornton
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Souhail R. Al-Abed
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Christian P. Andersen
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Dermont C. Bouchard
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Robert M. Burgess
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Elaine A. Cohen Hubal
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kay T. Ho
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Michael F. Hughes
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kirk Kitchin
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jay R. Reichman
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kim R. Rogers
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Ross
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Paul T. Rygiewicz
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kirk G. Scheckel
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sheau-Fung Thai
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Richard G. Zepp
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Robert M. Zucker
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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44
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Helma C, Rautenberg M, Gebele D. Nano-Lazar: Read across Predictions for Nanoparticle Toxicities with Calculated and Measured Properties. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:377. [PMID: 28670277 PMCID: PMC5472659 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The lazar framework for read across predictions was expanded for the prediction of nanoparticle toxicities, and a new methodology for calculating nanoparticle descriptors from core and coating structures was implemented. Nano-lazar provides a flexible and reproducible framework for downloading data and ontologies from the open eNanoMapper infrastructure, developing and validating nanoparticle read across models, open-source code and a free graphical interface for nanoparticle read-across predictions. In this study we compare different nanoparticle descriptor sets and local regression algorithms. Sixty independent crossvalidation experiments were performed for the Net Cell Association endpoint of the Protein Corona dataset. The best RMSE and r2 results originated from models with protein corona descriptors and the weighted random forest algorithm, but their 95% prediction interval is significantly less accurate than for models with simpler descriptor sets (measured and calculated nanoparticle properties). The most accurate prediction intervals were obtained with measured nanoparticle properties (no statistical significant difference (p < 0.05) of RMSE and r2 values compared to protein corona descriptors). Calculated descriptors are interesting for cheap and fast high-throughput screening purposes. RMSE and prediction intervals of random forest models are comparable to protein corona models, but r2 values are significantly lower.
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45
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Bove P, Malvindi MA, Kote SS, Bertorelli R, Summa M, Sabella S. Dissolution test for risk assessment of nanoparticles: a pilot study. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:6315-6326. [PMID: 28275767 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr08131b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide efforts are currently trying to produce effective risk assessment models for orally ingested nanoparticles. These tests should provide quantitative information on the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of products of biotransformation, such as dissolved ionic species and/or aggregates. In vitro dissolution tests might be useful for nanoparticle risk assessment, because of their potential to quantitatively monitor the changes of specific properties (e.g., dissolution, agglomeration, etc.), which are critical factors linked to bioaccessibility/bioavailability. Unfortunately, the technological advancement of such tools is currently hampered by the complexity and evolving nature of nanoparticle properties that are strongly influenced by the environment and are often difficult to trace in a standardized manner. Hence, the test's success depends on its ability to quantify such properties using standardized experimental conditions to mimic reality as closely as possible. Here we applied an in vitro dissolution test to quantify the dissolution of silver nanoparticles under dynamic conditions, which likely occur in human digestion, providing a clear description of the bioaccessible ionic species (free and matrix bound ions or soluble silver organic or inorganic complexes) occurring during the different digestion phases. We demonstrated the test feasibility using a multi-technique approach and following pre-standardized operational procedures to allow for a comprehensive description of the process as a whole. Moreover, this can favour data reliability for benchmarking. Finally, we showed how the estimated values of the bioaccessible ionic species relate to absorption and excretion parameters, as measured in vivo. The outcomes presented in this work highlight the potential regulatory role of the dissolution test for orally ingested nanoparticles and, although preliminary, experimentally demonstrate the regulatory oriented "read-across" principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Bove
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Drug Discovery and Development Department, Via Morego, 30-16136 Genova, Italy.
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46
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Marvin HJP, Bouzembrak Y, Janssen EM, van der Zande M, Murphy F, Sheehan B, Mullins M, Bouwmeester H. Application of Bayesian networks for hazard ranking of nanomaterials to support human health risk assessment. Nanotoxicology 2017; 11:123-133. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2016.1278481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans J. P. Marvin
- Wageningen University and Research, RIKILT, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yamine Bouzembrak
- Wageningen University and Research, RIKILT, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Esmée M. Janssen
- Wageningen University and Research, RIKILT, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Barry Sheehan
- Kemmy Business School, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | | | - Hans Bouwmeester
- Wageningen University and Research, RIKILT, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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47
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Erickson MC, Doyle MP. The Challenges of Eliminating or Substituting Antimicrobial Preservatives in Foods. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2017; 8:371-390. [PMID: 28125350 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030216-025952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Consumers' criteria for evaluating food safety have evolved recently from considering the food's potential to cause immediate physical harm to considering the potential long-term effects that consumption of artificial ingredients, including antimicrobial preservatives, would have on health. As bacteriostatic and bactericidal agents to prevent microbial spoilage, antimicrobials not only extend shelf life, but they also enhance the product's safety. Antimicrobials and their levels that may be used in foods are specified by regulatory agencies. This review addresses the safety of antimicrobials and the potential consequences of removing those that are chemically synthesized or replacing them with antimicrobials from so-called natural sources. Such changes can affect the microbiological safety and spoilage of food as well as reduce shelf life, increase wastage, and increase the occurrence of foodborne illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn C Erickson
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223; ,
| | - Michael P Doyle
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223; ,
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48
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Mishra S, Keswani C, Abhilash PC, Fraceto LF, Singh HB. Integrated Approach of Agri-nanotechnology: Challenges and Future Trends. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:471. [PMID: 28421100 PMCID: PMC5378785 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology representing a new frontier in modern agriculture is anticipated to become a major thrust in near future by offering potential applications. This integrating approach, i.e., agri-nanotechnology has great potential to cope with global challenges of food production/security, sustainability and climate change. However, despite the potential benefits of nanotechnology in agriculture so far, their relevance has not reached up to the field conditions. The elevating concerns about fate, transport, bioavailability, nanoparticles toxicity and inappropriateness of regulatory framework limit the complete acceptance and inclination to adopt nanotechnologies in agricultural sector. Moreover, the current research trends lack realistic approach that fail to attain comprehensive knowledge of risk assessment factors and further toxicity of nanoparticles toward agroecosystem components viz. plant, soil, soil microbiomes after their release into the environment. Hence in the present review we attempt to suggest certain key points to be addressed in the current and future agri-nanotechnology researches on the basis of recognized knowledge gaps with strong recommendation of incorporating biosynthesized nanoparticles to carry out analogous functions. In this perspective, the major points are as follows: (i) Mitigating risk assessment factors (responsible for fate, transport, behavior, bioavailability and toxicity) for alleviating the subsequent toxicity of nanoparticles. (ii) Optimizing permissible level of nanoparticles dose within the safety limits by performing dose dependent studies. (iii) Adopting realistic approach by designing the experiments in natural habitat and avoiding in vitro assays for accurate interpretation. (iv) Most importantly, translating environmental friendly and non-toxic biosynthesized nanoparticles from laboratory to field conditions for agricultural benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Mishra
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, India
| | - Chetan Keswani
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, India
| | - P. C. Abhilash
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, India
| | - Leonardo F. Fraceto
- Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology, Institute of Science and Technology of Sorocaba, São Paulo State UniversitySão Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Harikesh Bahadur Singh, Leonardo F. Fraceto,
| | - Harikesh Bahadur Singh
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, India
- *Correspondence: Harikesh Bahadur Singh, Leonardo F. Fraceto,
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49
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Landsiedel R, Ma-Hock L, Wiench K, Wohlleben W, Sauer UG. Safety assessment of nanomaterials using an advanced decision-making framework, the DF4nanoGrouping. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017; 19:171. [PMID: 28553159 PMCID: PMC5423989 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-017-3850-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
As presented at the 2016 TechConnect World Innovation Conference on 22-25 May 2016 in Washington DC, USA, the European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC) 'Nano Task Force' proposes a Decision-making framework for the grouping and testing of nanomaterials (DF4nanoGrouping) consisting of three tiers to assign nanomaterials to four main groups with possible further subgrouping to refine specific information needs. The DF4nanoGrouping covers all relevant aspects of a nanomaterial's life cycle and biological pathways: intrinsic material properties and system-dependent properties (that depend upon the nanomaterial's respective surroundings), biopersistence, uptake and biodistribution, and cellular and apical toxic effects. Use, release, and exposure route may be applied as 'qualifiers' to determine if, e.g., nanomaterials cannot be released from products, which may justify waiving of testing. The four main groups encompass (1) soluble, (2) biopersistent high aspect ratio, (3) passive, and (4) active nanomaterials. The DF4nanoGrouping foresees a stepwise evaluation of nanomaterial properties and effects with increasing biological complexity. In case studies covering carbonaceous nanomaterials, metal oxide, and metal sulfate nanomaterials, amorphous silica and organic pigments (all nanomaterials having primary particle sizes below 100 nm), the usefulness of the DF4nanoGrouping for nanomaterial hazard assessment was confirmed. The DF4nanoGrouping facilitates grouping and targeted testing of nanomaterials. It ensures that sufficient data for the risk assessment of a nanomaterial are available, and it fosters the use of non-animal methods. No studies are performed that do not provide crucial data. Thereby, the DF4nanoGrouping serves to save both animals and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Landsiedel
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Lan Ma-Hock
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Karin Wiench
- Regulatory Toxicology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
- Advanced Materials Research, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ursula G. Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy—Animal Welfare, Hallstattfeld 16, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany
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Toropova AP, Achary PGR, Toropov AA. Quasi-SMILES for Nano-QSAR Prediction of Toxic Effect of Al2O3 Nanoparticles. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-1762-7.ch059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in wet tissue of different organs is utilized as a measure of toxic effect. The numerical data on the concentration of MDA in wet tissue of liver, kidneys, brain, and heart of rat is examined as the endpoint which are impacted by different dose (mg/kg), exposure time (3 and 14 days) and single oral treatment of aluminium nano-oxide (Al2O3) with 30 nm or 40 nm. An attempt to develop predictive model for this endpoint has been carried out in this work. SMILES is a traditional tool to represent molecular structure for QSPRs/QSARs. In contrast to traditional SMILES, so-called quasi-SMILES can be a tool to build up quantitative features – property / activity relationships (QFPRs/QFARs) for endpoints which are not defined by solely molecular structure, but by a group of physicochemical and/or biochemical conditions. The quasi-SMILES is the representation of the above eclectic conditions whereas the QFPR/QFAR are models of endpoints which are modified under impacts of these eclectic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P. Ganga Raju Achary
- Institute of Technical Education and Research (ITER), Siksha ‘O'Anusandhan University, India
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