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Baruteau J, Perocheau DP, Hanley J, Lorvellec M, Rocha-Ferreira E, Karda R, Ng J, Suff N, Diaz JA, Rahim AA, Hughes MP, Banushi B, Prunty H, Hristova M, Ridout DA, Virasami A, Heales S, Howe SJ, Buckley SMK, Mills PB, Gissen P, Waddington SN. Argininosuccinic aciduria fosters neuronal nitrosative stress reversed by Asl gene transfer. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3505. [PMID: 30158522 PMCID: PMC6115417 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05972-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) belongs to the hepatic urea cycle detoxifying ammonia, and the citrulline-nitric oxide (NO) cycle producing NO. ASL-deficient patients present argininosuccinic aciduria characterised by hyperammonaemia, multiorgan disease and neurocognitive impairment despite treatment aiming to normalise ammonaemia without considering NO imbalance. Here we show that cerebral disease in argininosuccinic aciduria involves neuronal oxidative/nitrosative stress independent of hyperammonaemia. Intravenous injection of AAV8 vector into adult or neonatal ASL-deficient mice demonstrates long-term correction of the hepatic urea cycle and the cerebral citrulline-NO cycle, respectively. Cerebral disease persists if ammonaemia only is normalised but is dramatically reduced after correction of both ammonaemia and neuronal ASL activity. This correlates with behavioural improvement and reduced cortical cell death. Thus, neuronal oxidative/nitrosative stress is a distinct pathophysiological mechanism from hyperammonaemia. Disease amelioration by simultaneous brain and liver gene transfer with one vector, to treat both metabolic pathways, provides new hope for hepatocerebral metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Baruteau
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
- Metabolic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Dany P Perocheau
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Joanna Hanley
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maëlle Lorvellec
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- Perinatal Brain Repair Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Rajvinder Karda
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Joanne Ng
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
- Neurology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Natalie Suff
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Juan Antinao Diaz
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Ahad A Rahim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Michael P Hughes
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Blerida Banushi
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Helen Prunty
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Mariya Hristova
- Perinatal Brain Repair Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Deborah A Ridout
- Population, Policy and Practice Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1E, UK
| | - Alex Virasami
- Histopathology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Simon Heales
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Stewen J Howe
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Suzanne M K Buckley
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Philippa B Mills
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Paul Gissen
- Metabolic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Simon N Waddington
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK.
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witswatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Considerations for the use of virally delivered genetic tools for in-vivo circuit analysis and behavior in mutant mice: a practical guide to optogenetics. Behav Pharmacol 2018; 28:598-609. [PMID: 29099403 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics was the method of the year in 2010 according to Nature Neuroscience. Since then, this method has become widespread, the use of virally delivered genetic tools has extended to other fields such as pharmacogenetics, and optogenetic techniques have become frequently applied in genetically manipulated animals for in-vivo circuit analysis and behavioral studies. However, several issues should be taken into consideration when planning such experiments. We aimed to summarize the critical points concerning optogenetic manipulation of a specific brain area in mutant mice. First, the appropriate vector should be chosen to allow optimal optogenetic manipulation. Adeno-associated viral vectors are the most common carriers with different available serotypes. Light-sensitive channels are available in many forms, and the expression of the delivered genetic material can be influenced in many ways. Second, selecting the adequate stimulation protocol is also essential. The pattern, intensity, and timing could be determinative parameters. Third, the mutant strain might have a phenotype that influences the observed behavior. In conclusion, detailed preliminary experiments and numerous control groups are required to choose the best vector and stimulation protocol and to ensure that the mutant animals do not have a specific phenotype that can influence the examined behavior.
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The role of calretinin-expressing granule cells in olfactory bulb functions and odor behavior. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9385. [PMID: 29925844 PMCID: PMC6010413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27692-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult mouse olfactory bulb is continuously supplied with new neurons that mostly differentiate into granule cells (GCs). Different subtypes of adult-born GCs have been identified, but their maturational profiles and their roles in bulbar network functioning and odor behavior remain elusive. It is also not known whether the same subpopulations of GCs born during early postnatal life (early-born) or during adulthood (adult-born) differ in their morpho-functional properties. Here, we show that adult-born calretinin-expressing (CR+) and non-expressing (CR−) GCs, as well as early-born CR+ GCs, display distinct inhibitory inputs but indistinguishable excitatory inputs and similar morphological characteristics. The frequencies of inhibitory post-synaptic currents were lower in early-born and adult-born CR+ GCs than in adult-born CR− neurons. These findings were corroborated by the reduced density of gephyrin+ puncta on CR+ GCs. CR+ GCs displayed a higher level of activation following olfactory tasks based on odor discrimination, as determined by an immediate early gene expression analysis. Pharmacogenetic inhibition of CR+ GCs diminished the ability of the mice to discriminate complex odor mixtures. Altogether, our results indicate that distinct inhibitory inputs are received by adult-born CR+ and CR− GCs, that early- and adult-born CR+ neurons have similar morpho-functional properties, and that CR+ GCs are involved in complex odor discrimination tasks.
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Salabert AS, Vaysse L, Beaurain M, Alonso M, Arribarat G, Lotterie JA, Loubinoux I, Tafani M, Payoux P. Imaging grafted cells with [18F]FHBG using an optimized HSV1-TK mammalian expression vector in a brain injury rodent model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184630. [PMID: 28926581 PMCID: PMC5604981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cell transplantation is an innovative therapeutic approach after brain injury to compensate for tissue damage. To have real-time longitudinal monitoring of intracerebrally grafted cells, we explored the feasibility of a molecular imaging approach using thymidine kinase HSV1-TK gene encoding and [18F]FHBG as a reporter probe to image enzyme expression. METHODS A stable neuronal cell line expressing HSV1-TK was developed with an optimised mammalian expression vector to ensure long-term transgene expression. After [18F]FHBG incubation under defined parameters, calibration ranges from 1 X 104 to 3 X 106 Neuro2A-TK cells were analysed by gamma counter or by PET-camera. In parallel, grafting with different quantities of [18F]FHBG prelabelled Neuro2A-TK cells was carried out in a rat brain injury model induced by stereotaxic injection of malonate toxin. Image acquisition of the rats was then performed with PET/CT camera to study the [18F]FHBG signal of transplanted cells in vivo. RESULTS Under the optimised incubation conditions, [18F]FHBG cell uptake rate was around 2.52%. In-vitro calibration range analysis shows a clear linear correlation between the number of cells and the signal intensity. The PET signal emitted into rat brain correlated well with the number of cells injected and the number of surviving grafted cells was recorded via the in-vitro calibration range. PET/CT acquisitions also allowed validation of the stereotaxic injection procedure. Technique sensitivity was evaluated under 5 X 104 grafted cells in vivo. No [18F]FHBG or [18F]metabolite release was observed showing a stable cell uptake even 2 h post-graft. CONCLUSION The development of this kind of approach will allow grafting to be controlled and ensure longitudinal follow-up of cell viability and biodistribution after intracerebral injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Salabert
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre UMR1214, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France
- University hospital, Radiopharmacy Unit, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Vaysse
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre UMR1214, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France
| | - Marie Beaurain
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre UMR1214, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France
| | - Mathieu Alonso
- University hospital, Radiopharmacy Unit, Toulouse, France
| | - Germain Arribarat
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre UMR1214, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France
| | - Jean-Albert Lotterie
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre UMR1214, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France
- University hospital, Nuclear medecine Unit, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Loubinoux
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre UMR1214, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France
| | - Mathieu Tafani
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre UMR1214, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France
- University hospital, Radiopharmacy Unit, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Payoux
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre UMR1214, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France
- University hospital, Nuclear medecine Unit, Toulouse, France
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Abstract
The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) has a pivotal role in the mammalian circadian clock. SCN neurons generate circadian rhythms in action potential firing frequencies and neurotransmitter release, and the core oscillation is thought to be driven by “clock gene” transcription-translation feedback loops. Cytosolic Ca2+mobilization followed by stimulation of various receptors has been shown to reset the gene transcription cycles in SCN neurons, whereas contribution of steady-state cytosolic Ca2+levels to the rhythm generation is unclear. Recently, circadian rhythms in cytosolic Ca2+levels have been demonstrated in cultured SCN neurons. The circadian Ca2+rhythms are driven by the release of Ca2+from ryanodine-sensitive internal stores and resistant to the blockade of action potentials. These results raise the possibility that gene translation/transcription loops may interact with autonomous Ca2+oscillations in the production of circadian rhythms in SCN neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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Westbroek W, Nguyen M, Siebert M, Lindstrom T, Burnett RA, Aflaki E, Jung O, Tamargo R, Rodriguez-Gil JL, Acosta W, Hendrix A, Behre B, Tayebi N, Fujiwara H, Sidhu R, Renvoise B, Ginns EI, Dutra A, Pak E, Cramer C, Ory DS, Pavan WJ, Sidransky E. A new glucocerebrosidase-deficient neuronal cell model provides a tool to probe pathophysiology and therapeutics for Gaucher disease. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:769-78. [PMID: 27482815 PMCID: PMC4958308 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.024588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocerebrosidase is a lysosomal hydrolase involved in the breakdown of glucosylceramide. Gaucher disease, a recessive lysosomal storage disorder, is caused by mutations in the gene GBA1. Dysfunctional glucocerebrosidase leads to accumulation of glucosylceramide and glycosylsphingosine in various cell types and organs. Mutations in GBA1 are also a common genetic risk factor for Parkinson disease and related synucleinopathies. In recent years, research on the pathophysiology of Gaucher disease, the molecular link between Gaucher and Parkinson disease, and novel therapeutics, have accelerated the need for relevant cell models with GBA1 mutations. Although induced pluripotent stem cells, primary rodent neurons, and transfected neuroblastoma cell lines have been used to study the effect of glucocerebrosidase deficiency on neuronal function, these models have limitations because of challenges in culturing and propagating the cells, low yield, and the introduction of exogenous mutant GBA1. To address some of these difficulties, we established a high yield, easy-to-culture mouse neuronal cell model with nearly complete glucocerebrosidase deficiency representative of Gaucher disease. We successfully immortalized cortical neurons from embryonic null allele gba−/− mice and the control littermate (gba+/+) by infecting differentiated primary cortical neurons in culture with an EF1α-SV40T lentivirus. Immortalized gba−/− neurons lack glucocerebrosidase protein and enzyme activity, and exhibit a dramatic increase in glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine accumulation, enlarged lysosomes, and an impaired ATP-dependent calcium-influx response; these phenotypical characteristics were absent in gba+/+ neurons. This null allele gba−/− mouse neuronal model provides a much-needed tool to study the pathophysiology of Gaucher disease and to evaluate new therapies. Summary: This work describes the generation of a novel immortalized glucocerebrosidase-deficient neuronal cell model with utility for pathophysiology research and therapeutic development in Gaucher disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Westbroek
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew Nguyen
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marina Siebert
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Taylor Lindstrom
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert A Burnett
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elma Aflaki
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Olive Jung
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rafael Tamargo
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jorge L Rodriguez-Gil
- Genomics, Development, and Disease Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Bahafta Behre
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nahid Tayebi
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hideji Fujiwara
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
| | - Rohini Sidhu
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
| | - Benoit Renvoise
- Cell Biology Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Edward I Ginns
- Lysosomal Disorders Treatment and Research Program, Clinical Labs, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Amalia Dutra
- Cytogenetics Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Evgenia Pak
- Cytogenetics Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Daniel S Ory
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
| | - William J Pavan
- Genomics, Development, and Disease Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Oh J, You Y, Yun Y, Lee HL, Yoon DH, Lee M, Ha Y. A Gene and Neural Stem Cell Therapy Platform Based on Neuronal Cell Type-Inducible Gene Overexpression. Yonsei Med J 2015; 56:1036-43. [PMID: 26069128 PMCID: PMC4479833 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2015.56.4.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with permanent neurological damage, and treatment thereof with a single modality often does not provide sufficient therapeutic outcomes. Therefore, a strategy that combines two or more techniques might show better therapeutic effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we designed a combined treatment strategy based on neural stem cells (NSCs) introduced via a neuronal cell type-inducible transgene expression system (NSE::) controlled by a neuron-specific enolase (NSE) promoter to maximize therapeutic efficiency and neuronal differentiation. The luciferase gene was chosen to confirm whether this combined system was working properly prior to using a therapeutic gene. The luciferase expression levels of NSCs introduced via the neuronal cell type-inducible luciferase expression system (NSE::Luci) or via a general luciferase expressing system (SV::Luci) were measured and compared in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS NSCs introduced via the neuronal cell type-inducible luciferase expressing system (NSE::Luci-NSCs) showed a high level of luciferase expression, compared to NSCs introduced via a general luciferase expressing system (SV::Luci-NSCs). Interestingly, the luciferase expression level of NSE::Luci-NSCs increased greatly after differentiation into neurons. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that a neuronal cell type-inducible gene expression system is suitable for introducing NSCs in combined treatment strategies. We suggest that the proposed strategy may be a promising tool for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, including SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsoo Oh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spine & Spinal Cord Institute and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngsang You
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spine & Spinal Cord Institute and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeomin Yun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spine & Spinal Cord Institute and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Lan Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spine & Spinal Cord Institute and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Heum Yoon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spine & Spinal Cord Institute and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minhyung Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Ha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spine & Spinal Cord Institute and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Li X, Hu P, He X, Lu T, Guan W, Ma Y. Attempt at conserving the genetic resources of Hu sheep by fibroblast line cryopreservation. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2013.842487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Tanada N, Sakurai T, Mitsuno H, Bakkum DJ, Kanzaki R, Takahashi H. Dissociated neuronal culture expressing ionotropic odorant receptors as a hybrid odorant biosensor—proof-of-concept study. Analyst 2012; 137:3452-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35058k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Takahashi H, Sakurai T, Sakai H, Bakkum DJ, Suzurikawa J, Kanzaki R. Light-addressed single-neuron stimulation in dissociated neuronal cultures with sparse expression of ChR2. Biosystems 2011; 107:106-12. [PMID: 22019848 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Individual neurons are heterogeneous and have profound impact on population activity in a complex cortical network. Precise experimental control of the firing of multiple neurons would be therefore beneficial to advance our understanding of cell-network interactions. Except for direct intracellular stimulation, however, it is difficult to gain precise control of targeted neurons without inducing antidromic activation of untargeted neurons. To overcome this problem, we attempt to create a sparse group of photosensitized neurons via transfection of Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in primary dissociated cultures and then deliver light-addressed stimulation exclusively to these target neurons. We first show that liposome transfection was able to express ChR2 in 0.3-1.9% of cells plated depending on cell density. This spatially sparse but robust expression in our neuronal cultures offered the capability of single cell activation by illuminating a spot of light. We then demonstrated that delivering a pulsed train to photo-activate a single neuron had a substantial effect on the activity level of an entire neuronal culture. Furthermore, the activity level was controllable by altering the frequency of light illumination when 4 neurons were recruited as stimulation targets. These results suggest that organized activation of a very small population of neurons can provide better control over global activity of neuronal circuits than can single-neuron activities by themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Takahashi
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan.
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Hou L, Jin D, Gu E, Pu Y, Li F, Guan W, Ma Y. Isolation and characterization of duck embryonic neural stem and progenitor cells. Poult Sci 2011; 90:609-17. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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12
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Liu CQ, Guo Y, Guan WJ, Ma YH. Establishment and characterization of a fibroblast cell line derived from Mongolian sheep. Anim Sci J 2011; 82:215-22. [PMID: 21729198 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2010.00824.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Mongolian sheep ear marginal tissue fibroblast cell line (MSF32) from 32 samples was successfully established by using primary explants technique and cell cryoconservation technology. MSF32 cells were adherent, with a population doubling time of 28.2 h. Chromosome analysis showed that >90.2% of cells were diploid (2n=54) prior to cell passage 4. Isoenzyme analyses of lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase showed that the MSF22 cells had no cross-contamination with other species. Tests for cell line contamination with bacteria, fungi, viruses and mycoplasmas were also negative. Plasmids encoding the fluorescent proteins pEGFP-N3, pEGFP-C1, pECFP-N1, pECFP-mito, pDsRed1-N1 and pEYFP-N1 were transfected into cells to study exogenous gene expression in the cells. The plasmid transfection efficiency was between 12.3% and 63.3%. Every index of the MSF32 cell line meets all the standard quality controls of American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). Not only has the genetic resources of the Mongolian sheep been preserved at the cell level, but also valuable materials had been provided for genome, postgenome and somacloning research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qing Liu
- Institute of Beijing Animal Science and Veterinary, CAAS, Beijing, China.
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Guan W, He X, Li L, Liang H, Zhao Q, Pu Y, Ma YH. Establishment and biological characterization of fibroblast cell line from the Langshan chicken. Cell Prolif 2010; 43:157-63. [PMID: 20447061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2010.00666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We needed to establish an embryonic fibroblast cell line from the Langshan chicken (LSCEF61) to preserve their important genetic resources at the cellular level. MATERIAL AND METHODS The cell line was established from 9-day-old embryos by direct explant culture and cryopreservation techniques. Cell morphology, dynamic proliferation and any contamination present were tested, and the karyotype and levels of isoenzymes of lactic dehydrogenase and malic dehydrogenase were analysed. Four types of fluorescent protein exogenous genes for pEGFP-C(1), pEGFP-N(3), pEYFP-N(1) and pDsRed1-N(1) were transfected into the cells. RESULTS Showed that the cells were healthy and were of spindle shaped structure, without change in morphology. Cell growth curves were of typical S-shape. Assays for microbial contamination were negative. The LSCEF61 line showed no cross-contamination when assessed by isoenzyme analysis. Chromosome number (2n) = 78 on more than 90% of occasions. The four types of fluorescent protein extro-genes appeared to be expressed effectively with high transfection efficiency between 15.6% and 38.6%. CONCLUSION The cell line met each of the quality control standards required for the American Type Culture Collection. It had not only preserved the genetic resources of the important Langshan chicken at the cellular level, but also provided valuable material for genomic, post-genomic and somatic cell cloning research and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Guan
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Li X, Yue H, Li C, He X, Zhao Q, Ma Y, Guan W, Ma J. Establishment and characterization of a fibroblast cell line derived from Jining Black Grey goat for genetic conservation. Small Rumin Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2009.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Li LF, Guan WJ, Li H, Zhou XZ, Bai XJ, Ma YH. Establishment and characterization of a fibroblast cell line derived from Texel sheep. Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 87:485-92. [PMID: 19448741 DOI: 10.1139/o09-005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A Texel sheep ear marginal tissue fibroblast cell line (named TSF19) was successfully established by using a primary explant technique and cell cryoconservation technology. TSF19 cells were adherent, with a population doubling time of 24.9 h. Chromosome analysis showed that >90% of cells were diploid prior to cell passage 4. Isoenzyme analyses of lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase showed that the TSF19 cells had no cross-contamination with other species. Tests for cell line contamination with bacteria, fungi, or mycoplasmas were also negative. Plasmids encoding the fluorescent proteins pEGFP-N3, pECFP-N1, pDsRed1-N1, and pEYFP-N1 were transfected into cells to study exogenous gene expression in the cells. The plasmid transfection efficiency was between 21.8% and 46.5%. This newly established cell line will not only preserve the genetic resources of the important Texel sheep at the cell level but will also provide a valuable resource for genomic, postgenomic, somatic cloning research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng F Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
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16
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[Characterization of expression of alpha1-acid glycoprotein gene in Beijing fatty chicken (Gallus gallus)]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2009; 31:620-8. [PMID: 19586863 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2009.00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The specific expression of alpha1-AGP gene in eight different tissues of Beijing fatty chicken was investigated by RT-PCR. The full-length cDNA of alpha1-AGP was inserted into pEGFP-C1 multi-cloning sites to construct recombinant eukaryotic expression vector pEGFP-alpha1-AGP. The lipofectin method was used to transfect the pEGFP-alpha1-AGP into Beijing fatty chicken fibroblast cells. The open reading frame of Beijing fatty chicken alpha1-AGP gene was 612 base pairs in length, which was expressed higher in liver and lung than in muscle. This gene did not express in heart and kidney. The expression efficiency ranged from 31.3% to 47.6% in 24, 48, and 72 h after transformation. The green fluorescence mainly concentrated in the nucleus. With the increase of the expression of green fluorescence, granula was observed in the nucleus. RT-PCR and Western blotting analyses showed that pEGFP-alpha1-AGP had been integrated into the genome of Beijing chicken fibroblast cell with normal expression level. In optimized condition, there was no significant effect (P>0.05) on apoptosis ratio, positive cell shape, growth and reduplication state comparing with the control group. This research established the foundation for further function research of alpha1-AGP gene and application in transgenic animal cloning.
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17
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Li LF, Yue H, Ma J, Guan WJ, Ma YH. Establishment and characterization of a fibroblast line from Simmental cattle. Cryobiology 2009; 59:63-8. [PMID: 19426723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A fibroblast line (named SCF36) from ear marginal tissue of Simmental cattle was established successfully by direct culture of explants and cell cryopreservation techniques. Biological analysis showed that the population doubling time of the thawed cells was 42.8h. The average viability of the cells was 96.8% before freezing and 91.5% after thawing. Measurements of lactic dehydrogenase and malic dehydrogenase isoenzymes showed no cross-contamination of this cell line with other species. Karyotyping showed that the frequency of cells with chromosome number 2n=60 was more than 90%. Tests for bacteria, fungi, viruses and mycoplasmas were negative. The efficiencies of expression of enhanced green, yellow and red fluorescent protein genes (pEGFP-N(3), pEYFP-N(1) and pDsRed1-N(1)) were between 11.3% and 28.8% after transfection; fluorescence was well distributed in the cytoplasm and nucleus except for some cryptomeric vesicles. This Simmental cattle fibroblast line not only contains the germline of this important cattle breed, which is preserved at the cellular level, but valuable material has also been provided for genomic, postgenomic and somatic cloning research. Moreover, the establishment of these methods may provide both technical and theoretical support for preserving the genetic resources of other livestock and poultry at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-feng Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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18
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Konopka W, Duniec K, Klejman A, Wawrzyniak M, Owczarek D, Gawrys L, Maleszewski M, Mallet J, Kaczmarek L. Tet system in the brain: Transgenic rats and lentiviral vectors approach. Genesis 2009; 47:274-80. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Establishment and characterization of a fibroblast cell line from the Mongolian horse. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2009; 45:311-6. [PMID: 19263179 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-009-9183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A fibroblast line was successfully established from Mongolian horse ear marginal tissue by using a primary explant technique and cell cryogenic preservation technology. Biological analysis showed the following: The cells were adherent and exhibited density-dependent inhibition of proliferation; assays of microbial contamination from bacteria, fungi, and mycoplasma were negative; the population doubling time of the cells was 33.9 h; and a 2n chromosome number of 64 at a frequency higher than 80%. A lack of cross-contamination of this cell line with other species was confirmed by isoenzyme analysis of lactic and malic dehydrogenases. In order to study exogenous gene expression, four fluorescent proteins, pEGFP-N3, pEGFP-C1, pDsRed1-N1, and pEYFP-N1, were transfected into the cells. The corresponding fluorescence was distributed throughout the cytoplasm and nucleus 12 h after transfection. This cell line not only preserves the genetic resources of the Mongolian horse at the cellular level but also provides valuable materials for genomic, postgenomic, and somacloning research in this species.
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20
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Liu C, Guo Y, Guan W, Ma Y, Zhang HH, Tang X. Establishment and biological characteristics of Luxi cattle fibroblast bank. Tissue Cell 2008; 40:417-24. [PMID: 18579172 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2007] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A fibroblast line from ear marginal tissue of Luxi cattle (LXCEM2/2) was successfully established by direct culturing of explants. Biological analysis showed that the population doubling time (PDT) for reviving cells was approximately 24h. Measurement of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and malic dehydrogenase (MDH) isoenzymes showed no cross-contamination among the cells. Karyotyping showed that the frequency of cells with chromosome number 2n=60 was 90.7-92.2%. Tests for bacteria, fungi, viruses and mycoplasma were negative. The efficiencies of expression of pEGFP-N3, pEYFP-N1 and pDsRed1-N1 were between 6.3% and 31.6% at 24h, 48h and 72h after transfer; at 24h, fluorescence was well distributed in the cytoplasm and nucleus except for some cryptomeric vesicles. Every index of the Luxi cattle cell line meets the quality control standards of the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). Not only has the germline of this important cattle breed been preserved at the cell level, but also valuable material had been provided for genome, postgenome and somacloning research. Moreover, the establishment of this technical platform may provide both technical and theoretical support for storing the genetic resources of other animals and poultry at the cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Liu
- Division of Life Sciences and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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21
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Hwang DW, Kang JH, Jeong JM, Chung JK, Lee MC, Kim S, Lee DS. Noninvasive in vivo monitoring of neuronal differentiation using reporter driven by a neuronal promoter. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007; 35:135-45. [PMID: 17885755 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-007-0561-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 07/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We imaged neuronal differentiation in vivo using dual reporters (sodium iodide symporter [NIS] and luciferase) coupled to a neuron-specific enolase (NSE) promoter. METHODS PC12 (NSE positive) and F11 cells were transfected with a bicistronic (NIS and luciferase; pNSE-NF) or a luciferase (pNSE-Fluc) reporter coupled to the NSE promoter. Weak NSE promoter activity was overcome by a two-step transcriptional amplification (TSTA) system (pNSE-TSTA-Fluc). In vivo, NIS and luciferase expression were examined using a (99m)Tc-pertechnetate gamma camera and bioluminescence imaging, respectively. RESULTS pNSE-NF-transfected PC12 cells showed 3-fold higher radioiodine uptakes and >100-fold higher luciferase activity than parental cells. NIS or luciferase activity was not detected in pNSE-NF-transfected HeLa cells. When F11 cells were differentiated into neurons by db-cAMP, NIS and luciferase activities increased 4-fold compared to those without treatment, which was confirmed by Western blot and RT-PCR of NSE. In vivo in pNSE-NF-transfected F11 cells, db-cAMP treatment increased the luciferase activity but not the scintigraphic activity. In vitro, pNSE-TSTA-Fluc produced 130-fold higher luciferase activity than pNSE-Fluc and neuronal differentiation showed 4-fold higher activity from both pNSE-TSTA-Fluc and pNSE-Fluc than before differentiation. In vivo, in pNSE-TSTA-Fluc-transfected F11 cells, luciferase activity increased after neuronal differentiation. In vivo luciferase activity persisted up to 2 days after db-cAMP-induced neuronal differentiation. CONCLUSION NSE promoter-driven dual reporter transgenes revealed the possibility of in vivo imaging of neuronal differentiation, which was further enabled by high amplification using a TSTA system. We propose that this strategy be used to follow the transplanted stem cells during differentiation in live animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Won Hwang
- Programs in Neuroscience, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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22
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Klopotowska D, Strzadala L, Matuszyk J. Inducibility of doxycycline-regulated gene in neural and neuroendocrine cells strongly depends on the appropriate choice of a tetracycline-responsive promoter. Neurochem Int 2007; 52:221-9. [PMID: 17618706 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying specific receptor activation of neural and neuroendocrine cells will require the establishment of cellular systems that permit the regulation of the expression of the protein of interest. In a tetracycline (Tet)-regulated system, the gene encoding the protein of interest is under the control of a Tet promoter and its transcription is activated in the presence of doxycycline (Dox) by the Tet transactivator rtTA. Acceptable inducibility of the gene's expression requires a high level of its expression in the presence of Dox and a minimal basal expression in the absence of Dox. Two Tet promoters are compared here, the original PhCMV*-1 and the second-generation Ptight, with respect to the inducibility of the gene of interest in neuroendocrine and neural cells genetically engineered to express rtTA, namely PC12-Tet-On cells and MB-G-18 cells (mouse brain-derived cells with the phenotype of neuron-restricted precursors). This study demonstrates that the use of Ptight provided a much higher Dox-induced maximal expression in both cell lines, while the basal activities of the two Tet promoters were at similar levels. The additional use of the Tet-controlled silencer (tTS) caused almost complete abrogation of the leakiness of the Ptight promoter and an increase in the inducibility of the regulated gene, but the maximal levels of gene expression driven in the presence of Dox were also markedly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Klopotowska
- Department of Experimental Oncology, L. Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
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23
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Morita M, Susuki J, Amino H, Yoshiki F, Moizumi S, Kudo Y. Use of the exogenous Drosophila octopamine receptor gene to study Gq-coupled receptor-mediated responses in mammalian neurons. Neuroscience 2006; 137:545-53. [PMID: 16289891 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2004] [Revised: 08/31/2005] [Accepted: 09/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Diverse excitatory and inhibitory neuronal responses are mediated via Gq-coupled receptors, but the lack of a systematic comparison of different receptors or neurons has hindered a better understanding of these responses. Such a comparison may be provided by an exogenous receptor that is activated by compounds that have no effect on endogenous receptors. We therefore expressed an invertebrate biogenic amine receptor, the Drosophila octopamine receptor, in rat cortical neurons and compared octopamine receptor-mediated responses with those mediated by the group I metabotropic glutamate receptor, the endogenous Gq-coupled receptor in rat cortical neurons. Stimulation of either receptor did not result in a calcium response in octopamine receptor-expressing neurons, although octopamine preferentially elicited a calcium increase in octopamine receptor-expressing PC12h cells, while enhancing the neuronal depolarization-induced calcium increase and the electrical excitability. The increased excitability was caused by inward currents resulting from a reduction in the leak current, which was voltage-independent and blocked by genistein, a non-selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor. These results show that, in cortical neurons, exogenous octopamine receptor in mushroom bodies activated the same cell signaling pathway as endogenous metabotropic glutamate receptor, suggesting that the diverse neuronal responses mediated by Gq-coupled receptors are due to the properties of different neurons, rather than to the properties of the receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Morita
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1, Horinouchi, Hachioji, 192-0392, Japan.
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24
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Nakahara M, Shimozawa M, Nakamura Y, Irino Y, Morita M, Kudo Y, Fukami K. A Novel Phospholipase C, PLCη2, Is a Neuron-specific Isozyme. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:29128-34. [PMID: 15899900 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m503817200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve phospholipase C (PLC) isozymes have been cloned so far, and they are divided into six classes, beta-, gamma-, delta-, epsilon-, zeta-, and eta-type, on the basis of structure and activation mechanisms. Here we report the identification of a novel PLC isozyme, PLC(eta)2. PLC(eta)2 is composed of conserved domains including pleckstrin homology, EF-hand, X and Y catalytic, and C2 domains and the isozyme-specific C-terminal region. PLC(eta)2 consists of 1164 amino acids with a molecular mass of 125 kDa. The PLC activity of PLC(eta)2 was more sensitive to calcium concentration than the PLC activity of the PLCdelta-type enzyme, which is thought to be the most calcium-sensitive PLC. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that PLC(eta)2 was localized predominantly to the plasma membrane at resting state via the pleckstrin homology domain. This observation was supported by Western blot analysis of cytosol and membrane fractions. In addition, expression of PLC(eta)2 was detected after birth and showed a restricted distribution in the brain; it was particularly abundant in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and olfactory bulb. The pattern was similar to that of the neuronal marker microtubule-associated protein 2 by Western blot. Furthermore, in situ hybridization showed positive signals for PLC(eta)2 in pyramidal cells of the hippocampus. Finally, we found that PLC(eta)2 was expressed abundantly in neuron-containing primary culture but not in astrocyte-enriched culture. These results indicate that PLC(eta)2 is a neuron-specific isozyme that may be important for the formation and/or maintenance of the neuronal network in the postnatal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Nakahara
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignal, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Landin AM, Kim JW, Chaudhari N. Liposome-mediated transfection of mature taste cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 65:12-21. [PMID: 16003761 DOI: 10.1002/neu.20157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The introduction and expression of exogenous DNA in neurons is valuable for analyzing a range of cellular and molecular processes in the periphery, e.g., the roles of transduction-related proteins, the impact of growth factors on development and differentiation, and the function of promoters specific to cell type. However, sensory receptor cells, particularly chemosensory cells, have been difficult to transfect. We have successfully introduced plasmids expressing green and Discosoma Red fluorescent proteins (GFP and DsRed) into rat taste buds in primary culture. Transfection efficiency increased when delaminated taste epithelium was redigested with fresh protease, suggesting that a protective barrier of extracellular matrix surrounding taste cells may normally be present. Because taste buds are heterogeneous aggregates of cells, we used alpha-gustducin, neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), and neuronal ubiquitin carboxyl terminal hydrolase (PGP9.5), markers for defined subsets of mature taste cells, to demonstrate that liposome-mediated transfection targets multiple taste cell types. After testing eight commercially available lipids, we identified one, Transfast, that is most effective on taste cells. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of two common "promiscuous" promoters and one promoter that taste cells use endogenously. These studies should permit ex vivo strategies for studying development and cellular function in taste cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marie Landin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave., Miami, FL 33136, USA
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26
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Teschemacher AG, Wang S, Lonergan T, Duale H, Waki H, Paton JFR, Kasparov S. Targeting specific neuronal populations using adeno- and lentiviral vectors: applications for imaging and studies of cell function. Exp Physiol 2004; 90:61-9. [PMID: 15542618 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2004.028191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We employ viral vectors to address questions related to the function of specific types of neurones in the central control of blood pressure. Adenoviral vectors (AVVs) or lentiviral vectors (LVVs) can be used to visualize specifically living GABAergic or noradrenergic (NAergic) neurones or to interfere with intracellular signalling within these cell types. Here, we review recent in vitro, in situ and in vivo applications of these vectors in the rat brainstem as performed in our laboratories. In organotypic slice cultures prepared from defined cardiovascular brainstem areas, viral vectors were used to study the electrophysiological properties, intracellular signalling and gene expression in selected neuronal phenotypes. In vivo, vectors were microinjected into brainstem nuclei to inhibit specific aspects of cell signalling by expression of dominant negative proteins, for example. Outcomes for cardiovascular control were measured either acutely in situ or chronically in vivo with radio telemetry in freely moving rats. We showed that AVVs and LVVs have distinct properties that need to be considered prior to their application. For example, LVVs can be manufactured very quickly, have no immunogenicity and can be pseudotyped to display higher tropism for neurones than glia. However, comparatively lower production yields of LVVs may limit their use for some types of applications. In contrast, AVVs require a lengthy construction period, are easy to amplify to high yields at moderate cost but may trigger an immune response when used at high titres in vivo. These features make AVVs particularly suitable for in vitro applications. As the two vector types complement each other in several ways we generated a shuttle system that simplifies transfer of transgene cassettes between the backbones of AVVs and LVVs. Thus, AVVs and LVVs are powerful experimental tools that can be used in a variety of experimental designs in vivo, in situ and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Teschemacher
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
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27
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Liu SY, Zhang ZY, Song YC, Qiu KJ, Zhang KC, An N, Zhou Z, Cai WQ, Yang H. SVZa neural stem cells differentiate into distinct lineages in response to BMP4. Exp Neurol 2004; 190:109-21. [PMID: 15473985 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2004] [Revised: 07/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside in the anterior portion of the forebrain subventricular zone (SVZa) and generate the progenitors which will differentiate into neurons, and via a tangential migratory pathway, known as the rostral migratory stream (RMS), migrate to the olfactory bulbs (OB). Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play significant roles in neural development at different stages and locations, but their roles have not been determined in the SVZa. To explore possible roles of BMPs in SVZa NSCs, BMP4 at various concentrations were tested for their capacity to induce SVZa NSCs. The expression of BMP4 was also examined in living cells using a reportor vector, in which the BMP4 promotor was conjugated with red fluorescent protein (RFP). In the meantime, the differentiation of SVZa NSCs was dynamically monitored by using reportor vectors of the Nestin enhancer and the promoters of TH and GFAP. In the OB, high expression of BMP4 was found using both promoter activity analysis and in situ hybridization. However, low BMP4 expression was found in the RMS and only moderate expression of BMP4 was displayed in the SVZa. The results also demonstrated that low concentrations (1-5 ng/ml) of BMP4 promoted the proliferation of SVZa NSCs but high concentrations (10-100 ng/ml) of BMP4 inhibited this proliferation. BMP4 enhanced neuron commitment before 4 days but inhibited it after 4 days. As the antagonist of BMP4, Noggin almost completely blocked all these BMP4 responses. Thus, our findings indicate that BMP4 promotes the exit from the cell cycle and triggers the differentiation of neuron progenitors in the OB. BMP4 also promotes the proliferation of the committed neuron progenitors in the RMS, but in the SVZa, BMP4 may facilitate the commitment of NSCs into astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
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28
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Kasparov S, Teschemacher AG, Hwang DY, Kim KS, Lonergan T, Paton JFR. Viral vectors as tools for studies of central cardiovascular control. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 84:251-77. [PMID: 14769439 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2003.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During the last few years physiological genomics has been the most rapidly developing area of physiology. Given the current ease of obtaining information about nucleotide sequences found in genomes and the vast amount of readily available clones, one of the most pertinent tasks is to find out about the roles of the individual genes and their families under normal and pathological conditions. Viral gene delivery into the brain is a powerful tool, which can be used to address a wide range of questions posed by physiological genomics including central nervous mechanisms regulating the cardio-vascular system. In this paper, we will give a short overview of current data obtained in this field using viral vectors and then look critically at the technology of viral gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kasparov
- Department of Physiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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29
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Sharp CD, Hines I, Houghton J, Warren A, Jackson TH, Jawahar A, Nanda A, Elrod JW, Long A, Chi A, Minagar A, Alexander JS. Glutamate causes a loss in human cerebral endothelial barrier integrity through activation of NMDA receptor. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003; 285:H2592-8. [PMID: 12893641 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00520.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
l-Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter that binds ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Cerebral endothelial cells from many species have been shown to express several forms of glutamate receptors; however, human cerebral endothelial cells have not been shown to express either the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor message or protein. This study provides evidence that human cerebral endothelial cells express the message and protein for NMDA receptors. Human cerebral endothelial cell monolayer electrical resistance changes in response to glutamate receptor agonists, antagonists, and second message blockers were tested. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis were used to demonstrate the presence of the NMDA receptor. Glutamate and NMDA (1 mM) caused a significant decrease in electrical resistance compared with sham control at 2 h postexposure; this response could be blocked significantly by MK-801 (an NMDA antagonist), 8-(N,N-diethylamino)-n-octyl-3,4,5-trimethyoxybenzoate (an intracellular Ca2+ antagonist), and N-acetyl-L-cystein (an antioxidant). Trans(+/-)-1-amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid, a metabotropic receptor agonist (1 mM), did not significantly decrease electrical resistance. Our results are consistent with a model where glutamate, at excitotoxic levels, may lead to a breakdown in the blood brain barrier via activation of NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Sharp
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Hwy., Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
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Gao XB, Ghosh PK, van den Pol AN. Neurons Synthesizing Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Identified by Selective Reporter Gene Expression After Transfection In Vitro: Transmitter Responses. J Neurophysiol 2003; 90:3978-85. [PMID: 14573562 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00593.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons from the lateral hypothalamus that synthesize melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) play an important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Relatively little is known of the cellular physiology and transmitter responses of these neurons, in part because of the difficulty in identifying live MCH cells. Here we use a novel approach of transfection of specific gene constructs with the MCH promoter driving green fluorescent protein (GFP) or red fluorescent protein (dsRed2) in CNS cultures to identify live rat MCH neurons; all neurons expressing the reporter gene showed MCH immunoreactivity, indicating selective expression. MCH neurons had a resting membrane potential of –57.5 ± 0.6 mV, a linear current-voltage relation and a mean input resistance of 1,013 MΩ. Long depolarizing pulses revealed significant spike frequency adaptation. Functional glutamate and GABA receptors were expressed by MCH neurons. MCH neurons were hyperpolarized by norepinephrine in the presence or absence of tetrodotoxin, suggesting direct inhibition. Orexigenic peptides neuropeptide Y (NPY) and MCH showed no direct effect on membrane potential, input resistance, action potential width, or afterhyperpolarization potential, but inhibited voltage-dependent calcium channels, indicating that MCH neurons expressed both MCH and NPY receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bing Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Harkke S, Laine M, Jalanko A. Aspartylglucosaminidase (AGA) is efficiently produced and endocytosed by glial cells: implication for the therapy of a lysosomal storage disorder. J Gene Med 2003; 5:472-82. [PMID: 12797112 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspartylglucosaminuria (AGU) represents diseases affecting the central nervous system and is caused by a deficiency of a lysosomal enzyme, aspartylglucosaminidase (AGA). AGA, like lysosomal enzymes in general, are good targets for gene therapy since they move from cell to cell using the mannose-6-phosphate receptor. Consequently, only a minority of target cells need to be corrected. Here, we wanted to determine which cell type, neurons or glia would better produce AGA to be transported to adjacent cells for use in possible treatment strategies. METHODS Adenoviruses containing tissue-specific glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) promoter were generated to target expression of AGA in Aga-deficient mouse primary glial and neuronal cell cultures. In addition an endogenous AGA promoter was used. The experimental design was planned to measure the enzymatic activities in the cells and media of neurons and glia infected with each specific virus. The endocytosis of AGA was analyzed by incubating neuronal and glial cells with media produced by each virus-cell combination. RESULTS AGA promoter was shown to be a very powerful glia promoter producing 32 times higher specific AGA activity in glia than in neurons. GFAP and NSE promoters also produced a clear overexpression of AGA in glia and neurons, respectively. Interestingly, both the NSE and GFAP promoters were not cell-specific in our system. The amount of exocytosed AGA was significantly higher in glial cells than neurons and glial cells were also found to have a greater capacity to endocytose AGA. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate the importance of glial cells in the expression and transport of AGA. Subsequently, new approaches can be developed for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salli Harkke
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, and Center of Excellence in Disease Genetics, The Academy of Finland, Biomedicum, National Public Health Institute, PL-104, FIN-00251 Helsinki, Finland
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Ikeda M, Sugiyama T, Wallace CS, Gompf HS, Yoshioka T, Miyawaki A, Allen CN. Circadian Dynamics of Cytosolic and Nuclear Ca2+ in Single Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons. Neuron 2003; 38:253-63. [PMID: 12718859 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular free Ca(2+) regulates diverse cellular processes, including membrane potential, neurotransmitter release, and gene expression. To examine the cellular mechanisms underlying the generation of circadian rhythms, nucleus-targeted and untargeted cDNAs encoding a Ca(2+)-sensitive fluorescent protein (cameleon) were transfected into organotypic cultures of mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the primary circadian pacemaker. Circadian rhythms in cytosolic but not nuclear Ca(2+) concentration were observed in SCN neurons. The cytosolic Ca(2+) rhythm period matched the circadian multiple-unit-activity (MUA)-rhythm period monitored using a multiple-electrode array, with a mean advance in phase of 4 hr. Tetrodotoxin blocked MUA, but not Ca(2+) rhythms, while ryanodine damped both Ca(2+) and MUA rhythms. These results demonstrate cytosolic Ca(2+) rhythms regulated by the release of Ca(2+) from ryanodine-sensitive stores in SCN neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, 6-2-4 Furuedai, Suita, 565-0874, Osaka, Japan.
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