Determination of structural peculiarities of dexran, pullulan and gamma-irradiated pullulan by Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy

Synthesis and characterization of dextran palmitate for extrusion 3D printing

The fabrication of objects with complex shape and geometry has been greatly facilitated with the advancements in additive manufacturing. While synthetic polymers like ABS and PLA have found widespread use in extrusion 3D printing, other biobased thermoplastics that are both biodegradable and biocompatible could offer strategic advantages over traditional synthetic materials. In this work dextran of low (20 kDa) and medium (40 kDa) molecular weight (MW) was modified with palmitic acid to obtain meltable polymers for extrusion 3D printing/fused deposition modeling additive manufacturing. The dextran derivatives were characterized by FTIR, NMR and elemental analysis. The degree of substitution (DS) varied between 0.94 ± 0.31 and 1.36 ± 0.16. Our findings reveal a melting temperature near 40 °C, independent of the DS or MW. Extrudability varied depending on the DS. Cubes with dimensions of 15 × 15 × 10 mm3 were printed from the dextran palmitate. The swelling degree of the cubes in water remained limited, up to 0.17 ± 0.02 g/g. This work demonstrates the great potential of dextran palmitate as biobased and biodegradable polymers for 3D printing for future applications in human health.

Synthesis and physico-chemical investigation of thiolated dextran derivative: Design and application of a redox-responsive drug delivery system

In the present investigation, redox-responsive-based dextran carriers were developed for the controlled release of hydrophobic molecules via a reducing agent naturally present in cells, namely glutathione. In this sense, dextran was modified with a thiol derivative. The roles of the hydrophilic segments in the molecular self-organisation of polysaccharide derivatives into nanoparticles were investigated by varying the average dextran molar mass. Crosslinked thiolated dextran particles were good carriers of hydrophobic molecules such as Nile red dye, which were efficiently encapsulated in the hydrophobic core and then selectively released. Indeed, the disulfide linkage connecting the hydrophobic tail with dextran was found to be cleaved by glutathione under physiological conditions for the fast release of Nile red. The cytotoxicity of the dextran-based particles was examined, and it was found to be nontoxic to living cells. Finally, we explored the versatility of dextran-derived particle drug carriers for pancreatic cancer treatment. The designed carriers were loaded with the anticancer drug paclitaxel and the obtained particles exhibited redox-responsive drug release and excellent anticancer activities with up to 90 % inhibition of cancer cell viability. Thus, the developed dextran derivatives are highly promising and suitable for a wide range of biomedical applications that require the loading and release of hydrophobic compounds.

Structural and physicochemical properties of debranched lotus seed starch treated with high hydrostatic pressure

Lotus seeds represent a significant economic crop and are abundant in starch. To further enhance their application value, this study investigates the structural characteristics of lotus seed starch (LS) under the combined influence of pullulanase and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP). Pullulanase increased amylose content from 39.80 % to 72.26 %, and HHP increased amylose content further. LS crystals changed from C-type to B-type, and the ordered structure of LS was destroyed by enzymatic hydrolysis, and amylose single helix and partial double helix structure were formed. At low concentration, lotus seed amylose single helix tends to form amylose double helix structure with itself. At high concentrations, they tend to aggregate, forming a network structure with large surface area and loose order. HHP destroys the double helix structure of amylose, resulting in the decrease of starch crystallinity. These findings provide new insights into improving the processing properties and application range of lotus seed starch.

Insight into the binding mode of different lotus seed natural starch-phenolic acids complexes

This study investigated the influence of natural lotus seed starch on the adsorption of seven endogenous phenolic acids present in lotus seeds. The research delineated the interaction mechanisms and subsequently analyzed the alterations in starch characteristics following adsorption. A comprehensive suite of analytical techniques, including adsorption isotherms, 13C NMR, DSC, LF-NMR, rheology, particle size, and potential analyses was employed. All seven phenolic acids were found to spontaneously and physically bind to natural lotus seed starch, primarily through hydrogen bonding, van der Waals interactions, and hydrophobic forces. Post adsorption, the starch granules exhibited diminished crystallinity and reduced bound-water content. Notably, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid formed single helical complexes with the starch, whereas coumaric acid formed non-encapsulated compounds. The adsorption process resulted in increased total color difference (ΔE), particle size, zeta potential, and gelatinization enthalpy of the starch granules, while concurrently decreasing granule-bound water content, glass transition temperature (Tg), and the loss modulus (G″) of the starch pastes. Consequently, the formation of starch-phenolic acid complexes reduces the bound water content, which in turn diminishes the storage modulus and regeneration capability of the starch paste. These findings provide a novel basis for understanding the mechanisms governing the interactions between starch and phenolic acids, thereby elucidating the alterations in the properties of phenolic acid- and starch -rich foods during processing.

Functional characterization of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide and the mechanism of inducing tomato resistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus

Using functional polysaccharides as elicitors to induce plant disease resistance has emerged as an effective plant protection strategy. In this study, we found that crude polysaccharides derived from by-products of Ganoderma lucidum can effectively prevent and control the Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV). As a result, we isolated and purified a homogeneous polysaccharide known as glucan-like peptide (GLP1), from crude polysaccharide of G. lucidum and explored the mechanism behind GLP1's ability to induce resistance in tomatoes against TYLCV. Analysis of the monosaccharide composition and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) revealed that GLP1 is solely composed of glucose, with molecular weight (Mw), 7.367 KDa, a number-average molecular weight (Mn) of 6.876 KDa, and peak molecular weight (Mp) values 7.505 KDa. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that GLP1 may have a pyranose structure with an α-glycosidic bond. Plant hormones play a crucial role in disease resistance, and we found that GLP1 affects hormone levels in tomato plants by increasing jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC). Additionally, GLP1 promoting the expression of genes associated with the ethylene signaling pathway. When inhibitors of ethylene synthesis blocked ethylene signaling, the resistance of tomato to TYLCV was significantly reduced. These findings suggest that ethylene signaling is involved in GLP1-induced tomato resistance and likely interacts with other pathways to contribute to this resistance.

Preparation and characterization of dextran-modified ZnO and Cu-doped ZnO nanohybrid material for enhanced antimicrobial delivery and activity

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles are widely used in various applications, particularly in antimicrobial products. Efforts to enhance their performance and efficacy, including copper (Cu) doping and incorporating natural polymers. In this study, dextran-modified ZnO and Cu-doped ZnO nanohybrids were synthesized and characterized using exodextran isolated from Leuconostoc mesenteroides TISTR 473. Characterization results showed that dextran binds to the surface of ZnO particles through CO⋯Zn and C-OH⋯O interactions, particularly at oxygen vacancy sites. The incorporation of dextran improved the antibacterial efficacy of ZnO and Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles against bacteria related to fruit and vegetable spoilage, including gram-positive Bacillus altitudinis and gram-negative Achromobacter mucicolens. These findings highlight the potential of dextran-modified ZnO nanomaterials in enhancing antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility for biomedical applications, as well as their use in food packaging to extend shelf life.

Unveiling the structural and physico-chemical properties of glutenin macropolymer under frozen storage: Studies on experiments and molecular dynamics simulation

Glutenin macropolymer (GMP) plays an important role in wheat gluten fractions, and extensively presents in the frozen dough. However, the effects of freezing treatment on GMP remain not abundantly understood. In this study, we investigated the structure and physico-chemical properties of GMP under frozen storage through experimental methods and bioinformatics algorithms. Results revealed that freezing treatment weakened the structure and properties of GMP to varying degrees, and GMP might have tolerance to short-term freezing storage. During frozen storage, portions of α-helix in GMP were converted into β-turn and random coil, slight changes in the tertiary structure, and its surface hydrophobicity increased by 4.8 %. SDS-PAGE profiles indicated that the depolymerization behavior mainly occurred above the Mw of 70.0 kDa. Slight changes were observed in the content of free thiol groups and disulfide bonds during frozen storage. Combination of fluorescence spectroscopy and intermolecular interactions suggested that hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions were probably important indicators for evaluating the deterioration of GMP. Frozen storage resulted in an unfolded and open protein network. Moreover, freezing treatment led to a main conversion from strongly bond water to weakly bond water. However, no significant changes in water distribution were observed during the first 7 days of frozen storage. The viscoelastic loss of GMP primarily occurred in the first fourteen days, but tan δ did not significantly increased, indicating that protein has not been seriously deteriorated. Molecular dynamics simulation further supplemented and validated these experimental results from molecular level through analysis of root mean square deviation, root mean square fluctuation, solvent-accessible surface area, radius of gyration and the number of hydrogen bonds.

Hydrogel Composition Effects on Performance as Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Purification Media

Hydrogel microsphere media allows for postsynthetic purification of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), affording characterization and application of their unique (n,m) chirality-dependent properties. This work reports the characterization of five hydrogel resins, Sephacryl S-100, S-200, S-300, S-400, and S-500, and the implementation of each as a SWNT purification medium. The physiochemical properties of each resin were explored spectroscopically through elemental analyses and with both light and electron microscopy. Both surface porosity and hydrogel swelling ratio were found to increase as the concentration of component allyl dextran (aDEX) decreased, each with an increasing Sephacryl S-number. Conversely, invariant properties included a hydrogel microsphere size distribution and concentrations of components methylenebisacrylamide and ammonium persulfate. When employed within gel-based SWNT purification schemes in overloading conditions, Sephacryl formulations of larger S-number adsorbed fewer SWNTs, but the chirality dependence of SWNT adsorption and elution was approximately consistent across all resins. In underloading conditions, approximately one-third of introduced SWNTs passed through each resin unabsorbed, while the resins showed varying chirality-dependent adsorption efficiencies. These observations collectively identify aDEX-rich gel regions as being responsible for SWNT purification, along with a SWNT-exclusive parameter other than chirality (speculated as length) that convolutes the effectiveness of gel-based single-chirality purification.

Exopolysaccharides of lactic acid bacteria as protective agents against bacterial and viral plant pathogens

In this study, 25 exopolysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were screened for their effect on plant pathogens. The molecular masses of EPS were found to be 3,8-5,0 × 104 Da. The GC-MS analysis revealed that EPSs were majorly composed of glucose (85.85-97.98 %). The FT-IR spectra of EPSs were in agreement with the typical absorption peaks of polysaccharides. EPSs showed a hydroxyl radical scavenging ability. The scavenging rate of EPS ranged from 20 to 50 % at a concentration of 5.0 mg/mL. Significant growth delay of phytopathogenic bacteria was observed after 3-6 h of cultivation. Optical density values of indicator cultures growing in the medium with EPS (1 mg/mL) were lower compared to the control by 24-100 % for Pseudomonas fluorescens, 9-46 % for P. syringae, 47-79 % for Pectobacterium carotovorum, 14-90 % for Clavibacter michiganensis, 9-100 % for Xantomonas campestris, and 45-100 % for X. vesicatorium. EPS retained their inhibitory effect on the growth of X. campestris, X. vesicatorium and C. michiganensis strains after 24-48 h of cultivation, but stimulating effect on the growth of some strains also was observed. LAB EPS showed antibiofilm activity against P. carotovorum, P. syringae, and P. fluorescent, decreasing their biofilm formation by 16-50 %, 14-39 %, and 29-59 %, respectively. Also, stimulation of biofilm formation by X. campestris (by 8-29 %), X. vesicatorium (by 3-32 %) and C. michiganensis (by 31-41 %) strains was observed. EPSs showed antiviral activity against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). At a concentration of 100 μg/mL, they decreased the infective ability of TMV by 61-92 %. This is the first study demonstrating that LAB EPS exhibited in vitro antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against phytopathogenic bacteria and anti-viral activity against TMV. Thus, LAB EPSs could have great potential for plant protection strategies.

Structural Characterization and Biological Properties Analysis of Exopolysaccharides Produced by Weisella cibaria HDL-4

An exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing strain, identified as Weissella cibaria HDL-4, was isolated from litchi. After separation and purification, the structure and properties of HDL-4 EPS were characterized. The molecular weight of HDL-4 EPS was determined to be 1.9 × 10⁶ Da, with glucose as its monosaccharide component. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses indicated that HDL-4 EPS was a D-glucan with α-(1→6) and α-(1→4) glycosidic bonds. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that HDL-4 EPS was amorphous. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) observations showed that HDL-4 EPS possesses pores, irregular protrusions, and a smooth layered structure. Additionally, HDL-4 EPS demonstrated significant thermal stability, remaining stable below 288 °C. It exhibited a strong metal ion adsorption activity, emulsification activity, antioxidant activity, and water-retaining property. Therefore, HDL-4 EPS can be extensively utilized in the food and pharmaceutical industries as an additive and prebiotic.

Pullulan Polysaccharide as an Eco-Friendly Depressant for Flotation Separation of Chalcopyrite and Molybdenite

It is difficult to separate molybdenite and chalcopyrite by froth flotation due to the good floatability of the two minerals. In this paper, the separation of copper-molybdenum sulfide minerals was realized by using pullulan polysaccharide (PU) as the depressant. The flotation test results showed that the copper concentrate grade increased from 16.24 to 29.86%, and the copper concentrate recovery reached 83.55% under low alkali conditions. The selective separation mechanism of the two minerals by PU was revealed through contact angle measurements, ζ-potential measurements, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. The ζ-potential and contact angle results showed that PU is more easily adsorbed on molybdenite to strengthen the hydrophilicity of molybdenite. The FTIR and XPS results showed that PU is adsorbed on molybdenite by physical interactions, and hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding play a major role.

Glycan-based scaffolds and nanoparticles as drug delivery system in cancer therapy

Glycan-based scaffolds are unique in their high specificity, versatility, low immunogenicity, and ability to mimic natural carbohydrates, making them attractive candidates for use in cancer treatment. These scaffolds are made up of glycans, which are biopolymers with well biocompatibility in the human body that can be used for drug delivery. The versatility of glycan-based scaffolds allows for the modulation of drug activity and targeted delivery to specific cells or tissues, which increases the potency of drugs and reduces side effects. Despite their promise, there are still technical challenges in the design and production of glycan-based scaffolds, as well as limitations in their therapeutic efficacy and specificity.

Enhancing physicochemical, rheological properties, and in vitro rumen fermentation of starch with Melastoma candidum D. Don fruit extract

The utilization of polyphenol-modified starch in ruminants has not undergone extensive exploration. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the complex formed between starch and Melastoma candidum D. Don fruit extract on physicochemical properties, phenol release kinetics in various buffers simulating the gastrointestinal tract, methane production, and post-rumen digestibility. The interaction between starch and M. candidum D. Don fruit extract significantly (p < 0.001) increased resistant starch and particle size diameter. The maximum phenolic release from complex between starch and M. candidum D. Don fruit extract, due to gastrointestinal tract-simulated buffers, ranged from 22.96 to 34.60 mg/100 mg tannic acid equivalent. However, rumen and abomasum-simulated buffers released more phenolic content, whereas the intestine-simulated buffer showed higher antioxidant activity (ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power). Furthermore, complex between starch and M. candidum D. Don fruit extract significantly decreased dry matter rumen digestibility (p < 0.001) and maximum methane gas production (p < 0.001).

Biopolymer- and Natural Fiber-Based Biomimetic Tissues to Realize Smart Cosmeceuticals and Nutraceuticals Using an Innovative Approach

More sustainable and smart cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals are necessary due to the ecological transition. In this study, a pullulan-based water solution containing chitin nanofibril-nano-lignin (CN-LG) complexes that encapsulate fish collagen polypeptide, allantoin and nicotinamide was electrospun onto a nonwoven substrate made of bamboo fibers to obtain a smart nanostructured bilayer system for releasing active molecules onto the skin or other body tissues. Infrared spectroscopy was used to characterize the composition of the bilayer system before and after rapid washing of the sample with distilled water and liquids mimicking physiological fluids. The viability of keratinocytes was studied as well as the antioxidant activity, protective activity towards UV light, metalloproteinase release of aged fibroblasts and the inhibitor activity against collagen degradation. Immunomodulatory tests were performed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of the bilayer system as well as its indirect antimicrobial activity. The results indicate that the bilayer system can be used in the production of innovative sustainable cosmeceuticals. In general, the adopted strategy can be extended to several smart treatments for fast release that can be commercialized as solid products, thus avoiding the use of preservatives and water.

Preparation and Characterization of a Novel Morphosis of Dextran and Its Derivatization with Polyethyleneimine

Dextran, a variant of α-glucan with a significant proportion of α-(1,6) bonds, exhibits remarkable solubility in water. Nonetheless, the precipitation of dextran has been observed in injection vials during storage. The present study aimed to establish a technique for generating insoluble dextran and analyze its structural properties. Additionally, the potential for positively ionizing IS-dextran with polyethyleneimine was explored, with the ultimate objective of utilizing IS-dextran-PEI as a promising support for enzyme immobilization. As a result, IS-dextran was obtained by the process of slow evaporation with an average molecular weight of 6555 Da and a yield exceeding 60%. The calculated crystallinity of IS-dextran, which reaches 93.62%, is indicative of its irregular and dense structure, thereby accounting for its water insolubility. Furthermore, positive charge modification of IS-dextran, coupled with the incorporation of epichlorohydrin, resulted in all zeta potentials of IS-dextran-PEIs exceeding 30 mV, making it a promising supporting factor for enzyme immobilization.

Electrospinning of pullulan-based orodispersible films containing sildenafil

Feasibility of electrospinning in the manufacturing of sildenafil-containing orodispersible films (ODFs) intended to enhance oxygenation and to reduce pulmonary arterial pressure in pediatric patients was evaluated. Given the targeted subjects, the simplest and safest formulation was chosen, using water as the only solvent and pullulan, a natural polymer, as the sole fiber-forming agent. A systematic characterization in terms of shear and extensional viscosity as well as surface tension of solutions containing different amounts of pullulan and sildenafil was carried out. Accordingly, electrospinning parameters enabling the continuous production, at the highest possible rate, of defect-free fibers with uniform diameter in the nanometer range were assessed. Morphology, microstructure, drug content and relevant solid state as well as ability of the resulting non-woven films to interact with aqueous fluids were evaluated. To better define the role of the fibrous nanostructure on the performance of ODFs, analogous films were produced by spin- and blade-coating and tested. Interestingly, the disintegration process of electrospun products turned out to be the fastest (i.e. occurring within few s) and compliant with Ph. Eur. and USP limits, making relevant ODFs particularly promising for increasing sildenafil bioavailability, thus lowering its dosages.

Structural and Functional Properties of Porous Corn Starch Obtained by Treating Raw Starch with AmyM

Porous starch is attracting considerable attention for its high surface area and shielding ability, properties which are useful in many food applications. In this study, native corn starch with 15, 25, and 45% degrees of hydrolysis (DH-15, DH-25, and DH-45) were prepared using a special raw starch-digesting amylase, AmyM, and their structural and functional properties were evaluated. DH-15, DH-25, and DH-45 exhibited porous surface morphologies, diverse pore size distributions and pore areas, and their adsorptive capacities were significantly enhanced by improved molecular interactions. Structural measures showed that the relative crystallinity decreased as the DH increased, while the depolymerization of starch double helix chains promoted interactions involving disordered chains, followed by chain rearrangement and the formation of sub-microcrystalline structures. In addition, DH-15, DH-25, and DH-45 displayed lower hydrolysis rates, and DH-45 showed a decreased C∞ value of 18.9% with higher resistant starch (RS) content and lower glucose release. Our results indicate that AmyM-mediated hydrolysis is an efficient pathway for the preparation of porous starches with different functionalities which can be used for a range of applications.

Covalently phenolated-β-lactoglobulin-pullulan as a green halochromic biosensor efficiency monitored Barramundi fish's spoilage

The effect of the covalent binding between anthocyanins extracted from purple potato peels and beta-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) on its ability to fabricate a green/smart halochromic biosensor combined with pullulan (Pul) was studied. The physical, mechanical, colorimetry, optical, morphological, stability, functionality, biodegradability, and applicability of β-Lg/Pul/Anthocyanin biosensors to monitor the Barramundi fish's freshness during storage were entirely evaluated. The docking and multispectral results proved that β-Lg could be successfully phenolated with anthocyanins and subsequently interacted with Pul via H-bonding and other forces which mainly subsequently form the smart biosensors. Phenolation with anthocyanins significantly heightened the mechanical, moisture resistance, and thermal steadiness of β-Lg/Pul biosensors. Anthocyanins also nearly duplicated the bacteriostatic and antioxidant activities of β-Lg/Pul biosensors. The biosensors changed the color associated with the loss in freshness of the Barramundi fish, mostly due to the ammonia production and pH-alteration throughout fish deterioration. Most importantly, β-Lg/Pul/Anthocyanin biosensors are biodegradable and decomposed within ∼30 d of simulated environmental circumstances. Overall, β-Lg/Pul/Anthocyanin smart biosensors could minimize the usage of plastic packaging materials and employ to monitor the freshness of stored fish and fish-stuffs.

Utilisation of an active branching sucrase from Lactobacillus kunkeei AP-37 to produce techno-functional poly-oligosaccharides

Glucansucrase AP-37 was extracted from the culture supernatant of Lactobacillus kunkeei AP-37 and characteristics of the glucan produced by the active glucansucrase in terms of structural and functional roles were determined in this study. A molecular weight around 300 kDa was observed for glucansucrase AP-37 and its acceptor reactions with maltose, melibiose and mannose were also conducted to unveil the prebiotic potential of the poly-oligosaccharides formed via these reactions. The core structure of glucan AP-37 was determined by 1H and 13C NMR and GC/MS analysis which revealed that glucan AP-37 was a highly branched dextran composing of high levels of (1 → 3)-linked α-d-glucose units with low levels of (1 → 2)-linked α-d-glucose units. The structural features of the glucan formed, demonstrated that glucansucrase AP-37 was an α-(1 → 3) branching sucrase. Dextran AP-37 was further characterised by FTIR analysis and XRD analysis demonstrated its amorphous nature. A fibrous compact morphology was observed for dextran AP-37 with SEM analysis whereas TGA and DSC analysis revealed its high stability as no degradation was observed up to 312 °C. Finally, the prebiotic potential of the dextran AP-37 and the gluco-oligosaccharides produced with the acceptor reaction of α-(1 → 3) branching sucrase AP-37 were determined and promising results were found for the gluco-oligosaccharides to act as prebiotics.

Poloxamer/Carboxymethyl Pullulan Aqueous Systems-Miscibility and Thermogelation Studies Using Viscometry, Rheology and Dynamic Light Scattering

Thermally-induced gelling systems based on Poloxamer 407 (PL) and polysaccharides are known for their biomedical applications; however, phase separation frequently occurs in mixtures of poloxamer and neutral polysaccharides. In the present paper, the carboxymethyl pullulan (CMP) (here synthesized) was proposed for compatibilization with poloxamer (PL). The miscibility between PL and CMP in dilute aqueous solution was studied by capillary viscometry. CMP with substitution degrees higher than 0.5 proved to be compatible with PL. The thermogelation of concentrated PL solutions (17%) in the presence of CMP was monitored by the tube inversion method, texture analysis and rheology. The micellization and gelation of PL in the absence or in the presence of CMP were also studied by dynamic light scattering. The critical micelle temperature and sol-gel transition temperature decrease with the addition of CMP, but the concentration of CMP has a peculiar influence on the rheological parameters of the gels. In fact, low concentrations of CMP decrease the gel strength. With a further increase in polyelectrolyte concentration, the gel strength increases until 1% CMP, then the rheological parameters are lowered again. At 37 °C, the gels are able to recover the initial network structure after high deformations, showing a reversible healing process.

How similar is the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles coated with different capping agents?

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) represent one of the most commercialised metal nanomaterials, with an extensive number of applications that span from antimicrobial products to electronics. Bare AgNPs are very susceptible to aggregation, and capping agents are required for their protection and stabilisation. The capping agents can endow new characteristics which can either improve or deteriorate AgNPs (bio)activity. In the present work, five different capping agents were studied as stabilizing agents for AgNPs: trisodium citrate (citrate), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), dextran (Dex), diethylaminoethyl-dextran (DexDEAE) and carboxymethyl-dextran (DexCM). The properties of the AgNPs were studied using a set of methods, including transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and ultraviolet-visible and infrared spectroscopy. Coated and bare AgNPs were also tested against Escherichia coli, methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to analyse their capacity to suppress bacterial growth and eradicate biofilms of clinically relevant bacteria. The results showed that all the capping agents endow long-term stability for the AgNPs in water; however, when the AgNPs are in bacterial culture media, their stability is highly dependent on the capping agent properties due to the presence of electrolytes and charged macromolecules such as proteins. The results also showed that the capping agents have a substantial impact on the antibacterial activity of the AgNPs. The AgNPs coated with the Dex and DexCM were the most effective against the three strains, due to their better stability which resulted in the release of more silver ions, better interactions with the bacteria and diffusion into the biofilms. It is hypothesized that the antibacterial activity of capped AgNPs is governed by a balance between the AgNPs stability and their ability to release silver ions. Strong adsorption of capping agents like PVP on the AgNPs endows higher colloidal stability in culture media; however, it can decrease the rate of Ag+ release from the AgNPs and reduce the antibacterial performance. Overall, this work presents a comparative study between different capping agents on the properties and antibacterial activity of AgNPs, highlighting the importance of the capping agent in their stability and bioactivity.

Extraction, characterization, and biological activities of exopolysaccharides from plant root soil fungus Fusarium merismoides A6

The exploration of polysaccharides from microorganisms is of great importance. In this study, a new type of exopolysaccharide excreted by Fusarium merismoides A6 (FM-EPS) was isolated, and the extraction conditions were optimized using a response surface methodology (RSM). The extraction temperature at 0 °C, a precipitation time of 7.83 h, and an ethanol precipitation concentration of 77.64% were predicted and proved to be the best extraction conditions with the maximum extraction yield of 0.74 g/mL. Then, two fractions of F. merismoides A6 exopolysaccharides (FM-EPS1 and FM-EPS2) were obtained through DEAE Sepharose fast flow column chromatography. As indicated by monosaccharide composition analysis, both fractions mainly consisted of mannose, glucose, galactose, and ribose, with an average molecular weight of 5.14 × 104 and 6.50 × 104 g/mol, respectively. FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy indicated the FM-EPSs had both α- and β-glycosidic bonds. Moreover, the determination of antioxidant and antiproliferative activities in vitro proved that FM-EPSs had good antioxidant activities and antiproliferation activities. FM-EPS1 showed stronger antioxidant activities than FM-EPS2. FM-EPS2 showed antiproliferation activities on HeLa and HepG2 cells, while FM-EPS1 had no obvious antiproliferative activity. Therefore, FM-EPSs could be explored as potential antioxidant and anticancer agent applied in food, feed, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and chemical industries.

Hybrid Hydrogels for Neomycin Delivery: Synergistic Effects of Natural/Synthetic Polymers and Proteins

This paper reports new physical hydrogels obtained by the freezing/thawing method. They include pullulan (PULL) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as polymers, bovine serum albumin (BSA) as protein, and a tripeptide, reduced glutathione (GSH). In addition, a sample containing PULL/PVA and lysozyme was obtained in similar conditions. SEM analysis evidenced the formation of networks with porous structure. The average pore size was found to be between 15.7 μm and 24.5 μm. All samples exhibited viscoelastic behavior typical to networks, the hydrogel strength being influenced by the protein content. Infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed the presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions (more pronounced for BSA content between 30% and 70%). The swelling kinetics investigated in buffer solution (pH = 7.4) at 37 °C evidenced a quasi-Fickian diffusion for all samples. The hydrogels were loaded with neomycin trisulfate salt hydrate (taken as a model drug), and the optimum formulations (samples containing 10-30% BSA or 2% lysozyme) proved a sustained drug release over 480 min in simulated physiological conditions. The experimental data were analyzed using different kinetic models in order to investigate the drug release mechanism. Among them, the semi-empirical Korsmeyer-Peppas and Peppas-Sahlin models were suitable to describe in vitro drug release mechanism of neomycin sulfate from the investigated hybrid hydrogels. The structural, viscoelastic, and swelling properties of PULL/PVA/protein hybrid hydrogels are influenced by their composition and preparation conditions, and they represent important factors for in vitro drug release behavior.

Carboxymethyl Dextran-Based Nanomicelle Coatings on Microarc Oxidized Titanium Surface for Percutaneous Implants: Drug Release, Antibacterial Properties, and Biocompatibility

Bacterial contamination and biofilm formation onpercutaneous implants can lead to device failure and be life-threatening. To solve this issue, we constructed a carboxymethyl dextran- (CMD-) based nanomicelle antibacterial coating on the microarc-oxidized titanium (MAO-Ti) surface (described in the supplementary file). The self-assembled CMD-based nanomicelles and octadecylamine (ODA) were developed as a drug carrier and loaded with minocycline (MC). The characterization and stability of the MC-loaded nanomicelles were determined. The surface roughness, hydrophilicity, and drug release property of the coatings were also investigated. Our findings showed that the cross-linked MC-loaded nanomicelles (MC@(ODA-CMD)CL) were more stable than the uncross-linked nanomicelles. Moreover, MC@(ODA-CMD)CL was successfully incorporated into the pores of MAO-Ti, which significantly increased the surface hydrophilicity of the coatings without influencing their surface roughness. In addition, the coatings demonstrated a sustained release time of 360 h, with a cumulative release rate reaching 86.6%. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was used to determine the antibacterial properties of the coatings, and human skin fibroblasts were seeded on them to investigate their biocompatibility. The results showed that the coatings significantly reduced the number of adhesive S. aureus and promoted the viability, adhesion, and morphology of the human skin fibroblasts compared to smooth titanium (S-Ti) sheets. In conclusion, MC-loaded CMD-based nanomicelles coated on MAO-Ti surface (MC@(ODA-CMD)CL-Ti) demonstrated sustained-release properties, excellent antibacterial properties and biocompatibility, and promising potential as coatings for percutaneous implants.

Immunomodulatory Activity In Vitro and In Vivo of a Sulfated Polysaccharide with Novel Structure from the Green Alga Ulvaconglobata Kjellman

Algae accumulate large amounts of polysaccharides in their cell walls or intercellular regions. Polysaccharides from algae possess high potential as promising candidates for marine drug development. In this study, a sulfated polysaccharide, UCP, from the green alga Ulva conglobata Kjellman was obtained by water extraction, anion-exchange, and size-exclusion chromatography purification, and its structure was characterized by a combination of chemical and spectroscopic methods. UCP mainly consisted of →4)-α/β-l-Rhap-(1→, →4)-β-d-Xylp-(1→ and →4)-β-d-GlcAp-(1→ residues. Sulfate ester groups were substituted mainly at C-3 of →4)-l-Rhap-(1→ and C-2 of →4)-β-d-Xylp-(1→. Partial glycosylation was at C-2 of →4)-α-l-Rhap-(1→ residues. UCP possessed a potent immunomodulatory effect in vitro, evaluated by the assays of lymphocyte proliferation and macrophage phagocytosis. The immunomodulatory activity of UCP in vivo was further investigated using immunosuppressive mice induced by cyclophosphamide. The results showed that UCP markedly increased the spleen and thymus indexes and ameliorated the cyclophosphamide-induced damage to the spleen and thymus. UCP could increase the levels of white blood cells, lymphocytes, and platelets, and improve the hematopoietic inhibition caused by cyclophosphamide. Moreover, UCP significantly promoted the secretions of the immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgE, and IgM. The data demonstrated that UCP is a novel sulfated polysaccharide and may be a promising immunomodulatory agent.

Development and Characterization of Pullulan-Carboxymethyl Cellulose Blend Film for Packaging Applications

Edible packaging materials have widespread applications in pharmaceutical industries. In this study, the physical, thermal, colour, mechanical, and water barrier properties of a novel edible film based on pullulan (PUL) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were investigated. The blend films were made by the solution casting method with 3 g of total solid content. The following percentages of 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100 were used to prepare the films. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to analyze the interaction between PUL and CMC. At the level of 75/25 percentage of PUL, CMC film showed the lowest EAB% (5.55%), the highest values for TS (17.30 MPa), WVP value ( $4.12\times {10}^{-10}$  g m-1s-1Pa-1), and water contact angle of 63.43°. By increasing the CMC concentration, blend films became slightly greenish and yellowish but appeared transparent with UV blocking ability. This study reveals that 75/25 (PUL/CMC) blend film has a good potential that can be used in producing edible packaging films to protect the quality of pharmaceutical products with interesting specifications.

Development of β-Cyclodextrin/Konjac-Based Emulsion Gel for a Pork Backfat Substitute in Emulsion-Type Sausage

Emulsion gel has been used to replace animal fats in meat products. Konjac is a widely used gelling agent; however, its low emulsion stability limits its use in meat products. This study aimed to examine the quality characteristics of β-cyclodextrin (CD)-supplemented konjac-based emulsion gel (KEG) (CD-KEG) and its application as a fat substitute in emulsion-type sausages. The supplementation of CD increased hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with konjac and oil in the gels, respectively. Additionally, CD increased the structural complexity and strength of KEG. Since adding more than 6% of CD to KEG did not increase the gel strength, 6% CD-added KEG was adopted to substitute for pork backfat in manufacturing low-fat emulsion-type sausages. The following formulations of the sausages were prepared: pork backfat 20% (PF20); pork backfat 10% + KEG 10% (KEG10); KEG 20% (KEG20); pork backfat 10% + CD-KEG 10% (CD-KEG10); CD-KEG 20% (CD-KEG20); and pork backfat 5% (PF5). The CD-KEG20 formulation exhibited higher viscosity and viscoelasticity than KEG20, which suggested that CD improves the rheological properties and the thermal stability of meat batter. Additionally, CD-KEG20 showed similar emulsion stability, cooking yield and texture parameters compared with PF20. Therefore, 6% CD-added KEG is a suitable fat substitute for preparing low-fat emulsion-type sausages.

Fractionation of the water insoluble part of the heterotrophic mutant green microalga Parachlorella kessleri HY1 (Chlorellaceae) biomass: Identification and structure of polysaccharides

The water-insoluble part of Parachlorella kessleri HY1 biomass was subjected to the extraction of cell-wall polysaccharides using polar aprotic solvents (DMSO, LiCl/DMSO) and aqueous alkaline solutions (0.1, 1 and 4 mol·l^-1 of NaOH). Proteins predominated in all the crude extracts and in the insoluble residues were partially removed by treatment with proteolytic enzymes (pepsin and pronase), and in some cases with the HCl/H₂O₂ reagent, yielding purified polysaccharide-enriched fractions. These treatments led to the solubilisation of some products in water. The composition and structure of isolated polysaccharides were characterised based on monosaccharide composition, glycosidic linkage and spectroscopic analyses. The DMSO extract contained mainly proteins, and polysaccharides were not detected. The water-soluble parts isolated from the LiCl/DMSO extract contained α-l-rhamnan, α-d-glucan and β-d-glucogalactan; the water-insoluble part contained (1 → 4)-β-d-xylan, first isolated from the biomass of green microalgae. The alkali extracts contained polysaccharides of similar structure, and also water-insoluble (1 → 4)-β-d-mannan. The insoluble part after all extractions contained α-chitin as the main polysaccharide, which was confirmed by spectroscopic methods. All these polysaccharides can play a certain role in the cell wall structure of this microalga.

Structural and bioactive characteristics of a dextran produced by Lactobacillus kunkeei AK1

In this study, structural and techno-functional characteristics of an exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Lactobacillus kunkeei AK1 were determined. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis demonstrated that EPS AK1 was composed of only glucose units. 1H and 13C Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis revealed that EPS AK1 was a dextran type EPS containing 4.78% (1 → 4)-linked α-d-glucose branches. The molecular weight of EPS AK1 was determined to be 45 kDa by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) analysis. A high level of thermal stability up to 280 °C was determined for dextran AK1 detected by Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Dextran AK1 appeared as regular spheres with compact morphology and as irregular particles in the solution with no clear cross-linking between the chains of the polysaccharide observed by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis, respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) analysis demonstrated that dextran AK1 had a crystalline structure. A relatively strong antioxidant activity was observed for dextran AK1 determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) tests. Finally, only a digestion ratio of 3.1% was observed for dextran AK1 following the in vitro simulated gastric digestion test.

Characterization and In Vitro Fecal Microbiota Regulatory Activity of a Low-Molecular-Weight Exopolysaccharide Produced by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NMGL2

The exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NMGL2 isolated from traditional fermented dairy cheese was purified chromatographically with DEAE-Sepharose and Sepharose CL-6B columns. The purified EPS was characterized by various physicochemical methods and in vitro fecal microbiota regulation assay. The results showed that the EPS had a relatively low molecular weight of 3.03 × 104 Da, and it had a relatively high degradation temperature of 245 °C as determined by differential scanning calorimetry. Observation of the EPS by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy revealed a highly branched and tangled fibrous network microstructure with many hollow microtubules and spherical particles. Structural study by 1H NMR spectroscopy suggested that the EPS contained a tetrasaccharide repeating unit with monosaccharide components of β-galactose (4.6%), α-glucose (20.6%), and α-mannose (74.8%). The EPS was highly resistant to hydrolysis of simulated human saliva, gastric, and intestinal juices. Moreover, the EPS beneficially affected the composition and diversity of the fecal microbiota, e.g., increasing the relative abundance of Firmicutes and inhibiting that of Proteobacteria. The results of this study indicated significant bioactivity of this novel low-molecular-weight EPS produced by Lpb. plantarum NMGL2, which could serve as a bioactive agent for potential applications in the food and health care industry.

Bile salts adsorption on dextran-based hydrogels

Dextran-based gels bearing two types of pendant N, N-dimethyl-N-alkyl-N-(2-hydroxypropyl) ammonium chloride groups with different alkyl chain length substituents (C₂ and C₁₂/C₁₆, respectively) at the quaternary nitrogen were synthesized and structural characteristics of the compounds were studied by elemental analysis, potentiometric titration, FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. The morphology and size of polymeric microspheres were examined by SEM and their swelling behavior in water was also investigated. The hydrogels were evaluated as sorbents for sodium cholate (NaCA) and sodium deoxycholate (NaDCA) in water and 10 mM NaCl solutions. Different isotherm models (nearest-neighbor-interaction, Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Raduskevich, Sips and Hill) were used to elucidate the adsorption mechanism and established the characteristics of the most efficient polymeric sorbent. The maximum adsorption capacity of the gels was highly controlled by gel hydrophobicity which enhanced gel-bile salt affinity but decreased binding cooperativity. Swelling porosity, ionic strength and ligand lipophilicity were other factors that also affected the adsorption process. The hydrogel having 25 mol% pendant dodecyl groups retained the maximum amount of bile salts (1051 mg NaCA/g and 1138 mg NaDCA/g). All hydrophobically modified hydrogels revealed a better affinity and strength of binding compared to commercial Cholestyramine®.

Structural Characterisation and Assessment of the Novel Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RK3 Exopolysaccharide on the Improvement of Cognitive Function in Alzheimer's Disease Mice

In this study Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RK3 was isolated from a sugar mill effluent-contaminated soil and utilised to generate a potential polysaccharide with anti-Alzheimer's activity. Traditional and molecular methods were used to validate the strain. The polysaccharide produced by B. amyloliquefaciens RK3 was purified, and the yield was estimated to be 10.35 gL^-1. Following purification, the polysaccharide was structurally and chemically analysed. The structural analysis revealed the polysaccharide consists of α-d-mannopyranose (α-d-Manp) and β-d-galactopyranose (β-d-Galp) monosaccharide units connected through glycosidic linkages (i.e., β-d-Galp(1→6)β-d-Galp (1→6)β-d-Galp(1→2)β-d-Galp(1→2)[β-d-Galp(1→6)]β-d-Galp(1→2)α-d-Manp(1→6)α-d-Manp (1→6)α-d-Manp(1→6)α-d-Manp(1→6)α-d-Manp). The scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy imaging of polysaccharides emphasise their compactness and branching in the usual tubular heteropolysaccharide structure. The purified exopolysaccharide significantly impacted the plaques formed by the amyloid proteins during Alzheimer's disease. Further, the results also highlighted the potential applicability of exopolysaccharide in various industrial and pharmaceutical applications.

Investigating the Viability of Epithelial Cells on Polymer Based Thin-Films

The development of novel polymer-based materials opens up possibilities for several novel applications, such as advanced wound dressings, bioinks for 3D biofabrication, drug delivery systems, etc. The aim of this study was to evaluate the viability of vascular and intestinal epithelial cells on different polymers as a selection procedure for more advanced cell-polymer applications. In addition, possible correlations between increased cell viability and material properties were investigated. Twelve polymers were selected, and thin films were prepared by dissolution and spin coating on silicon wafers. The prepared thin films were structurally characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and goniometry. Their biocompatibility was determined using two epithelial cell lines (human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human intestinal epithelial cells), assessing the metabolic activity, cell density, and morphology. The tested cell lines showed different preferences regarding the culture substrate. No clear correlation was found between viability and individual substrate characteristics, suggesting that complex synergistic effects may play an important role in substrate design. These results show that a systematic approach is required to compare the biocompatibility of simple cell culture substrates as well as more complex applications (e.g., bioinks).

Effect of steam explosion pretreatment on the structure and bioactivity of Ampelopsis grossedentata polysaccharides

Steam explosion (SE) was a friendly environmentally pretreatment method. In this study, the effect of steam explosion (SE) pretreatment on structure and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of Ampelopsis grossedentata polysaccharides was evaluated. Two novel polysaccharides (AGP and AGP-SE) were extracted, isolated, purified and analyzed by NMR, FT-IR and methylation. The results indicated that AGP mainly consisted of Rha, Xyl, Glc, and Ara with a molecular weight of 2.74 × 10³ kDa and AGP-SE mainly consisted of Man, Ara, and Gal with a molecular weight of 2.14 × 10³ kDa. Furthermore, the backbone of AGP and AGP-SE were mainly composed of 5)-Araf-(1→, -Glcp-(1→, 6)-Glcp-(1→, 6)-Galp-(1→, 3,6)-Manp-(1→, and 2,3,6)-Glcp-(1→. Finally, we demonstrated that all polysaccharides exhibited obviously α-glucosidase inhibition activity and mixed type inhibition. AGP-SE had better α-glucosidase inhibition activity and the binding affinity KD on α-glucosidase by using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) than AGP. Overall, SE pretreatment is an effective method for extracting polysaccharide and provides a new idea into the improvement of biological activity.

Photopolymerizable pullulan: Synthesis, self-assembly and inkjet printing

HYPOTHESIS

Pullulan, an exopolysaccharide consisting of maltotriose repeating units, has recently found many applications in different fields, such as food, packaging, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. The introduction of photo-crosslinkable methacrylic units potentially allows to use pullulan derivative in inkjet 3D printing.

EXPERIMENTS

Pullulan was functionalized with methacrylic groups and the derivative was characterized by NMR, FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy. Water dispersions were thoroughly investigated by optical microscopy, SAXS and rheology to evaluate the self-assembly properties and they were used as photo-crosslinkable inks in a 3D printer, also in comparison with pristine pullulan. The structural and mechanical properties of the obtained films were studied by Atomic Force Microscopy and tensile strength tests.

FINDINGS

The introduction of methacrylic groups moderately affects the self-assembly of the polymer in water, resulting in a slight increase of the gyration radius of the polymer coils and in a small decrease of the viscosity, retaining the typical shear-thinning behavior of concentrated polysaccharides in water. The structural and mechanical properties of the 3D printed films are much more affected, showing the presence of sub-micrometric phase segregated domains which are further separated by the cross-linking. As a result, the deformability of the materials is improved, with a lower tensile strength.

Aloe Vera extract-based composite nanofibers for wound dressing applications

Natural, biocompatible, and biodegradable composite nanofibers made of Aloe vera extract, pullulan, chitosan, and citric acid were successfully produced via Forcespinning® technology. The addition of Aloe vera extract at different weight percent loadings was investigated. The morphology, thermal properties, physical properties, and water absorption of the nanofibers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The developed nanofiber membranes exhibited good water absorption capabilities, synergistic antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, and promoted cell attachment and growth. Its porous and high surface area structure make it a potential candidate for wound dressing applications due to its ability to absorb excessive blood and exudates, as well as provide protection from infection while maintaining good thermal stability.

Characterization of exopolysaccharides produced by Weissella confusa XG-3 and their potential biotechnological applications

In this study, exopolysaccharides (EPSs) produced by Weissella confusa XG-3 were characterized. The monosaccharide composition of XG-3 EPS was determined to include glucose according to GC data, and its molecular weight was 3.19 × 10⁶ Da, as determined by HPLC. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a smooth, porous, and branched structure, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirmed the presence of round lumps and chains on irregular surfaces of XG-3 EPS. The results of the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses suggested that XG-3 EPS is a linear α-(1,6)-linked dextran. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data confirmed the noncrystalline amorphous structure, and the results of the Congo red assay corresponded to the random coiled chain conformation of XG-3 dextran. XG-3 dextran exhibited good radical scavenging activity and reducing power and possessed high thermal stability, with a degradation temperature (Td) of 306.8 °C. The absolute value of the zeta potential and particle size of XG-3 dextran continually increased with increasing dextran concentration. The water contact angle showed that XG-3 dextran had relatively high hydrophobicity in the presence of sucrose. XG-3 dextran stimulated the growth of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. These findings indicate that XG-3 dextran has unique characteristics and can be potentially applied as a food additive and an antioxidant.

Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using pullulan-mediated porous zinc oxide microflowers

One of mankind's biggest concerns is water pollution. Textile industry emerged as one of the main contributors with dyes as the main pollutant. Presence of dyes in water is very dangerous due to their toxicity; thus, it is important to remove them from water. In these recent years, heterogeneous advance oxidation process surfaced as a possible dyes' removal technique. This process utilizes semiconductor as photocatalyst to degrade the dyes in presence of light and zinc oxide (ZnO) appears to be a promising photocatalyst for this process. In this study, pullulan, a biopolymer, was used to produce porous ZnO microflowers (ZnO-MFs) through green synthesis via precipitation method. The effects of pullulan's amount on the properties of ZnO-MFs were investigated. The ZnO-MF particle size decreased with the increased of pullulan amount. Interestingly, formation of pores occurred in presence of pullulan. The synthesized ZnO-MFs have the surface area ranging from 6.22 to 25.65 m² g^-1 and pore volume up to 0.1123 cm³ g^-1. The ZnO-MF with the highest surface area was chosen for photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO). The highest degradation occurred in 300 min with 150 mg catalyst dosage, 10 ppm initial dye concentration, and pH 7 experimental conditions. However, through comparison of photodegradation of MO with all synthesized ZnO-MFs, 25PZ exhibited the highest degradation rate. This shows that photocatalytic activity is not dependent on surface area alone. Based on these results, ZnO-MF has the potential to be applied in wastewater treatment. However, further improvement is needed to increase its photocatalytic activity.