Oxidative stress and nitric oxide related parameters in type II diabetes mellitus: effects of glycemic control

Impact of different hormones on the regulation of nitric oxide in diabetes

Polymetabolic syndrome achieved pandemic proportions and dramatically influenced public health systems functioning worldwide. Chronic vascular complications are the major contributors to increased morbidity, disability, and mortality rates in diabetes patients. Nitric oxide (NO) is among the most important vascular bed function regulators. However, NO homeostasis is significantly deranged in pathological conditions. Additionally, different hormones directly or indirectly affect NO production and activity and subsequently act on vascular physiology. In this paper, we summarize the recent literature data related to the effects of insulin, estradiol, insulin-like growth factor-1, ghrelin, angiotensin II and irisin on the NO regulation in physiological and diabetes circumstances.

Comparative Analysis of Biomarkers in Type 2 Diabetes Patients With and Without Comorbidities: Insights Into the Role of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease

Background

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are 90% of diabetes cases, and its prevalence and incidence, including comorbidities, are rising worldwide. Clinically, diabetes and associated comorbidities are identified by biochemical and physical characteristics including glycemia, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and tests for cardiovascular, eye and kidney disease.

Objectives

Diabetes may have a common etiology based on inflammation and oxidative stress that may provide additional information about disease progression and treatment options. Thus, identifying high-risk individuals can delay or prevent diabetes and its complications.

Design

In patients with or without hypertension and cardiovascular disease, as part of progression from no diabetes to T2DM, this research studied the changes in biomarkers between control and prediabetes, prediabetes to T2DM, and control to T2DM, and classified patients based on first-attendance data. Control patients and patients with hypertension, cardiovascular, and with both hypertension and cardiovascular diseases are 156, 148, 61, and 216, respectively.

Methods

Linear discriminant analysis is used for classification method and feature importance, This study examined the relationship between Humanin and mitochondrial protein (MOTSc), mitochondrial peptides associated with oxidative stress, diabetes progression, and associated complications.

Results

MOTSc, reduced glutathione and glutathione disulfide ratio (GSH/GSSG), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and 8-isoprostane were significant (P < .05) for the transition from prediabetes to t2dm, highlighting importance of mitochondrial involvement. complement component 5a (c5a) is a biomarker associated with disease progression and comorbidities, gsh gssg, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (mcp-1), 8-isoprostane being most important biomarkers.

Conclusions

Comorbidities affect the hypothesized biomarkers as diabetes progresses. Mitochondrial oxidative stress indicators, coagulation, and inflammatory markers help assess diabetes disease development and provide appropriate medications. Future studies will examine longitudinal biomarker evolution.

Effects of swimming activity and feed restriction on antioxidant and digestive enzymes in juvenile rainbow trout: Implications for nutritional and exercise strategies in aquaculture

BACKGROUND

In this study, we investigated the effects of swimming activity and feed restriction on digestion and antioxidant enzyme activities in juvenile rainbow trout (average body weight of 26.54 ± 0.36 g).

METHODS

The stomach, liver and kidney tissues were obtained from four distinct groups: the static water group (fish were kept in static water and fed to satiation), the feeding restricted group (fish were kept in static water with a 25% feed restriction), the swimming exercised group (fish were forced to swimming at a flow rate of 1 Body Length per second (BL/s)) and the swimming exercised-feed restricted group (subjected to swimming exercise at a 1 BL/s flow rate along with a 25% feed restriction). We determined the levels of glutathione, lipid peroxidation and the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase, as well as the presence of reactive oxygen species in the tissues obtained from the fish. Additionally, the activities of pepsin, protease, lipase and arginase in these tissues were measured.

RESULTS

Swimming activity and feed restriction showed different effects on the enzyme activities of the fish in the experimental groups.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that proper nutrition and exercise positively influence the antioxidant system and enzyme activities in fish, reducing the formation of free radicals. This situation is likely to contribute to the fish's development.

Phenolic Compound Profiles, Cytotoxic, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Potentials and Molecular Docking Studies of Astragalus gymnolobus Methanolic Extracts

Since Astragalus is a genus with many important medicinal plant species, the present work aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition and some biological activities of Astragalus gymnolobus. The methanolic fractions of four organs (stems, flowers, leaves, root and whole plant) were quantified and identified by Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) analysis. Hesperidin, hyperoside, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid and p-coumaric acid were identified as main compounds among the extracts. Among all cells, leaf methanol (Lm) extract had the highest cytotoxic effect on HeLa cells (IC50 = 0.069 μg/mL). Hesperidin, the most abundant compound in A. gymnolobus extract, was found to show a strong negative correlation with the cytotoxic effect observed in HeLa cells according to Pearson correlation test results and to have the best binding affinity to targeted proteins by docking studies. The antimicrobial activity results indicated that the most susceptible bacterium against all extracts was identified as Streptococcus pyogenes with 9-11 mm inhibition zone and 8192 mg/mL MIC value. As a result of the research, it was suggested that A. gymnolobus could be considered as a promising source that contributes to the fight against cancer.

The Interplay between Neurotransmitters and Calcium Dynamics in Retinal Synapses during Development, Health, and Disease

The intricate functionality of the vertebrate retina relies on the interplay between neurotransmitter activity and calcium (Ca2+) dynamics, offering important insights into developmental processes, physiological functioning, and disease progression. Neurotransmitters orchestrate cellular processes to shape the behavior of the retina under diverse circumstances. Despite research to elucidate the roles of individual neurotransmitters in the visual system, there remains a gap in our understanding of the holistic integration of their interplay with Ca2+ dynamics in the broader context of neuronal development, health, and disease. To address this gap, the present review explores the mechanisms used by the neurotransmitters glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, dopamine, and acetylcholine (ACh) and their interplay with Ca2+ dynamics. This conceptual outline is intended to inform and guide future research, underpinning novel therapeutic avenues for retinal-associated disorders.

Bioinformatics analysis of copper death gene in diabetic immune infiltration

BACKGROUND

Copper plays an important role in the human body and is potentially related to the development of diabetes. The mechanism of copper death gene regulating immune infiltration in diabetes has not been studied.

METHODS

Download microarray data from healthy normal and diabetic patients from the GEO database. The identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was analyzed by gene enrichment. Using String online database and Cytoscape software to interact with the protein interaction network and make visual analysis. Using Wilcox analyze the correlation between the copoer death gene and diabetic mellitus. Analysis of the correlation between immune penetration cells and functions, and the difference between the diabetes group and the control group, screening the copper death gene associated with diabetes, and predicting the upper top of microRNA (miRNA) through the Funrich software.

RESULTS

According to the identification of differential genes in 25 samples of GSE25724 and GSE95849 data sets, 328 differential genes were identified by consensus, including 190 up-regulated genes and 138 down-regulated genes (log2FC = 2, P < .01). KEGG results showed that neurodegeneration-multiple disease pathways were most significantly upregulated, followed by Huntington disease. According to Cytohubba, the TOP10 genes HCK, FPR1, MNDA, AQP9, TLR8, CXCR1, CSF3R, VNN2, TLR4, and CCR5 are down-regulated genes, which are mostly enriched in neutrophils. Immunoinfiltration-related heat maps show that Macrophage was strongly positively correlated with Activated dendritic cell, Mast cell, Neutrophil, and Regulatory T cell showed a strong positive correlation. Neutrophil was strongly positively correlated with Activated dendritic cell, Mast cell, and Regulatory T cell. Differential analysis of immune infiltration showed that Neutroph, Mast cell, Activated B cell, Macrophage and Eosinophil were significantly increased in the diabetic group. Central memory CD4 T cell (P < .001), Plasmacytoid dendritic cell, Immature dendritic cell, and Central memory CD8 T cell, etal were significantly decreased. DBT, SLC31A1, ATP7A, LIAS, ATP7B, PDHA1, DLST, PDHB, GCSH, LIPT1, DLD, FDX1, and DLAT genes were significantly associated with one or more cells and their functions in immune invasion. Forty-one miRNA.

CONCLUSIONS

Copper death is closely related to the occurrence of diabetes. Copper death genes may play an important role in the immune infiltration of diabetes.

The Influence of Sildenafil-Metformin Combination on Hyperalgesia and Biochemical Markers in Diabetic Neuropathy in Mice

Background and objectives: Worldwide, approximately 500 million people suffer from diabetes and at least 50% of these people develop neuropathy. Currently, therapeutic strategies for reducing diabetic neuropathy (DN)-associated pain are limited and have several side effects. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the antihyperalgesic action of different sildenafil (phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor) and metformin (antihyperglycemic agent) combinations in alloxan-induced DN. Methods: The study included 100 diabetic mice and 20 non-diabetic mice that were subjected to hot and cold stimulus tests. Furthermore, we determined the influence of this combination on TNF-α, IL-6 and nitrites levels in brain and liver tissues. Results: In both the hot-plate and tail withdrawal test, all sildenafil-metformin combinations administered in our study showed a significant increase in pain reaction latencies when compared to the diabetic control group. Furthermore, all combinations decreased blood glucose levels due to the hypoglycemic effect of metformin. Additionally, changes in nitrite levels and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) were observed after 14 days of treatment with different sildenafil-metformin combinations. Conclusions: The combination of these two substances increased the pain reaction latency of diabetic animals in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, all sildenafil-metformin combinations significantly reduced the concentration of nitrites in the brain and liver, which are final products formed under the action of iNOS.

Catechin isolated from faba beans (Vicia faba L.): insights from oxidative stress and hypoglycemic effect in yeast cells through confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and in silico strategy

The present aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of catechin from faba beans on oxidative stress and glucose uptake in yeast cells. Flow cytometry approach indicated that 2-NBDG (1.98 ± 0.37) seed extract had a lower relative fluorescence signal than methanol (5.98 ± 0.67) and acetone seed extract (4.43 ± 0.55). In comparison to the control and seed extract, H₂O₂ exposure increased the apoptosis rate of yeast cells from 8.20% to 64.80%. Yeast cells incubated with H₂O₂ produced significantly more ROS intensity (162 ± 4.32, p < 0.05) than control cells (118 ± 2.52, p < 0.05) and less than seed extract-treated cells. Molecular dynamics simulation studies were performed for cat:α-amylase (catechin-α-amylase complex) which revealed the stable and mixed mode of inhibition during a simulation. The synergistic action of polyphenols or catechin present in seed extract may be responsible for the anti-oxidative stress and hypoglycaemic effects. The findings of this study may provide insight into the further development of a novel antidiabetic drug for T2DM. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Syringic Acid Ameliorates Cardiac, Hepatic, Renal and Neuronal Damage Induced by Chronic Hyperglycaemia in Wistar Rats: A Behavioural, Biochemical and Histological Analysis

This study investigated the effects of syringic acid (SA) on renal, cardiac, hepatic, and neuronal diabetic complications in streptozotocin-induced neonatal (nSTZ) diabetic rats. STZ (110 mg/kg i.p) was injected into Wistar rat neonates as a split dose (second and third postnatal day). Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in adults by measuring fasting blood glucose levels, urine volume, and food and water intake. The treatment of SA (25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg p.o) was given from the 8th to 18th postnatal week. To assess the development of diabetic complications and the effect of therapy, biochemical indicators in serum and behavioural parameters were recorded at specific intervals during the study period. SA (25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg p.o) treatment reduced hyperglycaemia, polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, relative organ weight, cardiac hypertrophic indices, inflammatory markers, cell injury markers, glycated haemoglobin, histopathological score, and oxidative stress, and increased Na/K ATPase activity. These findings suggest that SA might significantly alleviate diabetic complications and/or renal, neuronal, cardiac, and hepatic damage in nSTZ diabetic rats.

Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Anti-Atherosclerotic Effects of Natural Supplements on Patients with FMF-Related AA Amyloidosis: A Non-Randomized 24-Week Open-Label Interventional Study

We aimed to evaluate the effect of a combination of natural products on parameters related to inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress in a cohort of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) patients with Serum Amyloid A amyloidosis, in a non-randomized, 24-week open-label interventional study. Morinda citrifolia (anti-atherosclerotic-AAL), omega-3 (anti-inflammatory-AIC), and extract with Alaskan blueberry (antioxidant-AOL) were given to patients with FMF-related biopsy-proven AA amyloidosis. Patients were >18 years and had proteinuria (>3500 mg/day) but a normal estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Arterial flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), carotid intima media thickness (CIMT), and serum biomarkers asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), pentraxin (PTX3), malondialdehyde (MDA), Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were studied at baseline and after 24 weeks of treatment. A total of 67 FMF-related amyloidosis patients (52 male (77.6%); median age 36 years (range 21−66)) were enrolled. At the end of a 24-week treatment period with AAL, AIC, and AOL combination therapy, ADMA, MDA, PTX3, hsCRP, cholesterol, and proteinuria were significantly decreased compared to baseline, while CuZn-SOD, GSH-Px, and FMD levels were significantly increased. Changes in inflammatory markers PTX3, and hsCRP were negatively correlated with FMD change, and positively correlated with decreases in proteinuria, ADMA, MDA, cholesterol, and CIMT. Treatment with AAL, AIC and AOL combination for 24 weeks were significantly associated with reduction in inflammatory markers, improved endothelial functions, and oxidative state. Efficient control of these three mechanisms can have long term cardiovascular and renal benefits for patients with AA amyloidosis.

Serum Adiponectin and Nitric Oxide Levels in Type II Diabetes and Its Correlation With Lipid Profile

Introduction

Various markers for diabetes have been identified in this new era of medicine, the most recent being adiponectin, which is primarily secreted from adipose tissue and has anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-atherogenic properties. It is also known to increase insulin sensitivity. Adiponectin deficiency or decreased secretion causes a variety of complications, including insulin resistance and the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). One such complication of T2DM is endothelial dysfunction, which leads to decreased synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), another potent marker that normally disrupts key events in the progression of atherosclerosis.

Aims and objectives

The aim of the study was to compare and correlate serum adiponectin and nitric oxide levels with glycemic status in patients with T2DM and healthy controls.

Materials and methods

This comparative cross-sectional study included known cases of type II diabetes under group I and healthy age-matched controls under group II. Serum levels of adiponectin and nitric oxide were assessed in both the groups along with glycemic status [fasting blood sugar (FBS) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)] and these parameters were compared between both groups using a t-test. Adiponectin and NO levels were correlated using Pearson’s correlation with glycemic status in group I.

Results

The mean adiponectin levels in group I were 5.94 ± 1.490 μg/mL, which was significantly (p<0.00) less than in group II, 10.30 ±1.669 μg/mL. The mean NO levels in group I (42.98 ± 6.300 μmol/L) were also significantly (p<0.00) less than in group II (56.126 ± 7.579 μmol/L). FBS and HbA1C levels were significantly higher in group I than in group II.

Conclusion

Adiponectin and NO levels were significantly reduced in individuals with T2DM when compared to healthy controls. Therapeutic interventions that increase adiponectin and NO levels may be useful targets for improving diabetes control and reducing complications.

Pink pressure: beetroot (Beta vulgaris rubra) as a possible novel medical therapy for chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) manifests with systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and gut dysbiosis, resulting in metabolic disorders and elevated rates of cardiovascular disease-associated death. These all correlate with a high economic cost to healthcare systems. Growing evidence indicates that diet is an indispensable ally in the prevention and management of CKD and its complications. In this context, the root vegetable beetroot (Beta vulgaris rubra) deserves special attention because it is a source of several bioactive compounds, such as nitrate, betaine, and betalain, and has shown beneficial effects in CKD, including reduction of blood pressure, anti-inflammatory effects, and antioxidant actions by scavenging radical oxidative species, as observed in preclinical studies. Beetroot consumption as a possible therapeutic strategy to improve the clinical treatment of patients with CKD and future directions for clinical studies are addressed in this narrative review.

Effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) supplementation on oxidative stress parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis

A wide variety of antioxidant properties are attributed to ginger (Zingiber officinale) and several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have investigated the effect of ginger intake on major oxidative stress (OS) parameters. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of using ginger to improve OS levels. Medline, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were systematically searched up until March 2020 to gather RCTs that evaluated the impact of ginger intake on the levels and activity of OS parameters in adult subjects. Means and standard deviations for relevant OS variables were extracted and evaluated to assess the quality of the trials based on the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. The gathered data were pooled and expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI). Twelve trials were included in this review. Ginger intake was shown to significantly increase glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity (SMD: 1.64; 95% CI: 0.43, 2.85; I2  = 86.8%) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (SMD: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.73; I2  = 42.8%) and significantly decrease malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (SMD: -0.69; 95% CI: -1.26, -0.12; I2  = 85.8%) compared to control groups. Ginger supplementation also non-significantly associated with an increase in CAT activity (SMD: 1.09; 95% CI: -0.07, 2.25; I2  = 87.6%). This systematic review and meta-analysis presents convincing evidence supporting the efficacy of ginger supplementation on improving OS levels. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: In health sciences, OS, due to its pivotal role in the pathophysiology of several chronic diseases, is a subject with a long history. Recent research strives for a safe, ideal, and effective antioxidant. Ginger is herbal medicine, which has been widely used in traditional and complementary medicine. Proving the antioxidant effect and potential benefit of ginger has positive clinical implications for the application of this practical herb.

Neopterin and biopterin levels and tryptophan degradation in patients with diabetes

This study aimed to evaluate the possible changes of neopterin, biopterin levels and tryptophan degradation in diabetes and to compare the results within diabetes groups and with healthy subjects. Diabetes mellitus patients and healthy controls were recruited the study. Patients were further subgrouped according to their drug therapy. Serum neopterin concentrations were detected by ELISA. Urinary neopterin, biopterin, serum tryptophan (Trp) and kynurenine (Kyn) levels were detected by HPLC. There was no difference between controls and diabetes patients in serum neopterin, urinary neopterin and biopterin levels (p > 0.05, all). Serum Trp and Kyn levels were significantly different in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) patients compared to controls (p < 0.05, both). Serum neopterin levels were significantly higher in type 2 diabetes patients (T2DM) compared to T1DM (p < 0.05). Urinary biopterin levels of T2DM patients using both metformin and vildagliptin were significantly higher than T1DM patients (p < 0.05). The correlations between serum neopterin and urinary neopterin, Kyn and Kyn/Trp were statistically significant in control and patient groups (p < 0.05, all). The study showed that Kyn/Trp was altered in diabetes patients due to immune modulation. On the other hand, although xenobiotic exposure may change pteridine levels, metformin and/or vildagliptin use in T2DM patients did not have any effect on the measured parameters.

Retinal Physiology and Circulation: Effect of Diabetes

In this article, we present a discussion of diabetes and its complications, including the macrovascular and microvascular effects, with the latter of consequence to the retina. We will discuss the anatomy and physiology of the retina, including aspects of metabolism and mechanisms of oxygenation, with the latter accomplished via a combination of the retinal and choroidal blood circulations. Both of these vasculatures are altered in diabetes, with the retinal circulation intimately involved in the pathology of diabetic retinopathy. The later stages of diabetic retinopathy involve poorly controlled angiogenesis that is of great concern, but in our discussion, we will focus more on several alterations in the retinal circulation occurring earlier in the progression of disease, including reductions in blood flow and a possible redistribution of perfusion that may leave some areas of the retina ischemic and hypoxic. Finally, we include in this article a more recent area of investigation regarding the diabetic retinal vasculature, that is, the alterations to the endothelial surface layer that normally plays a vital role in maintaining physiological functions. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:933-974, 2020.

Toona sinensis modulates autophagy and cytokines in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages

Toona sinensis (TS) is a medicinal herb possessing anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat diabetes, cancer, and inflammatory diseases. In traditional Chinese medicine theory, TS clears dampness and heat, strengthens the stomach function, and regulates vital energy flow. TS is also used as an astringent and a pesticide. In this study, we aimed to evaluate how TS influences autophagy and cytokines during the inflammatory process in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The treatment groups were pre-supplemented with TS leaf extract; rapamycin was used to enhance autophagy and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce inflammation. The expression of autophagy-related proteins was analyzed by western blotting. The survival rate of, and chemokine expression and oxidative stress in the cells were also assessed. TS leaf extract inhibited mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation at site S2448 in the macrophages. At relatively higher concentrations (50 and 75 μg/mL), TS elevated the expression of light chain 3 II (LC3-II), which further modulated autophagy. Pre-supplementation with TS leaf extract elevated the total glutathione (GSH) level and GSH/oxidized GSH (GSSG) ratio, but it decreased the GSSG, total nitric oxide, nitrate, nitrite, malondialdehyde, and superoxide anion levels. TS reversed the effects of LPS-induced cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10. TS did not induce significant toxicity at the studied concentrations. In conclusion, TS leaf extract may modulate autophagy during inflammation. Furthermore, it may prevent cell damage via anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation. Thus, this study supports the ethnomedical use of TS in the prevention of inflammation-related diseases.

The Effect of Corrected Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction on Fmd Levels in Patients with Selected Chronic Diseases: A Quasi-Experimental Study

While the pathophysiology of chronic disorders varies there are three basic mechanisms - inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction – that are common in many chronic diseases. However, the failure of these mechanisms to work synchronously can lead to morbidity complicating the course of many chronic diseases. We analyzed data of 178 patients from cohorts with selected chronic diseases in this quasi-experimental study. Endothelial dysfunction was determined by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) levels. Serum ADMA, high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), serum PTX3, malondialdehyde (MDA), Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels and FMD were studied in baseline and after 12 weeks of Morinda citrifolia (anti-atherosclerotic liquid- AAL), omega-3 (anti-inflammatory capsules- AIC) and extract with Alaskan blueberry (anti-oxidant liquid- AOL). Stepwise multivariate regression analysis was used to evaluate the association of FMD with clinical and serologic parameters. Serum ADMA, MDA, PTX3, hsCRP and albumin levels, and proteinuria were significantly decreased while CuZn-SOD, GSH-Px and FMD levels were significantly increased following AAL, AIC and AOL therapies. The FMD was negatively correlated with serum ADMA, MDA, PTX3, and hsCRP levels and positively correlated with CuZn-SOD and eGFR levels. ADMA and PTX3 levels were independently related to FMD both before and after AAL, AIC and AOL therapies. Our study shows that serum ADMA, MDA, PTX3 levels are associated with endothelial dysfunction in patients with selected chronic diseases. In addition, short-term AAL, AIC and AOL therapies significantly improves a number of parameters in our cohort and can normalize ADMA, PTX3, hsCRP and MDA levels.

Characteristics of oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses by a mixed culture of acidophilic bacteria in response to Co2+ exposure

During bioleaching of Cobalt from waste lithium-ion batteries, the biooxidation activity of acidophilic bacteria is inhibited by a high concentration of Co ion in the liquid phase. However, the mechanism for Co²⁺ toxicity to acidophilic bacteria has not been fully elucidated. In this study, the effects of Co²⁺ concentration on the biooxidation activity for Fe²⁺, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and antioxidant defense systems in a mixed-culture of acidophilic bacteria (MCAB) were investigated. The results showed that the biooxidation activity of the MCAB was inhibited by Co²⁺. Furthermore, it was indicated that the intracellular ROS contents of the MCAB under conditions of 0.4 M and 0.6 M Co²⁺ were 2.60 and 3.34 times higher than that under the condition of 0 M Co²⁺. The increase in intracellular malondialdehyde content indicated that the oxidative damage was induced by Co²⁺. Moreover, the antioxidant systems in MCAB were affected by Co²⁺. It was observed that the Co²⁺ exposure increased the catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities while reducing the superoxide dismutase activity and the intracellular glutathione (GSH) content. It was found that an exogenous GSH supplementation eliminated excess intracellular ROS and improved the biooxidation activity of the MCAB.

Investigation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and sonic hedgehog pathway in diabetic liver injury in mice

AIMS

Diabetes is a common metabolic disease which damages many organs including the liver and causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which originates from non-folded proteins. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway plays a role in liver regeneration and repair. To our knowledge, there is no study showing the relation between ER stress and Shh pathway in the liver in diabetes. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between ER stress and Shh pathway in the liver of diabetic mice.

MAIN METHODS

Six groups of male mice were formed as control, diabetes (streptozotocine-treated), Shh activator (SAG-treated), Shh inhibitor (SANT1-treated), diabetes + SAG and diabetes + SANT1. At the end of the experiment, mice were weighed, anaesthetized and euthanized. Blood samples were collected, livers were excised and weighed. Thereafter, blood glucose, serum ALT and AST levels, TOS and TAC levels in liver tissue were measured. ER stress marker (GRP78) and Shh pathway molecules (Gli1 and Smo) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, H-score and western blot analyses. Besides, histopathological examination was performed.

KEY FINDINGS

Results showed that GRP78, Gli1 and Smo were increased in liver due to Type 1 diabetes. The SAG agent decreased GRP78 and increased Gli1 and Smo, leading to liver repair, while the inhibitor SANT1 increased GRP78 and decreased Gli1and Smo, causing progression of the liver stress induced by diabetes.

SIGNIFICANCE

In conclusion, the Shh pathway is related to ER stress and may provide a new strategy for its treatment, especially liver stress induced by diabetes.

Effect of dietary l-carnitine supplementation and energy level on oxidant/antioxidant balance in laying hens subjected to high stocking density

This study aimed to investigate the effect of l-carnitine and energy level and on oxidant/antioxidant balance in laying hens subjected to high stocking density. A total of 176, 32-week-old laying hens were assigned to eight groups with four replicates and hens in four groups were placed at the normal stocking densities of 500 cm² /hen (four hens per cage) and in the remaining four groups were placed at the high stocking densities of 287.5 cm² /hen (seven hens per cage). Hens received diets of high (2,850 kcal/kg ME) or normal (2,650 kcal/kg ME) energy which are supplemented with 0 or 200 mg/kg l-carnitine for 70 days. Results showed that exposure to high stocking density increased (p < .05) plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels and decreased (p < .05) erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (GPx) activities. l-carnitine supplementation increased (p < .05) erythrocyte SOD, CAT and GPx activities, and decreased (p <.05) MDA and NO level in high stocking densities. The oxidan/antioxidan balance of birds was not influenced by increasing dietary energy level. The results of the present study indicate that the supplementation of l-carnitine to the birds subjected to high stocking density could effectively reverse the negative effects of high stocking density by improving oxidant/antioxidant balance. Therefore, l-carnitine supplementation at level of 200 mg/kg to diet may be as a favourable alternative to deal with oxidative stress caused by high stocking density in laying hens.

MicroRNA-423 may regulate diabetic vasculopathy

To test the hypothesis that microRNAs may play a role in diabetic retinopathy, we measured the levels of different markers [microRNAs, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nitric oxide (NO), and total antioxidant capacity (TAO)] in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and microvascular complications. Sixty-nine patients were recruited: 22 healthy subjects, ten T2DM patients without retinopathy, 22 with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, and 15 with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Serum levels of NO, VEGF, TAO and 16 candidate microRNAs were measured. Additionally, the mRNA levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), induced NOS (iNOS), C reactive protein (CRP), VEGF, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), PON2, p22, and SOD2 were measured in human vascular endothelial cells cultured in the presence of pooled sera from the subject groups. Plasma miR-423 levels showed a significant ~ twofold decrease in patients with PDR compared to controls. P lasma NO levels were significantly higher in retinopathy, VEGF levels were significantly lower, and TAO was significantly decreased. eNOS mRNA levels were lower in the cells of T2DM patients without retinopathy, but higher in PDR. PON2, p22, and SOD2 mRNA levels were all significantly lower in PDR. CRP, TNFα, iNOS, and VEGF mRNA levels showed no significant association with disease status. Lowered miR-423 levels in diabetic patients showed a correlation with VEGF and an inverse correlation between NO and eNOS expression. Our findings suggest a cross talk between miR-423 and VEGF signaling, affecting eNOS function. miR-423 may be involved in the regulation of diabetic vascular retinal proliferation.

The effect of glycemic control on salivary lipid peroxidation in type II diabetic patients

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Hyperglycemia and some disturbance in antioxidant system lead to free radicals production and oxidative stress. Assessment of some products of oxidative stress could be effective in evaluation of diabetic control. This study aimed at evaluation of glycemic control on salivary lipid peroxidation in diabetic patients.

METHODS

This case control study has been done on 44 diabetic (type II) and 44 healthy subjects. Un-stimulated saliva was collected and correlation between malondialdehid (MDA) as an end -product of lipid peroxidation and HbA1c was assessed.

RESULTS

MDA and HbA1c of diabetic patients were significantly higher than control group. There was a indirect correlation between MDA and glycemic control level.

CONCLUSION

Evaluation of salivary MDA levels could be useful in prediction of glycemic control.

Detection of S-Nitrosation and S-Glutathionylation of the Human Branched-Chain Aminotransferase Proteins

The human branched-chain aminotransferase (hBCAT) enzymes play an integral role in brain glutamate and branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism. Optimal hBCAT activity is dependent on the oxidation state of their redox reactive thiols, where post-translational modification by nitric oxide (NO) and glutathione results in reversible inhibition. Incubation of the cytosolic isoform (hBCATc) with S-nitrosating agents was found to inhibit in both a time and dose dependent manner through formation of a mixture of products including cysteine-nitric oxide (SNO) and S-glutathionylation. Mechanistic details of these redox interactions were studied using labeling with fluorescein-5-maleimide and confirmed via mass spectrometry and Western blot analysis. Though the mitochondrial isoform (hBCATm) was inhibited by nitrosating agents adduct formation could only be observed by DTNB titration as neither SNO, S-glutathionylation or disulfide bond formation could be detected. These studies revealed that the two isoforms of hBCAT, namely hBCATc and hBCATm, were differently regulated by S-nitrosation or S-glutathionylation pointing to distinct functional/mechanistic responses to GSNO modification. Detection of these adducts is essential for studies into the effect of NO on cells and the redox proteome which can offer insight into several pathological states and normal functioning of the cell.

Effect of phosphodiesterase inhibitors on renal functions and oxidant/antioxidant parameters in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats

The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of different phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDEIs), on renal oxidant/antioxidant balance in diabetic rats. Our study was conducted on 125 rats, diabetes was induced in 100 rats by a single administration of streptozocin (STZ). Diabetic rats were divided into four equal groups. The first group was assigned as diabetic control, the remaining three groups were treated with pentoxifylline, sildenafil and milrinone via drinking water for 15 successive days, another group of 25 normal rats was assigned as non-diabetic control. Significant increase in plasma levels of glucose, urea, creatinine, malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO) with a concomitant decrease in the levels of insulin, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were observed in diabetic rats. These alterations were reverted back to near normal level after treatment with PDEIs. Our data seem to suggest a potential role of PDEIs in maintaining health in diabetes by reducing the progression of diabetic nephropathy.

Beneficial Effects of Resveratrol Administration-Focus on Potential Biochemical Mechanisms in Cardiovascular Conditions

Resveratrol (RV) is a natural non-flavonoid polyphenol and phytoalexin produced by a number of plants such as peanuts, grapes, red wine and berries. Numerous in vitro studies have shown promising results of resveratrol usage as antioxidant, antiplatelet or anti-inflammatory agent. Beneficial effects of resveratrol activity probably result from its ability to purify the body from ROS (reactive oxygen species), inhibition of COX (cyclooxygenase) and activation of many anti-inflammatory pathways. Administration of the polyphenol has a potential to slow down the development of CVD (cardiovascular disease) by influencing on certain risk factors such as development of diabetes or atherosclerosis. Resveratrol induced an increase in Sirtuin-1 level, which by disrupting the TLR4/NF-κB/STAT signal cascade (toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor κ-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells/signal transducer and activator of transcription) reduces production of cytokines in activated microglia. Resveratrol caused an attenuation of macrophage/mast cell-derived pro-inflammatory factors such as PAF (platelet-activating factor), TNF-α (tumour necrosis factor-α and histamine. Endothelial and anti-oxidative effect of resveratrol may contribute to better outcomes in stroke management. By increasing BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) serum concentration and inducing NOS-3 (nitric oxide synthase-3) activity resveratrol may have possible therapeutical effects on cognitive impairments and dementias especially in those characterized by defective cerebrovascular blood flow.

Oxidative and carbonyl stress as a factors of the modification of proteins and DNA destruction in diabetes

Aim. To study the oxidative damage of biopolymers (proteins and nucleic acids) in blood of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Materials and methods. In the blood of 50 patients with DM and 25 patients without disorders of carbohydrate metabolism were estimated: the level of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) by immunochemical method, the content of SH-groups in plasma proteins, the activity of Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) in erythrocytes, the length of telomere in leukocyte DNA, the level of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxygunosine (8-oxo-dG) in plasma and urine. Results and discussion. It is shown that in DM patients the level of oxLDL increases and the content of SH-groups in proteins and peptides of the blood plasma decreases, which indicates the development of oxidative stress. In addition, a carbonyl-dependent modification of erythrocyte SOD was detected in DM patients, as well as oxidative DNA destruction (decrease in telomere length in leukocytes and an increase in the level of 8-oxo-dG in blood plasma and urine). Conclusion. On the basis of the definition of a complex of correct indicators, a multiple oxidative modification of biopolymers of blood (proteins and DNA) was detected in patients with DM.

A study on correlation between oxidative stress parameters and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetic patients with kidney dysfunction in north Indian population

BACKGROUND

Research reports support the statement that oxidative stress and inflammation are well-known risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with diabetes. This study was designed to ascertain the associated role of oxidative stress parameters and inflammatory markers in diabetes and related CKD among the north Indian population.

METHODS

The study was divided into three groups as healthy subjects (group 1), patients with diabetes without complication (group 2), and with CKD (group 3). Serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GR) content were estimated in all individuals. Inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-α were determined by enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay.

RESULTS

MDA, protein carbonyl, and NO were significantly elevated in patients with type 2 diabetes as compared with healthy subjects (P ≤ 0.05). Total thiols content were found to be significantly decreased in patients with diabetes with CKD. The activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and GR showed a significant suppression in patients with type 2 diabetes with or without CKD as compared with healthy subjects. Nevertheless, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly upregulated ( P ≤ 0.05) as compared with healthy subjects.

CONCLUSION

Determination of antioxidant defense parameters and inflammatory markers contributes to understand the relationship between oxidative stress and inflammation on the development and prevention of chronic kidney disease in Indian patients with diabetes.

Effect of glycemic control and disease duration on cardiac autonomic function and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Purpose

Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a commonly overlooked complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with a complex pathogenesis involving hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress which results in neuronal ischemia and cellular death. The level of hyperglycemia as well as disease duration might be significant determinants of the prognosis of T2DM, but limited studies have explored their relationship with these diabetic complications. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of glycemic control and disease duration on cardiac autonomic function and oxidative stress in patients with T2DM.

Methods

60 T2DM patients along with 63 healthy controls were recruited for the study. Diabetic patients were further classified based on glycemic control (HbA1c levels <8% vs. ≥8%) and disease duration (<5 vs. 5-10 vs. >10 years). All participants were assessed for cardiac autonomic function (HRR: heart rate recovery; HRV: heart rate variability), levels of antioxidant enzymes (CAT: catalase; SOD: superoxide dismutase), serum nitric oxide (NO) and other cardiometabolic risk factors (resting blood pressure, glycemic and lipid profile).

Results

T2DM patients showed a significant reduction in HRR, HRV, CAT, SOD and an increase in LFnu, LF: HF ratio and NO. These impairments were significantly greater for the group with poor glycemic control (p < 0.05). However, no difference for these parameters was observed with respect to different disease durations.

Conclusion

Cardiac autonomic regulation and endogenous antioxidant defense were compromised and levels of nitric oxide found to be raised in patients with Type 2 diabetes. These findings were more pronounced in subjects with poor glycemic control.

The effects of hydraulic calcium silicate containing endodontic materials on oxidative stress in erythrocytes and liver

Objective:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of hydraulic calcium silicate endodontic cements, MTA Angelus, MTA Fillapex, and Theracal LC, on erythrocyte and liver oxidative stress parameters of rats.

Methods:

Right upper incisor of each rat was extracted and polyethylene tubes containing the dental cements, or left empty for the control group, were inserted into the extraction socket. Blood and liver samples of each animal were obtained after 7, 30, or 60 days. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels and catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were determined by spectrophotometry.

Results:

Erythrocyte and liver TBARS levels, and CAT and SOD enzymatic activities were significantly increased in dental cement applied groups compared with controls on day 7. The highest erythrocyte and liver TBARS concentrations were observed in the MTA Angelus group on day 7 of exposure. On day 30, erythrocyte CAT activity remained markedly high, but the other parameters returned to almost normal levels. On day 60, all parameters were similar between the control and the experimental groups.

Conclusions:

This is the first study to show that TBARS levels and antioxidant enzyme activities are transiently increased as a result of dental cement application.

Regulation of Chemokine Function: The Roles of GAG-Binding and Post-Translational Nitration

The primary function of chemokines is to direct the migration of leukocytes to the site of injury during inflammation. The effects of chemokines are modulated by several means, including binding to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), binding to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and through post-translational modifications (PTMs). GAGs, present on cell surfaces, bind chemokines released in response to injury. Chemokines bind leukocytes via their GPCRs, which directs migration and contributes to local inflammation. Studies have shown that GAGs or GAG-binding peptides can be used to interfere with chemokine binding and reduce leukocyte recruitment. Post-translational modifications of chemokines, such as nitration, which occurs due to the production of reactive species during oxidative stress, can also alter their biological activity. This review describes the regulation of chemokine function by GAG-binding ability and by post-translational nitration. These are both aspects of chemokine biology that could be targeted if the therapeutic potential of chemokines, like CXCL8, to modulate inflammation is to be realised.

Emerging role of Interleukins IL-23/IL-17 axis and biochemical markers in the pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes: Association with age and gender in human subjects

Chronic hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Keeping the above fact into consideration we analyse the effect of age and gender on oxidative stress biomarkers and pro-inflammatory cytokines in T2D patients. The study included 148 diabetic and 110 healthy subjects, grouped on the basis of age and gender. Plasma malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl content and nitric oxide levels were elevated significantly in diabetic patients, with significant decrease in Ferric reducing ability of plasma, vitamin C, reduced glutathione, erythrocyte thiol groups and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activity and these changes were even more pronounced as age progressed. Serum IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-22 levels and TNF-α mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in all the age groups whereas IL-23 mRNA was upregulated only in the higher age group. Female diabetic patients experienced higher oxidative stress and greater serum IL-6 levels and TNF-α mRNA expression as compared to their male counterparts. This study suggested that diabetes onset is accompanied with increased oxidative stress and elevated levels of inflammatory mediators. The effect was more prominent in aged patients. Female patients experienced greater oxidative stress as compared to males of those age groups with slightly higher levels of inflammatory cytokines.

Copper in Diabetes Mellitus: a Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Plasma and Serum Studies

Copper (Cu) is an important trace element involved in oxidative stress, which is associated with the onset and progression of diabetes mellitus (DM). However, clinical studies comparing plasma or serum Cu levels in patients with DM and in healthy individuals report conflicting findings. Therefore, in this meta-analysis, we analyzed the circulating levels of Cu associated with DM (including type 1 diabetes mellitus [T1DM] and type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM]). We searched the articles indexed in PubMed, OVID, and Cochrane databases, published through January 2016 and meeting our predefined criteria. Requisite data were extracted, and a random-effect model or a fixed-effect model was used to conduct the meta-analysis. Fifteen eligible studies involving a total of 1079 DM patients and 561 healthy controls were identified. Overall, the DM patients showed higher Cu levels than the healthy controls (plasma Cu mean difference [MD] = 1.69 μmol/L, p < 0.0001; serum Cu MD = 4.06 μmol/L, p = 0.005; plasma and serum Cu MD = 2.67 μmol/L, p = 0.006). Stratification based on the type of diabetes also indicated higher levels of Cu in the plasma and serum of DM patients than in healthy controls, respectively. Stratification of DM patients associated with and without complications also revealed similar results. This meta-analysis suggests that DM patients carried higher levels of Cu than healthy individuals. However, international cohort studies are needed to corroborate our findings.

Study of Lipid Peroxidation, Nitric Oxide End Product, and Trace Element Status in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with and without Complications

BACKGROUND

Oxidative stress has become a real entity in etiopathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). It may result from steady flux of free radicals and lipid peroxides in vivo. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a stable end product of lipid peroxidation. Accumulative evidences suggest that hyperglycemia in Type 2 DM can produce major changes in nitric oxide (NO) production as well as in its action. Alteration in metabolism of trace elements is also observed in DM.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate oxidative stress, status of NO, and trace elements zinc (Zn) and magnesium (Mg) in type 2 DM and to correlate these parameters with disease process.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ninety-two cases with diabetes were included in the study, out of which 51 were type 2 DM without any complication and 41 were type 2 DM with complications. Fifty-one nondiabetic healthy controls from hospital staff were selected for the study. Blood samples were collected after an overnight fast for estimation of fasting plasma glucose, postprandial glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profile, trace element status, MDA, and NO.

RESULTS

Study revealed a rise in MDA levels in both uncomplicated and complicated cases with diabetes (2.47 ± 0.53, 3.98 ± 0.42 nmol/ml, respectively) as compared to controls (1.43 ± 0.23 nmol/ml), which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The mean levels of NO, Zn, and Mg were significantly lower in both the diabetic groups than the control group (P < 0.05). MDA showed a significant positive correlation with plasma glucose, lipid profile parameters (except high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), and significant negative correlation with Zn (r = -0.44, P < 0.05) and Mg (r = -0.31, P < 0.05). NO levels were correlated significantly with plasma glucose, dyslipidemia, and HbA1c (P < 0.05). The effects of glycemic status on trace element concentrations were evident from a significant negative correlation between Zn and Mg with fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c.

CONCLUSION

Findings of the present study may establish the role of hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, impaired NO, and trace elements in pathogenesis and long-term vascular complications of type 2 DM.

Energy Drink Induced Lipid Peroxidation and Oxidative Damage in Rat Liver and Brain When Used Alone or Combined with Alcohol

Energy drinks (ED) are containing large doses of metabolic stimulants and its use with ethanol has increased dramatically among young adults. In this study, we examined the effects of ED exposure either alone or in combination with ethanol on oxidative stress parameters including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and lipid peroxidation parameter malondialdehyde (MDA) in rat. Some histopathological findings were also evaluated. ED exposure led to a dose-dependent increase in liver MDA compared to the control indicating oxidative damage. Histopathological findings also revealed that ED alone may generate liver damage. Ethanol exposure increased MDA level and SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px activity in both the brain and the liver. The combination of ethanol and ED produced greater damage which is considered by further increases in SOD and GSH-Px activity in the brain. Similar results for MDA were observed in both the liver and brain as well. Our findings suggest that ED consumption alone or combination with ethanol may represent a significant public health concern.

Metabolic Syndrome and Hypertension Resulting from Fructose Enriched Diet in Wistar Rats

Increased sugar consumption, especially fructose, is strongly related to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to evaluate long term effects of fructose supplementation on Wistar rats. Three-week-old male rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: control (C; n = 14) and fructose fed (FF; n = 18), with a fructose enriched drink (20-25% w/v fructose in water) for 21 weeks. Systolic blood pressure, fasting glycemia, and bodyweight were regularly measured. Glucose tolerance was evaluated three times using an oral glucose tolerance test. Insulin levels were measured concomitantly and insulin resistance markers were evaluated (HOMA 2-IR, Insulin Sensitivity Index for glycemia (ISI-gly)). Lipids profile was evaluated on plasma. This fructose supplementation resulted in the early induction of hypertension without renal failure (stable theoretical creatinine clearance) and in the progressive development of fasting hyperglycemia and insulin resistance (higher HOMA 2-IR, lower ISI-gly) without modification of glucose tolerance. FF rats presented dyslipidemia (higher plasma triglycerides) and early sign of liver malfunction (higher liver weight). Although abdominal fat weight was increased in FF rats, no significant overweight was found. In Wistar rats, 21 weeks of fructose supplementation induced a metabolic syndrome (hypertension, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia) but not T2D.

Detrimental Effects of N-Acetylcysteine Plus Desferoxamine Combination in an Experimental Nephrotic Syndrome Model

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and desferoxamine (DFO) administered alone or in combination together in rats with doxorubicin (DOX)-induced nephrotic syndrome, by monitoring oxidative stress parameters and trace elements in renal tissue and erythrocytes. Fifty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were included the study. Equal volume of isotonic saline was injected to control rats. After DOX administration, the animals were divided into four experimental groups: (a) rats given only DOX; (b) rats treated with NAC; (c) rats treated with DFO; (d) rats treated with NAC plus DFO. The combination of N-acetylcysteine and DFO has no beneficial effect on reducing proteinuria in experimentally nephrotic rats, although both of these agents ameliorate the condition when administered separately. It seems likely that detrimental effects of NAC plus DFO could be secondary to its effects on erythrocyte selenium levels demonstrated here. Consequently, the results may propose caution to the use of antioxidant therapeutic strategies such as NAC plus DFO against nephropathy.

Brain aluminium accumulation and oxidative stress in the presence of calcium silicate dental cements

Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is a calcium silicate dental cement used for various applications in dentistry. This study was undertaken to test whether the presence of three commercial brands of calcium silicate dental cements in the dental extraction socket of rats would affect the brain aluminium (Al) levels and oxidative stress parameters. Right upper incisor was extracted and polyethylene tubes filled with MTA Angelus, MTA Fillapex or Theracal LC, or left empty for the control group, were inserted into the extraction socket. Rats were killed 7, 30 or 60 days after operation. Brain tissues were obtained before killing. Al levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were determined using spectrophotometry. A transient peak was observed in brain Al level of MTA Angelus group on day 7, while MTA Fillapex and Theracal LC groups reached highest brain Al level on day 60. Brain TBARS level, CAT, SOD and GPx activities transiently increased on day 7 and then returned to almost normal levels. This in vivo study for the first time indicated that initial washout may have occurred in MTA Angelus, while element leaching after the setting is complete may have taken place for MTA Fillapex and Theracal LC. Moreover, oxidative stress was induced and antioxidant enzymes were transiently upregulated. Further studies to search for oxidative neuronal damage should be done to completely understand the possible toxic effects of calcium silicate cements on the brain.

Oxidative Stress and Salvia miltiorrhiza in Aging-Associated Cardiovascular Diseases

Aging-associated cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have some risk factors that are closely related to oxidative stress. Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) has been used commonly to treat CVDs for hundreds of years in the Chinese community. We aimed to explore the effects of SM on oxidative stress in aging-associated CVDs. Through literature searches using Medicine, PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane library, CINAHL, and Scopus databases, we found that SM not only possesses antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects but also exerts angiogenic and cardioprotective activities. SM may reduce the production of reactive oxygen species by inhibiting oxidases, reducing the production of superoxide, inhibiting the oxidative modification of low-density lipoproteins, and ameliorating mitochondrial oxidative stress. SM also increases the activities of catalase, manganese superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and coupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase. In addition, SM reduces the impact of ischemia/reperfusion injury, prevents cardiac fibrosis after myocardial infarction, preserves cardiac function in coronary disease, maintains the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, and promotes self-renewal and proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells in stroke. However, future clinical well-designed and randomized control trials will be necessary to confirm the efficacy of SM in aging-associated CVDs.

Effects of developmental exposure to silver in ionic and nanoparticle form: A study in rats

Background

Evaluations of silver in both nanoparticle (Ag-NPs) and ionic forms indicate some adverse effects on living organisms, but little is known about their potential for developmental toxicity. In this study, developmental toxicity of Ag-NPs (from 0.2 to 20 mg/kg/day) and ionic Ag (AgNO₃, 20 mg Ag/kg/day) were investigated in rats.

Methods

Animals were dosed by gavage from gestation day 7 − 20. The day after parturition, dams and pups were sacrificed and Ag level assessed in several maternal and pup organs. In addition, hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress parameters and histopathology were evaluated.

Results

No treatment related effects were found for gestational parameters including pregnancy length, maternal weight gain, implantations, birth weight and litter size at any dose level of Ag-NPs. Maternal weight gain was lower in dams receiving AgNO₃ compared to the other groups, suggesting that the ionic form may exert a higher degree of toxicity compared to the NP form. Tissue contents of Ag were higher in all treated groups compared to control dams and pups, indicating transfer of Ag across the placenta. The findings furthermore suggest that Ag may induce oxidative stress in dams and their offspring, although significant induction was only observed after dosing with AgNO₃. Histopathological examination of brain tissue revealed a high incidence of hippocampal sclerosis in dams treated with nanoparticle as well as ionic Ag.

Conclusion

The difference in offspring deposition patterns between ionic and NP Ag and the observations in dam brain tissue, requires scrutiny, and, if corroborated, indicate that ionic and NP forms maybe need separate risk assessments and that the hazard ratings of silver in both ionic and nanoparticle forms should be increased, respectively.

Trial registration

Not applicable.

Graphical abstract

Developmental Toxicity of Ag-NPs.

Cataract induction by administration of nitroglycerin in cardiac patients through imbalance in redox status

Purpose

The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of nitroglycerin in the pathogenesis of cataract.

Design

Prospective study.

Patient and methods

This study was performed in adults from tertiary Saudi Arabian hospitals (34 males and 26 females in each group, aged from 40 to 60 years), who were divided into four groups with an equal number of subjects (control group, cardiac group, idiopathic cataract group, and a group of cardiac patients using nitroglycerin and with cataracts). Fasting glucose concentrations, blood glycated hemoglobin levels, lipid profiles, and levels of nitrite, conjugated dienes (CD), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced glutathione (GSH) were determined.

Results

Treatment of cardiac patients with nitroglycerin produced an imbalance in their systemic redox status, leading to the development of cataracts, which was reflected by a significant increase in the levels of nitrite, CD, and TBARS and a significant decrease in SOD activity and GSH, compared with idiopathic cataract patients. The results of correlation studies and multiple regression analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between different biochemical parameters (GSH, SOD, TBARS, CD, and nitrite) in the blood and lens in both idiopathic cataract patients and cardiac patients treated with nitroglycerin.

Conclusion

The study points to the relative and predictive effects of nitric oxide derived from nitroglycerin in the development of cataract in the presence of the oxidative stress induced by nitroglycerin treatment.

Nitric oxide levels in patients with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Altered serum nitric oxide (NO) levels in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) have been reported by different studies; however, results are still controversial. Until this date, no meta-analysis evaluated the association of NO levels with DM. Thus, this paper describes a meta-analysis conducted to evaluate if there is a relationship between NO levels and type 1 DM (T1DM) or type 2 DM (T2DM).

METHODS

A literature search was done to identify all studies that investigated NO levels between T1DM or T2DM patients (cases) and non-diabetic subjects (controls). Measurement of nitrate and nitrite (NOx - the stable NO products) were used to estimate NO concentrations because they closely reflect NO bioavailability. Weighted mean differences (WMD) of NOx levels between case and control samples were calculated for T1DM and T2DM groups.

RESULTS

Thirty studies were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis (8 in T1DM samples and 22 in T2DM samples). NOx levels were increased in European T1DM patients compared with controls [random effect model (REM) WMD = 8.55, 95% CI 2.88 - 14.21]. No other ethnicity was evaluated in T1DM studies. NOx levels were also increased in both European (REM WMD = 18.76, 95% CI 1.67 - 35.85) and Asian (REM WMD = 18.41, 95% CI 8.01 - 28.81) T2DM patients, but not in Latin American patients compared with controls.

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis detected a significant increase in NOx levels in European T1DM patients as well as European and Asian T2DM patients. Further studies in other ethnicities are necessary to confirm these data.

Biochemical Constituents and in Vitro Antioxidant and Anticholinesterase Potential of Seeds from Native Korean Persimmon Genotypes

In the current study, the functional and biochemical potential of the seeds of four persimmon cultivars (PC1, PC2, PC3 and PC4) and their role against oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition were evaluated. In terms of biochemical compositions, free amino acids, fatty acids and organic acids analysis was performed. The free amino acids ranged from 2617.31 (PC2) to 3773.01 μg∙g(-1) dry weight (PC4). Oleic acid and linoleic acid were the principal fatty acids, which were significantly higher in PC4 and PC1, respectively. PC4 presented the highest amount of organic acid content (4212 mg∙kg(-1)), whereas PC2 presented the lowest (2498 mg∙kg(-1)). PC2 contained higher total phenolic content and flavonoid content, whereas PC3 had the lowest amount as compared to other cultivars. The in vitro DPPH, ABTS and superoxide anion radicals scavenging activity increased in a dose-dependent manner, whereas PC2 showed significantly higher scavenging activities as compared to PC1, PC2 and PC4 types. In the case of AChE inhibition, PC4 showed a moderate activity (67.34% ± 1.8%). In conclusion, the current findings reveal that the studied persimmon seeds cultivars are a source of bioactive natural antioxidants and AChE inhibitors. Such natural products could be employed in pharmaceutical and food industries, whilst can also be considered for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's.

Protection by sildenafil and theophylline of lead acetate-induced oxidative stress in rat submandibular gland and saliva

The role of oxidative stress in lead toxicity has been proposed in many organs, however, no study has been performed in the salivary glands, which are important parts of the gastrointestinal tract with a high implication in health of the whole body. Recently, it has been proposed that increasing the levels of cGMP and cAMP in the cells may protect from the neurotoxicity of lead. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of lead acetate to produce oxidative stress in rat submandibular as the main salivary gland of the body and to study the role of pretreatment by specific phosphodiesterase inhibitors in the prevention of oxidative stress. Lead acetate (100 mg/kg), alone or in combination with theophylline (25 mg/kg) and sildenafil (5 mg/kg), was administered intraperitoneally to rats. After 2 hours and under general anaesthesia, the submandibular gland ducts were cannulated intraorally using microcannula, and pure saliva was collected for 30 min using pilocarpine (8 mg/kg) as a secretagogue. The submandibular glands were then isolated free under surgery. Oxidative stress in the gland and pure saliva were evaluated measuring lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay), total thiol groups content and total antioxidant capacity (the ferric reducing ability assay). Results showed significant oxidative stress in the gland and secretions as indicated by increased lipid peroxidation, decreased total antioxidant capacity and thiol group levels. The use of cAMP and cGMP phosodiesterase inhibitors, theophylline and sildenafil, prevented leadinduced increased lipid peroxidation and also protected from decreased thiol groups content and total antioxidant power of the gland and secretions. The same trend of effects was observed in gland and saliva. It is concluded that lead toxicity is mediated through oxidative stress in salivary glands, while increasing intracellular cAMP and cGMP levels may prevent lead-induced oxidative stress.

Vitamin E Improves Serum Paraoxonase-1 Activity and Some Metabolic Factors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: No Effects on Nitrite/Nitrate Levels

OBJECTIVE

It is known that markers of oxidative stress and nitrite/nitrate anion (NO_x) increase and activity of antioxidative enzyme paraoxonase-1 decline in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). The effects of vitamin E on paraoxonase-1 activity and NO_x in patients with type 2 diabetes are not known. The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that vitamin E supplementation would affect paraoxonase-1 activity, metabolic factors, and NO_x in patients with DM.

METHODS

This double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted on 83 patients with DM aged 30-60 years. Forty-two of the subjects had taken 400 IU/day vitamin E and 41 were given placebo over 8 weeks. Fasting blood samples, anthropometric measurements, and dietary intake data were collected at the baseline and at the end of the trial.

RESULTS

Vitamin E significantly increased serum vitamin E level, paraoxonase-1 activity, and total antioxidant status (TAS) and decreased fasting blood sugar (FBS) compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Hemoglobin A1c, serum insulin, and insulin resistance significantly decreased in the vitamin E group compared to baseline values (p < 0.05). Alterations in serum levels of malondialdehyde and NO_x were not significant in any of groups (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Vitamin E improved serum vitamin E level, paraoxonase-1 activity, TAS, and FBS in patients with type 2 diabetes. Longitudinal studies are warranted to assess the outcome of these results in reducing complications of diabetes in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Progressive Induction of Type 2 Diabetes: Effects of a Reality-Like Fructose Enriched Diet in Young Wistar Rats

Purpose

The aim of this study was to characterize short and medium-lasting effects of fructose supplementation on young Wistar rats. The diet was similar to actual human consumption.

Methods

Three week old male rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: control (C; n = 16), fructose fed (FF; n = 16) with a fructose enriched drink for 6 or 12 weeks. Bodyweight, fasting glycemia and systolic blood pressure were monitored. Glucose tolerance was evaluated using an oral glucose tolerance test. Insulinemia was measured concomitantly and enable us to calculate insulin resistance markers (HOMA-IR, Insulin Sensitivity Index for glycemia: ISI-gly). Blood chemistry analyses were performed.

Results

After six weeks of fructose supplementation, rats were not overweight but presented increased fasting glycemia, reduced glucose tolerance, and lower insulin sensitivity compared to control group. Systolic blood pressure and heart weight were also increased without any change in renal function (theoretical creatinine clearance). After twelve weeks of fructose supplementation, FF rats had increased bodyweight and presented insulin resistance (higher HOMA-IR, lower ISI-gly). Rats also presented higher heart volume and lower ASAT/ALAT ratio (presumed liver lesion). Surprisingly, the Total Cholesterol/Triglycerides ratio was increased only after six weeks of fructose supplementation, predicting a higher LDL presence and thus a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease. This risk was no longer present after twelve weeks of a fructose enriched diet.

Conclusion

On young Wistar rats, six weeks of fructose supplementation is sufficient to induce signs of metabolic syndrome. After twelve weeks of fructose enriched diet, rats are insulin resistant. This model enabled us to study longitudinally the early development of type 2 diabetes.

Diabetic Polyneuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Mitochondrial Function

Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is defined as peripheral nerve dysfunction. There are three main alterations involved in the pathologic changes of DPN: inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Inflammation induces activation of nuclear factor kappa B, activator protein 1, and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Oxidative stress induced by hyperglycemia is mediated by several identified pathways: polyol, hexosamine, protein kinase C, advanced glycosylation end-products, and glycolysis. In addition, mitochondrial dysfunction accounts for most of the production of reactive oxygen and nitrosative species. These free radicals cause lipid peroxidation, protein modification, and nucleic acid damage, to finally induce axonal degeneration and segmental demyelination. The prevalence of DPN ranges from 2.4% to 78.8% worldwide, depending on the diagnostic method and the population assessed (hospital-based or outpatients). Risk factors include age, male gender, duration of diabetes, uncontrolled glycaemia, height, overweight and obesity, and insulin treatment. Several diagnostic methods have been developed, and composite scores combined with nerve conduction studies are the most reliable to identify early DPN. Treatment should be directed to improve etiologic factors besides reducing symptoms; several approaches have been evaluated to reduce neuropathic impairments and improve nerve conduction, such as oral antidiabetics, statins, and antioxidants (alpha-lipoic acid, ubiquinone, and flavonoids).

Chronic Aerobic Exercise Decreases Lectin-Like Low Density Lipoprotein (LOX-1) Receptor Expression in Heart of Diabetic Rat

BACKGROUND

Overexpression of lectin-like low density lipoprotein (LOX-1) receptor plays an important role in hyperglycemia-induced vascular complications such as atherosclerosis. Based on the beneficial effects of exercise on preventing cardiovascular complications of diabetes, we aimed to examine the protective effects of aerobic exercise on expression of LOX-1 receptor and production of free radicals in the heart of diabetic rats.

METHODS

Four groups of rats were used: (n = 5 per group): sedentary normal, trained normal, sedentary diabetes and trained diabetes. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). The exercise protocol was consisted of swimming 30 min/day, 5 days/week for eight weeks. Plasma glucose was evaluated at initiation, weeks 4 and 8 of experiment. At the end of experiment, rats were sacrificed and the heart was removed for determination of nitrate, malondialdehyde, and LOX-1 gene expression.

RESULTS

In normal non-diabetic rats, the blood glucose level was <150 mg/dl; however, the induction of diabetes resulted in levels more than >400 mg/dl. Gene expression of LOX-1 was increased in the heart of diabetic rats. Exercise reduced the gene expression of this protein in diabetic states without reducing the blood glucose. Finally, swimming exercise decreased the malondialdehyde and nitrate levels in heart tissue both in control and diabetic rats.

CONCLUSION

Swimming exercise reduces heart expression of the LOX-1 receptor in accompany with reduction of free radicals production. Since these parameters are important in generation of diabetic complications, swimming exercise is a good candidate for reducing these complications.

Evaluation of Pre-Treatment and Post-Treatment S100B, Oxidant and Antioxidant Capacity in Children with Diabetic Ketoacidosis

OBJECTIVE

The study aimed to evaluate the pre-treatment and post-treatment oxidant capacity, antioxidant capacity and S100B protein levels in cases of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).

METHODS

The study included 49 pediatric patients diagnosed with DKA and a control group comprising 49 healthy children. Blood samples were obtained after confirmation of the DKA diagnosis and also after treatment. S100B, total oxidant (TOL) and total antioxidant levels (TAL) were measured and the oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated.

RESULTS

When the pre-treatment and post-treatment values of patients with DKA were compared with those of the healthy control group, the S100B level, TOL, TAL and OSI were found to be significantly higher in the diabetes group (p<0.001). Pre-treatment TOL and TAL were also significantly higher than post-treatment levels (p<0.001), while no statistically significant difference was found in the S100B levels or the OSI (p>0.05).

CONCLUSION

We believe that long-term exposure to high blood glucose concentrations leads to an increase in TOL in patients with DKA and that the neurotransmitter changes that develop in response to this exposure lead to an increase in S100B levels, which is an indicator of neuronal damage.