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Zhang J, Liu Y. Epithelial stem cells and niches in lung alveolar regeneration and diseases. CHINESE MEDICAL JOURNAL PULMONARY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE 2024; 2:17-26. [PMID: 38645714 PMCID: PMC11027191 DOI: 10.1016/j.pccm.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Alveoli serve as the functional units of the lungs, responsible for the critical task of blood-gas exchange. Comprising type I (AT1) and type II (AT2) cells, the alveolar epithelium is continuously subject to external aggressors like pathogens and airborne particles. As such, preserving lung function requires both the homeostatic renewal and reparative regeneration of this epithelial layer. Dysfunctions in these processes contribute to various lung diseases. Recent research has pinpointed specific cell subgroups that act as potential stem or progenitor cells for the alveolar epithelium during both homeostasis and regeneration. Additionally, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells synergistically establish a nurturing microenvironment-or "niche"-that modulates these epithelial stem cells. This review aims to consolidate the latest findings on the identities of these stem cells and the components of their niche, as well as the molecular mechanisms that govern them. Additionally, this article highlights diseases that arise due to perturbations in stem cell-niche interactions. We also discuss recent technical innovations that have catalyzed these discoveries. Specifically, this review underscores the heterogeneity, plasticity, and dynamic regulation of these stem cell-niche systems. It is our aspiration that a deeper understanding of the fundamental cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying alveolar homeostasis and regeneration will open avenues for identifying novel therapeutic targets for conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), fibrosis, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Yuru Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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2
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He H, Bell SM, Davis AK, Zhao S, Sridharan A, Na CL, Guo M, Xu Y, Snowball J, Swarr DT, Zacharias WJ, Whitsett JA. PRDM3/16 Regulate Chromatin Accessibility Required for NKX2-1 Mediated Alveolar Epithelial Differentiation and Function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.20.570481. [PMID: 38187557 PMCID: PMC10769259 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.20.570481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Differential chromatin accessibility accompanies and mediates transcriptional control of diverse cell fates and their differentiation during embryogenesis. While the critical role of NKX2-1 and its transcriptional targets in lung morphogenesis and pulmonary epithelial cell differentiation is increasingly known, mechanisms by which chromatin accessibility alters the epigenetic landscape and how NKX2-1 interacts with other co-activators required for alveolar epithelial cell differentiation and function are not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that the paired domain zinc finger transcriptional regulators PRDM3 and PRDM16 regulate chromatin accessibility to mediate cell differentiation decisions during lung morphogenesis. Combined deletion of Prdm3 and Prdm16 in early lung endoderm caused perinatal lethality due to respiratory failure from loss of AT2 cell function. Prdm3/16 deletion led to the accumulation of partially differentiated AT1 cells and loss of AT2 cells. Combination of single cell RNA-seq, bulk ATAC-seq, and CUT&RUN demonstrated that PRDM3 and PRDM16 enhanced chromatin accessibility at NKX2-1 transcriptional targets in peripheral epithelial cells, all three factors binding together at a multitude of cell-type specific cis-active DNA elements. Network analysis demonstrated that PRDM3/16 regulated genes critical for perinatal AT2 cell differentiation, surfactant homeostasis, and innate host defense. Lineage specific deletion of PRDM3/16 in AT2 cells led to lineage infidelity, with PRDM3/16 null cells acquiring partial AT1 fate. Together, these data demonstrate that NKX2-1-dependent regulation of alveolar epithelial cell differentiation is mediated by epigenomic modulation via PRDM3/16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua He
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, West China Second University Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Sheila M. Bell
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
| | - Ashley Kuenzi Davis
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
| | - Shuyang Zhao
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
| | - Anusha Sridharan
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
| | - Cheng-Lun Na
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
| | - Minzhe Guo
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Yan Xu
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - John Snowball
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
| | - Daniel T. Swarr
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - William J. Zacharias
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Jeffrey A. Whitsett
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
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3
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Cosi I, Moccia A, Pescucci C, Munagala U, Di Giorgio S, Sineo I, Conticello SG, Notaro R, De Angioletti M. Identification and characterization of novel ETV4 splice variants in prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5267. [PMID: 37002241 PMCID: PMC10066307 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
ETV4, one of ETS proteins overexpressed in prostate cancer, promotes migration, invasion, and proliferation in prostate cells. This study identifies a series of previously unknown ETV4 alternatively spliced transcripts in human prostate cell lines. Their expression has been validated using several unbiased techniques, including Nanopore sequencing. Most of these transcripts originate from an in-frame exon skipping and, thus, are expected to be translated into ETV4 protein isoforms. Functional analysis of the most abundant among these isoforms shows that they still bear an activity, namely a reduced ability to promote proliferation and a residual ability to regulate the transcription of ETV4 target genes. Alternatively spliced genes are common in cancer cells: an analysis of the TCGA dataset confirms the abundance of these novel ETV4 transcripts in prostate tumors, in contrast to peritumoral tissues. Since none of their translated isoforms have acquired a higher oncogenic potential, such abundance is likely to reflect the tumor deranged splicing machinery. However, it is also possible that their interaction with the canonical variants may contribute to the biology and the clinics of prostate cancer. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the biological role of these ETV4 transcripts and of their putative isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cosi
- Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
- ICCOM - National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Annalisa Moccia
- Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Pescucci
- Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Uday Munagala
- Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Salvatore Di Giorgio
- Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Sineo
- Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvestro G Conticello
- Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
- IFC - National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosario Notaro
- Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
- IFC - National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria De Angioletti
- Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy.
- ICCOM - National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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4
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Brownfield DG, de Arce AD, Ghelfi E, Gillich A, Desai TJ, Krasnow MA. Alveolar cell fate selection and lifelong maintenance of AT2 cells by FGF signaling. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7137. [PMID: 36414616 PMCID: PMC9681748 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung's gas exchange surface is comprised of alveolar AT1 and AT2 cells that are corrupted in several common and deadly diseases. They arise from a bipotent progenitor whose differentiation is thought to be dictated by differential mechanical forces. Here we show the critical determinant is FGF signaling. Fgfr2 is expressed in the developing progenitors in mouse then restricts to nascent AT2 cells and remains on throughout life. Its ligands are expressed in surrounding mesenchyme and can, in the absence of exogenous mechanical cues, induce progenitors to form alveolospheres with intermingled AT2 and AT1 cells. FGF signaling directly and cell autonomously specifies AT2 fate; progenitors lacking Fgfr2 in vitro and in vivo exclusively acquire AT1 fate. Fgfr2 loss in AT2 cells perinatally results in reprogramming to AT1 identity, whereas loss or inhibition later in life triggers AT2 apoptosis and compensatory regeneration. We propose that Fgfr2 signaling selects AT2 fate during development, induces a cell non-autonomous AT1 differentiation signal, then continuously maintains AT2 identity and survival throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Brownfield
- Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305-5307, USA.
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Departments of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Alex Diaz de Arce
- Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305-5307, USA
| | - Elisa Ghelfi
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Astrid Gillich
- Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305-5307, USA
| | - Tushar J Desai
- Department of Internal Medicine and Stem Cell Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Mark A Krasnow
- Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305-5307, USA.
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5
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Deuper L, Meuser M, Thiesler H, Jany UWH, Rudat C, Hildebrandt H, Trowe MO, Kispert A. Mesenchymal FGFR1 and FGFR2 control patterning of the ureteric mesenchyme by balancing SHH and BMP4 signaling. Development 2022; 149:276592. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The coordinated development of the mesenchymal and epithelial progenitors of the murine ureter depends on a complex interplay of diverse signaling activities. We have recently shown that epithelial FGFR2 signaling regulates stratification and differentiation of the epithelial compartment by enhancing epithelial Shh expression, and mesenchymal SHH and BMP4 activity. Here, we show that FGFR1 and FGFR2 expression in the mesenchymal primordium impinges on the SHH/BMP4 signaling axis to regulate mesenchymal patterning and differentiation. Mouse embryos with conditional loss of Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 in the ureteric mesenchyme exhibited reduced mesenchymal proliferation and prematurely activated lamina propria formation at the expense of the smooth muscle cell program. They also manifested hydroureter at birth. Molecular profiling detected increased SHH, WNT and retinoic acid signaling, whereas BMP4 signaling in the mesenchyme was reduced. Pharmacological activation of SHH signaling in combination with inhibition of BMP4 signaling recapitulated the cellular changes in explant cultures of wild-type ureters. Additional experiments suggest that mesenchymal FGFR1 and FGFR2 act as a sink for FGF ligands to dampen activation of Shh and BMP receptor gene expression by epithelial FGFR2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Deuper
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover 1 , 30625 Hannover , Germany
| | - Max Meuser
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover 1 , 30625 Hannover , Germany
| | - Hauke Thiesler
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover 2 , 30625 Hannover , Germany
| | - Ulrich W. H. Jany
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover 1 , 30625 Hannover , Germany
| | - Carsten Rudat
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover 1 , 30625 Hannover , Germany
| | - Herbert Hildebrandt
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover 2 , 30625 Hannover , Germany
| | - Mark-Oliver Trowe
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover 1 , 30625 Hannover , Germany
| | - Andreas Kispert
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover 1 , 30625 Hannover , Germany
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6
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Ali M, LaCanna R, Lian Z, Huang J, Tan Y, Shao W, Yu X, Tian Y. Transcriptional responses to injury of regenerative lung alveolar epithelium. iScience 2022; 25:104843. [PMID: 35996586 PMCID: PMC9391595 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance of alveolar epithelial type 2 (AT2) cell proliferation for lung alveolar epithelial homeostasis and regeneration after injury has been widely accepted. However, the heterogeneity of AT2 cell population for cell proliferation capacity remains disputed. By single-cell RNA sequencing and genetic lineage labeling using the Ki67 knock-in mouse model, we map all proliferative AT2 cells in homeostatic and regenerating murine lungs after injury induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. The proliferative AT2 cell population displays a unique transcriptional program, which is regulated by activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and thyroid hormone receptor alpha (THRA) transcription factors. Overexpression of these two transcription factors in AT2 cells promoted AT2 cell proliferation and improved lung function after injury. These results indicate that increased expression of ATF3 and THRA at the onset of lung epithelial regeneration is required to permit rapid AT2 cell proliferation and hence progression through the recovery of lung epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Ali
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ryan LaCanna
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Zhaorui Lian
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Jian Huang
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Yinfei Tan
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Wenna Shao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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7
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Wasnick RM, Shalashova I, Wilhelm J, Khadim A, Schmidt N, Hackstein H, Hecker A, Hoetzenecker K, Seeger W, Bellusci S, El Agha E, Ruppert C, Guenther A. Differential LysoTracker Uptake Defines Two Populations of Distal Epithelial Cells in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Cells 2022; 11:235. [PMID: 35053350 PMCID: PMC8773634 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal degenerative lung disease of unknown etiology. Although in its final stages it implicates, in a reactive manner, all lung cell types, the initial damage involves the alveolar epithelial compartment, in particular the alveolar epithelial type 2 cells (AEC2s). AEC2s serve dual progenitor and surfactant secreting functions, both of which are deeply impacted in IPF. Thus, we hypothesize that the size of the surfactant processing compartment, as measured by LysoTracker incorporation, allows the identification of different epithelial states in the IPF lung. Flow cytometry analysis of epithelial LysoTracker incorporation delineates two populations (Lysohigh and Lysolow) of AEC2s that behave in a compensatory manner during bleomycin injury and in the donor/IPF lung. Employing flow cytometry and transcriptomic analysis of cells isolated from donor and IPF lungs, we demonstrate that the Lysohigh population expresses all classical AEC2 markers and is drastically diminished in IPF. The Lysolow population, which is increased in proportion in IPF, co-expressed AEC2 and basal cell markers, resembling the phenotype of the previously identified intermediate AEC2 population in the IPF lung. In that regard, we provide an in-depth flow-cytometry characterization of LysoTracker uptake, HTII-280, proSP-C, mature SP-B, NGFR, KRT5, and CD24 expression in human lung epithelial cells. Combining functional analysis with extracellular and intracellular marker expression and transcriptomic analysis, we advance the current understanding of epithelial cell behavior and fate in lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Maria Wasnick
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), The German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (I.S.); (J.W.); (A.K.); (N.S.); (W.S.); (S.B.); (E.E.A.); (C.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Irina Shalashova
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), The German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (I.S.); (J.W.); (A.K.); (N.S.); (W.S.); (S.B.); (E.E.A.); (C.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Jochen Wilhelm
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), The German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (I.S.); (J.W.); (A.K.); (N.S.); (W.S.); (S.B.); (E.E.A.); (C.R.); (A.G.)
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ali Khadim
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), The German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (I.S.); (J.W.); (A.K.); (N.S.); (W.S.); (S.B.); (E.E.A.); (C.R.); (A.G.)
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Nicolai Schmidt
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), The German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (I.S.); (J.W.); (A.K.); (N.S.); (W.S.); (S.B.); (E.E.A.); (C.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Holger Hackstein
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Andreas Hecker
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Konrad Hoetzenecker
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Werner Seeger
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), The German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (I.S.); (J.W.); (A.K.); (N.S.); (W.S.); (S.B.); (E.E.A.); (C.R.); (A.G.)
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), The German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (I.S.); (J.W.); (A.K.); (N.S.); (W.S.); (S.B.); (E.E.A.); (C.R.); (A.G.)
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Elie El Agha
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), The German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (I.S.); (J.W.); (A.K.); (N.S.); (W.S.); (S.B.); (E.E.A.); (C.R.); (A.G.)
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Clemens Ruppert
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), The German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (I.S.); (J.W.); (A.K.); (N.S.); (W.S.); (S.B.); (E.E.A.); (C.R.); (A.G.)
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- European IPF Registry/UGLMC Giessen Biobank, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Guenther
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), The German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (I.S.); (J.W.); (A.K.); (N.S.); (W.S.); (S.B.); (E.E.A.); (C.R.); (A.G.)
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
- European IPF Registry/UGLMC Giessen Biobank, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Lung Clinic Waldhof-Elgershausen, 35753 Greifenstein, Germany
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8
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Lang C, Conrad L, Iber D. Organ-Specific Branching Morphogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:671402. [PMID: 34150767 PMCID: PMC8212048 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.671402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A common developmental process, called branching morphogenesis, generates the epithelial trees in a variety of organs, including the lungs, kidneys, and glands. How branching morphogenesis can create epithelial architectures of very different shapes and functions remains elusive. In this review, we compare branching morphogenesis and its regulation in lungs and kidneys and discuss the role of signaling pathways, the mesenchyme, the extracellular matrix, and the cytoskeleton as potential organ-specific determinants of branch position, orientation, and shape. Identifying the determinants of branch and organ shape and their adaptation in different organs may reveal how a highly conserved developmental process can be adapted to different structural and functional frameworks and should provide important insights into epithelial morphogenesis and developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lang
- Department of Biosystems, Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Conrad
- Department of Biosystems, Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dagmar Iber
- Department of Biosystems, Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Zhang X, Zhao X, Li G, Zhang M, Xing P, Li Z, Chen B, Yang H, Wu Z. Establishment of Etv5 gene knockout mice as a recipient model for spermatogonial stem cell transplantation. Biol Open 2021; 10:bio.056804. [PMID: 33298570 PMCID: PMC7803462 DOI: 10.1242/bio.056804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) transplantation is an alternative reproductive method to achieve conservation and production of elite animals in livestock production. Creating a recipient animal without endogenous germ cells is important for effective SSC transplantation. However, natural mutants with depletion of SSCs are difficult to obtain, and drug ablation of endogenous germ cells is arduous to perform for practical use. In this study, we used mouse models to study the preparation of recipients with congenital germ cell ablation. We knocked out (KO) Ets-variant gene 5 (Etv5) in mice using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The testicular weight of Etv5 -/- mice was significantly lower than that of wild-type (WT) mice. The germ cell layer of the seminiferous tubules gradually receded with age in Etv5 -/- mice. At 12 weeks of age, the tubules of Etv5 -/- mice lacked almost all spermatogenic cells with a Sertoli cell-only phenotype, and sperm were completely absent in the epididymis. We subsequently transplanted allogeneic SSCs with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) into 3- (immature) or 7-week-old (mature) Etv5 -/- mice. Partial restoration of germ cell layers in the seminiferous tubules and spermatogenesis was observed in all immature testes but not in mature adult testes at 2 months post-transplantation. The presence of heterologous genes Etv5 and EGFP in recipient testicular tissue and epididymal sperm by PCR indicated that sperm originated from the transplanted donor cells. Our study demonstrates that, although Etv5 -/- mice could accommodate and support foreign germ cell transplantation, this process occurs in a quite low efficiency to support a full spermatogenesis of transplanted SSCs. However, using Etv5 -/- mice as a recipient model for SSC transplantation is feasible, and still needs further investigation to establish an optimized transplantation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guoling Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mao Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pingping Xing
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zicong Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bin Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Huaqiang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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10
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Expression of Pea3 protein subfamily members in hippocampus and potential regulation following neuronal stimulation. Neurosci Lett 2020; 738:135348. [PMID: 32891673 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pea3 proteins belong to a subfamily of the E-twentysix (ETS) domain superfamily of transcription factors, which play various roles during development. Polyoma Enhancer-Activator 3 (Pea3) proteins Pea3, ERM and Er81 are particularly involved in tissues with branching morphogenesis, including kidney, lung, mammary gland and nervous system development. A recent transcriptomic study on novel targets of Pea3 transcription factor revealed various axon guidance and nervous system development related targets, supporting a role of Pea3 proteins in motor neuron connectivity, as well as novel targets in signaling pathways involved in synaptic plasticity. This study focuses on the expression of Pea3 family members in hippocampal neurons, and regulation of putative Pea3 targets in Pea3-overexpressing cell lines and following induction of long-term potentiation or seizure in vivo. We show that Pea3 proteins are expressed in hippocampus in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells, and that Pea3 represses Elk-1 but activates Prkca and Nrcam expression in hippocampal cell lines. We also show that mRNA and protein levels of Pea3 family members are differentially regulated in the dentate gyrus and CA1 region upon MECS stimulation, but not upon LTP induction.
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11
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Zhang F, Wang S, Zhu J. ETS variant transcription factor 5 and c-Myc cooperate in derepressing the human telomerase gene promoter via composite ETS/E-box motifs. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10062-10075. [PMID: 32518154 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human telomerase gene (hTERT) is repressed in most somatic cells. How transcription factors activate the hTERT promoter in its repressive chromatin environment is unknown. Here, we report that the ETS family protein ETS variant transcription factor 5 (ETV5) mediates epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced hTERT expression in MCF10A cells. This activation required MYC proto-oncogene bHLH transcription factor (c-Myc) and depended on the chromatin state of the hTERT promoter. Using chromatinized bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) reporters in human fibroblasts, we found that ETV5 and c-Myc/MYC-associated factor X (MAX) synergistically activate the hTERT promoter via two identical, but inverted, composite Ets/E-box motifs enclosing the core promoter. Mutations of Ets or E-box sites in either DNA motif abolished the activation and reduced or eliminated the synergism. ETV5 and c-Myc facilitated each other's binding to the hTERT promoter. ETV5 bound to the hTERT promoter in both telomerase-negative and -positive cells, but it activated the repressed hTERT promoter and altered histone modifications only in telomerase-negative cells. The synergistic ETV5/c-Myc activation disappeared when hTERT promoter repression became relieved because of the loss of distal regulatory elements in chimeric human/mouse BAC reporters. Our results suggest that the binding of c-Myc and ETS family proteins to the Ets/E-box motifs derepresses the hTERT promoter by inducing an active promoter configuration, providing a mechanistic insight into hTERT activation during tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Shuwen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Jiyue Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, Washington, USA
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12
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Aspal M, Zemans RL. Mechanisms of ATII-to-ATI Cell Differentiation during Lung Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3188. [PMID: 32366033 PMCID: PMC7246911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The alveolar epithelium consists of (ATI) and type II (ATII) cells. ATI cells cover the majority of the alveolar surface due to their thin, elongated shape and are largely responsible for barrier function and gas exchange. During lung injury, ATI cells are susceptible to injury, including cell death. Under some circumstances, ATII cells also die. To regenerate lost epithelial cells, ATII cells serve as progenitor cells. They proliferate to create new ATII cells and then differentiate into ATI cells [1,2,3]. Regeneration of ATI cells is critical to restore normal barrier and gas exchange function. Although the signaling pathways by which ATII cells proliferate have been explored [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12], the mechanisms of ATII-to-ATI cell differentiation have not been well studied until recently. New studies have uncovered signaling pathways that mediate ATII-to-ATI differentiation. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling inhibits ATII proliferation and promotes differentiation. Wnt/β-catenin and ETS variant transcription factor 5 (Etv5) signaling promote proliferation and inhibit differentiation. Delta-like 1 homolog (Dlk1) leads to a precisely timed inhibition of Notch signaling in later stages of alveolar repair, activating differentiation. Yes-associated protein/Transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (YAP/TAZ) signaling appears to promote both proliferation and differentiation. We recently identified a novel transitional cell state through which ATII cells pass as they differentiate into ATI cells, and this has been validated by others in various models of lung injury. This intermediate cell state is characterized by the activation of Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and other pathways, and some evidence suggests that TGFβ signaling induces and maintains this state. While the abovementioned signaling pathways have all been shown to be involved in ATII-to-ATI cell differentiation during lung regeneration, there is much that remains to be understood. The up- and down-stream signaling events by which these pathways are activated and by which they induce ATI cell differentiation are unknown. In addition, it is still unknown how the various mechanistic steps from each pathway interact with one another to control differentiation. Based on these recent studies that identified major signaling pathways driving ATII-to-ATI differentiation during alveolar regeneration, additional studies can be devised to understand the interaction between these pathways as they work in a coordinated manner to regulate differentiation. Moreover, the knowledge from these studies may eventually be used to develop new clinical treatments that accelerate epithelial cell regeneration in individuals with excessive lung damage, such as patients with the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), pulmonary fibrosis, and emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Aspal
- College of Literature, Science and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rachel L Zemans
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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13
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Finn J, Sottoriva K, Pajcini KV, Kitajewski JK, Chen C, Zhang W, Malik AB, Liu Y. Dlk1-Mediated Temporal Regulation of Notch Signaling Is Required for Differentiation of Alveolar Type II to Type I Cells during Repair. Cell Rep 2020; 26:2942-2954.e5. [PMID: 30865885 PMCID: PMC6464111 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung alveolar type I cells (AT1) and alveolar type II cells (AT2) regulate the structural integrity and function of alveoli. AT1, covering ∼95% of the surface area, are responsible for gas exchange, whereas AT2 serve multiple functions, including alveolar repair through proliferation and differentiation into AT1. However, the signaling mechanisms for alveolar repair remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate, in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced acute lung injury in mice, that non-canonical Notch ligand Dlk1 (delta-like 1 homolog) is essential for AT2-to-AT1 differentiation. Notch signaling was activated in AT2 at the onset of repair but later suppressed by Dlk1. Deletion of Dlk1 in AT2 induced persistent Notch activation, resulting in stalled transition to AT1 and accumulation of an intermediate cell population that expressed low levels of both AT1 and AT2 markers. Thus, Dlk1 expression leads to precisely timed inhibition of Notch signaling and activates AT2-to-AT1 differentiation, leading to alveolar repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Finn
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kilian Sottoriva
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kostandin V Pajcini
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jan K Kitajewski
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Chang Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Asrar B Malik
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Yuru Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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14
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Complementary Activity of ETV5, RBPJ, and TCF3 Drives Formative Transition from Naive Pluripotency. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 24:785-801.e7. [PMID: 31031137 PMCID: PMC6509416 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The gene regulatory network (GRN) of naive mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) must be reconfigured to enable lineage commitment. TCF3 sanctions rewiring by suppressing components of the ESC transcription factor circuitry. However, TCF3 depletion only delays and does not prevent transition to formative pluripotency. Here, we delineate additional contributions of the ETS-family transcription factor ETV5 and the repressor RBPJ. In response to ERK signaling, ETV5 switches activity from supporting self-renewal and undergoes genome relocation linked to commissioning of enhancers activated in formative epiblast. Independent upregulation of RBPJ prevents re-expression of potent naive factors, TBX3 and NANOG, to secure exit from the naive state. Triple deletion of Etv5, Rbpj, and Tcf3 disables ESCs, such that they remain largely undifferentiated and locked in self-renewal, even in the presence of differentiation stimuli. Thus, genetic elimination of three complementary drivers of network transition stalls developmental progression, emulating environmental insulation by small-molecule inhibitors.
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15
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Azami T, Bassalert C, Allègre N, Estrella LV, Pouchin P, Ema M, Chazaud C. Regulation of ERK signalling pathway in the developing mouse blastocyst. Development 2019; 146:dev.177139. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.177139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the ERK signalling pathway is essential for the differentiation of the inner cell mass (ICM) during mouse preimplantation development. We show here that ERK phosphorylation is present in ICM precursor cells, in differentiated Primitive Endoderm (PrE) cells as well as in the mature, formative state Epiblast (Epi). We further show that DUSP4 and ETV5, factors often involved in negative feedback loops of the FGF pathway are differently regulated. While DUSP4 presence clearly depends on ERK phosphorylation in PrE cells, ETV5 localises mainly to Epi cells. Unexpectedly, ETV5 accumulation does not depend on direct activation by ERK but requires NANOG activity. Indeed ETV5, like Fgf4 expression, is not present in Nanog mutant embryos. Our results lead us to propose that in pluripotent early Epi cells, NANOG induces the expression of both Fgf4 and Etv5 to enable the differentiation of neighbouring cells into PrE while protecting the Epi identity from autocrine signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Azami
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Cécilia Bassalert
- GReD laboratory, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, Faculté de Médecine, CRBC, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Allègre
- GReD laboratory, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, Faculté de Médecine, CRBC, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lorena Valverde Estrella
- GReD laboratory, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, Faculté de Médecine, CRBC, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Pouchin
- GReD laboratory, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, Faculté de Médecine, CRBC, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study 606-8501, Japan
| | - Claire Chazaud
- GReD laboratory, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, Faculté de Médecine, CRBC, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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16
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Danopoulos S, Thornton ME, Grubbs BH, Frey MR, Warburton D, Bellusci S, Al Alam D. Discordant roles for FGF ligands in lung branching morphogenesis between human and mouse. J Pathol 2018; 247:254-265. [PMID: 30357827 DOI: 10.1002/path.5188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling plays an important role in lung organogenesis. Over recent decades, FGF signaling in lung development has been extensively studied in animal models. However, little is known about the expression, localization, and functional roles of FGF ligands during human fetal lung development. Therefore, we aimed to determine the expression and function of several FGF ligands and receptors in human lung development. Using in situ hybridization (ISH) and RNA sequencing, we assessed their expression and distribution in native human fetal lung. Human fetal lung explants were treated with recombinant FGF7, FGF9, or FGF10 in air-liquid interface culture. Explants were analyzed grossly to observe differences in branching pattern as well as at the cellular and molecular level. ISH demonstrated that FGF7 is expressed in both the epithelium and mesenchyme; FGF9 is mainly localized in the distal epithelium, whereas FGF10 demonstrated diffuse expression throughout the parenchyma, with some expression in the smooth muscle cells (SMCs). FGFR2 expression was high in both proximal and distal epithelial cells as well as the SMCs. FGFR3 was expressed mostly in the epithelial cells, with lower expression in the mesenchyme, while FGFR4 was highly expressed throughout the mesenchyme and in the distal epithelium. Using recombinant FGFs, we demonstrated that FGF7 and FGF9 had similar effects on human fetal lung as on mouse fetal lung; however, FGF10 caused the human explants to expand and form cysts as opposed to inducing epithelial branching as seen in the mouse. In conjunction with decreased branching, treatment with recombinant FGF7, FGF9, and FGF10 also resulted in decreased double-positive SOX2/SOX9 progenitor cells, which are exclusively present in the distal epithelial tips in early human fetal lung. Although FGF ligand localization may be somewhat comparable between developing mouse and human lungs, their functional roles may differ substantially. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soula Danopoulos
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew E Thornton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brendan H Grubbs
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark R Frey
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Warburton
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise Al Alam
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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17
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Anxa4 mediated airway progenitor cell migration promotes distal epithelial cell fate specification. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14344. [PMID: 30254199 PMCID: PMC6156511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32494-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies have shown that FGF10/FGFR2 signaling is required for airway branching morphogenesis and FGF10 functions as a chemoattractant factor for distal epithelial cells during lung development. However, the detail downstream cellular and molecular mechanisms have not been fully characterized. Using live imaging of ex vivo cultured lungs, we found that tip airway epithelial progenitor cells migrate faster than cleft cells during airway bud formation and this migration process is controlled by FGFR2-mediated ERK1/2 signaling. Additionally, we found that airway progenitor cells that migrate faster tend to become distal airway progenitor cells. We identified that Anxa4 is a downstream target of ERK1/2 signaling. Anxa4-/- airway epithelial cells exhibit a "lag-behind" behavior and tend to stay at the stalk airways. Moreover, we found that Anxa4-overexpressing cells tend to migrate to the bud tips. Finally, we demonstrated that Anxa4 functions redundantly with Anxa1 and Anxa6 in regulating endoderm budding process. Our study demonstrates that ERK1/2/Anxa4 signaling plays a role in promoting the migration of airway epithelial progenitor cells to distal airway tips and ensuring their distal cell fate.
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18
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FGF-induced Pea3 transcription factors program the genetic landscape for cell fate determination. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007660. [PMID: 30188892 PMCID: PMC6143274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF signaling is a potent inducer of lacrimal gland development in the eye, capable of transforming the corneal epithelium into glandular tissues. Here, we show that genetic ablation of the Pea3 family of transcription factors not only disrupted the ductal elongation and branching of the lacrimal gland, but also biased the lacrimal gland epithelium toward an epidermal cell fate. Analysis of high-throughput gene expression and chromatin immunoprecipitation data revealed that the Pea3 genes directly control both the positive and negative feedback loops of FGF signaling. Importantly, Pea3 genes are also required to suppress aberrant Notch signaling which, if gone unchecked, can compromise lacrimal gland development by preventing the expression of both Sox and Six family genes. These results demonstrate that Pea3 genes are key FGF early response transcriptional factors, programing the genetic landscape for cell fate determination. FGF signaling regulates cell fate decision by inducing genome-wide changes in gene expression. We identified Pea3 family transcription factors as the key effectors of FGF signaling in reprograming the epithelia transcriptome. Pea3 factors control both the feedback and feedforward circuities of FGF signaling in lacrimal gland development. They also activate specific expression of Six and Sox family genes and suppress aberrant activation of Notch signaling. In the absence of Pea3 genes, the lacrimal gland progenitors become epidermal-like in their gene expression patterns. The study of Pea3 function resolves the long standing conundrum of how FGF induces the lacrimal gland fate, providing direction for regenerating the lacrimal gland to treat dry eye diseases.
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19
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Abashev TM, Metzler MA, Wright DM, Sandell LL. Retinoic acid signaling regulates Krt5 and Krt14 independently of stem cell markers in submandibular salivary gland epithelium. Dev Dyn 2018; 246:135-147. [PMID: 27884045 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoic acid (RA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, has been demonstrated to be important for growth and branching morphogenesis of mammalian embryonic salivary gland epithelium. However, it is not known whether RA functions directly within epithelial cells or in associated tissues that influence morphogenesis of salivary epithelium. Moreover, downstream targets of RA regulation have not been identified. RESULTS Here, we show that canonical RA signaling occurs in multiple tissues of embryonic mouse salivary glands, including epithelium, associated parasympathetic ganglion neurons, and nonneuronal mesenchyme. By culturing epithelium explants in isolation from other tissues, we demonstrate that RA influences epithelium morphogenesis by direct action in that tissue. Moreover, we demonstrate that inhibition of RA signaling represses cell proliferation and expression of FGF10 signaling targets, and upregulates expression of basal epithelial keratins Krt5 and Krt14. Importantly, we show that the stem cell gene Kit is regulated inversely from Krt5/Krt14 by RA signaling. CONCLUSIONS RA regulates Krt5 and Krt14 expression independently of stem cell character in developing salivary epithelium. RA, or chemical inhibitors of RA signaling, could potentially be used for modulating growth and differentiation of epithelial stem cells for the purpose of re-populating damaged glands or generating bioengineered organs. Developmental Dynamics 246:135-147, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur M Abashev
- University of Louisville, School of Dentistry, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Melissa A Metzler
- University of Louisville, School of Dentistry, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Diana M Wright
- University of Louisville, School of Dentistry, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Lisa L Sandell
- University of Louisville, School of Dentistry, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology, Louisville, Kentucky
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20
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Activated ALK signals through the ERK-ETV5-RET pathway to drive neuroblastoma oncogenesis. Oncogene 2018; 37:1417-1429. [PMID: 29321660 PMCID: PMC6168456 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Activating mutations of the ALK receptor occur in a subset of neuroblastoma tumors. We previously demonstrated that Alk mutations cooperate with MYCN overexpression to induce neuroblastoma in mice and identified Ret as being strongly upregulated in MYCN/Alkmut tumors. By a genetic approach in vivo, we now document an oncogenic cooperation between activated Ret and MYCN overexpression in neuroblastoma formation. We show that MYCN/RetM919T tumors exhibit histological features and expression profiles close to MYCN/Alkmut tumors. We show that RET transcript levels decrease precedes RET protein levels decrease upon ALK inhibition in neuroblastoma cell lines. Etv5 was identified as a candidate transcription factor regulating Ret expression from murine MYCN/Alkmut tumor transcriptomic data. We demonstrate that ETV5 is regulated both at the protein and mRNA levels upon ALK activation or inhibition in neuroblastoma cell lines and that this regulation precedes RET modulation. We document that ALK activation induces ETV5 protein upregulation through stabilization in a MEK/ERK-dependent manner. We show that RNAi-mediated inhibition of ETV5 decreases RET expression. Reporter assays indicate that ETV5 is able to drive RET gene transcription. ChIP-seq analysis confirmed ETV5 binding on the RET promoter and identified an enhancer upstream of the promoter. Finally, we demonstrate that combining RET and ALK inhibitors reduces tumor growth more efficiently than each single agent in MYCN and AlkF1178L-driven murine neuroblastoma. Altogether, these results define the ERK–ETV5–RET pathway as a critical axis driving neuroblastoma oncogenesis downstream of activated ALK.
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21
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Rutledge EA, Benazet JD, McMahon AP. Cellular heterogeneity in the ureteric progenitor niche and distinct profiles of branching morphogenesis in organ development. Development 2017; 144:3177-3188. [PMID: 28705898 DOI: 10.1242/dev.149112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis creates arborized epithelial networks. In the mammalian kidney, an epithelial progenitor pool at ureteric branch tips (UBTs) creates the urine-transporting collecting system. Using region-specific mouse reporter strains, we performed an RNA-seq screen, identifying tip- and stalk-enriched gene sets in the developing collecting duct system. Detailed in situ hybridization studies of tip-enriched predictions identified UBT-enriched gene sets conserved between the mouse and human kidney. Comparative spatial analysis of their UBT niche expression highlighted distinct patterns of gene expression revealing novel molecular heterogeneity within the UBT progenitor population. To identify kidney-specific and shared programs of branching morphogenesis, comparative expression studies on the developing mouse lung were combined with in silico analysis of the developing mouse salivary gland. These studies highlight a shared gene set with multi-organ tip enrichment and a gene set specific to UBTs. This comprehensive analysis extends our current understanding of the ureteric branch tip niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A Rutledge
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jean-Denis Benazet
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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22
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Efficient Derivation of Functional Human Airway Epithelium from Pluripotent Stem Cells via Temporal Regulation of Wnt Signaling. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 20:844-857.e6. [PMID: 28366587 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Effective derivation of functional airway organoids from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) would provide valuable models of lung disease and facilitate precision therapies for airway disorders such as cystic fibrosis. However, limited understanding of human airway patterning has made this goal challenging. Here, we show that cyclical modulation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway enables rapid directed differentiation of human iPSCs via an NKX2-1+ progenitor intermediate into functional proximal airway organoids. We find that human NKX2-1+ progenitors have high levels of Wnt activation but respond intrinsically to decreases in Wnt signaling by rapidly patterning into proximal airway lineages at the expense of distal fates. Using this directed approach, we were able to generate cystic fibrosis patient-specific iPSC-derived airway organoids with a defect in forskolin-induced swelling that is rescued by gene editing to correct the disease mutation. Our approach has many potential applications in modeling and drug screening for airway diseases.
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Transcription factor Etv5 is essential for the maintenance of alveolar type II cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3903-3908. [PMID: 28351980 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621177114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar type II (AT2) cell dysfunction contributes to a number of significant human pathologies including respiratory distress syndrome, lung adenocarcinoma, and debilitating fibrotic diseases, but the critical transcription factors that maintain AT2 cell identity are unknown. Here we show that the E26 transformation-specific (ETS) family transcription factor Etv5 is essential to maintain AT2 cell identity. Deletion of Etv5 from AT2 cells produced gene and protein signatures characteristic of differentiated alveolar type I (AT1) cells. Consistent with a defect in the AT2 stem cell population, Etv5 deficiency markedly reduced recovery following bleomycin-induced lung injury. Lung tumorigenesis driven by mutant KrasG12D was also compromised by Etv5 deficiency. ERK activation downstream of Ras was found to stabilize Etv5 through inactivation of the cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase CRL4COP1/DET1 that targets Etv5 for proteasomal degradation. These findings identify Etv5 as a critical output of Ras signaling in AT2 cells, contributing to both lung homeostasis and tumor initiation.
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E3 ubiquitin ligase RFWD2 controls lung branching through protein-level regulation of ETV transcription factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:7557-62. [PMID: 27335464 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1603310113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian lung is an elaborate branching organ, and it forms following a highly stereotypical morphogenesis program. It is well established that precise control at the transcript level is a key genetic underpinning of lung branching. In comparison, little is known about how regulation at the protein level may play a role. Ring finger and WD domain 2 (RFWD2, also termed COP1) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that modifies specific target proteins, priming their degradation via the ubiquitin proteasome system. RFWD2 is known to function in the adult in pathogenic processes such as tumorigenesis. Here, we show that prenatal inactivation of Rfwd2 gene in the lung epithelium led to a striking halt in branching morphogenesis shortly after secondary branch formation. This defect is accompanied by distalization of the lung epithelium while growth and cellular differentiation still occurred. In the mutant lung, two E26 transformation-specific (ETS) transcription factors essential for normal lung branching, ETS translocation variant 4 (ETV4) and ETV5, were up-regulated at the protein level, but not at the transcript level. Introduction of Etv loss-of-function alleles into the Rfwd2 mutant background attenuated the branching phenotype, suggesting that RFWD2 functions, at least in part, through degrading ETV proteins. Because a number of E3 ligases are known to target factors important for lung development, our findings provide a preview of protein-level regulatory network essential for lung branching morphogenesis.
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Harada H, Sato T, Nakamura H. Fgf8 signaling for development of the midbrain and hindbrain. Dev Growth Differ 2016; 58:437-45. [PMID: 27273073 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we review how midbrain and hindbrain are specified. Otx2 and Gbx2 are expressed from the early phase of development, and their expression abuts at the midbrain hindbrain boundary (MHB), where Fgf8 expression is induced, and functions as an organizing molecule for the midbrain and hindbrain. Fgf8 induces En1 and Pax2 expression at the region where Otx2 is expressed to specify midbrain. Fgf8 activates Ras-ERK pathway to specify hindbrain. Downstream of ERK, Pea3 specifies isthmus (rhombomere 0, r0), and Irx2 may specify r1, where the cerebellum is formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekiyo Harada
- Genetics and Development Division, Toronto Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tatsuya Sato
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.,Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Harukazu Nakamura
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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Herriges JC, Verheyden JM, Zhang Z, Sui P, Zhang Y, Anderson MJ, Swing DA, Zhang Y, Lewandoski M, Sun X. FGF-Regulated ETV Transcription Factors Control FGF-SHH Feedback Loop in Lung Branching. Dev Cell 2016; 35:322-32. [PMID: 26555052 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian lung forms its elaborate tree-like structure following a largely stereotypical branching sequence. While a number of genes have been identified to play essential roles in lung branching, what coordinates the choice between branch growth and new branch formation has not been elucidated. Here we show that loss of FGF-activated transcription factor genes, Etv4 and Etv5 (collectively Etv), led to prolonged branch tip growth and delayed new branch formation. Unexpectedly, this phenotype is more similar to mutants with increased rather than decreased FGF activity. Indeed, an increased Fgf10 expression is observed, and reducing Fgf10 dosage can attenuate the Etv mutant phenotype. Further evidence indicates that ETV inhibits Fgf10 via directly promoting Shh expression. SHH in turn inhibits local Fgf10 expression and redirects growth, thereby initiating new branches. Together, our findings establish ETV as a key node in the FGF-ETV-SHH inhibitory feedback loop that dictates branching periodicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Herriges
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jamie M Verheyden
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Pengfei Sui
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Matthew J Anderson
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Deborah A Swing
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mark Lewandoski
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Xin Sun
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Harada H, Omi M, Sato T, Nakamura H. Pea3 determines the isthmus region at the downstream of Fgf8-Ras-ERK signaling pathway. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 57:657-66. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidekiyo Harada
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology; Institute of Development, Aging & Cancer and Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Sendai 980-8575 Miyagi Japan
| | - Minoru Omi
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology; Institute of Development, Aging & Cancer and Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Sendai 980-8575 Miyagi Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sato
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology; Institute of Development, Aging & Cancer and Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Sendai 980-8575 Miyagi Japan
| | - Harukazu Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology; Institute of Development, Aging & Cancer and Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Sendai 980-8575 Miyagi Japan
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Boucherat O, Landry-Truchon K, Bérubé-Simard FA, Houde N, Beuret L, Lezmi G, Foulkes WD, Delacourt C, Charron J, Jeannotte L. Epithelial inactivation of Yy1 abrogates lung branching morphogenesis. Development 2015; 142:2981-95. [PMID: 26329601 DOI: 10.1242/dev.120469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is a multifunctional zinc-finger-containing transcription factor that plays crucial roles in numerous biological processes by selectively activating or repressing transcription, depending upon promoter contextual differences and specific protein interactions. In mice, Yy1 null mutants die early in gestation whereas Yy1 hypomorphs die at birth from lung defects. We studied how the epithelial-specific inactivation of Yy1 impacts on lung development. The Yy1 mutation in lung epithelium resulted in neonatal death due to respiratory failure. It impaired tracheal cartilage formation, altered cell differentiation, abrogated lung branching and caused airway dilation similar to that seen in human congenital cystic lung diseases. The cystic lung phenotype in Yy1 mutants can be partly explained by the reduced expression of Shh, a transcriptional target of YY1, in lung endoderm, and the subsequent derepression of mesenchymal Fgf10 expression. Accordingly, SHH supplementation partially rescued the lung phenotype in vitro. Analysis of human lung tissues revealed decreased YY1 expression in children with pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB), a rare pediatric lung tumor arising during fetal development and associated with DICER1 mutations. No evidence for a potential genetic interplay between murine Dicer and Yy1 genes during lung morphogenesis was observed. However, the cystic lung phenotype resulting from the epithelial inactivation of Dicer function mimics the Yy1 lung malformations with similar changes in Shh and Fgf10 expression. Together, our data demonstrate the crucial requirement for YY1 in lung morphogenesis and identify Yy1 mutant mice as a potential model for studying the genetic basis of PPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Boucherat
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval; CRCHUQ, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Kim Landry-Truchon
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval; CRCHUQ, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Félix-Antoine Bérubé-Simard
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval; CRCHUQ, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Nicolas Houde
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval; CRCHUQ, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Laurent Beuret
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval; CRCHUQ, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Guillaume Lezmi
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Service de Pneumologie Pédiatrique, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, 75015, France Inserm U955, IMRB, Equipe 04, Créteil, 94011, France
| | - William D Foulkes
- Department of Medical Genetics, Lady Davis Institute and Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Christophe Delacourt
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Service de Pneumologie Pédiatrique, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, 75015, France Inserm U955, IMRB, Equipe 04, Créteil, 94011, France
| | - Jean Charron
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval; CRCHUQ, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Lucie Jeannotte
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval; CRCHUQ, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada
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Okazawa M, Murashima A, Harada M, Nakagata N, Noguchi M, Morimoto M, Kimura T, Ornitz DM, Yamada G. Region-specific regulation of cell proliferation by FGF receptor signaling during the Wolffian duct development. Dev Biol 2015; 400:139-47. [PMID: 25678108 PMCID: PMC4382079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The Wolffian duct (WD) is a primordium of the male reproductive tract and kidney collecting duct system. Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs), members of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family, are essential for kidney development. Although the functions of FGFR signaling in kidney morphogenesis have been analyzed, their function in WD development has not been comprehensively investigated. Here, we demonstrate that Fgfr2 is the major Fgfr gene expressed throughout the WD epithelia and that it is essential for the maintenance of the WD, specifically in the caudal part of the WD. Hoxb7-Cre mediated inactivation of Fgfr2 in the mouse WD epithelia resulted in the regression of the caudal part of the WD and abnormal male reproductive tract development. Cell proliferation and expression of the downstream target genes of RTK signaling (Etv4 and Etv5) were decreased in the caudal part of the WD epithelia in the mutant embryos. Cranial (rostral) WD formation and ureteric budding were not affected. Ret, Etv4, and Etv5 expression were sustained in the ureteric bud of the mutant embryos. Taken together, these data suggest region-specific requirements for FGFR2 signaling in the developing caudal WD epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Okazawa
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aki Murashima
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Masayo Harada
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo, Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku 113-8519, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Masafumi Noguchi
- Laboratory for Lung Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Morimoto
- Laboratory for Lung Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gen Yamada
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan.
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Volckaert T, De Langhe SP. Wnt and FGF mediated epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk during lung development. Dev Dyn 2014; 244:342-66. [PMID: 25470458 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adaptation to terrestrial life required the development of an organ capable of efficient air-blood gas exchange. To meet the metabolic load of cellular respiration, the mammalian respiratory system has evolved from a relatively simple structure, similar to the two-tube amphibian lung, to a highly complex tree-like system of branched epithelial airways connected to a vast network of gas exchanging units called alveoli. The development of such an elaborate organ in a relatively short time window is therefore an extraordinary feat and involves an intimate crosstalk between mesodermal and endodermal cell lineages. RESULTS This review describes the molecular processes governing lung development with an emphasis on the current knowledge on the role of Wnt and FGF signaling in lung epithelial differentiation. CONCLUSIONS The Wnt and FGF signaling pathways are crucial for the dynamic and reciprocal communication between epithelium and mesenchyme during lung development. In addition, some of this developmental crosstalk is reemployed in the adult lung after injury to drive regeneration, and may, when aberrantly or chronically activated, result in chronic lung diseases. Novel insights into how the Wnt and FGF pathways interact and are integrated into a complex gene regulatory network will not only provide us with essential information about how the lung regenerates itself, but also enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases, as well as improve the controlled differentiation of lung epithelium from pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Volckaert
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; The Inflammation Research Center, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Integration of signals along orthogonal axes of the vertebrate neural tube controls progenitor competence and increases cell diversity. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1001907. [PMID: 25026549 PMCID: PMC4098999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF gates competence to generate Floor Plate and Neural Crest in response to Shh and BMP signals by controlling expression of the transcription factor Nkx1.2. A relatively small number of signals are responsible for the variety and pattern of cell types generated in developing embryos. In part this is achieved by exploiting differences in the concentration or duration of signaling to increase cellular diversity. In addition, however, changes in cellular competence—temporal shifts in the response of cells to a signal—contribute to the array of cell types generated. Here we investigate how these two mechanisms are combined in the vertebrate neural tube to increase the range of cell types and deliver spatial control over their location. We provide evidence that FGF signaling emanating from the posterior of the embryo controls a change in competence of neural progenitors to Shh and BMP, the two morphogens that are responsible for patterning the ventral and dorsal regions of the neural tube, respectively. Newly generated neural progenitors are exposed to FGF signaling, and this maintains the expression of the Nk1-class transcription factor Nkx1.2. Ventrally, this acts in combination with the Shh-induced transcription factor FoxA2 to specify floor plate cells and dorsally in combination with BMP signaling to induce neural crest cells. As development progresses, the intersection of FGF with BMP and Shh signals is interrupted by axis elongation, resulting in the loss of Nkx1.2 expression and allowing the induction of ventral and dorsal interneuron progenitors by Shh and BMP signaling to supervene. Hence a similar mechanism increases cell type diversity at both dorsal and ventral poles of the neural tube. Together these data reveal that tissue morphogenesis produces changes in the coincidence of signals acting along orthogonal axes of the neural tube and this is used to define spatial and temporal transitions in the competence of cells to interpret morphogen signaling. During embryonic development different cell types arise at different times and places. This diversity is produced by a relatively small number of signals and depends, at least in part, on changes in the way cells respond to each signal. One example of this so-called change in “competence” is found in the vertebrate spinal cord where a signal, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), induces a glial cell type known as floor plate (FP) at early developmental times, while the same signal later induces specific types of neurons. Here, we dissected the molecular mechanism underlying the change in competence, and found that another signal, FGF, is involved through its control of the transcription factor Nkx1.2. In embryos, Shh and FGF are produced perpendicular to one another and FP is induced where the two signals intersect. The position of this intersection changes as the embryo elongates and this determines the place and time FP is produced. A similar strategy also appears to apply to another cell type, neural crest. In this case, the intersection of FGF with BMP signal is crucial. Together the data provide new insight into the spatiotemporal control of cell type specification during development of the vertebrate spinal cord.
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Kandemir B, Caglayan B, Hausott B, Erdogan B, Dag U, Demir O, Sogut MS, Klimaschewski L, Kurnaz IA. Pea3 transcription factor promotes neurite outgrowth. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:59. [PMID: 25018694 PMCID: PMC4072091 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pea3 subfamily of E–twenty six transcription factors consist of three major -exhibit branching morphogenesis, the function of Pea3 family in nervous system development and regeneration is only beginning to unfold. In this study, we provide evidence that Pea3 can directs neurite extension and axonal outgrowth in different model systems, and that Serine 90 is important for this function. We have also identified neurofilament-L and neurofilament-M as two putative novel targets for Pea3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basak Kandemir
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berrak Caglayan
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University Istanbul, Turkey ; Division of Neuroanatomy, Innsbruck Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Hausott
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Innsbruck Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Burcu Erdogan
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ugur Dag
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Demir
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melis S Sogut
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lars Klimaschewski
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Innsbruck Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Isil A Kurnaz
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University Istanbul, Turkey
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Zhang J, Wright KD, Mahoney Rogers AA, Barrett MM, Shim K. Compensatory regulation of the size of the inner ear in response to excess induction of otic progenitors by fibroblast growth factor signaling. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:1317-27. [PMID: 24847848 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The otic placode comprises the progenitors of the inner ear and the neurons that convey hearing and balance information to the brain. Transplantation studies in birds and amphibians demonstrate that when the otic placode is morphologically visible as a thickened patch of ectoderm, it is first committed to an otic fate. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling initiates induction of the otic placode, and levels of FGF signaling are fine-tuned by the Sprouty family of antagonists of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. RESULTS Here, we examined the size of the otic placode and cup by combinatorial inactivation of the Sprouty1 and Sprouty2 genes. Interestingly, in a Sprouty gene dosage series, early enlargement of the otic placode was progressively restored to normal. Restoration of otic size was preceded by normal levels of FGF signaling, reduced cell proliferation and reduced cell death. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that excess otic placode cells, which form in response to increased FGF signaling, are not maintained in mammals. This suggests that growth plasticity exists in the mammalian otic placode and cup, and that FGF signaling may not be sufficient to induce the genetic program that maintains otic fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Herriges M, Morrisey EE. Lung development: orchestrating the generation and regeneration of a complex organ. Development 2014; 141:502-13. [PMID: 24449833 DOI: 10.1242/dev.098186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory system, which consists of the lungs, trachea and associated vasculature, is essential for terrestrial life. In recent years, extensive progress has been made in defining the temporal progression of lung development, and this has led to exciting discoveries, including the derivation of lung epithelium from pluripotent stem cells and the discovery of developmental pathways that are targets for new therapeutics. These discoveries have also provided new insights into the regenerative capacity of the respiratory system. This Review highlights recent advances in our understanding of lung development and regeneration, which will hopefully lead to better insights into both congenital and acquired lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Herriges
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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35
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Gutierrez-Aguilar R, Kim DH, Casimir M, Dai XQ, Pfluger PT, Park J, Haller A, Donelan E, Park J, D’Alessio D, Woods SC, MacDonald PE, Seeley RJ. The role of the transcription factor ETV5 in insulin exocytosis. Diabetologia 2014; 57:383-91. [PMID: 24190582 PMCID: PMC3947344 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-3096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Genome-wide association studies have revealed an association of the transcription factor ETS variant gene 5 (ETV5) with human obesity. However, its role in glucose homeostasis and energy balance is unknown. METHODS Etv5 knockout (KO) mice were monitored weekly for body weight (BW) and food intake. Body composition was measured at 8 and 16 weeks of age. Glucose metabolism was studied, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was measured in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS Etv5 KO mice are smaller and leaner, and have a reduced BW and lower fat mass than their wild-type controls on a chow diet. When exposed to a high-fat diet, KO mice are resistant to diet-induced BW gain. Despite a greater insulin sensitivity, KO mice have profoundly impaired glucose tolerance associated with impaired insulin secretion. Morphometric analysis revealed smaller islets and a reduced beta cell size in the pancreatic islets of Etv5 KO mice. Knockdown of ETV5 in an insulin-secreting cell line or beta cells from human donors revealed intact mitochondrial and Ca(2+) channel activity, but reduced insulin exocytosis. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION This work reveals a critical role for ETV5 in specifically regulating insulin secretion both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Gutierrez-Aguilar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Marina Casimir
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Xiao-Qing Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Paul T. Pfluger
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - April Haller
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Elizabeth Donelan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Jisoo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - David D’Alessio
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Stephen C. Woods
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Patrick E. MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Randy J. Seeley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
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Ching ST, Cunha GR, Baskin LS, Basson MA, Klein OD. Coordinated activity of Spry1 and Spry2 is required for normal development of the external genitalia. Dev Biol 2013; 386:1-11. [PMID: 24361260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Development of the mammalian external genitalia is controlled by a network of signaling molecules and transcription factors. Because FGF signaling plays a central role in this complicated morphogenetic process, we investigated the role of Sprouty genes, which are important intracellular modulators of FGF signaling, during embryonic development of the external genitalia in mice. We found that Sprouty genes are expressed by the urethral epithelium during embryogenesis, and that they have a critical function during urethral canalization and fusion. Development of the genital tubercle (GT), the anlage of the prepuce and glans penis in males and glans clitoris in females, was severely affected in male embryos carrying null alleles of both Spry1 and Spry2. In Spry1(-/-);Spry2(-/-) embryos, the internal tubular urethra was absent, and urothelial morphology and organization was abnormal. These effects were due, in part, to elevated levels of epithelial cell proliferation in Spry1(-/-);Spry2(-/-) embryos. Despite changes in overall organization, terminal differentiation of the urothelium was not significantly affected. Characterization of the molecular pathways that regulate normal GT development confirmed that deletion of Sprouty genes leads to elevated FGF signaling, whereas levels of signaling in other cascades were largely preserved. Together, these results show that levels of FGF signaling must be tightly regulated during embryonic development of the external genitalia in mice, and that this regulation is mediated in part through the activity of Sprouty gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saunders T Ching
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Gerald R Cunha
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Laurence S Baskin
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - M Albert Basson
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College, London, UK
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Program in Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, United States.
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37
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Jamsai D, Clark BJ, Smith SJ, Whittle B, Goodnow CC, Ormandy CJ, O’Bryan MK. A missense mutation in the transcription factor ETV5 leads to sterility, increased embryonic and perinatal death, postnatal growth restriction, renal asymmetry and polydactyly in the mouse. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77311. [PMID: 24204802 PMCID: PMC3804586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ETV5 (Ets variant gene 5) is a transcription factor that is required for fertility. In this study, we demonstrate that ETV5 plays additional roles in embryonic and postnatal developmental processes in the mouse. Through a genome-wide mouse mutagenesis approach, we generated a sterile mouse line that carried a nonsense mutation in exon 12 of the Etv5 gene. The mutation led to the conversion of lysine at position 412 into a premature termination codon (PTC) within the ETS DNA binding domain of the protein. We showed that the PTC-containing allele produced a highly unstable mRNA, which in turn resulted in an undetectable level of ETV5 protein. The Etv5 mutation resulted in male and female sterility as determined by breeding experiments. Mutant males were sterile due to a progressive loss of spermatogonia, which ultimately resulted in a Sertoli cell only phenotype by 8 week-of-age. Further, the ETV5 target genes Cxcr4 and Ccl9 were significantly down-regulated in mutant neonate testes. CXCR4 and CCL9 have been implicated in the maintenance and migration of spermatogonia, respectively. Moreover, the Etv5 mutation resulted in several developmental abnormalities including an increased incidence of embryonic and perinatal lethality, postnatal growth restriction, polydactyly and renal asymmetry. Thus, our data define a physiological role for ETV5 in many aspects of development including embryonic and perinatal survival, postnatal growth, limb patterning, kidney development and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duangporn Jamsai
- The Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Brett J. Clark
- The Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephanie J. Smith
- The Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Belinda Whittle
- Australian Phenomics Facility, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Christopher C. Goodnow
- Australian Phenomics Facility, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Moira K. O’Bryan
- The Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Speakman JR. Functional analysis of seven genes linked to body mass index and adiposity by genome-wide association studies: a review. Hum Hered 2013; 75:57-79. [PMID: 24081222 DOI: 10.1159/000353585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a total of about 40 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that show significant linkage to body mass index, a widely utilised surrogate measure of adiposity. However, only 8 of these associations have been confirmed by follow-up GWAS using more sophisticated measures of adiposity (computed tomography). Among these 8, there is a SNP close to the gene FTO which has been the subject of considerable work to diagnose its function. The remaining 7 SNPs are adjacent to, or within, the genes NEGR1, TMEM18, ETV5, FLJ35779, LINGO2, SH2B1 and GIPR, most of which are less well studied than FTO, particularly in the context of obesity. This article reviews the available data on the functions of these genes, including information gleaned from studies in humans and animal models. At present, we have virtually no information on the putative mechanism associating the genes FLJ35779 and LINGO2 to obesity. All of these genes are expressed in the brain, and for 2 of them (SH2B1 and GIPR), a direct link to the appetite regulation system is known. SH2B1 is an enhancer of intracellular signalling in the JAK-STAT pathway, and GIPR is the receptor for an appetite-linked hormone (GIP) produced by the alimentary tract. NEGR1, ETV5 and SH2B1 all have suggested roles in neurite outgrowth, and hence SNPs adjacent to these genes may affect development of the energy balance circuitry. Although the genes have central patterns of gene expression, implying a central neuronal connection to energy balance, for at least 4 of them (NEGR1, TMEM18, SH2B1 and GIPR), there are also significant peripheral functions related to adipose tissue biology. These functions may contribute to their effects on the obese phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Speakman
- Key State Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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39
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Abstract
The regulation of gene expression in cells, including by microRNAs (miRNAs), is a dynamic process. Current methods for identifying miRNA targets by combining sequence and miRNA and mRNA expression data do not adequately use the temporal information and thus miss important miRNAs and their targets. We developed the MIRna Dynamic Regulatory Events Miner (mirDREM), a probabilistic modeling method that uses input-output hidden Markov models to reconstruct dynamic regulatory networks that explain how temporal gene expression is jointly regulated by miRNAs and transcription factors. We measured miRNA and mRNA expression for postnatal lung development in mice and used mirDREM to study the regulation of this process. The reconstructed dynamic network correctly identified known miRNAs and transcription factors. The method has also provided predictions about additional miRNAs regulating this process and the specific developmental phases they regulate, several of which were experimentally validated. Our analysis uncovered links between miRNAs involved in lung development and differentially expressed miRNAs in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients, some of which we have experimentally validated using proliferation assays. These results indicate that some disease progression pathways in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis may represent partial reversal of lung differentiation.
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40
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Bosco A, Bureau C, Affaticati P, Gaspar P, Bally-Cuif L, Lillesaar C. Development of hypothalamic serotoninergic neurons requires Fgf signalling via the ETS-domain transcription factor Etv5b. Development 2013; 140:372-84. [PMID: 23250211 DOI: 10.1242/dev.089094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter that is involved in numerous physiological functions and its dysregulation is implicated in various psychiatric diseases. In all non-placental vertebrates, serotoninergic (5-HT) neurons are present in several regions of the brain, including the hypothalamus. In placental mammals, however, 5-HT neurons are located in the raphe nuclei only. In all species, though, 5-HT neurons constitute a functionally and molecularly heterogeneous population. How the non-raphe 5-HT populations are developmentally encoded is unknown. Using the zebrafish model we show that, in contrast to the raphe populations, hypothalamic 5-HT neurons are generated independently of the ETS-domain transcription factor Pet1 (Fev). By applying a combination of pharmacological tools and gene knockdown and/or overexpression experiments, we demonstrate that Fgf signalling acts via another ETS-domain transcription factor, Etv5b (Erm), to induce hypothalamic 5-HT neurons. We provide evidence that Etv5b exerts its effects by regulating cell cycle parameters in 5-HT progenitors. Our results highlight a novel role for Etv5b in neuronal development and provide support for the existence of a developmental heterogeneity among 5-HT neurons in their requirement for ETS-domain transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Bosco
- Zebrafish Neurogenetics Group, Laboratory of Neurobiology and Development, CNRS UPR3294, Institute of Neurobiology Albert Fessard, 1 Avenue de Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Herriges JC, Yi L, Hines EA, Harvey JF, Xu G, Gray P, Ma Q, Sun X. Genome-scale study of transcription factor expression in the branching mouse lung. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:1432-53. [PMID: 22711520 PMCID: PMC3529173 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammalian lung development consists of a series of precisely choreographed events that drive the progression from simple lung buds to the elaborately branched organ that fulfills the vital function of gas exchange. Strict transcriptional control is essential for lung development. Among the large number of transcription factors encoded in the mouse genome, only a small portion of them are known to be expressed and function in the developing lung. Thus a systematic investigation of transcription factors expressed in the lung is warranted. RESULTS To enrich for genes that may be responsible for regional growth and patterning, we performed a screen using RNA in situ hybridization to identify genes that show restricted expression patterns in the embryonic lung. We focused on the pseudoglandular stage during which the lung undergoes branching morphogenesis, a cardinal event of lung development. Using a genome-scale probe set that represents over 90% of the transcription factors encoded in the mouse genome, we identified 62 transcription factor genes with localized expression in the epithelium, mesenchyme, or both. Many of these genes have not been previously implicated in lung development. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide new starting points for the elucidation of the transcriptional circuitry that controls lung development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Herriges
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Lan Yi
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Elizabeth A. Hines
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Julie F. Harvey
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Guoliang Xu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 200031
| | - Paul Gray
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Qiufu Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Xin Sun
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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42
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Glycine decarboxylase activity drives non-small cell lung cancer tumor-initiating cells and tumorigenesis. Cell 2012; 148:259-72. [PMID: 22225612 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the factors critical to the tumor-initiating cell (TIC) state may open new avenues in cancer therapy. Here we show that the metabolic enzyme glycine decarboxylase (GLDC) is critical for TICs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). TICs from primary NSCLC tumors express high levels of the oncogenic stem cell factor LIN28B and GLDC, which are both required for TIC growth and tumorigenesis. Overexpression of GLDC and other glycine/serine enzymes, but not catalytically inactive GLDC, promotes cellular transformation and tumorigenesis. We found that GLDC induces dramatic changes in glycolysis and glycine/serine metabolism, leading to changes in pyrimidine metabolism to regulate cancer cell proliferation. In the clinic, aberrant activation of GLDC correlates with poorer survival in lung cancer patients, and aberrant GLDC expression is observed in multiple cancer types. This link between glycine metabolism and tumorigenesis may provide novel targets for advancing anticancer therapy.
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43
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Sountoulidis A, Stavropoulos A, Giaglis S, Apostolou E, Monteiro R, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, Chen H, Stripp BR, Mummery C, Andreakos E, Sideras P. Activation of the canonical bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway during lung morphogenesis and adult lung tissue repair. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41460. [PMID: 22916109 PMCID: PMC3423416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling by Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMP) has been implicated in early lung development, adult lung homeostasis and tissue-injury repair. However, the precise mechanism of action and the spatio-temporal pattern of BMP-signaling during these processes remains inadequately described. To address this, we have utilized a transgenic line harboring a BMP-responsive eGFP-reporter allele (BRE-eGFP) to construct the first detailed spatiotemporal map of canonical BMP-pathway activation during lung development, homeostasis and adult-lung injury repair. We demonstrate that during the pseudoglandular stage, when branching morphogenesis progresses in the developing lung, canonical BMP-pathway is active mainly in the vascular network and the sub-epithelial smooth muscle layer of the proximal airways. Activation of the BMP-pathway becomes evident in epithelial compartments only after embryonic day (E) 14.5 primarily in cells negative for epithelial-lineage markers, located in the proximal portion of the airway-tree, clusters adjacent to neuro-epithelial-bodies (NEBs) and in a substantial portion of alveolar epithelial cells. The pathway becomes activated in isolated E12.5 mesenchyme-free distal epithelial buds cultured in Matrigel suggesting that absence of reporter activity in these regions stems from a dynamic cross-talk between endoderm and mesenchyme. Epithelial cells with activated BMP-pathway are enriched in progenitors capable of forming colonies in three-dimensional Matrigel cultures.As lung morphogenesis approaches completion, eGFP-expression declines and in adult lung its expression is barely detectable. However, upon tissue-injury, either with naphthalene or bleomycin, the canonical BMP-pathways is re-activated, in bronchial or alveolar epithelial cells respectively, in a manner reminiscent to early lung development and in tissue areas where reparatory progenitor cells reside. Our studies illustrate the dynamic activation of canonical BMP-pathway during lung development and adult lung tissue-repair and highlight its involvement in two important processes, namely, the early development of the pulmonary vasculature and the management of epithelial progenitor pools both during lung development and repair of adult lung tissue-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Sountoulidis
- Biomedical Research Foundation of Academy of Athens, Centre for Immunology & Transplantations, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Stavropoulos
- Biomedical Research Foundation of Academy of Athens, Centre for Immunology & Transplantations, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavros Giaglis
- Biomedical Research Foundation of Academy of Athens, Centre for Immunology & Transplantations, Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Apostolou
- Biomedical Research Foundation of Academy of Athens, Centre for Immunology & Transplantations, Athens, Greece
| | - Rui Monteiro
- Dept Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Huaiyong Chen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Barry R. Stripp
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christine Mummery
- Dept Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Evangelos Andreakos
- Biomedical Research Foundation of Academy of Athens, Centre for Immunology & Transplantations, Athens, Greece
| | - Paschalis Sideras
- Biomedical Research Foundation of Academy of Athens, Centre for Immunology & Transplantations, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
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44
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Baron RM, Choi AJS, Owen CA, Choi AMK. Genetically manipulated mouse models of lung disease: potential and pitfalls. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 302:L485-97. [PMID: 22198907 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00085.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene targeting in mice (transgenic and knockout) has provided investigators with an unparalleled armamentarium in recent decades to dissect the cellular and molecular basis of critical pathophysiological states. Fruitful information has been derived from studies using these genetically engineered mice with significant impact on our understanding, not only of specific biological processes spanning cell proliferation to cell death, but also of critical molecular events involved in the pathogenesis of human disease. This review will focus on the use of gene-targeted mice to study various models of lung disease including airways diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and parenchymal lung diseases including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, pneumonia, and acute lung injury. We will attempt to review the current technological approaches of generating gene-targeted mice and the enormous dataset derived from these studies, providing a template for lung investigators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Baron
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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45
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ATXN1 protein family and CIC regulate extracellular matrix remodeling and lung alveolarization. Dev Cell 2011; 21:746-57. [PMID: 22014525 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although expansion of CAG repeats in ATAXIN1 (ATXN1) causes Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1, the functions of ATXN1 and ATAXIN1-Like (ATXN1L) remain poorly understood. To investigate the function of these proteins, we generated and characterized Atxn1L(-/-) and Atxn1(-/-); Atxn1L(-/-) mice. Atxn1L(-/-) mice have hydrocephalus, omphalocele, and lung alveolarization defects. These phenotypes are more penetrant and severe in Atxn1(-/-); Atxn1L(-/-) mice, suggesting that ATXN1 and ATXN1L are functionally redundant. Upon pursuing the molecular mechanism, we discovered that several Matrix metalloproteinase (Mmp) genes are overexpressed and that the transcriptional repressor Capicua (CIC) is destabilized in Atxn1L(-/-) lungs. Consistent with this, Cic deficiency causes lung alveolarization defect. Loss of either ATXN1L or CIC derepresses Etv4, an activator for Mmp genes, thereby mediating MMP9 overexpression. These findings demonstrate a critical role of ATXN1/ATXN1L-CIC complexes in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling during development and their potential roles in pathogenesis of disorders affecting ECM remodeling.
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46
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Fagman H, Amendola E, Parrillo L, Zoppoli P, Marotta P, Scarfò M, De Luca P, de Carvalho DP, Ceccarelli M, De Felice M, Di Lauro R. Gene expression profiling at early organogenesis reveals both common and diverse mechanisms in foregut patterning. Dev Biol 2011; 359:163-75. [PMID: 21924257 PMCID: PMC3206993 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid and lungs originate as neighboring bud shaped outgrowths from the midline of the embryonic foregut. When and how organ specific programs regulate development into structures of distinct shapes, positions and functions is incompletely understood. To characterize, at least in part, the genetic basis of these events, we have employed laser capture microdissection and microarray analysis to define gene expression in the mouse thyroid and lung primordia at E10.5. By comparing the transcriptome of each bud to that of the whole embryo as well as to each other, we broadly describe the genes that are preferentially expressed in each developing organ as well as those with an enriched expression common to both. The results thus obtained provide a valuable resource for further analysis of genes previously unrecognized to participate in thyroid and lung morphogenesis and to discover organ specific as well as common developmental mechanisms. As an initial step in this direction we describe a regulatory pathway involving the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2 that controls cell survival in early thyroid development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Amendola
- IRGS, Biogem, Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michele Ceccarelli
- IRGS, Biogem, Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Mario De Felice
- IRGS, Biogem, Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Lauro
- IRGS, Biogem, Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
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47
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Liu Y, Sadikot RT, Adami GR, Kalinichenko VV, Pendyala S, Natarajan V, Zhao YY, Malik AB. FoxM1 mediates the progenitor function of type II epithelial cells in repairing alveolar injury induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:1473-84. [PMID: 21708928 PMCID: PMC3135362 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20102041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The alveolar epithelium is composed of the flat type I cells comprising 95% of the gas-exchange surface area and cuboidal type II cells comprising the rest. Type II cells are described as facultative progenitor cells based on their ability to proliferate and trans-differentiate into type I cells. In this study, we observed that pneumonia induced by intratracheal instillation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) in mice increased the expression of the forkhead transcription factor FoxM1 in type II cells coincidentally with the induction of alveolar epithelial barrier repair. FoxM1 was preferentially expressed in the Sca-1(+) subpopulation of progenitor type II cells. In mice lacking FoxM1 specifically in type II cells, type II cells showed decreased proliferation and impaired trans-differentiation into type I cells. Lungs of these mice also displayed defective alveolar barrier repair after injury. Expression of FoxM1 in the knockout mouse lungs partially rescued the defective trans-differentiation phenotype. Thus, expression of FoxM1 in type II cells is essential for their proliferation and transition into type I cells and for restoring alveolar barrier homeostasis after PA-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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48
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Chen Q, Huang S, Zhao Q, Chen R, Zhang A. Expression and function of the Ets transcription factor pea3 during formation of zebrafish pronephros. Pediatr Nephrol 2011; 26:391-400. [PMID: 21184241 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-010-1713-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polyomavirus enhancer activator 3 (Pea3), belonging to the PEA3 subfamily of Ets transcription factors, is essential for certain organogenesis in mammals. Previously, we found that pea3 correlated with wt1 expression and may contribute to nephrogenesis in rats. Here, we observed that pea3 was mainly expressed in the zebrafish pronephric glomerulus. We further performed functional analyses by in situ hybridization of pea3 in zebrafish embryos after pea3 messenger RNA (mRNA) overexpression and inhibition of double-target genes (pea3 and erm, another member of the PEA3 subfamily) by antisense morpholino-oligonucleotides (MO). Overexpression of pea3 induced abnormal pronephrogenesis. However, MO-pea3 coinjected with MO-erm, but not alone, inhibited zebrafish pronephros development, and these defects were rescued by overexpression of the zebrafish wt1a gene. Thus, pea3 and erm are required for zebrafish pronephrogenesis and can functionally complement each other, and the wt1a gene may be one of their downstream targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxia Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
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49
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Sprouty1 and Sprouty2 limit both the size of the otic placode and hindbrain Wnt8a by antagonizing FGF signaling. Dev Biol 2011; 353:94-104. [PMID: 21362415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple signaling molecules, including Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) and Wnt, induce two patches of ectoderm on either side of the hindbrain to form the progenitor cell population for the inner ear, or otic placode. Here we report that in Spry1, Spry2 compound mutant embryos (Spry1⁻/⁻; Spry2⁻/⁻ embryos), the otic placode is increased in size. We demonstrate that the otic placode is larger due to the recruitment of cells, normally destined to become cranial epidermis, into the otic domain. The enlargement of the otic placode observed in Spry1⁻/⁻; Spry2⁻/⁻ embryos is preceded by an expansion of a Wnt8a expression domain in the adjacent hindbrain. We demonstrate that both the enlargement of the otic placode and the expansion of the Wnt8a expression domain can be rescued in Spry1⁻/⁻; Spry2⁻/⁻ embryos by reducing the gene dosage of Fgf10. Our results define a FGF-responsive window during which cells can be continually recruited into the otic domain and uncover SPRY regulation of the size of a putative Wnt inductive center.
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Rawlins EL. The building blocks of mammalian lung development. Dev Dyn 2010; 240:463-76. [PMID: 21337459 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress has recently been made in identifying progenitor cell populations in the embryonic lung. Some progenitor cell types have been definitively identified by lineage-tracing studies. However, others are not as well characterized and their existence is inferred on the basis of lung morphology, or mutant phenotypes. Here, I focus on lung development after the specification of the initial lung primordium. The evidence for various lung embryonic progenitor cell types is discussed and future experiments are suggested. The regulation of progenitor proliferation in the embryonic lung, and its coordinate control with morphogenesis, is also discussed. In addition, the relationship between embryonic and adult lung progenitors is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Rawlins
- Gurdon Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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