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Wan R, Su Y, Zhu M, Huang Y. Elevated blood malondialdehyde level contributed to a high stroke risk in a Chinese elderly population from rural areas: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4325. [PMID: 38383846 PMCID: PMC10881991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54419-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Individuals living in rural areas have a higher incidence rate of stroke than their urban counterparts in China. However, few studies have investigated the association between blood malondialdehyde (MDA), an end product of lipid oxidation caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), and stroke risk in rural populations. We aimed to investigate whether blood MDA levels contribute to a higher stroke risk in a Chinese elderly population from rural areas. Data from 2011 to 2012 from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), a national cohort of older adults in China, were analyzed. Smooth curve and multivariable correction analyses were used to evaluate the association between blood MDA levels and stroke risk in elderly populations from rural and urban areas, respectively. The median age of all included participants (N = 1598) was 84.04 years. The results of the smooth curve model revealed a gradual upward trend in the association of blood MDA levels with stroke risk in rural participants but not in urban participants. Similarly, the conditional logistic regression analysis suggested a significant association between MDA levels and stroke risk in rural participants but not in urban participants after adjustments for related confounding factors (age, sex, current smoker, current drinker, regular exercise, BMI and cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, heart disease, atrial fibrillation and diabetes)) were made. In brief, among the elderly population in China, elevated blood MDA levels were associated with increased stroke risk in rural participants but not in urban participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yuhao Su
- Cardiovascular Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Meilan Zhu
- Rehabilitation Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Rehabilitation Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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Osca-Verdegal R, Beltrán-García J, Pallardó FV, García-Giménez JL. Role of microRNAs As Biomarkers in Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4682-4693. [PMID: 34160774 PMCID: PMC8220114 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02445-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a neurological complication of sepsis, characterized by brain dysfunction without any direct central nervous system infection. The diagnosis of SAE is currently a challenge. In fact, problems in making a diagnosis of SAE cause a great variability of incidence that can reach up to 70% of all septic patients. Even more, despite SAE is the most frequent type of encephalopathy occurring in critically ill patients, the molecular mechanisms that guide its progression have not been completely elucidated. On the other hand, miRNAs have proven to be excellent biomarkers for both diagnosis and prognosis, especially in brain pathologies because of their small size they can cross the blood–brain barrier easier than other biomolecules. The identification of new miRNAs as biomarkers may help to improve SAE diagnosis and prognosis and also to design new therapies for this clinical manifestation that produces diffuse cerebral dysfunction. This review is focused on SAE physiopathology and the need to have clear criteria for its diagnosis; thus, this work postulates some miRNA candidates to be used for SAE biomarkers because of their role in both, neurological damage and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Osca-Verdegal
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina Y Odontología, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Jesús Beltrán-García
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina Y Odontología, Universitat de València, València, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico V. Pallardó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina Y Odontología, Universitat de València, València, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Luis García-Giménez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina Y Odontología, Universitat de València, València, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
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3
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Modulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome through Formyl Peptide Receptor 1 (Fpr-1) Pathway as a New Therapeutic Target in Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062144. [PMID: 32244997 PMCID: PMC7139667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic rejection is the major leading cause of morbidity and mortality after lung transplantation. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), a fibroproliferative disorder of the small airways, is the main manifestation of chronic lung allograft rejection. We investigated, using transgenic mice, the mechanisms through which the deficiency of IL-1β/IL-18, Casp-1, or Fpr-1 genes could be protective in an experimental model of BOS, induced in mice by allogeneic heterotopic tracheal transplantation. Fpr-1 KO mice showed a marked reduction in histological markers of BOS and of mast cell numbers compared to other groups. Molecular analyses indicated that the absence of the Fpr-1 gene was able to decrease NF-κB nuclear translocation and modulate NLRP3 inflammasome signaling and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in a more significant way compared to other groups. Additionally, Fpr-1 gene deletion caused a reduction in resistance to the apoptosis, assessed by the TUNEL assay. Immunohistochemical analyses indicated changes in nitrotyrosine, PARP, VEGF, and TGF-β expression associated with the pathology, which were reduced in the absence of the Fpr1 gene more so than by the deletion of IL-1β/IL-18 and Casp-1. We underline the importance of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the pathogenic role of Fpr-1 in experimental models of BOS, which is the result of the modulation of immune cell recruitment together with the modulation of local cellular activation, suggesting this gene as a new target in the control of the pathologic features of BOS.
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Wang C, Du M, Huang D, Huang K, Huang K. Inhibition of PARP1 Increases IRF-dependent Gene Transcription in Jurkat Cells. Curr Med Sci 2019; 39:356-362. [PMID: 31209803 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-019-2043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) plays important roles in the regulation of transcription factors. Mounting evidence has shown that inhibition of PARP1 influences the expression of genes associated with inflammatory response. Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) is a critical transcription factor for the development of both the innate and adaptive immune responses against infections. However, the molecular mechanism through which PARP1 mediates the effects has not been clearly demonstrated. Jurkat cells were exposed to dexamethasone (Dex) or PARP1 inhibitor PJ34. The expression levels of IL-12, LMP2, OAS1 and PKR were detected using real-time RT-PCR. The interactions between PARP1 and IRF1 were examined by co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assays. We further explored the mechanism of PARP1 suppressing IRF1 by assessing the activities of interferon stimulated response element (ISRE). The mRNA expression of IL-12, LMP2, OAS1 and PKR was obviously suppressed by Dex in Jurkat cells, which could be rescued by PJ34 treatment. Luciferase study revealed that poly(ADP-ribosyl)- ation suppressed IRF1-mediated transcription through preventing the binding of IRF1 to ISREs. PARP1 inhibited IRF1-mediated transcription in Jurkat cells by preventing IRF1 binding to ISREs in the promoters of target genes. It is suggested that PARP1 is a crucial regulator of IRF1-mediated immune response. This study provides experimental evidence for the possible application of PARP1 inhibitors in the treatment of IRF1-related immune anergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong, University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institution of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Meng Du
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong, University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institution of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong, University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institution of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong, University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China. .,Institution of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Kai Huang
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong, University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China. .,Institution of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Taysi S, Tascan AS, Ugur MG, Demir M. Radicals, Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress and Preeclampsia. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:178-193. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557518666181015151350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) has a profound effect in increasing both maternal and fetal morbidity and
mortality especially in third World. Disturbances of extravillous trophoblast migration toward uterine
spiral arteries is characteristic feature of PE, which, in turn, leads to increased uteroplacental vascular
resistance and by vascular dysfunction resulting in reduced systemic vasodilatory properties. Underlying
pathogenesis appeared to be an altered bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO•) and tissue damage
caused by increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). The
increase in ROS and RNS production or the decrease in antioxidant mechanisms generates a condition
called oxidative and nitrosative stress, respectively, defined as the imbalance between pro- and antioxidants
in favor of the oxidants. Additionally, ROS might trigger platelet adhesion and aggregation
leading to intravascular coagulopathy. ROS-induced coagulopathy causes placental infarction and impairs
the uteroplacental blood flow in PE. As a consequence of these disorders could result in deficiencies
in oxygen and nutrients required for normal fetal development resulting in fetal growth restriction.
On the one hand, enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants scavenge ROS and protect tissues against
oxidative damage. More specifically, placental antioxidant enzymes including catalase, superoxide
dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) protect the vasculature from ROS, maintaining
the vascular function. On the other hand, ischemia in placenta in PE reduces the antioxidant activity.
Collectively, the extent of oxidative stress would increase and therefore leads to the development
of the pathological findings of PE including hypertension and proteinuria. Our goal in this article is to
review current literature about researches demonstrating the interplay between oxidative, nitrosative
stresses and PE, about their roles in the pathophysiology of PE and also about the outcomes of current
clinical trials aiming to prevent PE with antioxidant supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyithan Taysi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Gaziantep University, Medical School, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Ayse Saglam Tascan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Gaziantep University, Medical School, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Mete Gurol Ugur
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gaziantep University, Medical School, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Demir
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Golbasi State Hospital, Adiyaman, Turkey
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Liang D, Moutinho JL, Golan R, Yu T, Ladva CN, Niedzwiecki M, Walker DI, Sarnat SE, Chang HH, Greenwald R, Jones DP, Russell AG, Sarnat JA. Use of high-resolution metabolomics for the identification of metabolic signals associated with traffic-related air pollution. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 120:145-154. [PMID: 30092452 PMCID: PMC6414207 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-resolution metabolomics (HRM) is emerging as a sensitive tool for measuring environmental exposures and biological responses. The aim of this analysis is to assess the ability of high-resolution metabolomics (HRM) to reflect internal exposures to complex traffic-related air pollution mixtures. METHODS We used untargeted HRM profiling to characterize plasma and saliva collected from participants in the Dorm Room Inhalation to Vehicle Emission (DRIVE) study to identify metabolic pathways associated with traffic emission exposures. We measured a suite of traffic-related pollutants at multiple ambient and indoor sites at varying distances from a major highway artery for 12 weeks in 2014. In parallel, 54 students living in dormitories near (20 m) or far (1.4 km) from the highway contributed plasma and saliva samples. Untargeted HRM profiling was completed for both plasma and saliva samples; metabolite and metabolic pathway alternations were evaluated using a metabolome-wide association study (MWAS) framework with pathway analyses. RESULTS Weekly levels of traffic pollutants were significantly higher at the near dorm when compared to the far dorm (p < 0.05 for all pollutants). In total, 20,766 metabolic features were extracted from plasma samples and 29,013 from saliva samples. 45% of features were detected and shared in both plasma and saliva samples. 1291 unique metabolic features were significantly associated with at least one or more traffic indicator, including black carbon, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and fine particulate matter (p < 0.05 for all significant features), after controlling for confounding and false discovery rate. Pathway analysis of metabolic features associated with traffic exposure indicated elicitation of inflammatory and oxidative stress related pathways, including leukotriene and vitamin E metabolism. We confirmed the chemical identities of 10 metabolites associated with traffic pollutants, including arginine, histidine, γ‑linolenic acid, and hypoxanthine. CONCLUSIONS Using HRM, we identified and verified biological perturbations associated with primary traffic pollutant in panel-based setting with repeated measurement. Observed response was consistent with endogenous metabolic signaling related to oxidative stress, inflammation, and nucleic acid damage and repair. Collectively, the current findings provide support for the use of untargeted HRM in the development of metabolic biomarkers of traffic pollution exposure and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghai Liang
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Moutinho
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - Rachel Golan
- Department of Public Health, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Tianwei Yu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Chandresh N Ladva
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Megan Niedzwiecki
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Douglas I Walker
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Stefanie Ebelt Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Howard H Chang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Roby Greenwald
- Division of Environmental Health, Georgia State University School of Public Health, Atlanta, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Armistead G Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - Jeremy A Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
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Korkmaz-Icöz S, Szczesny B, Marcatti M, Li S, Ruppert M, Lasitschka F, Loganathan S, Szabó C, Szabó G. Olaparib protects cardiomyocytes against oxidative stress and improves graft contractility during the early phase after heart transplantation in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:246-261. [PMID: 28806493 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Olaparib, rucaparib and niraparib, potent inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) are approved as anti-cancer drugs in humans. Considering the previously demonstrated role of PARP in various forms of acute and chronic myocardial injury, we tested the effects of olaparib in in-vitro models of oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes, and in an in vivo model of cardiac transplantation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH H9c2-embryonic rat heart-derived myoblasts pretreated with vehicle or olaparib (10μM) were challenged with either hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) or with glucose oxidase (GOx, which generates H2 O2 in the tissue culture medium). Cell viability assays (MTT, lactate dehydrogenase) and Western blotting for PARP and its product, PAR was performed. Heterotopic heart transplantation was performed in Lewis rats; recipients were treated either with vehicle or olaparib (10 mg kg-1 ). Left ventricular function of transplanted hearts was monitored via a Millar catheter. Multiple gene expression in the graft was measured by qPCR. KEY RESULTS Olaparib blocked autoPARylation of PARP1 and attenuated the rapid onset of death in H9c2 cells, induced by H2 O2 , but did not affect cell death following chronic, prolonged oxidative stress induced by GOx. In rats, after transplantation, left ventricular systolic and diastolic function were improved by olaparib. In the transplanted hearts, olaparib also reduced gene expression for c-jun, caspase-12, catalase, and NADPH oxidase-2. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Olaparib protected cardiomyocytes against oxidative stress and improved graft contractility in a rat model of heart transplantation. These findings raise the possibility of repurposing this clinically approved oncology drug, to be used in heart transplantation. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Inventing New Therapies Without Reinventing the Wheel: The Power of Drug Repurposing. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.2/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevil Korkmaz-Icöz
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bartosz Szczesny
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Michela Marcatti
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Shiliang Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mihály Ruppert
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Lasitschka
- Institute of Pathology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Csaba Szabó
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Ahmad SF, Attia SM, Zoheir KM, Ashour AE, Bakheet SA. Attenuation of the progression of adjuvant-induced arthritis by 3-aminobenzamide treatment. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 19:52-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Curtin N, Szabo C. Therapeutic applications of PARP inhibitors: anticancer therapy and beyond. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:1217-56. [PMID: 23370117 PMCID: PMC3657315 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to describe the current and potential clinical translation of pharmacological inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) for the therapy of various diseases. The first section of the present review summarizes the available preclinical and clinical data with PARP inhibitors in various forms of cancer. In this context, the role of PARP in single-strand DNA break repair is relevant, leading to replication-associated lesions that cannot be repaired if homologous recombination repair (HRR) is defective, and the synthetic lethality of PARP inhibitors in HRR-defective cancer. HRR defects are classically associated with BRCA1 and 2 mutations associated with familial breast and ovarian cancer, but there may be many other causes of HRR defects. Thus, PARP inhibitors may be the drugs of choice for BRCA mutant breast and ovarian cancers, and extend beyond these tumors if appropriate biomarkers can be developed to identify HRR defects. Multiple lines of preclinical data demonstrate that PARP inhibition increases cytotoxicity and tumor growth delay in combination with temozolomide, topoisomerase inhibitors and ionizing radiation. Both single agent and combination clinical trials are underway. The final part of the first section of the present review summarizes the current status of the various PARP inhibitors that are in various stages of clinical development. The second section of the present review summarizes the role of PARP in selected non-oncologic indications. In a number of severe, acute diseases (such as stroke, neurotrauma, circulatory shock and acute myocardial infarction) the clinical translatability of PARP inhibition is supported by multiple lines of preclinical data, as well as observational data demonstrating PARP activation in human tissue samples. In these disease indications, PARP overactivation due to oxidative and nitrative stress drives cell necrosis and pro-inflammatory gene expression, which contributes to disease pathology. Accordingly, multiple lines of preclinical data indicate the efficacy of PARP inhibitors to preserve viable tissue and to down-regulate inflammatory responses. As the clinical trials with PARP inhibitors in various forms of cancer progress, it is hoped that a second line of clinical investigations, aimed at testing of PARP inhibitors for various non-oncologic indications, will be initiated, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Curtin
- Department of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Erdélyi K, Pacher P, Virág L, Szabó C. Role of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in a 'two-hit' model of hypoxia and oxidative stress in human A549 epithelial cells in vitro. Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:339-46. [PMID: 23722590 PMCID: PMC3776717 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A preceding hypoxic insult can sensitize the cells or the organism to a subsequent, second insult. The aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular mechanism of this phenomenon (often termed ‘two-hit’ injury paradigm), in an in vitro model of hypoxia/oxidative stress injury in A549 epithelial cells, with special emphasis on the role of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in the process. Pre-exposure of the cells to 24 h hypoxia significantly reduced intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, reduced mitochondrial activity and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. However pre-exposure to hypoxia failed to induce any change in PARP-1 expression and activation, DNA single-strand breaks or plasma membrane integrity. Pre-exposure to hypoxia markedly increased the sensitivity of the cells to subsequent oxidative stress-induced DNA damage. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced a concentration-dependent increase in DNA breakage, PARP activation, depletion of intracellular ATP, inhibition of mitochondrial activity and two distinct parameters that quantify the breakdown of plasma membrane integrity (propidium iodide uptake or lactate dehydrogenase release). PARP-1 activation played a significant role in the H2O2-induced cell death response because PARP activation, depletion of intracellular ATP, inhibition of mitochondrial activity, and the breakdown of plasma membrane integrity were attenuated in cells with permanently silenced PARP-1. Based on measurement of the endogenous antioxidant GSH, we hypothesized that the mechanism of hypoxia-mediated enhancement of H2O2 involves depletion of the GSH during the hypoxic period, which renders the cells more sensitive to a subsequent DNA single-strand break elicited by H2O2. DNA strand breakage then activates PARP-1, leading to the inhibition of mitochondrial function, depletion of ATP and cell necrosis. PARP-1 deficiency protects against the cytotoxicity, to a lesser degree, by protecting against GSH depletion during the hypoxic period, and, to a larger degree, by maintaining mitochondrial function and preserving intracellular ATP levels during the subsequent oxidative stress period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Erdélyi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1102, USA
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11
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Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of nicotinamide and its isomers in different experimental models. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 99:782-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Cavone L, Aldinucci A, Ballerini C, Biagioli T, Moroni F, Chiarugi A. PARP-1 inhibition prevents CNS migration of dendritic cells during EAE, suppressing the encephalitogenic response and relapse severity. Mult Scler 2011; 17:794-807. [PMID: 21343230 DOI: 10.1177/1352458511399113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacological inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) are currently evaluated in clinical trials for various malignancies but, interestingly, also proved of remarkable efficacy in preclinical models of autoimmune disorders including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study were to determine molecular mechanisms underlying suppression of the encephalitogenic response by these drugs; likewise, whether clinically-relevant post-treatment paradigms with PARP-1 inhibitors could prevent EAE relapses. METHODS Adopted both in vitro techniques (bone marrow-derived cultured DC) as well as in vivo models of chronic or relapsing-remitting (RR) EAE. RESULTS We report that two structurally unrelated PARP-1 inhibitors negatively regulated NFκB activation, as well as maturation, cytokine production and APC function of cultured mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs). PARP-1 inhibitors also reduced the number and APC function of DCs migrating in the draining lymph nodes of ovalbumin-immunized mice. In C57Bl mice with chronic EAE or SJL mice with RR EAE, pharmacological inhibition of PARP-1 reduced CNS DC migration and demyelination as well as neurological impairment to an extent similar to that achieved with the potent immunosuppressant cyclosporine A. Remarkably, PARP-1 inhibitors injected after the first phase of disease reduced relapse incidence and severity, as well as the spinal cord number of autoreactive Th17 cells. Under this clinically-relevant treatment paradigm, PARP inhibitors also suppressed epitope spreading of the encephalitogenic response. CONCLUSIONS Overall, data underscore the potential relevance of PARP-1 inhibitors to MS therapy and suppression of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Cavone
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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Havranek T, Aujla PK, Nickola TJ, Rose MC, Scavo LM. Increased poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1 expression and activity are associated with inflammation but not goblet cell metaplasia in murine models of allergen-induced airway inflammation. Exp Lung Res 2010; 36:381-9. [PMID: 20715980 DOI: 10.3109/01902141003663360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a key role in lung injury and in the pathogenesis of asthma. Two murine models of allergic airway inflammation-sensitization and challenge to ovalbumin (OVA) and intratracheal exposure to interleukin-13 (IL13)-were used to evaluate the expression of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in allergic airway inflammation. Inflammation is prominent in OVA-induced allergic asthma, but this inflammation is greatly reduced by a PARP-1 inhibitor and almost eliminated when PARP-1 knockout mice are subjected to the OVA model. The present study temporally evaluated PARP-1 protein expression, localization, and activity, as well as inflammation and goblet cell metaplasia (GCM), in murine lungs following a single OVA challenge or IL13 exposure. Following OVA challenge PARP-1 protein expression and activity were greatly increased, being maximal at 3 to 5 days following OVA exposure and beginning to decrease by day 8. These changes correlated with the timing and degree of inflammation and GCM. In contrast, PARP-1 protein or activity did not change following single IL13 exposure, though GCM was manifested without inflammation. This study demonstrates that both PARP-1 protein and activity are increased by allergen-activated inflammatory mediators, excluding IL13, and that PARP-1 increase does not appear necessary for GCM, one of the characteristic markers of allergic airway inflammation in murine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Havranek
- Division of Neonatology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
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Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity, with astronomical financial repercussions on health systems worldwide. Ischaemic stroke accounts for approximately 80-85% of all cases and is characterised by the disruption of cerebral blood flow and lack of oxygen to the affected area. Oxidative stress culminates due to an imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants and consequent excessive production of reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species are biphasic, playing a role in normal physiological processes and are also implicated in a number of disease processes, whereby they mediate damage to cell structures, including lipids, membranes, proteins, and DNA. The cerebral vasculature is a major target of oxidative stress playing a critical role in the pathogenesis of ischaemic brain injury following a cerebrovascular attack. Superoxide, the primary reactive oxygen species, and its derivatives have been shown to cause vasodilatation via the opening of potassium channels and altered vascular reactivity, breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and focal destructive lesions in animal models of ischaemic stroke. However, reactive oxygen species are involved in normal physiological processes including cell signalling, induction of mitogenesis, and immune defence. Primarily, this review will focus on the cellular and vascular aspects of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generation and their role in the pathogenesis of ischaemia-reperfusion phenomena. Secondly, the proposed mechanisms of oxidative stress-related neuronal death will be reflected upon and in summation specific targeted neuroprotective therapies targetting oxidative stress and their role in the pathogenesis of stroke will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Allen
- Division of Stroke Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Sipos G, Sipos P, Altdorfer K, Pongor É, Fehér E. Correlation and Immunolocalization of Substance P Nerve Fibers and Activated Immune Cells in Human Chronic Gastritis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2008; 291:1140-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To overview the emerging data in the literature showing the role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in the pathogenesis of critical illness. RECENT FINDINGS PARP, an abundant nuclear enzyme involved in DNA repair and transcriptional regulation, is now recognized as a key regulator of cell survival and cell death in response to noxious stimuli in various forms of cardiovascular collapse. PARP becomes activated in response to oxidative DNA damage and depletes cellular energy pools, thus leading to cellular dysfunction in various tissues. The activation of PARP may also induce various cell death processes, and promotes an inflammatory response. In circulatory shock PARP plays a crucial role both in the development of early cardiovascular dysfunction and in the delayed systemic inflammatory response syndrome with associated multiple organ failure. Inhibition of PARP activity is protective in various models of circulatory shock. SUMMARY A solid body of literature supports the view that PARP is an important target for therapeutic intervention in critical illness.
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Clark RSB, Vagni VA, Nathaniel PD, Jenkins LW, Dixon CE, Szabó C. Local administration of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor INO-1001 prevents NAD+ depletion and improves water maze performance after traumatic brain injury in mice. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24:1399-405. [PMID: 17711401 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2007.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is an enzyme best known for its role in DNA repair and as a mediator of NAD+ depletion and energy failure-induced cell death. We tested the effect of the potent and selective ideno-isoquinolone PARP-1 inhibitor INO-1001 after controlled cortical impact (CCI) in mice. Anesthetized adult male mice were subjected to moderate CCI (velocity 6 m/sec, depth 1.2 mm) or sham-injury. Immediately after CCI or sham-injury mice received either INO-1001 (1.6 mg/kg) or vehicle via intracerebral injection (5 microl over 5 min) in a randomized fashion. At 2 h, contused brain tissue was dissected and NAD+ levels were measured. Separate mice underwent neuropathological outcome tests that included spatial memory acquisition (Morris water maze days 14-20), and assessment of contusion volume and hippocampal cell death at day 21. Local treatment with INO-1001 preserved brain NAD+ levels 2 h after CCI (vehicle = 67 +/- 7.6, INO-1001 = 95.8 +/- 4.4 % uninjured hemisphere; n = 6/group, p = 0.03). In the Morris water maze, treatment with INO-1001 reduced the latency to find the hidden platform and increased the time spent in the target quadrant versus vehicle after CCI (n = 11/group, p < or = 0.05). Histological damage did not differ between vehicle and INO-1001-treated mice after CCI. Treatment with INO-1001 prevented NAD+ depletion and improved outcome, although modestly, identifying PARP-mediated energy failure as a contributor to the pathological sequelae of TBI. Further study testing the effects of PARP inhibitors is warranted, specifically in models of brain injury where energy failure is seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S B Clark
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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Aldinucci A, Gerlini G, Fossati S, Cipriani G, Ballerini C, Biagioli T, Pimpinelli N, Borgognoni L, Massacesi L, Moroni F, Chiarugi A. A key role for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 activity during human dendritic cell maturation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:305-12. [PMID: 17579050 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.1.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymerase (PARP)-1 is a nuclear enzyme regulating protein that functions by targeting PAR chains. Besides its classic role in DNA repair, PARP-1 is emerging as a key transcriptional regulator in different cell types including the immune ones. In this study, we investigated the role of PARP-1 in human dendritic cell (DC) function. We report that both PARP-1 mRNA and protein levels significantly increased during in vitro DC differentiation from monocytes. Of note, inhibitors of PARP-1 such as phenanthridinone and thieno[2,3-c]isoquinolin-5-one reduced expression of CD86 and CD83 in a concentration-dependent manner, having no effects on expression of CD80 and HLA-DR in mature DCs. In the same cultures, PARP-1 inhibitors also reduced production of IL-12 and IL-10. Addition of exogenous IL-12 to the culture medium partially restored CD86 expression in DCs exposed to PARP-1 inhibitors. In line with the role of PAR formation in NF-kappaB-dependent transactivation, we also report that phenanthridinone and thieno[2,3-c]isoquinolin-5-one impaired NF-kappaB and AP-1 subunit DNA binding activity in cellular extract of activated DCs. Finally, we show that PARP-1 inhibitors reduced the T cell allostimulatory activity of mature DCs, and that this reduction was prevented when DCs matured in the presence of PARP-1 inhibitors plus IL-12. Of note, nonproliferating T cells exposed to PARP-1 inhibitor-challenged DCs could undergo efficient proliferation when exposed to a subsequent activation stimulus such as anti-CD3 plus anti-CD-28. Together, data provide evidence for a key role of PARP-1 and poly ADP-ribosylation in DC immunocompetence and underscore the relevance of PARP-1 inhibitors to treatment of immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Aldinucci
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
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Marzocco S, Piccinelli AL, Rastrelli L, Mazzon E, Cuzzocrea S, Autore G. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase in vitro and in vivo by a water-soluble extract of Wendita calysina leaves. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2007; 375:349-58. [PMID: 17619177 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-007-0175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Wendita calysina is a Paraguayan herbaceous plant commonly known as burrito. Our previous study indicated that burrito leaves are a very good source of phenylpropanoid glycosides, principally verbascoside. From W. calysina leaves, a standardized, water-soluble extract (WSE) rich in phenylpropanoid glycosides has been developed on an industrial scale to be used as a food supplement, cosmetic, phytomedicine, and ingredient of different formulations. In this study, we investigated the effect of the W. calysina WSE both in vitro in murine macrophage cell line J774.A1 stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and, in vivo in an animal model of acute inflammation, carrageenan-induced pleurisy. Here we report that W. calysina WSE (0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 mg/ml) inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and activity in LPS-stimulated J774.A1. In vivo experiments showed that injection of carrageenan (2%) into the pleural cavity of rats elicited an acute inflammatory response characterized by iNOS expression, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) up-regulation, nitrotyrosine and poly (ADP-ribose) synthase (PARS) formation, and lung tissue damage-all parameters significantly reduced by W. calysina WSE (500 mg/kg per os). These results report, for the first time, that a treatment with W. calysina WSE exerts anti-inflammatory effects both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Marzocco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
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Wacker DA, Frizzell KM, Zhang T, Kraus WL. Regulation of chromatin structure and chromatin-dependent transcription by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1: possible targets for drug-based therapies. Subcell Biochem 2007; 41:45-69. [PMID: 17484123 DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-5466-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is the prototypical and most abundantly expressed member of a family of PARPs that catalyze the polymerization of ADP-ribose (ADPR) units from donor NAD' molecules on target proteins. PARP-1 plays roles in a variety of genomic processes, including the regulation of chromatin structure and transcription in response to specific cellular signals. PARP-1 also plays important roles in many stress-induced disease states. In this chapter, we review the molecular and cellular aspects of PARP-1's chromatin-modulating activities, as well as the impact that these chromatin-modulating activities have on the regulation of gene expression. In addition, we highlight the potential therapeutic use of drugs that target PARP-1's enzymatic activity for the treatment of human diseases
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Wacker
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 465 Biotechnology Building, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Klein M, Koedel U, Pfister HW. Oxidative stress in pneumococcal meningitis: A future target for adjunctive therapy? Prog Neurobiol 2006; 80:269-80. [PMID: 17215069 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2006.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite antibiotic therapy and supportive intensive care, the morbidity and mortality of pneumococcal meningitis remain unacceptably high. During the last years, reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS), and peroxynitrite, were found to be produced in large amounts during pneumococcal meningitis. Although most likely intended to fight the invasive pathogens, they seem to lead to substantial collateral damage instead. This is because ROS and RNS can exert a vast variety of toxic actions, e.g., through lipid peroxidation, DNA strand breakage followed by PARP activation and subsequent cellular energy depletion, production of inflammatory cytokines, and activation of matrix metalloproteinases. Animal models of pneumococcal meningitis have shown that these interactions contribute to massive meningeal inflammation, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, alterations of the cerebral autoregulation, neuronal cell death, and cochlear destruction. Thus, the production of ROS and RNS seems at least in part to be responsible for the poor outcome of patients with pneumococcal meningitis. In consequence, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species such as peroxynitrite have been investigated as potential targets for adjunctive therapy in pneumococcal meningitis. Among the multiple agents tested, one promising drug is N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), which significantly reduced cerebral and cochlear complications in animal models of experimental pneumococcal meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Klein
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Roesner JP, Vagts DA, Iber T, Eipel C, Vollmar B, Nöldge-Schomburg GFE. Protective effects of PARP inhibition on liver microcirculation and function after haemorrhagic shock and resuscitation in male rats. Intensive Care Med 2006; 32:1649-57. [PMID: 16927075 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-006-0335-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/21/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the water-soluble poly-(ADP)-ribose-polymerase (PARP) inhibitor 5-aminoisoquinolinone (5-AIQ) on liver microcirculation and function after haemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. DESIGN Controlled, randomized animal study. SETTING University animal care facility and research laboratory. SUBJECT Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to haemorrhagic shock for 1 h, followed by resuscitation with shed blood and crystalloid solution for a total of 5 h. INTERVENTIONS The PARP inhibitor 5-AIQ (3 mg/kg; n=7) or vehicle (n=7) was administered 5 min prior to resuscitation. Sham-operated animals without induction of shock served as controls (n=7). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Using intravital fluorescence microscopy hepatic microcirculation was assessed at baseline, end of shock phase as well as 1 h and 5 h after resuscitation. Systemic arterial blood pressure and bile flow were continuously monitored. 5-AIQ treatment attenuated shock/resuscitation-induced increase of intrahepatic leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction with a marked reduction of both sinusoidal leukostasis and venular leukocyte adherence. Moreover, nutritive perfusion was found improved, guaranteeing sufficient oxygen supply to tissue, as indicated by low NADH autofluorescence, which was not different to that in controls. Most notably, excretory liver function reached baseline level over 5 h of reperfusion in 5-AIQ-treated animals. CONCLUSIONS In the present setting of shock/resuscitation in male rats the PARP inhibitor 5-AIQ proved to be very effective in ameliorating compromised liver microcirculation and function. Further research has to confirm that PARP inhibition is a suitable tool in the acute treatment of patients suffering from reduced circulating blood volume and thus microcirculatory organ dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Roesner
- University of Rostock, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, 18055 Rostock, Germany
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Cuzzocrea S, Genovese T, Mazzon E, Crisafulli C, Min W, Di Paola R, Muià C, Li JH, Esposito E, Bramanti P, Xu W, Massuda E, Zhang J, Wang ZQ. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Glycohydrolase Activity Mediates Post-Traumatic Inflammatory Reaction after Experimental Spinal Cord Trauma. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319:127-38. [PMID: 16825529 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.108076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the role of poly-(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) on the modulation of the inflammatory response and tissue injury associated with neurotrauma. Spinal cord trauma was induced in wild-type (WT) mice by the application of vascular clips (force of 24 g) to the dura via a two-level T(6) to T(7) laminectomy. Spinal cord injury in WT mice resulted in severe trauma characterized by edema, neutrophil infiltration, and cytokine production followed by recruitment of other inflammatory cells, production of a range of inflammation mediators, tissue damage, apoptosis, and disease. The genetic disruption of the PARG gene in mice or the pharmacological inhibition of PARG with GPI 16552 [N-bis-(3-phenyl-propyl)9-oxo-fluorene-2,7-diamide] (40 mg/kg i.p. bolus), a novel and potent PARG inhibitor, significantly reduced the degree of spinal cord inflammation and tissue injury (histological score), neutrophil infiltration, cytokine production (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta), and apoptosis. In a separate experiment, we have clearly demonstrated that PARG inhibition significantly ameliorated the recovery of limb function. Taken together, our results indicate that PARG activity modulates the inflammatory response and tissue injury events associated with spinal cord trauma and participate in target organ damage under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Torre Biologica, Policlinico Universitario Via C. Valeria, Gazzi, 98100 Messina, Italy.
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Abstract
Fifty years after the advent of antibiotics for clinical use, the rates of morbidity and mortality associated with bacterial meningitis remain high. The unfavourable clinical outcome is often due to intracranial complications including cerebrovascular insults, raised intracranial pressure, hydrocephalus, and brain edema. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known effector molecules in the antimicrobial armature of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear phagocytes. However, over the last decade, there has been a substantial body of work implicating a central role of ROS in the development of intracranial complications and brain damage in bacterial meningitis. Recently, it also became evident that reactive nitrogen species (RNS), especially nitric oxide, are important mediators of meningitis-associated pathophysiological changes, at least during the early phase of the disease. There is now substantial evidence that much of the oxidative injury associated by simultaneous production of superoxide and nitric oxide is mediated by the strong oxidant peroxynitrite. ROS and peroxynitrite can be cytotoxic via a number of independent mechanisms. Their cytotoxic effects include initiation of lipid peroxidation and induction of DNA single strand breakage. Damaged DNA activates poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Recent experimental data propose a role of lipid peroxidation and PARP activation in the development of meningitis-associated intracranial complications and brain injury. Agents which interfere with the production of ROS and peroxynitrite, as well as with PARP activation and lipid peroxidation may represent novel, therapeutic strategies to limit meningitis-associated brain damage, and, thus, to improve the outcome of this serious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Koedel
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University of Munich, D‐81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Hans‐Walter Pfister
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University of Munich, D‐81377 Munich, Germany
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Zaniolo K, Rufiange A, Leclerc S, Desnoyers S, Guérin S. Regulation of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 gene expression by the transcription factors Sp1 and Sp3 is under the influence of cell density in primary cultured cells. Biochem J 2005; 389:423-33. [PMID: 15777284 PMCID: PMC1175120 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2004] [Revised: 02/02/2005] [Accepted: 03/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PARP-1 [poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1) is a nuclear enzyme that is involved in several cellular functions, including DNA repair, DNA transcription, carcinogenesis and apoptosis. The activity directed by the PARP-1 gene promoter is mainly dictated through its recognition by the transcription factors Sp1 and Sp3 (where Sp is specificity protein). In the present study, we investigated whether (i) both PARP-1 expression and PARP-1 enzymatic activity are under the influence of cell density in primary cultured cells, and (ii) whether its pattern of expression is co-ordinated with that of Sp1/Sp3 at varying cell densities and upon cell passages. All types of cultured cells expressed PARP-1 in Western blot when grown to sub-confluence. However, a dramatic reduction was observed at post-confluence. Similarly, high levels of Sp1/Sp3 were observed by both Western blot and EMSAs (electrophoretic mobility-shift assays) in sub-confluent,but not post-confluent, cells. Consistent with these results, the promoter of the rPARP-1 (rat PARP-1) gene directed high levels of activity in sub-confluent, but not confluent, cells upon transfection of various CAT (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase)-rPARP-1 promoter constructs into cultured cells. The positive regulatory influence of Sp1 was not solely exerted on the rPARP-1 promoter constructs, as inhibition of endogenous Sp1 expression in HDKs(human dermal keratinocytes) through the transfection of Sp1 RNAi (RNA interference) considerably reduced endogenous hPARP-1 (human PARP-1) expression as well. The reduction in PARP-1 protein expression as cells reached confluence also translated into a corresponding reduction in PARP-1 activity. In addition, expression of both Sp1/Sp3, as well as that of PARP-1,was dramatically reduced as cells were passaged in culture and progressed towards irreversible terminal differentiation. PARP-1 gene expression therefore appears to be co-ordinated with that of Sp1 and Sp3 in primary cultured cells, suggesting that PARP-1 may play some important functions during the proliferative burst that characterizes wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Zaniolo
- *Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, CHUL Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada, G1V 4G2
| | - Anne Rufiange
- *Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, CHUL Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada, G1V 4G2
| | - Steeve Leclerc
- *Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, CHUL Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada, G1V 4G2
| | - Serge Desnoyers
- †Department of Pediatrics, CHUL Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada, G1V 4G2
| | - Sylvain L. Guérin
- *Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, CHUL Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada, G1V 4G2
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Vincent AM, Stevens MJ, Backus C, McLean LL, Feldman EL. Cell culture modeling to test therapies against hyperglycemia-mediated oxidative stress and injury. Antioxid Redox Signal 2005; 7:1494-506. [PMID: 16356113 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2005.7.1494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The concept that oxidative stress is a key mediator of nerve injury in diabetes has led us to design therapies that target oxidative stress mechanisms. Using an in vitro model of glucose-treated dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in culture, we can examine both free radical generation, using fluorimetric probes for reactive oxygen species, and cell death via the TUNEL assay. The cell culture system is scaled down to a 96-well plate format, and so is well suited to high-throughput screening. In the present study, we test the ability of three drugs, nicotinamide, allopurinol, and alpha-lipoic acid, alone and in combination to prevent DRG neuron oxidative stress and cell death. This combination of drugs is currently in clinical trial in type 1 diabetic patients. We demonstrate independent effects on oxidative stress and neuronal survival for the three drugs, and neuronal protection using the three drugs in combination. The data strengthen the rationale for the current clinical trial. In addition, we describe an effective tool for rapid preclinical testing of novel therapies against diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Vincent
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Razavi HM, Wang L, Weicker S, Quinlan GJ, Mumby S, McCormack DG, Mehta S. Pulmonary oxidant stress in murine sepsis is due to inflammatory cell nitric oxide. Crit Care Med 2005; 33:1333-9. [PMID: 15942352 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000165445.48350.4f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pulmonary oxidant stress is an important pathophysiologic feature of acute lung injury. It is unclear whether nitric oxide contributes to this oxidant stress. Thus, we examined the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in pulmonary oxidant stress in murine sepsis and the differential contribution of different cellular sources of iNOS. DESIGN Randomized, controlled animal study. SETTING Research laboratory of an academic institution. SUBJECTS Male iNOS+/+, iNOS-/- C57Bl/6 mice, and bone-marrow transplanted iNOS chimeric mice: +to- (wild-type iNOS+/+ donor bone-marrow transplanted into iNOS-/- recipient mice) and the reciprocal -to+ chimeras. INTERVENTIONS Animals were randomized to sepsis (n = 264), induced by cecal ligation and perforation, vs. naive groups (n = 138). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In septic iNOS-/- vs. wild-type iNOS+/+ mice, sepsis-induced pulmonary oxidant stress (33 +/- 11 [mean +/- sem] vs. 365 +/- 48 pg 8-isoprostane/mg protein, p < .01) and nitrosative stress (0.0 +/- 0.0 vs. 0.9 +/- 0.4 micromol 3-nitrotyrosine/mmol para-tyrosine, p < .05) were abolished, despite similar septic increases in pulmonary myeloperoxidase activity in both (86 +/- 20 vs. 83 +/- 12 mU/mg protein, p = .78). In +to- iNOS chimeric mice (iNOS localized only to donor bone-marrow-derived inflammatory cells), cecal ligation and perforation resulted in significant pulmonary oxidant stress (368 +/- 81 pg 8-isoprostane/mg protein) and nitrosative stress (0.6 +/- 0.2 micromol 3-nitrotyrosine/mmol para-tyrosine), similar in degree to septic wild-type mice. In contrast, pulmonary oxidant and nitrosative stresses were absent in septic -to+ iNOS chimeras (iNOS localized only to recipient parenchymal cells), similar to iNOS-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS In murine sepsis-induced acute lung injury, pulmonary oxidant stress is completely iNOS dependent and is associated with tyrosine nitration. Moreover, pulmonary oxidant stress and nitrosative stress were uniquely dependent on the presence of iNOS in inflammatory cells (e.g., macrophages and neutrophils), with no apparent contribution of iNOS in pulmonary parenchymal cells. iNOS inhibition targeted specifically to inflammatory cells may be an effective therapeutic approach in sepsis and acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib M Razavi
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, Division of Respirology, London Health Sciences Center and Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Genovese T, Cuzzocrea S, Di Paola R, Failla M, Mazzon E, Sortino MA, Frasca G, Gili E, Crimi N, Caputi AP, Vancheri C. Inhibition or knock out of inducible nitric oxide synthase result in resistance to bleomycin-induced lung injury. Respir Res 2005; 6:58. [PMID: 15955252 PMCID: PMC1177992 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-6-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 06/14/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present study, by comparing the responses in wild-type mice (WT) and mice lacking (KO) the inducible (or type 2) nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), we investigated the role played by iNOS in the development of on the lung injury caused by bleomycin administration. When compared to bleomycin-treated iNOSWT mice, iNOSKO mice, which had received bleomycin, exhibited a reduced degree of the (i) lost of body weight, (ii) mortality rate, (iii) infiltration of the lung with polymorphonuclear neutrophils (MPO activity), (iv) edema formation, (v) histological evidence of lung injury, (vi) lung collagen deposition and (vii) lung Transforming Growth Factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) expression. METHODS Mice subjected to intratracheal administration of bleomycin developed a significant lung injury. Immunohistochemical analysis for nitrotyrosine revealed a positive staining in lungs from bleomycin-treated iNOSWT mice. RESULTS The intensity and degree of nitrotyrosine staining was markedly reduced in tissue section from bleomycin-iNOSKO mice. Treatment of iNOSWT mice with of GW274150, a novel, potent and selective inhibitor of iNOS activity (5 mg/kg i.p.) also significantly attenuated all of the above indicators of lung damage and inflammation. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate that iNOS plays an important role in the lung injury induced by bleomycin in the mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Genovese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, Torre Biologica, Policlinico Universitario, 98123 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, Torre Biologica, Policlinico Universitario, 98123 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, Torre Biologica, Policlinico Universitario, 98123 Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Failla
- Department of Internal and Specialistic Medicine, Section of Respiratory Diseases, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, Torre Biologica, Policlinico Universitario, 98123 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Angela Sortino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Frasca
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Elisa Gili
- Department of Internal and Specialistic Medicine, Section of Respiratory Diseases, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Nunzio Crimi
- Department of Internal and Specialistic Medicine, Section of Respiratory Diseases, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Achille P Caputi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, Torre Biologica, Policlinico Universitario, 98123 Messina, Italy
| | - Carlo Vancheri
- Department of Internal and Specialistic Medicine, Section of Respiratory Diseases, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Cosi C. New inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and their potential therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.12.7.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Zhang J. PARP inhibition: a novel approach to treat ischaemia/reperfusion and inflammation-related injuries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/14728214.4.1.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Marzocco S, Di Paola R, Serraino I, Sorrentino R, Meli R, Mattaceraso G, Cuzzocrea S, Pinto A, Autore G. Effect of methylguanidine in carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in the rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 484:341-50. [PMID: 14744621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that methylguanidine, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), is also able to reduce tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) release. In the present study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory potential of methylguanidine treatment in two models of acute inflammation (carrageenan-induced paw edema and pleurisy) where oxyradical, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins play a crucial role in the inflammatory processes. Our data show that methylguanidine, given intraperitoneally at the dose of 30 mg/kg, inhibits the inflammatory response reducing significantly (P<0.05) paw swelling, pleural exudates formation, mononuclear cell infiltration and histological injury. Furthermore, our data suggests that there is a significant (P<0.05) reduction in the activity and expression both of the inducible NOS (iNOS) and of cyclooxygenase-2 in lung tissue of pleurisy model. Methylguanidine is also able to reduce the appearance of nitrotyrosine and of the nuclear enzyme poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) synthase immunoreactivity in the inflamed lung tissues. Treatment with aminoguanidine, the reference drug, significantly reduced all the evaluated pro-inflammatory parameters in carrageenan-treated rats. Taken together, the present results demonstrate that methylguanidine exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects that could be, in part, related to an inhibition of the expression/activity of the iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2 and, another part, may be related to a reduction of TNF-alpha release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Marzocco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo 11/c, 84084 Fisciano-Salerno, Italy.
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Marzocco S, Di Paola R, Genovese T, Sorrentino R, Britti D, Scollo G, Pinto A, Cuzzocrea S, Autore G. Methylguanidine reduces the development of non septic shock induced by zymosan in mice. Life Sci 2004; 75:1417-33. [PMID: 15240178 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2003] [Accepted: 02/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we evaluate the effect of methylguanidine (MG), a product of protein catabolism, in a model of acute inflammation (zymosan induced inflammation) in mice where oxyradical and nitric oxide (NO) play a crucial role. Our data show that MG, given intraperitoneally at the dose of 30 mg/Kg, inhibits the inflammatory response reducing significantly (P < 0.05) peritoneal exudates formation, mononuclear cell infiltration and histological injury in mice. Furthermore, our data suggests that there is a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in kidney, liver and pancreas injury as demonstrated by the reduction in amylase, lipase, creatinine, AST, ALT, bilirubine and alkaline phosfatase levels. MG is also able to reduce the appearance of nitrotyrosine and of the nuclear enzyme poly (adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) synthase (PARS) immunoreactivity in the inflamed intestinal and lung tissues. The histological examination revealed a significant reduction in zymosan-induced intestinal and lung damage in MG-treated mice. Taken together, the present results demonstrate that MG exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects on zymosan-induced shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Marzocco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo 11/c, 84084, Fisciano--Salerno, Italy.
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Rapizzi E, Fossati S, Moroni F, Chiarugi A. Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase by gallotannin selectively up-regulates expression of proinflammatory genes. Mol Pharmacol 2004; 66:890-8. [PMID: 15229295 DOI: 10.1124/mol.104.000968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) are emerging key regulators of chromatin superstructure and transcriptional activation. Accordingly, both genetic inactivation of PARP-1 and pharmacological inhibition of PAR formation impair the expression of several genes, including those of the inflammatory response. In this study, we asked whether poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), the sole depoly(ADP-ribosyl)ating enzyme identified so far, also regulates gene expression. We report the novel finding that inhibition of PARG by gallotannin triggered nuclear accumulation of PAR and concomitant PAR-dependent expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), but not of interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in cultured RAW 264.7 macrophages. Remarkably, silencing of PARG by means of small interfering RNA selectively impaired gallotannin-induced expression of iNOS and COX-2. Consistent with a PAR-dependent transcriptional activation, increases of iNOS and COX-2 transcripts were not caused by activation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor-kappaB, activator protein-1, signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 or interferon regulatory factor-1, nor by mRNA stabilization. Overall, our data provide the first evidence that pharmacological inhibition of PARG leads to PAR-dependent alteration of gene expression profiles in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rapizzi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Florence, Italy
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Ha HC. Defective transcription factor activation for proinflammatory gene expression in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1-deficient glia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:5087-92. [PMID: 15041747 PMCID: PMC387378 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0306895101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) activity is detected in both neuronal and nonneuronal cells in the CNS, and excessive PARP-1 activity is known to be detrimental to tissue because of the cellular energy loss. Accordingly, PARP-1-deficient (PARP-1(-/-)) mice have been shown to be resistant to cerebral ischemia and several forms of inflammation. Recently, PARP-1 in glial cells has been shown to mediate the expression of proinflammatory genes in response to inflammatory stimuli by, in part, enhancing cognate DNA-binding capacities of transcription factors such as NF-kappaB and activator protein 1. Here, we demonstrate an additional mechanism whereby a significant reduction of proinflammatory gene expression such as IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and inducible nitricoxide synthase in PARP-1(-/-) glial cells is linked to defective inflammatory stimuli-induced p38MAPK-mediated phosphorylation of ATF-2 and cAMP-response element-binding protein and phosphorylation of NF-kappaB p65. Importantly, an inflammatory stimuli-induced p38MAPK activation is impaired in PARP-1(-/-) glial cells in a signaling pathway- and cell/tissue type-specific manner. These findings indicate that PARP-1 is an essential host factor among factors that actively mediate excessive production of proinflammatory molecules in glial cells, which may in turn contribute to the initiation of neuronal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Chol Ha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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35
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Saraswathi V, Wu G, Toborek M, Hennig B. Linoleic acid-induced endothelial activation: role of calcium and peroxynitrite signaling. J Lipid Res 2004; 45:794-804. [PMID: 14993245 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m300497-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia, an important risk factor of atherosclerosis, is associated with increased circulating free fatty acids. Research to date indicates that linoleic acid (LA), the major fatty acid in the American diet, may be atherogenic by activating vascular endothelial cells. However, the exact signaling mechanisms involved in LA-mediated proinflammatory events in endothelial cells still remain unclear. We previously reported increased superoxide formation after LA exposure in endothelial cells. The objective of the present investigation is to determine the role of calcium and peroxynitrite in mediating the proinflammatory effect of LA in vascular endothelial cells. LA exposure increased intracellular calcium, nitric oxide, and tetrahydrodiopterin levels as well as the expression of E-selectin. Inhibiting calcium signaling using 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid and heparin decreased the expression of E-selectin. Also, LA-mediated nuclear factor kappa B activation and E-selectin gene expression were suppressed by Mn (III) tetrakis (1-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin pentachloride (a superoxide scavenger), N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine (an endothelial nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrinato iron (III) chloride (a peroxynitrite scavenger). LA exposure resulted in increased nitrotyrosine levels, as observed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Our data suggest that the proinflammatory effects of LA can be mediated through calcium and peroxynitrite signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanathan Saraswathi
- Molecular and Cell Nutrition Laboratory, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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36
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Dugo L, Marzocco S, Mazzon E, Paola RD, Genovese T, Caputi AP, Cuzzocrea S. Effects of GW274150, a novel and selective inhibitor of iNOS activity, in acute lung inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 141:979-87. [PMID: 14769784 PMCID: PMC1574261 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of GW274150, a novel, potent and selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity in a model of lung injury induced by carrageenan administration in the rats. 2. Injection of carrageenan into the pleural cavity of rats elicited an acute inflammatory response characterized by: fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity which contained a large number of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) as well as an infiltration of PMNs in lung tissues and subsequent lipid peroxidation, and increased production of nitrite/nitrate (NO(x)), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). 3. All parameters of inflammation were attenuated in a dose-dependent manner by GW274150 (2.5, 5 and 10 mg x kg(-1) injected i.p. 5 min before carrageenan). 4. Carrageenan induced an upregulation of the intracellular adhesion molecules-1 (ICAM-1), as well as nitrotyrosine and poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) as determined by immunohistochemical analysis of lung tissues. 5. The degree of staining for the ICAM-1, nitrotyrosine and PAR was reduced by GW274150. These results clearly confirm that NO from iNOS plays a role in the development of the inflammatory response by altering key components of the inflammatory cascade. 6. GW274150 may offer a novel therapeutic approach for the management of various inflammatory diseases where NO and related radicals have been postulated to play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dugo
- Department Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Stefania Marzocco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salerno, Fisciano-Salerno, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- Department of Biomorphology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Tiziana Genovese
- Department Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Achille P Caputi
- Department Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Italy
- Author for correspondence:
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Khandoga A, Biberthaler P, Enders G, Krombach F. 5-Aminoisoquinolinone, a novel inhibitor of poly(adenosine disphosphate-ribose) polymerase, reduces microvascular liver injury but not mortality rate after hepatic ischemia-reperfusion*. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:472-7. [PMID: 14758166 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000109448.51468.e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the novel, potent, water-soluble inhibitor of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) 5-aminoisoquinolinone (5-AIQ) on hepatic microcirculation, hepatocellular injury, and survival in a murine model of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion. DESIGN Randomized animal study. SETTING Research laboratory. SUBJECTS C57BL6 mice were subjected to warm either partial (90 mins) or total (75 mins) ischemia of the liver. INTERVENTIONS Either PARP inhibitor 5-AIQ (3 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered to mice intravenously immediately before the start of reperfusion. Sham-operated animals served as controls. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS As shown by intravital fluorescence microscopy after 30-60 mins of reperfusion, ischemia-reperfusion significantly enhanced platelet- and leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in hepatic microvessels and impaired sinusoidal perfusion. Hepatocellular injury was characterized by an increase in the number of necrotic and apoptotic cells, dramatic elevation of aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase serum activity, and lipid peroxidation in liver tissue. 5-AIQ treatment attenuated ischemia-reperfusion-induced increases in the numbers of adherent platelets and leukocytes as well as of necrotic and apoptotic cells and ameliorated perfusion failure. Furthermore, PARP inhibition prevented the increase in aspartate aminotransferase activity after ischemia-reperfusion but did not affect postischemic alanine aminotransferase release. However, no protective impact of 5-AIQ on postischemic oxidative stress was observed. Although PARP inhibition did not alter the survival percentage after ischemia-reperfusion (22% in both groups), this approach prolonged survival from 1 to 24 hrs (ischemia-reperfusion + vehicle) up to 48-72 hrs in the treated group. CONCLUSIONS PARP inhibition with 5-AIQ during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion attenuates microvascular injury and reduces the extent of necrotic/apoptotic cell damage but does not protect from oxidative injury and does not improve postoperative survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Khandoga
- Institute for Surgical Research, University of Munich, Germany
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38
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Minchenko AG, Stevens MJ, White L, Abatan OI, Komjáti K, Pacher P, Szabó C, Obrosova IG. Diabetes-induced overexpression of endothelin-1 and endothelin receptors in the rat renal cortex is mediated via poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation. FASEB J 2003; 17:1514-6. [PMID: 12824290 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-0013fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize that poly (ADP-ribosyl)ation, that is, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-dependent transfer of ADP-ribose moieties from NAD to nuclear proteins, plays a role in diabetic nephropathy. We evaluated whether PARP activation is present and whether two unrelated PARP inhibitors, 3-aminobenzamide (ABA) and 1,5-isoquinolinediol (ISO), counteract overexpression of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and ET receptors in the renal cortex in short-term diabetes. The studies were performed in control rats and streptozotocin-diabetic rats treated with/without ABA or ISO (30 and 3 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1), intraperitoneally, for 2 weeks after 2 weeks of diabetes). Poly (ADP-ribose) immunoreactivity was increased in tubuli, but not glomeruli, of diabetic rats and this increase was corrected by ISO, whereas ABA had a weaker effect. ET-1 concentration (ELISA) was increased in diabetic rats, and this elevation was blunted by ISO. ET-1, ET(A), and ET(B) mRNA (ribonuclease protection assay), but not ET-3 mRNA (RT/PCR), abundance was increased in diabetic rats, and three variables were, at least, partially corrected by ISO. ABA produced a trend towards normalization of ET-1 concentration and ET-1, ET(A), and ET(B) mRNA abundance, but the differences with untreated diabetic group were not significant. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is involved in diabetes-induced renal overexpression of ET-1 and ET receptors. PARP inhibitors could provide a novel therapeutic approach for diabetic complications including nephropathy, and other diseases that involve the endothelin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Minchenko
- Department of Anesthesiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Sharp CD, Jawahar A, Warren AC, Elrod JW, Nanda A, Alexander JS. Gamma knife irradiation increases cerebral endothelial expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and E-selectin. Neurosurgery 2003; 53:154-60; discussion 160-1. [PMID: 12823884 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000068840.84484.da] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2002] [Accepted: 01/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alterations in multiple functions of the microvasculature occur in response to gamma irradiation and are thought to contribute to radiation-induced end organ damage by inducing inflammatory responses, particularly leukocyte infiltration into the affected area. Endothelial cell adhesion molecules (ECAMs) mediate leukocyte adhesion and migration. Here, we validate a method to study the effect of Leksell gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery on the expression of ECAMs on human cerebral endothelium at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours after irradiation. METHODS A human brain endothelial cell line (IHEC) was cultured on 12-mm coverslips and subjected to 50 Gy of collimated gamma irradiation with the Leksell gamma knife (Elekta Instruments, Inc., Atlanta, GA). Lactate dehydrogenase release was measured at 24, 48, and 72 hours after irradiation and caspase-3 at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. ECAM expression was measured at postirradiation intervals of 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours by cell enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. We used a cell irradiator composed of two chambers. The upper chamber holds the coverslips firmly in place while they are immersed in media. The lower chamber is connected to a peristaltic pump, which pumps water into the chamber and maintains the media in the upper chamber at 37 degrees C through convection. RESULTS None of the ECAMs tested was significantly elevated compared with the control basally. Twenty-four hours after irradiation, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 was significantly elevated on brain endothelial cells but there was no significant elevation of E-selectin. Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 was increased slightly but not significantly and decreased at 48 hours. At 72 hours, E-selectin expression was significantly increased; intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 were not altered relative to sham controls. CONCLUSION Increased ECAM expression and lactate dehydrogenase release support the idea that the cerebral microvasculature undergoes an inflammatory response after Leksell gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Sharp
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, USA
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Scharte M, Nofer JR, Aken HV, Waurick R, Meyer J, Bone HG. Nicotinamide increases systemic vascular resistance in ovine endotoxemia. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29:989-994. [PMID: 12728305 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-003-1738-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2002] [Accepted: 03/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The nuclear enzyme Poly(ADP-Ribose)-Polymerase (PARP) has been hypothesized as playing a major role in various forms of inflammation. PARP activation is induced by DNA strand breakage and can result in intracellular energy depletion and, ultimately, cell death. Further, it is thought to influence cardiovascular function and organ failure in endotoxemia. Here, we investigated the effect of the PARP inhibitor nicotinamide on cardiovascular and liver function in healthy and chronically endotoxemic sheep. DESIGN Prospective controlled trial. SETTING University research laboratory. SUBJECTS 12 female adult sheep. INTERVENTIONS Six healthy sheep, instrumented for chronic study, received nicotinamide intravenously as a bolus of 40 mg/kg followed by a continuous infusion of 10 mg.kg(-1).h(-1); six animals received the vehicle. One hour after bolus application, a continuous infusion of endotoxin ( Salmonella typhosa, 10 ng.kg(-1).min(-1)) was started. Hemodynamic parameters were determined before and during endotoxemia. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Treatment with nicotinamide resulted in a significantly higher systemic vascular resistance index and lower cardiac index in endotoxemic animals, but not in controls. It also attenuated endotoxin-induced increase in gamma-glutamyl transferase. CONCLUSIONS The PARP inhibitor nicotinamide attenuates impairment of cardiovascular function during endotoxemia. In addition, PARP activation may be involved in endotoxin-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Scharte
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jerzy-Roch Nofer
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Laboratoriumsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hugo Van Aken
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Rene Waurick
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jörg Meyer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Bone
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Cho WS, Chae C. Evidence of nitric oxide synthase 2 activity in swine naturally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Vet Pathol 2003; 40:276-82. [PMID: 12724568 DOI: 10.1354/vp.40-3-276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Evidence of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) 2 activity was determined by formation of nitrotyrosine (a reaction product of peroxynitrite) and by activation of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase (PARS) in NOS2-expressed pleuropneumonic lungs from 20 pigs naturally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae using immunohistochemistry. Intense immunostaining for nitrotyrosine residue was seen within the lung lesions from A. pleuropneumoniae-infected pigs, but it was minimal in the unaffected parts of the lung from A. pleuropneumoniae-infected pigs and in the normal lung from control pigs. Staining was especially strong in neutrophils and macrophages in the periphery of the lesions and within the alveolar spaces. There was close cell-to-cell correlation when serial sections were examined by immunohistochemistry for NOS2 and nitrotyrosine in each of the 20 lung samples. Expression of PARS was always present within inflammatory lesions but was minimal in the unaffected lung of A. pleuropneumoniae-infected pigs. Macrophages in alveolar spaces frequently exhibited strong staining for PARS. Colocalization of nitrotyrosine and PARS antigen was especially prominent in macrophages in the periphery of lesions. NOS2 expression in pleuropneumonic areas associated with protein nitrosation and PARS suggests that NOS2 is functionally active during infections caused by A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-S Cho
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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42
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Satchell MA, Zhang X, Kochanek PM, Dixon CE, Jenkins LW, Melick J, Szabó C, Clark RSB. A dual role for poly-ADP-ribosylation in spatial memory acquisition after traumatic brain injury in mice involving NAD+ depletion and ribosylation of 14-3-3gamma. J Neurochem 2003; 85:697-708. [PMID: 12694396 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a homeostatic enzyme that paradoxically contributes to disturbances in spatial memory acquisition after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in transgenic mice, thought to be related to depletion of its substrate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). In this study, systemic administration of the PARP-1 inhibitor 5-iodo-6-amino-1,2-benzopyrone (INH2BP) after TBI preserved brain NAD+ levels and dose-dependently reduced poly-ADP-ribosylation 24 h after injury. While moderate-dose INH2BP improved spatial memory acquisition after TBI; strikingly, both injured- and sham-mice receiving high-dose INH2BP were unable to learn in the Morris-water maze. Poly-ADP-ribosylated peptides identified using a proteomics approach yielded several proteins potentially associated with memory, including structural proteins (tubulin alpha and beta, gamma-actin, and alpha-internexin neuronal intermediate filament protein) and 14-3-3gamma. Nuclear poly-ADP-ribosylation of 14-3-3gamma was completely inhibited by the dose of INH2BP that produced profound memory disturbances. Thus, partial inhibition of poly-ADP-ribosylation preserves NAD+ and improves functional outcome after TBI, whereas more complete inhibition impairs spatial memory acquisition independent of injury, and is associated with ribosylation of 14-3-3gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Satchell
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Chiarugi A, Moskowitz MA. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 activity promotes NF-kappaB-driven transcription and microglial activation: implication for neurodegenerative disorders. J Neurochem 2003; 85:306-17. [PMID: 12675907 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01684.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Excessive release of proinflammatory products by activated glia causes neurotoxicity and participates in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Recently, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) has been shown to play a key role in nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB)-driven expression of inflammatory mediators by glia during the neuroimmune response. Here we report the novel finding that the enzymatic activity of PARP-1 promotes, in an beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent fashion, the DNA binding of NF-kappaB in microglia exposed to lipopolysaccharides, interferon-gamma or beta-amyloid 1-40. Consistently, we found that targeting NF-kappaB-dependent glial activation with pharmacological inhibitors of PARP-1 enzymatic activity reduces expression of inflammatory mediators such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin 1beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha and amyloid precursor protein, and reduces the neurotoxic potential of activated glia in vitro. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced poly(ADP-ribose) formation in vivo suppresses neuroinflammation and related neural cell death. Our findings build on prior published reports in PARP-1 null mice and highlight the importance of PARP-1 enzymatic activity in transcriptional control during glial activation, identifying PARP-1 activity-dependent regulation of NF-kappaB as a novel pharmacological target for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Chiarugi
- Department of Neuroscience, Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachussets, USA.
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Cuzzocrea S, Mazzon E, Dugo L, Genovese T, Di Paola R, Ruggeri Z, Vegeto E, Caputi AP, Van De Loo FAJ, Puzzolo D, Maggi A. Inducible nitric oxide synthase mediates bone loss in ovariectomized mice. Endocrinology 2003; 144:1098-107. [PMID: 12586786 DOI: 10.1210/en.2002-220597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several clinical studies have shown that bone loss may be attributed to osteoclast recruitment induced by mediators of inflammation. In different experimental paradigms we have recently demonstrated that estrogen exhibits antiinflammatory activity by preventing the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and other components of the inflammatory reaction. To verify whether this could explain the estrogen-dependent blockade of osteoporosis, we investigated the effect of ovariectomy in mice in which iNOS activity had been blunted by genetic or pharmacological manipulation. The consequences of iNOS blockade were evaluated initially on bone formation and resorption by histomorphometric analysis. The proximal tibiae of mice with iNOS genotypes revealed that 32 d after ovariectomy bone volume and bone formation rate were significantly decreased, and osteoclast surface was increased. Conversely, in iNOS knockout (iNOSKO) and wild-type (WT) mice treated with a specific inhibitor of iNOS, N-iminoethyl-L-lysine, ovariectomy did not result in bone depletion. In WT mice, ovariectomy also affected bone formation, as shown by a decreased mineral apposition rate. Also in this case, iNOS inactivation prevented the effect of ovariectomy. Immunocytochemical analysis showed that after ovariectomy iNOS protein accumulates in chondrocytes, and a significant increase in nitrotyrosine and poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase staining was observed in the femur metaphyses. The increase in nitrotyrosine and poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase formation induced by ovariectomy was significantly reduced in sections from iNOSKO mice. These data indicate that in WT mice the observed induction of iNOS has functional relevance, because it leads to overproduction of nitric oxide and accumulation of highly reactive molecules, triggering a local inflammatory reaction. These inflammatory foci attract cytokines, well known actors in the mechanism of osteoclastogenesis. In iNOSKO mice the measurements of IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNFalpha plasma levels showed that ovariectomy fails to elicit the increase observed in WT animals and suggests that iNOS plays a primary role in the protective effects of estrogens. To further support this hypothesis, we show that estradiol-dependent activation of estrogen receptor-alpha blocks phorbol 12-acetate 13-myristate-induced transcription of iNOS promoter in transfected cells, thus demonstrating that the promoter of iNOS is under estrogen negative control. Our findings point to a key role of iNOS in mediating the negative effects of estrogen depletion on bones and provide a novel mechanistic explanation for the effects of menopause in osteoporosis and possibly also in other diseases in which the inflammatory component is elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy.
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Obrosova IG. How does glucose generate oxidative stress in peripheral nerve? INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2003; 50:3-35. [PMID: 12198815 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(02)50071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes-associated oxidative stress is clearly manifest in peripheral nerve, dorsal root, and sympathetic ganglia of the peripheral nervous system and endothelial cells and is implicated in nerve blood flow and conduction deficits, impaired neurotrophic support, changes in signal transduction and metabolism, and morphological abnormalities characteristic of peripheral diabetic neuropathy (diabetic peripheral neuropathy). Hyperglycemia has a key role in oxidative stress in diabetic nerve, whereas the contribution of other factors, such as endoneurial hypoxia, transition metal imbalance, and hyperlipidemia, has not been rigorously proven. It has been suggested that oxidative stress, particularly mitochondrial superoxide production, is responsible for sorbitol pathway hyperactivity, nonenzymatic glycation/glycooxidation, and activation of protein kinase C. However, this concept is not supported by in vivo studies demonstrating the lack of any inhibition of the sorbitol pathway activity in peripheral nerve, retina, and lens by antioxidants, including potent superoxide scavengers. Its has been also hypothesized that aldose reductase (AR) detoxifies lipid peroxidation products, and therefore, the enzyme inhibition in diabetes is detrimental rather than benefical. However, the role for AR in lipid peroxdation product metabolism has never been demonstrated in vivo, and the effects of aldose reductase inhibitors and antioxidants on diabetic peripheral neuropathy are unidirectional, i.e., both classes of agents prevent and correct functional, metabolic, neurotrophic, and morphological changes in diabetic nerve. Growing evidence indicates that AR has a key role in oxidative stress in the peripheral nerve and contributes to superoxide production by the vascular endothelium. The potential mechanisms of this phenonmenon are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Obrosova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Scott GS, Virág L, Szabó C, Hooper DC. Peroxynitrite-induced oligodendrocyte toxicity is not dependent on poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation. Glia 2003; 41:105-16. [PMID: 12509801 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte loss is a characteristic feature of several CNS disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and spinal cord injury. However, the mechanisms responsible for oligodendrocyte destruction remain undefined. As recent studies have implicated peroxynitrite in the pathogenesis of both spinal cord injury and MS, we have examined whether peroxynitrite may mediate at least some of the oligodendrocyte damage and demyelination observed in these conditions. Primary rat oligodendrocytes were exposed to authentic peroxynitrite in vitro and assessed for cytotoxicity. Mitochondrial function, measured by the reduction of MTT to formazan, and mitochondrial membrane potential were used as indicators of cell viability. Cell death was quantitated by measuring either the release of lactate dehydrogenase from, or the uptake of propidium iodide into, damaged and dying cells. Peroxynitrite dose-dependently reduced the viability of primary oligodendrocytes and induced cell death. Furthermore, peroxynitrite significantly increased DNA strand breakage and the activity of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in oligodendrocyte cultures. To identify whether PARP activation plays a role in peroxynitrite-induced oligodendrocyte toxicity, we examined the effects of the PARP inhibitors 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) and 5-iodo-6-amino-1,2-benzopyrone (INH(2)BP) on mitochondrial function and cell death in oligodendrocytes. The presence of 3AB and INH(2)BP did not protect oligodendrocytes from peroxynitrite-induced cytotoxicity. However, both compounds significantly reduced PARP activity in these cells. Primary oligodendrocytes generated from PARP-deficient mice were also highly susceptible to peroxynitrite-induced cell death. Therefore, our results show that peroxynitrite exerts cytotoxic effects on oligodendrocytes in vitro independently of PARP activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen S Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) or its derivatives (reactive nitrogen species, RNS) inhibit mitochondrial respiration in two different ways: (i) an acute, potent, and reversible inhibition of cytochrome oxidase by NO in competition with oxygen; and, (ii) irreversible inhibition of multiple sites by RNS. NO inhibition of respiration may impinge on cell death in several ways. Inhibition of respiration can cause necrosis and inhibit apoptosis due to ATP depletion, if glycolysis is also inhibited or is insufficient to compensate. Inhibition of neuronal respiration can result in excitotoxic death of neurons due to induced release of glutamate and activation of NMDA-type glutamate receptors. Inhibition of respiration may cause apoptosis in some cells, while inhibiting apoptosis in other cells, by mechanisms that are not clear. However, NO can induce (and inhibit) cell death by a variety of mechanisms unrelated to respiratory inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Chiarugi A. Inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 suppress transcriptional activation in lymphocytes and ameliorate autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 137:761-70. [PMID: 12411406 PMCID: PMC1573557 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
1. In the presence of genotoxic stress poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) leads to NAD(+) and ATP depletion, participating in the pathogenesis of several disorders including inflammation. Accordingly, chemical inhibitors of PARP-1 are efficacious anti-inflammatories, albeit the underlying molecular mechanisms are still under debate. 2. This study investigated the effect of the PARP-1 inhibitors 6(5H)-phenanthridinone and benzamide as well as that of benzoic acid, an inactive analogue of benzamide, on development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rats. Both 6(5H)-phenanthridinone and benzamide attenuated development of EAE, reducing clinical score, neuroimmune infiltration and expression of inflammatory mediators such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin-1beta and -2, cyclooxygenase-2, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma in the spinal cord of myelin-immunized rats. Importantly, no evidence of NAD(+) and ATP depletion as well as poly(ADP-ribose) formation was detected in the spinal cord. 3. By contrast, a robust formation of poly(ADP-ribose) occurred in B- and T-cell areas in lymph nodes of myelin-immunized rats and was suppressed by the treatment with 6(5H)-phenanthridinone and benzamide. In cultures of activated rat lymphocytes, 6(5H)-phenanthridinone and benzamide reduced the DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB and AP-1 and transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-2, interferon-gamma and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. 4. Notably, benzoic acid did not reproduce the in vivo and in vitro effects of its parent compound. 5. These findings indicate that PARP-1 promotes transcriptional activation in lymphocytes and inhibitors of its enzymatic activity are useful for the treatment of autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Chiarugi
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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Tsukahara H, Haruta T, Todoroki Y, Hiraoka M, Noiri E, Maeda M, Mayumi M. Oxidant and antioxidant activities in childhood meningitis. Life Sci 2002; 71:2797-806. [PMID: 12383885 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(02)02137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Animal studies have provided substantial evidence for a key role of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide and its related compounds in the complex pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis. However, there is little information on changes in the redox status in human meningitis. In the present study, we evaluated the redox status and oxidative stress in the central nervous system of children with meningitis. Oxidant and antioxidant activities were assessed from cerebrospinal fluid levels of acrolein-lysine adducts (a marker of lipid peroxidation), nitrite (a marker of nitric oxide production) and bilirubin derivatives (a marker of antioxidant activity of bilirubin). All these markers were several times higher in children during the early phase of bacterial meningitis compared with those of children without meningitis and patients with aseptic meningitis. In the bacterial meningitis group, the levels of bilirubin derivatives correlated significantly with those of acrolein-lysine adducts and nitrite. Acrolein-lysine adducts and nitrite decreased significantly as the patients started to respond to treatment but bilirubin derivatives remained elevated. In conclusion, our data indicate the enhancement of both oxidant and antioxidant activities in the central nervous system of children with early bacterial meningitis, but not in those with aseptic meningitis. Clinical and laboratory improvement may be associated with a decrease in oxidant activities in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Tsukahara
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Fukui Medical University, Japan.
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Volman TJH, Goris RJA, van der Jagt M, van de Loo FAJ, Hendriks T. Organ damage in zymosan-induced multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in mice is not mediated by inducible nitric oxide synthase. Crit Care Med 2002; 30:1553-9. [PMID: 12130978 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200207000-00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the development of the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in a murine model by using either a selective iNOS inhibitor or iNOS knockout mice. DESIGN Prospective randomized laboratory study. SETTING Central animal laboratory and experimental laboratory. SUBJECTS Fifty inbred C57BL/6 mice, 39 iNOS knockout (-/-) mice, and 30 wild-type (+/+) mice, 7-9 wks old, weighing 20-25 g. INTERVENTIONS Mice received an aseptic intraperitoneal injection of 40 microg of lipopolysaccharide followed by zymosan at a dose of 1 mg/g of body weight 6 days later (day 0). In experiment 1, C57BL/6 mice additionally received intraperitoneal injections with 5 mg of aminoguanidine or saline every 12 hrs, from 4 days after the injection of zymosan onward. In experiment 2, both iNOS-/- mice and corresponding wild-type (iNOS+/+) mice were treated with lipopolysaccharide and zymosan. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In all animals, the injection of zymosan induced an acute peritonitis, followed by an apparent recovery. From approximately day 6 onward, animals entered the third-MODS-like-phase, indicated by weight loss, a decrease in body temperature, and significant mortality rates. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunochemistry revealed a strongly increased expression of iNOS messenger RNA and iNOS protein in livers of mice in the last phase. However, neither the in vivo administration of aminoguanidine to C57BL/6 mice nor the complete absence of iNOS enzyme (iNOS-/- mice) had a beneficial effect on survival rate, body temperature, or body weight. In addition, relative lung, liver, and spleen weights and lung scores were not different between experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS The current results strongly argue against an essential and causative role of iNOS in the development of organ damage in our murine model of MODS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J H Volman
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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