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Chakraborty S, Tripathi SJ, Raju TR, Shankaranarayana Rao BS. Brain stimulation rewarding experience attenuates neonatal clomipramine-induced adulthood anxiety by reversal of pathological changes in the amygdala. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 103:110000. [PMID: 32512130 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with enhanced anxiety and reduced reward processing leading to impaired cognitive flexibility. These pathological changes during depression are accompanied by dysfunctional hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its impaired regulation by the amygdala. Notably, the electrical stimulation of brain reward areas produces an antidepressant effect in both MDD patients and animal models of depression. However, the effects of chronic electrical self-stimulation of lateral hypothalamus - medial forebrain bundle (LH-MFB) on depression-associated anxiety and accompanying changes in plasma corticosterone levels, structural, and neurochemical alterations in the amygdala are unknown. Here, we used the neonatal clomipramine (CLI) model of depression. During adulthood, neonatal CLI and vehicle administered rats were subjected to bilateral electrode implantation at LH-MFB and trained to receive intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) for 14 days. Rats were then tested for anhedonic and anxiety-like behaviors, followed by estimation of plasma corticosterone levels, assessment of amygdalar volumes and neuronal/glial numbers, levels of monoamines and their metabolites in the amygdala. We found that chronic ICSS of LH-MFB reverses CLI-induced anhedonia and anxiety. Interestingly, amelioration of CLI-induced enhanced anhedonia and anxiety in ICSS rats was associated with partial reversal of enhanced plasma corticosterone levels, hypertrophy of basolateral amygdala (BLA), and altered noradrenaline (NA) metabolism in the amygdalar complex. We suggest that beneficial effects of ICSS on CLI-induced anxiety at least in part mediated by the restoration of amygdalar and HPA axis functioning. Our results support the hypothesis that brain stimulation rewarding experience might be evolved as a therapeutic strategy for reversal of amygdalar dysfunction in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwarna Chakraborty
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Sunil Jamuna Tripathi
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - T R Raju
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - B S Shankaranarayana Rao
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru 560 029, India.
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Sheftel CM, Hernandez LL. Serotonin stimulated parathyroid hormone related protein induction in the mammary epithelia by transglutaminase-dependent serotonylation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241192. [PMID: 33095824 PMCID: PMC7584195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary-derived serotonin has been implicated in breast-to-bone communication during lactation by increasing parathyroid hormone related-protein (PTHrP) in the mammary gland. It is well established that PTHrP acts on the bone to liberate calcium for milk synthesis during lactation; however, the mechanism of serotonin’s regulation of PTHrP has not been fully elucidated. Recently, serotonylation has been shown to be involved in a variety of physiological processes mediated by serotonin. Therefore, we investigated whether serotonylation is involved in serotonin’s regulation of PTHrP in the mammary gland using lactogenically differentiated mouse mammary epithelial cells. We investigated the effect of increased intracellular serotonin using the antidepressant fluoxetine or 5-hydroxytryptophan (serotonin precursor), with or without transglutaminase inhibition and the corresponding action on PTHrP induction and activity. Treatment with fluoxetine or 5-hydroxytryptophan significantly increased intracellular serotonin concentrations and subsequently increased PTHrP gene expression, which was reduced with transglutaminase inhibition. Furthermore, we determined that transglutaminase activity is increased with lactogenic differentiation and 5-hydroxytryptophan or fluoxetine treatment. We investigated whether RhoA, Rac1, and Rab4 were potential serotonylation target proteins. We speculate that RhoA is potentially a serotonylation target protein. Our data suggest that serotonin regulates PTHrP induction in part through the process of serotonylation under lactogenic conditions in mouse mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste M. Sheftel
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Laura L. Hernandez
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Comasco E, Schijven D, de Maeyer H, Vrettou M, Nylander I, Sundström-Poromaa I, Olivier JDA. Constitutive Serotonin Transporter Reduction Resembles Maternal Separation with Regard to Stress-Related Gene Expression. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3132-3142. [PMID: 30614673 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactive effects between allelic variants of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) promoter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) and stressors on depression symptoms have been documented, as well as questioned, by meta-analyses. Translational models of constitutive 5-htt reduction and experimentally controlled stressors often led to inconsistent behavioral and molecular findings and often did not include females. The present study sought to investigate the effect of 5-htt genotype, maternal separation, and sex on the expression of stress-related candidate genes in the rat hippocampus and frontal cortex. The mRNA expression levels of Avp, Pomc, Crh, Crhbp, Crhr1, Bdnf, Ntrk2, Maoa, Maob, and Comt were assessed in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of 5-htt ± and 5-htt +/+ male and female adult rats exposed, or not, to daily maternal separation for 180 min during the first 2 postnatal weeks. Gene- and brain region-dependent, but sex-independent, interactions between 5-htt genotype and maternal separation were found. Gene expression levels were higher in 5-htt +/+ rats not exposed to maternal separation compared with the other experimental groups. Maternal separation and 5-htt +/- genotype did not yield additive effects on gene expression. Correlative relationships, mainly positive, were observed within, but not across, brain regions in all groups except in non-maternally separated 5-htt +/+ rats. Gene expression patterns in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of rats exposed to maternal separation resembled the ones observed in rats with reduced 5-htt expression regardless of sex. These results suggest that floor effects of 5-htt reduction and maternal separation might explain inconsistent findings in humans and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jocelien D. A. Olivier
- Department Neurobiology, Unit Behavioural Neuroscience, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen 9712 CP, The Netherlands
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Pinheiro IL, da Silva AI, Reginato A, da Silva Filho RC, Galindo LCM, Matos RJB, de Souza Ferraz JC, Toscano Meneses da Silva Castro AE, Milanski Ferreira M, Manhães de Castro R, de Souza SL. Neonatal fluoxetine exposure modulates serotonergic neurotransmission and disturb inhibitory action of serotonin on food intake. Behav Brain Res 2019; 357-358:65-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Arnold MR, Williams PH, McArthur JA, Archuleta AR, O'Neill CE, Hassell JE, Smith DG, Bachtell RK, Lowry CA. Effects of chronic caffeine exposure during adolescence and subsequent acute caffeine challenge during adulthood on rat brain serotonergic systems. Neuropharmacology 2018; 148:257-271. [PMID: 30579884 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is the most commonly used drug in the world. However, animal studies suggest that chronic consumption of caffeine during adolescence can result in enhanced anxiety-like behavioral responses during adulthood. One mechanism through which chronic caffeine administration may influence subsequent anxiety-like responses is through actions on brainstem serotonergic systems. In order to explore potential effects of chronic caffeine consumption on brainstem serotonergic systems, we evaluated the effects of a 28-day exposure to chronic caffeine (0.3 g/L; postnatal day 28-56) or vehicle administration in the drinking water, followed by 24 h caffeine withdrawal, and subsequent challenge with caffeine (30 mg/kg; s.c.) or vehicle in adolescent male rats. In Experiment 1, acute caffeine challenge induced a widespread activation of serotonergic neurons throughout the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR); this effect was attenuated in rats that had been exposed to chronic caffeine consumption. In Experiment 2, acute caffeine administration profoundly decreased tph2 and slc22a3 mRNA expression throughout the DR, with no effects on htr1a or slc6a4 mRNA expression. Chronic caffeine exposure for four weeks during adolescence was sufficient to decrease tph2 mRNA expression in the DR measured 28 h after caffeine withdrawal. Chronic caffeine administration during adolescence did not impact the ability of acute caffeine to decrease tph2 or slc22a3 mRNA expression. Together, these data suggest that both chronic caffeine administration during adolescence and acute caffeine challenge during adulthood are important determinants of serotonergic function and serotonergic gene expression, effects that may contribute to chronic effects of caffeine on anxiety-like responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Arnold
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - P H Williams
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - J A McArthur
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - A R Archuleta
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - C E O'Neill
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - J E Hassell
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - D G Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - R K Bachtell
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - C A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), Denver, CO, 80220, USA; Military and Veteran Microbiome Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Denver, CO, 80220, USA.
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da L.D. Barros M, Manhães-de-Castro R, Alves DT, Quevedo OG, Toscano AE, Bonnin A, Galindo L. Long term effects of neonatal exposure to fluoxetine on energy balance: A systematic review of experimental studies. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 833:298-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Molina-Jiménez T, Limón-Morales O, Bonilla-Jaime H. Early postnatal treatment with clomipramine induces female sexual behavior and estrous cycle impairment. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 166:27-34. [PMID: 29407872 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Administration of clomipramine (CMI), a tricyclic antidepressant, in early stages of development in rats, is considered an animal model for the study of depression. This pharmacological manipulation has induced behavioral and physiological alterations, i.e., less pleasure-seeking behaviors, despair, hyperactivity, cognitive dysfunction, alterations in neurotransmitter systems and in HPA axis. These abnormalities in adult male rats are similar to the symptoms observed in major depressive disorders. One of the main pleasure-seeking behaviors affected in male rats treated with CMI is sexual behavior. However, to date, no effects of early postnatal CMI treatment have been reported on female reproductive cyclicity and sexual behavior. Therefore, we explored CMI administration in early life (8-21 PN) on the estrous cycle and sexual behavior of adult female rats. Compared to the rats in the early postnatal saline treatment (CTRL group), the CMI rats had fewer estrous cycles, fewer days in the estrous stage, and longer cycles during a 20-day period of vaginal cytology analysis. On the behavioral test, the CMI rats displayed fewer proceptive behaviors (hopping, darting) and had lower lordosis quotients. Also, they usually failed to display lordosis and only rarely manifested marginal or normal lordosis. In contrast, the CTRL rats tended to display normal lordosis. These results suggest that early postnatal CMI treatment caused long-term disruptions of the estrous cycle and female sexual behavior, perhaps by alteration in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes and in neuronal circuits involved in the regulation of the performance and motivational of sexual behavior as the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Molina-Jiménez
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Apartado, Postal 55 535, C.P. 09340 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ofelia Limón-Morales
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av Universidad 3000, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Herlinda Bonilla-Jaime
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Apartado Postal 55 535, C.P. 09340 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Long-term effects of pre-pubertal fluoxetine on behaviour and monoaminergic stress response in stress-sensitive rats. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2017; 29:222-235. [PMID: 27819195 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2016.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although prescription rates of antidepressants for children and adolescents have increased, concerns have been raised regarding effects on neurodevelopment and long-term outcome. Using a genetic animal model of depression, this study investigated the long-term effects of pre-pubertal administration of fluoxetine (FLX) on depressive-like behaviour in early adulthood, as well as on central monoaminergic response to an acute stressor. We postulated that pre-pubertal FLX will have lasting effects on animal behaviour and monoaminergic stress responses in early adulthood. METHODS Flinders sensitive line (FSL) rats received 10 mg/kg/day FLX subcutaneously from postnatal day 21 (PnD21) to PnD34 (pre-pubertal). Thereafter, following normal housing, rats were either subjected to locomotor testing and the forced swim test (FST) on PnD60 (early adulthood), or underwent surgery for microdialysis, followed on PnD60 by exposure to acute swim stress and measurement of stressor-induced changes in plasma corticosterone and pre-frontal cortical monoamine concentrations. RESULTS Pre-pubertal FLX did not induce a late emergent effect on immobility in FSL rats on PnD60, whereas locomotor activity was significantly decreased. Acute swim stress on PnD60 significantly increased plasma corticosterone levels, and increased pre-frontal cortical norepinephrine (NE) and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) concentrations. Pre-pubertal FLX significantly blunted the pre-frontal cortical NE and 5-HIAA response following swim stress on PnD60. Baseline dopamine levels were significantly enhanced by pre-pubertal FLX, but no further changes were induced by swim stress. CONCLUSION Pre-pubertal FLX did not have lasting antidepressant-like behavioural effects in genetically susceptible, stress-sensitive FSL rats. However, such treatment reduced locomotor activity, abrogated noradrenergic and serotonergic stressor responses and elevated dopaminergic baseline levels in adulthood.
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Molina-Jímenez T, Landa-Cadena L, Bonilla-Jaime H. Chronic treatment with estradiol restores depressive-like behaviors in female Wistar rats treated neonatally with clomipramine. Horm Behav 2017; 94:61-68. [PMID: 28606740 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal administration of clomipramine (CMI) induces diverse behavioral and neurochemical alterations in adult male rats that resemble major depression disorder. However, the possible behavioral alterations in adult female rats subjected to neonatal treatment with clomipramine are unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the effect of neonatal treatment with CMI on adult female rats in relation to locomotion and behavioral despair during the estrus cycle. Also evaluated was the effect of chronic treatment with E2 on these female CMI rats. We found no effects on spontaneous locomotor activity due to neonatal treatment with CMI, or after 21days of E2 administration. In the FST, neonatal treatment with CMI increased immobility and decreased active swimming and climbing behaviors. Influence of the ovarian cycle was detected only in relation to climbing behavior, as the rats in the MD phase displayed less climbing activity. Chronic E2 administration decreased immobility but increased only swimming in CMI rats. These results suggest that neonatal treatment with CMI induces despair-like behavior in female rats, but that chronic E2 administration generates antidepressant-like behavior by decreasing immobility and increasing swimming, perhaps through interaction with the serotonergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Molina-Jímenez
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Apartado Postal 55 535, C.P. 09340 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Liliana Landa-Cadena
- Facultad de Química Farmacéutica Biológica, Universidad Veracruzana, Circuito Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán s/n, Zona Universitaria Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Herlinda Bonilla-Jaime
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Apartado Postal 55 535, C.P. 09340 Ciudad de México, México.
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Sprowles JL, Hufgard JR, Gutierrez A, Bailey RA, Jablonski SA, Williams MT, Vorhees CV. Differential effects of perinatal exposure to antidepressants on learning and memory, acoustic startle, anxiety, and open‐field activity in Sprague‐Dawley rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 61:92-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L.N. Sprowles
- Division of NeurologyCincinnati Children's Research FoundationCincinnatiOHUnited States
| | - Jillian R. Hufgard
- Division of NeurologyCincinnati Children's Research FoundationCincinnatiOHUnited States
- University of Cincinnati, College of MedicineCincinnatiOH45229United States
| | - Arnold Gutierrez
- Division of NeurologyCincinnati Children's Research FoundationCincinnatiOHUnited States
- University of Cincinnati, College of MedicineCincinnatiOH45229United States
| | - Rebecca A. Bailey
- Division of NeurologyCincinnati Children's Research FoundationCincinnatiOHUnited States
- University of Cincinnati, College of MedicineCincinnatiOH45229United States
| | - Sarah A. Jablonski
- Division of NeurologyCincinnati Children's Research FoundationCincinnatiOHUnited States
| | - Michael T. Williams
- Division of NeurologyCincinnati Children's Research FoundationCincinnatiOHUnited States
- University of Cincinnati, College of MedicineCincinnatiOH45229United States
| | - Charles V. Vorhees
- Division of NeurologyCincinnati Children's Research FoundationCincinnatiOHUnited States
- University of Cincinnati, College of MedicineCincinnatiOH45229United States
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Sprowles JLN, Hufgard JR, Gutierrez A, Bailey RA, Jablonski SA, Williams MT, Vorhees CV. Perinatal exposure to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram alters spatial learning and memory, anxiety, depression, and startle in Sprague-Dawley rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2016; 54:39-52. [PMID: 27591973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) block the serotonin (5-HT) reuptake transporter (SERT) and increase synaptic 5-HT. 5-HT is also important in brain development; hence when SSRIs are taken during pregnancy there exists the potential for these drugs to affect CNS ontogeny. Prenatal SSRI exposure has been associated with an increased prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and peripheral 5-HT is elevated in some ASD patients. Perinatal SSRI exposure in rodents has been associated with increased depression and anxiety-like behavior, decreased sociability, and impaired learning in the offspring, behaviors often seen in ASD. The present study investigated whether perinatal exposure to citalopram causes persistent neurobehavioral effects. Gravid Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to two groups and subcutaneously injected twice per day with citalopram (10mg/kg; Cit) or saline (Sal) 6h apart on embryonic day (E)6-21, and then drug was given directly to the pups after delivery from postnatal day (P)1-20. Starting on P60, one male/female from each litter was tested in the Cincinnati water maze (CWM) and open-field before and after MK-801. A second pair from each litter was tested in the Morris water maze (MWM) and open-field before and after (+)-amphetamine. A third pair was tested as follows: elevated zero-maze, open-field, marble burying, prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle, social preference, and forced swim. Cit-exposed rats were impaired in the MWM during acquisition and probe, but not during reversal, shift, or cued trials. Cit-exposed rats also showed increased marble burying, decreased time in the center of the open-field, decreased latency to immobility in forced swim, and increased acoustic startle across prepulse intensities with no effects on CWM. The results are consistent with citalopram inducing several ASD-like effects. The findings add to concerns about use of SSRIs during pregnancy. Further research on different classes of antidepressants, dose-effect relationships, timing of exposure periods, and mechanisms for these effects are needed. It is also important to balance the effects described here against the effects of the disorders for which the drugs are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L N Sprowles
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
| | - Jillian R Hufgard
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Arnold Gutierrez
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Rebecca A Bailey
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Sarah A Jablonski
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
| | - Michael T Williams
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Charles V Vorhees
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
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Harding KM, Lonstein JS. Extensive juvenile “babysitting” facilitates later adult maternal responsiveness, decreases anxiety, and increases dorsal raphe tryptophan hydroxylase-2 expression in female laboratory rats. Dev Psychobiol 2016; 58:492-508. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M. Harding
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI 48824
| | - Joseph S. Lonstein
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI 48824
- Neuroscience Program; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI 48824
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Kroeze Y, Peeters D, Boulle F, van den Hove DLA, van Bokhoven H, Zhou H, Homberg JR. Long-term consequences of chronic fluoxetine exposure on the expression of myelination-related genes in the rat hippocampus. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e642. [PMID: 26393488 PMCID: PMC5068807 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine is widely prescribed for the treatment of symptoms related to a variety of psychiatric disorders. After chronic SSRI treatment, some symptoms remediate on the long term, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet well understood. Here we studied the long-term consequences (40 days after treatment) of chronic fluoxetine exposure on genome-wide gene expression. During the treatment period, we measured body weight; and 1 week after treatment, cessation behavior in an SSRI-sensitive anxiety test was assessed. Gene expression was assessed in hippocampal tissue of adult rats using transcriptome analysis and several differentially expressed genes were validated in independent samples. Gene ontology analysis showed that upregulated genes induced by chronic fluoxetine exposure were significantly enriched for genes involved in myelination. We also investigated the expression of myelination-related genes in adult rats exposed to fluoxetine at early life and found two myelination-related genes (Transferrin (Tf) and Ciliary neurotrophic factor (Cntf)) that were downregulated by chronic fluoxetine exposure. Cntf, a neurotrophic factor involved in myelination, showed regulation in opposite direction in the adult versus neonatally fluoxetine-exposed groups. Expression of myelination-related genes correlated negatively with anxiety-like behavior in both adult and neonatally fluoxetine-exposed rats. In conclusion, our data reveal that chronic fluoxetine exposure causes on the long-term changes in expression of genes involved in myelination, a process that shapes brain connectivity and contributes to symptoms of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kroeze
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Centre for Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre for Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - D Peeters
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Centre for Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - F Boulle
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - D L A van den Hove
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - H van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre for Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - H Zhou
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre for Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J R Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Centre for Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Limón-Morales O, Soria-Fregozo C, Arteaga-Silva M, González MH, Vázquez-Palacios G, Bonilla-Jaime H. Hormone replacement with 17β-estradiol plus dihydrotestosterone restores male sexual behavior in rats treated neonatally with clomipramine. Horm Behav 2014; 66:820-7. [PMID: 25449595 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Male sexual behavior (MSB) in rodents, in both its consummatory and motivational components, is regulated by hormones such as testosterone, 17β-estradiol and 5-α-dihydrotestosterone. In experiments, neonatal treatment with clomipramine (CMI; a serotonin reuptake inhibitor) reproduces some of the signs of depression in adult age, including reduced sexual behavior manifested in a lower percentage of subjects that mount, intromit and ejaculate, although their testosterone levels were not altered. However, the effect of this treatment on estrogen levels and the consequences of hormone substitution using 17β-estradiol and 5-α-dihydrotestosterone on the expression of male sexual behavior are still unknown. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to analyze the effect of neonatal treatment with CMI on plasma testosterone and 17β-estradiol levels, and the role of testosterone, 17β-estradiol and 5-α-dihydrotestosterone in altering the consummatory and motivational components of sexual behavior in male rats. To this end, it analyzed the copulatory parameters and sexual incentive motivation (SIM) of rats treated with CMI under two conditions: basal and post-hormone replacements. Neonatal treatment with CMI did not affect plasma testosterone or 17β-estradiol concentrations, but did decrease both the consummatory component and sexual motivation according to the results of the SIM test. These aspects were recovered after administering 17β-estradiol +5-α-dihydrotestosterone, but not testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofelia Limón-Morales
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa. Apartado, Postal 55 535, C.P. 09340, D.F. México
| | - Cesar Soria-Fregozo
- Laboratorio de Psicobiologia, Centro Universitario de los Lagos, Universidad de Guadalajara, México
| | - Marcela Arteaga-Silva
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa. Apartado Postal 55 535, C.P. 09340, D.F. México
| | - Marisela Hernández González
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Francisco de Quevedo 180, Col. Arcos de Vallarta, CP 44130, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Gonzalo Vázquez-Palacios
- Colegio De Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México-San Lorenzo Tezonco, Av. Prolongación San Isidro 151, Col. San Lorenzo Tezonco, Deleg, Iztapalapa CP 09790, México
| | - Herlinda Bonilla-Jaime
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa. Apartado Postal 55 535, C.P. 09340, D.F. México.
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Limón-Morales O, Soria-Fregozo C, Arteaga-Silva M, Vázquez-Palacios G, Bonilla-Jaime H. Altered expression of 5-HT1A receptors in adult rats induced by neonatal treatment with clomipramine. Physiol Behav 2014; 124:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Infant developmental outcomes following prenatal exposure to antidepressants, and maternal depressed mood and positive affect. Early Hum Dev 2013; 89:519-24. [PMID: 23384962 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) antidepressants has been associated with delays in early developmental milestones, but there remains uncertainty. Even among a subset of studies examining the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID), some have reported normal mental and psychomotor development while others have suggested a delay in motor development. Given an increasing number of infants exposed to SRIs, furthering our understanding of the possible developmental implications of SRI exposure in utero is critical. AIMS To examine the effects of prenatal serotonin reuptake inhibitor exposure and maternal mood on infant developmental outcomes at 10months of age. STUDY DESIGN Prospective study of mothers and their 10-month-old infants. SUBJECTS We examined 31 mother-child pairs exposed prenatally to SRIs and 52 mother-child pairs who were nonexposed. OUTCOME MEASURE The Bayley Scales of Infant Development (third edition) scores. RESULTS Infants exposed prenatally to SRIs scored significantly lower than nonexposed infants on gross motor (P=0.03), social-emotional (P=0.04) and adaptive behavior (P=0.05) subscales of the BSID-III, controlling for pre- and postnatal maternal depressed mood, smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy. No significant differences in any of the BSID-III subscales were observed between infants exposed and infants nonexposed to pre and postnatal maternal depressed mood (P>0.05). Increased levels of maternal positive affect at 10 months predicted increased social-emotional scores (P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Infants prenatally exposed to SRIs score significantly lower on the gross motor, social-emotional and adaptive behavior subscales of the BSID-III, and this was not explained by underlying maternal depression.
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Olivier JDA, Akerud H, Kaihola H, Pawluski JL, Skalkidou A, Högberg U, Sundström-Poromaa I. The effects of maternal depression and maternal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor exposure on offspring. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:73. [PMID: 23734100 PMCID: PMC3659337 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been estimated that 20% of pregnant women suffer from depression and it is well-documented that maternal depression can have long-lasting effects on the child. Currently, common treatment for maternal depression has been the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor medications (SSRIs) which are used by 2–3% of pregnant women in the Nordic countries and by up to 10% of pregnant women in the United States. Antidepressants cross the placenta and are transferred to the fetus, thus, the question arises as to whether children of women taking antidepressants are at risk for altered neurodevelopmental outcomes and, if so, whether the risks are due to SSRI medication exposure or to the underlying maternal depression. This review considers the effects of maternal depression and SSRI exposure on offspring development in both clinical and preclinical populations. As it is impossible in humans to study the effects of SSRIs without taking into account the possible underlying effects of maternal depression (healthy pregnant women do not take SSRIs), animal models are of great value. For example, rodents can be used to determine the effects of maternal depression and/or perinatal SSRI exposure on offspring outcomes. Unraveling the joint (or separate) effects of maternal depression and SSRI exposure will provide more insights into the risks or benefits of SSRI exposure during gestation and will help women make informed decisions about using SSRIs during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D A Olivier
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden ; Center for Gender Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
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Lukkes JL, Kopelman JM, Donner NC, Hale MW, Lowry CA. Development × environment interactions control tph2 mRNA expression. Neuroscience 2013; 237:139-50. [PMID: 23403177 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Adverse early life experience is thought to increase an individual's susceptibility to mental health disorders, including anxiety and affective disorders, later in life. Our previous studies have shown that post-weaning social isolation of female rats during a critical period of development sensitizes an anxiety-related serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) system in adulthood. Therefore, we investigated how post-weaning social isolation, in combination with a challenge with the anxiogenic drug, N-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxamide (FG-7142; a partial inverse agonist at the benzodiazepine allosteric site on the GABAA receptor), affects home cage behavior and serotonergic gene expression in the DR of female rats using in situ hybridization histochemistry. Juvenile female rats were reared in isolation or groups of three for a 3-week period from weaning (postnatal day (PD) 21 to mid-adolescence (PD42)), after which all rats were group-reared for an additional 16 days until adulthood. Among vehicle-treated rats, isolation-reared rats had decreased rodent tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (tph2) mRNA expression in ventral and ventrolateral subdivisions of the DR, a pattern observed previously in a rat model of panic disorder. Isolation-reared rats, but not group-reared rats, responded to FG-7142 with increased duration of vigilance and arousal behaviors. In addition, FG-7142 decreased tph2 expression, measured 4h following treatment, in multiple subregions of the DR of group-reared rats but had no effect in isolation-reared rats. No treatment effects were observed on 5-HT1A receptor or serotonin transporter gene expression. These data suggest that adolescent social isolation alters tph2 expression in specific subregions of the DR and alters the effects of stress-related stimuli on behavior and serotonergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Lukkes
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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Bosker FJ, Gladkevich AV, Pietersen CY, Kooi KA, Bakker PL, Gerbens F, den Boer JA, Korf J, te Meerman G. Comparison of brain and blood gene expression in an animal model of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 38:142-8. [PMID: 22763037 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the potential of white blood cells as probes for central processes we have measured gene expression in both the anterior cingulate cortex and white blood cells using a putative animal model of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. METHODS The model is based on the capability of ketamine to induce psychotic symptoms in healthy volunteers and to worsen such symptoms in schizophrenic patients. Classical fear conditioning is used to assess emotional processing and cognitive function in animals exposed to sub-chronic ketamine vs. controls. Gene expression was measured using a commercially sourced whole genome rat gene array. Data analyses were performed using ANOVA (Systat 11). RESULTS In both anterior cingulate cortex and white blood cells a significant interaction between ketamine and fear conditioning could be observed. The outcome is largely supported by our subsequent metagene analysis. Moreover, the correlation between gene expression in brain and blood is about constant when no ketamine is present (r~0.4). With ketamine, however, the correlation becomes very low (r~0.2) when there is no fear, but it increases to ~0.6 when fear and ketamine are both present. Our results show that under normal conditions ketamine lowers gene expression in the brain, but this effect is completely reversed in combination with fear conditioning, indicating a stimulatory action. CONCLUSION This paradoxical outcome indicates that extreme care must be taken when using gene expression data from white blood cells as marker for psychiatric disorders, especially when pharmacological and environmental interactions are at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fokko J Bosker
- University Centre of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Kovács Z, Czurkó A, Kékesi KA, Juhász G. Neonatal tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine treatment reduces the spike-wave discharge activity of the adult WAG/Rij rat. Brain Res Bull 2012; 89:102-7. [PMID: 22884691 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently it was revealed that the absence-like epileptic activity of the WAG/Rij (Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk) rat is associated with depression-like behavioural symptoms. Whether these depressive-like symptoms are accompanying epileptic activity (manifested in spike-wave discharges, SWDs, in the EEG) or whether they are causative for each other are open questions. Neonatally administered tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine is a well characterized animal model of major depression. It evokes behavioural symptoms of depression and changes sleep pattern in normal adult rats. We investigated whether in the WAG/Rij rat the neonatally administered clomipramine would aggravate the depression-like behavioural symptoms and the SWD activity. Male WAG/Rij pups from postnatal day 8 (PD8) to PD21 were treated with clomipramine (20mg/kg) or saline (control animals) twice daily intraperitoneally (i.p.). In the 8 months old rats, sleep parameters and sucrose solution intake (as hedonic index) as well as the SWD activity were measured. While the neonatal clomipramine treatment significantly increased the rapid eye movement sleep (REM) amount and decreased the sucrose preference score, it surprisingly attenuated the adult (8 months old) SWD activity. We concluded that neonatal clomipramine treatment produced aggravation of depression-like symptoms while decreased the SWD activity in the adult (8 months old) WAG/Rij rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Kovács
- Department of Zoology, University of West Hungary, Savaria Campus, Károlyi Gáspár tér 4, Szombathely 9700, Hungary.
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Lagus M, Gass N, Saharinen J, Savelyev S, Porkka-Heiskanen T, Paunio T. Inter-tissue networks between the basal forebrain, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex in a model for depression caused by disturbed sleep. J Neurogenet 2012; 26:397-412. [PMID: 22783900 DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2012.694932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances in sleep are encountered in the majority of patients with depressive disorder. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind this relationship, we examined gene expression changes in a rodent model for disturbed sleep and depression. The animals were treated with daily injections of clomipramine to affect their sleep during early infancy. This early interference with sleep is known to induce depression-like behavior in adult animals. After 2 weeks of treatment, the change in gene expression was examined using the Affymetrix Rat 230.2 chip. We studied the gene expression in the basal forebrain, hippocampus, and frontal cortex and combined the results to reveal the otherwise indissectible networks between and around the tissues. The major disrupted pathways between the three brain areas were related to synaptic transmission, regulation of translation, and ubiquitinylation. The involved pathways were within the cellular components of the axons, growth cones, melanosomes, and pigment granules. A network analysis allowing for additional interactors, in the form of chemicals or gene products, revealed a disturbed communicational network between the different brain areas. This disturbed network is centered around serotonin, Mn(II), and Rhoa. The findings elucidate inter-tissue pathways and networks in the brain that are involved in sleep and mood regulation. The findings are of uttermost interest, some are quite predictable and obvious, but some are novel or have only been proposed by rare theoretical speculations (such as the melanosome and Mn(II) involvement). Equally important as the findings are the methods described in this article. In this study, we present two novel simple ways to perform system biological analysis based on gene expression array data. We used two already existing tools in a new way, and by careful planning of the input data, managed to extrapolate intricate hidden inter-tissue networks to build a molecular picture of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lagus
- Public Health Genomics Unit and Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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Long term impact of prenatal exposure to SSRIs on growth and body weight in childhood: evidence from animal and human studies. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 34:101-9. [PMID: 22433946 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to SSRIs has the potential to alter fetal 5-HT signalling during critical periods of development: the long-term consequences of which have not been well studied. Of particular interest are the potential long-term effects of prenatal SSRI exposure on growth and body weight in later life, given the role of the serotonergic system in regulating food intake and body weight. Animal studies demonstrate that changes in 5-HT homeostasis during critical periods of fetal development can lead to sex-specific molecular and functional alterations in the serotonergic and HPA systems, leading to an increased risk of overweight in male, but not female, offspring in later life. This review highlights the evidence and the need for studies in humans to determine whether prenatal SSRI exposure is associated with alterations in child growth and body weight and the importance of delineating these effects from those of the underlying maternal illness.
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Ponder KL, Salisbury A, McGonnigal B, Laliberte A, Lester B, Padbury JF. Maternal depression and anxiety are associated with altered gene expression in the human placenta without modification by antidepressant use: implications for fetal programming. Dev Psychobiol 2011; 53:711-23. [PMID: 21547899 PMCID: PMC3155003 DOI: 10.1002/dev.20549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We sought to determine if maternal depression, anxiety, and/or treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) affect placental human serotonin transporter (SLC6A4), norepinephrine transporter (SLC6A2), and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) gene expression. Relative mRNA expression was compared among placental samples (n = 164) from healthy women, women with untreated depression and/or anxiety symptoms during pregnancy, and women who used SSRIs. SLC6A4 expression was significantly increased in placentas from women with untreated mood disorders and from women treated with SSRIs, compared to controls. SLC6A2 and 11β-HSD2 expression was increased in noncontrol groups, though the differences were not significant. SLC6A4, SLC6A2, and 11β-HSD2 expression levels were positively correlated. The finding that maternal depression/anxiety affects gene expression of placental SLC6A4 suggests a possible mechanism for the effect(s) of maternal mood on fetal neurodevelopmental programming. SSRI treatment does not further alter the elevated SLC6A4 expression levels observed with exposure to maternal depression or anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L. Ponder
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants’ Hospital, Providence, RI 02905
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants’ Hospital, Providence, RI 02905
| | - Amy Salisbury
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants’ Hospital, Providence, RI 02905
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Women & Infants’ Hospital, Providence, RI 02905
| | - Bethany McGonnigal
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants’ Hospital, Providence, RI 02905
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants’ Hospital, Providence, RI 02905
| | - Alyse Laliberte
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants’ Hospital, Providence, RI 02905
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants’ Hospital, Providence, RI 02905
| | - Barry Lester
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants’ Hospital, Providence, RI 02905
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Women & Infants’ Hospital, Providence, RI 02905
| | - James F. Padbury
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants’ Hospital, Providence, RI 02905
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants’ Hospital, Providence, RI 02905
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Casper RC, Gilles AA, Fleisher BE, Baran J, Enns G, Lazzeroni LC. Length of prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants: effects on neonatal adaptation and psychomotor development. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 217:211-9. [PMID: 21499702 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2270-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the question whether length of in utero exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants might affect neonatal outcome and psychomotor development in infancy. METHODS Birth outcome was determined in the offspring of 55 women with major depressive disorder who used SSRI medication for different durations during their pregnancies. At an average age of 14 months, children underwent a pediatric examination and an evaluation with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID-II). RESULTS Duration of in utero exposure to SSRIs was negatively associated with total Apgar scores, specifically the activity subscale. Odds ratios for a low score (<2) on this scale were 3.8 and 6.0 at 1 and 5 min, respectively. Newborns with longer exposure were more often admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (p < .03). Mental Development Index scores of the infants were not associated with the length of gestational exposure to SSRIs. A longer duration of exposure increased the risk for lower Psychomotor Developmental Index and Behavioral Rating Scale scores in infancy (p = 0.012 and p = 0.007, respectively) on the BSID-II. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide evidence that the length of prenatal SSRI antidepressant use can affect neonatal adjustment and can have an effect on psychomotor test scores in infancy. Importantly, the children's mental development and motor function by neurological examination were within the normal range. Timing of exposure to SSRIs during susceptible periods of fetal development and variations in the severity of maternal depression may have contributed to the associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina C Casper
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Room 2365, Stanford, CA, 94305-5723, USA.
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Olivier JDA, Blom T, Arentsen T, Homberg JR. The age-dependent effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in humans and rodents: A review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:1400-8. [PMID: 20883714 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 08/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) Prozac® (fluoxetine) is widely prescribed for the treatment of depression and anxiety-related disorders. While extensive research has established that fluoxetine is safe for adults, safety is not guaranteed for (unborn) children and adolescents. Some clinical studies have reported adverse outcomes, such as premature birth, neonatal cardiovascular abnormalities, and pulmonary hypertension in children whose mothers used SSRIs during pregnancy. In addition, several reports show that adolescent fluoxetine treatment increases risk for suicidal behavior. Despite these studies, fluoxetine is not contraindicated in the treatment of depressed pregnant women and adolescents. Longitudinal research in humans is limited because of ethical reasons and time constraints, and to overcome these limitations, rodents are used to increase insight in the age-dependent effects of fluoxetine exposure. It has been established that neonatal and adolescent fluoxetine exposure leads to paradoxical anxiety- and depression-like features in later life of rats and mice, although in some studies adolescent fluoxetine exposure was without effects. These age-dependent outcomes of fluoxetine may be explained by serotonin's neurotrophic effects, which may vary according to the developmental stage of the brain due to epigenetic modifications. Here we review the existing evidence for the age-dependent effects of fluoxetine in humans and rodents, address the gaps in our current knowledge and propose directions for future research. Given the overlap between human and rodent findings, rodents provide heuristic value in further research on the age-dependent effects of SSRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D A Olivier
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Dept. of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 21, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Chronic escitalopram treatment restores spatial learning, monoamine levels, and hippocampal long-term potentiation in an animal model of depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 214:477-94. [PMID: 21052984 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-2054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The neural basis of depression-associated cognitive impairment remains poorly understood, and the effect of antidepressants on learning and synaptic plasticity in animal models of depression is unknown. In our previous study, learning was impaired in the neonatal clomipramine model of endogenous depression. However, it is not known whether the cognitive impairment in this model responds to antidepressant treatment, and the electrophysiological and neurochemical bases remain to be determined. OBJECTIVES To address this, we assessed the effects of escitalopram treatment on spatial learning and memory in the partially baited radial arm maze (RAM) task and long-term potentiation (LTP) in the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses in neonatal clomipramine-exposed rats. Also, alterations in the levels of biogenic amines and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were estimated. RESULTS Fourteen days of escitalopram treatment restored the mobility and preference to sucrose water in the forced swim and sucrose consumption tests, respectively. The learning impairment in the RAM was reversed by escitalopram treatment. Interestingly, CA1-LTP was decreased in the neonatal clomipramine-exposed rats, which was restored by escitalopram treatment. Monoamine levels and AChE activity were decreased in several brain regions, which were restored by chronic escitalopram treatment. CONCLUSIONS Thus, we demonstrate that hippocampal LTP is decreased in this animal model of depression, possibly explaining the learning deficits. Further, the reversal of learning and electrophysiological impairments by escitalopram reveals the important therapeutic effects of escitalopram that could benefit patients suffering from depression.
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Bordukalo-Niksic T, Mokrovic G, Stefulj J, Zivin M, Jernej B, Cicin-Sain L. 5HT-1A receptors and anxiety-like behaviours: studies in rats with constitutionally upregulated/downregulated serotonin transporter. Behav Brain Res 2010; 213:238-45. [PMID: 20457184 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Altered activity of brain serotonergic (5HT) system has been implicated in a wide range of behaviours and behavioural disorders, including anxiety. Functioning of 5HT-1A receptor has been suggested as a modulator of emotional balance in both, normal and pathological forms of anxiety. Here, we studied serotonergic modulation of anxiety-like behaviour using a genetic rat model with constitutional differences in 5HT homeostasis, named Wistar-Zagreb 5HT (WZ-5HT) rats. The model, consisting of high-5HT and low-5HT sublines, was developed by selective breeding of animals for extreme activities of peripheral (platelet) 5HT transporter, but selection process had affected also central 5HT homeostasis, as evidenced from neurochemical and behavioural studies. Anxiety-like behaviour in WZ-5HT rats was evaluated by two commonly used paradigms: open field and elevated-plus maze. The involvement of 5HT-1A receptors in behavioural response was assessed by measuring mRNA expression in cell bodies (raphe nuclei) and projection regions (frontal cortex, hippocampus) by use of RT-PCR and in situ hybridization, and by measuring functionality of cortical 5HT-1A receptors by use of [(3)H]8-OH-DPAT radioligand binding. Animals from the high-5HT subline exhibit increased anxiety-like behaviour and decreased exploratory activity when exposed to novel environment. No measurable differences in constitutional (baseline) functionality or expression of 5HT-1A receptors between sublines were found. The results support contribution of increased serotonergic functioning to the anxiety-like behaviour. They also validate the high-5HT subline of WZ-5HT rats as a potential model to study mechanisms of anxiety, especially of its nonpathological form, while the low-5HT subline may be useful to model sensation seeking phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Bordukalo-Niksic
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Biology, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, Zagreb, Croatia
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Lagus M, Gass N, Saharinen J, Saarela J, Porkka-Heiskanen T, Paunio T. Gene expression patterns in a rodent model for depression. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 31:1465-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Gardner KL, Hale MW, Lightman SL, Plotsky PM, Lowry CA. Adverse early life experience and social stress during adulthood interact to increase serotonin transporter mRNA expression. Brain Res 2009; 1305:47-63. [PMID: 19781533 PMCID: PMC2788613 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders, depression and animal models of vulnerability to a depression-like syndrome have been associated with dysregulation of serotonergic systems in the brain. To evaluate the effects of early life experience, adverse experiences during adulthood, and potential interactions between these factors on serotonin transporter (slc6a4) mRNA expression, we investigated in rats the effects of maternal separation (180 min/day from days 2 to 14 of life; MS180), neonatal handing (15 min/day from days 2 to 14 of life; MS15), or normal animal facility rearing (AFR) control conditions with or without subsequent exposure to adult social defeat on slc6a4 mRNA expression in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) and caudal linear nucleus. At the level of specific subdivisions of the DR, there were no differences in slc6a4 mRNA expression between MS15 and AFR rats. Among rats exposed to a novel cage control condition, increased slc6a4 mRNA expression was observed in the dorsal part of the DR in MS180 rats, relative to AFR control rats. In contrast, MS180 rats exposed to social defeat as adults had increased slc6a4 mRNA expression throughout the DR compared to both MS15 and AFR controls. Social defeat increased slc6a4 mRNA expression, but only in MS180 rats and only in the "lateral wings" of the DR. Overall these data demonstrate that early life experience and stressful experience during adulthood interact to determine slc6a4 mRNA expression. These data support the hypothesis that early life experience and major stressful life events contribute to dysregulation of serotonergic systems in stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. Gardner
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Matthew W. Hale
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Stafford L. Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Paul M. Plotsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher A. Lowry
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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30
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Epigenetic side-effects of common pharmaceuticals: A potential new field in medicine and pharmacology. Med Hypotheses 2009; 73:770-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Oreland S, Pickering C, Gökturk C, Oreland L, Arborelius L, Nylander I. Two repeated maternal separation procedures differentially affect brain 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter and receptors in young and adult male and female rats. Brain Res 2009; 1305 Suppl:S37-49. [PMID: 19728999 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Early environment is a known determinant for individual differences in vulnerability for adult psychopathology, e.g., ethanol addiction. One underlying mechanism could be dysfunction in serotonergic neurotransmission. This study focused on the methodological considerations regarding an animal model for studying effects of early environment, maternal separation (MS), using two different paradigms. Age- and sex-specific effects on brain stem 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) transporter and receptors were examined. Male and female rat pups were assigned to either litter-wise MS for 15 or 360 min (MS15l or MS360l) or individual MS for 15 or 360 min (MS15i or MS360i) daily during postnatal days 1-21. Normal animal facility reared rats were used as controls. Analyses were performed in young and adult rats. As compared to the other males, MS15l males had lower 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2C) receptor mRNA expression at both ages, lower 5-HT(2A) receptor mRNA when young and lower 5-HTT mRNA expression when adult. In contrast, adult MS15l females had higher 5-HT(2C) receptor mRNA expression than other female rats. The strong impact of MS15l on 5-HT-related genes was either transient or persistent depending on sex and fewer effects on gene expression were observed in females than in males. This study shows the importance of tactile contact for the consequences of short but not prolonged MS, as evidenced by major differences between MS15l and MS15i. The results suggest that MS15i is less suitable than MS15l to simulate a protective environment in studies of, for instance, ethanol addiction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Oreland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Pharmacology, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Lasting syndrome of depression produced by reduction in serotonin uptake during postnatal development: evidence from sleep, stress, and behavior. J Neurosci 2008; 28:3546-54. [PMID: 18385313 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4006-07.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the serotonin system is implicated in sleep and emotional disorders. To test whether these impairments could arise during development, we studied the impact of early-life, transient versus genetic, permanent alterations of serotonin reuptake on sleep-wakefulness patterns, depression-related behavior, and associated physiological features. Here, we show that female mice treated neonatally with a highly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, escitalopram, exhibited signs of depression in the form of sleep anomalies, anhedonia, increased helplessness reversed by chronic antidepressant treatment, enhanced response to acute stress, and increased serotoninergic autoinhibitory feedback. This syndrome was not reproduced by treatment in naive adults but resembled the phenotype of mutant mice lacking the serotonin transporter, except that these exhibited decreased serotonin autoreceptor sensitivity and additional anxiety-like behavior. Thus, alteration of serotonin reuptake during development, whether induced by external or genetic factors, causes a depressive syndrome lasting into adulthood. Such early-life impairments might predispose individuals to sleep and/or mood disorders.
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Bhagya V, Srikumar BN, Raju TR, Shankaranarayana Rao BS. Neonatal clomipramine induced endogenous depression in rats is associated with learning impairment in adulthood. Behav Brain Res 2008; 187:190-4. [PMID: 17889946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies show cognitive impairment in depression. However, the neural substrates underlying these remain elusive. Hence, we have examined the effect of neonatal clomipramine treatment on cognition in adulthood. The neonatal clomipramine treated rats displayed a profound impairment in partially baited 8-arm radial maze task. This work provides a novel perspective into neural basis of depression associated cognitive changes and help in development of therapeutic strategies to treat depression related memory dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bhagya
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, PB #2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, India
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Borue X, Chen J, Condron BG. Developmental effects of SSRIs: lessons learned from animal studies. Int J Dev Neurosci 2007; 25:341-7. [PMID: 17706396 PMCID: PMC2277509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are utilized in the treatment of depression in pregnant and lactating women. SSRIs may be passed to the fetus through the placenta and the neonate through breastfeeding, potentially exposing them to SSRIs during peri- and postnatal development. However, the long-term effects of this SSRI exposure are still largely unknown. The simplicity and genetic amenability of model organisms provides a critical experimental advantage compared to studies with humans. This review will assess the current research done in animals that sheds light on the role of serotonin during development and the possible effects of SSRIs. Experimental studies in rodents show that administration of SSRIs during a key developmental window creates changes in brain circuitry and maladaptive behaviors that persist into adulthood. Similar changes result from the inhibition of the serotonin transporter or monoamine oxidase, implicating these two regulators of serotonin signaling in developmental changes. Understanding the role of serotonin in brain development is critical to identifying the possible effects of SSRI exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Borue
- University of Virginia Medical Scientist Training Program and University of Virginia, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Charlottesville, VA 22904
- University of Virginia Department of Biology, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - John Chen
- University of Virginia Medical Scientist Training Program and University of Virginia, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Charlottesville, VA 22904
- University of Virginia Department of Biology, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - Barry G. Condron
- University of Virginia Department of Biology, Charlottesville, VA 22904
- * Corresponding author: Barry G. Condron, University of Virginia, Department of Biology, Gilmer Hall 071, Box 400328, Charlottesville, VA 22904, Phone (434)243-6794, FAX (434)243-5315,
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35
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Alexandre C, Popa D, Fabre V, Bouali S, Venault P, Lesch KP, Hamon M, Adrien J. Early life blockade of 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptors normalizes sleep and depression-like behavior in adult knock-out mice lacking the serotonin transporter. J Neurosci 2006; 26:5554-64. [PMID: 16707806 PMCID: PMC6675294 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5156-05.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In serotonin transporter knock-out (5-HTT-/-) mice, extracellular serotonin (5-HT) levels are markedly elevated in the brain, and rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) is enhanced compared with wild-type mice. We hypothesized that such sleep impairment at adulthood results from excessive serotonergic tone during early life. Thus, we assessed whether neonatal treatment with drugs capable of limiting the impact of 5-HT on the brain could normalize sleep patterns in 5-HTT-/- mutants. We found that treatments initiated at postnatal day 5 and continued for 2 weeks with the 5-HT synthesis inhibitor para-chlorophenylalanine, or for 4 weeks with the 5-HT(1A) receptor (5-HT(1A)R) antagonist N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-(2-pyridinyl) cyclohexane carboxamide (WAY 100635), induced total or partial recovery of REMS, respectively, in 5-HTT-/- mutants. Early life treatment with WAY 100635 also reversed the depression-like behavior otherwise observed in these mutants. Possible adaptive changes in 5-HT(1A)R after neonatal treatment with WAY 100635 were investigated by measuring 5-HT(1A) binding sites and 5-HT(1A) mRNA in various REMS- and/or depression-related brain areas, as well as 5-HT(1A)R-mediated hypothermia and inhibition of neuronal firing in the dorsal raphe nucleus. None of these characteristics were modified in parallel with REMS recovery, suggesting that 5-HT(1A)Rs involved in wild-type phenotype rescue in 5-HTT-/- mutants are located in other brain areas or in 5-HT(1A)R-unrelated circuits where they could be transiently expressed during development. The reversal of sleep alterations and depression-like behavior after early life blockade of 5-HT(1A)R in 5-HTT-/- mutants might open new perspectives regarding preventive care of sleep and mood disorders resulting from serotonin transporter impairments during development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites/drug effects
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Binding, Competitive/drug effects
- Binding, Competitive/genetics
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/growth & development
- Brain/physiopathology
- Brain Chemistry/drug effects
- Brain Chemistry/genetics
- Depressive Disorder/drug therapy
- Depressive Disorder/genetics
- Depressive Disorder/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mutation/genetics
- Neural Pathways/drug effects
- Neural Pathways/growth & development
- Neural Pathways/physiopathology
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Raphe Nuclei/drug effects
- Raphe Nuclei/growth & development
- Raphe Nuclei/physiopathology
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/metabolism
- Serotonin/metabolism
- Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Antagonists
- Serotonin Antagonists/pharmacology
- Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics
- Sleep Wake Disorders/drug therapy
- Sleep Wake Disorders/genetics
- Sleep Wake Disorders/physiopathology
- Sleep, REM/drug effects
- Sleep, REM/genetics
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36
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Cassano P, Hidalgo A, Burgos V, Adris S, Argibay P. Hippocampal upregulation of the cyclooxygenase-2 gene following neonatal clomipramine treatment (a model of depression). THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2006; 6:381-7. [PMID: 16568149 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although a putative role has been attributed to inflammation in the pathogenesis of depressive disorders, the relationship of prostaglandins, known mediators of inflammation, and depression has not been elucidated. Clomipramine is an antidepressive drug with a pro-depressive paradoxical effect in adult rats when administrated neonatally. Using this effect as a model of depression, we investigated the differential expression of the cyclooxygenase (COX-2) gene in rat brains. Rats injected neonatally with clomipramine showed depressive-like symptoms in adulthood, as well as decreased levels of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and a quantitative differential expression of the COX-2 gene (Real Time PCR) and protein (immunohistochemistry) in the hippocampus. As evidenced, the relationship between a key enzyme in the prostaglandin synthesis and biological and behavioral depression-like changes opens an interesting line of investigation regarding the molecular bases of depression and its potential treatment through immunomodulatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cassano
- Unit of Brain Research, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas y Medicina Experimental del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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37
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Maciag D, Simpson KL, Coppinger D, Lu Y, Wang Y, Lin RCS, Paul IA. Neonatal antidepressant exposure has lasting effects on behavior and serotonin circuitry. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31:47-57. [PMID: 16012532 PMCID: PMC3118509 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A significant fraction of infants born to mothers taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) during late pregnancy display clear signs of antidepressant withdrawal indicating that these drugs can penetrate fetal brain in utero at biologically significant levels. Previous studies in rodents have demonstrated that early exposure to some antidepressants can result in persistent abnormalities in adult behavior and indices of monoaminergic activity. Here, we show that chronic neonatal (postnatal days 8-21) exposure to citalopram (5 mg/kg, twice daily, s.c.), a potent and highly selective SSRI, results in profound reductions in both the rate-limiting serotonin synthetic enzyme (tryptophan hydroxylase) in dorsal raphe and in serotonin transporter expression in cortex that persist into adulthood. Furthermore, neonatal exposure to citalopram produces selective changes in behavior in adult rats including increased locomotor activity and decreased sexual behavior similar to that previously reported for antidepressants that are nonselective monoamine transport inhibitors. These data indicate that the previously reported neurobehavioral effects of antidepressants are a consequence of their effects on the serotonin transporter. Moreover, these data argue that exposure to SSRIs at an early age can disrupt the normal maturation of the serotonin system and alter serotonin-dependent neuronal processes. It is not known whether this effect of SSRIs is paralleled in humans; however, these data suggest that in utero, exposure to SSRIs may have unforeseen long-term neurobehavioral consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Maciag
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Kimberly L Simpson
- Department of Anatomy, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - David Coppinger
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Yuefeng Lu
- Department of Anatomy, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Anatomy, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Rick CS Lin
- Department of Anatomy, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Ian A Paul
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Correspondence: Dr IA Paul, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA, Tel: 601 984 5883, Fax: 601 984 5884,
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38
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Bock N, Quentin DJ, Hüther G, Moll GH, Banaschewski T, Rothenberger A. Very early treatment with fluoxetine and reboxetine causing long-lasting change of the serotonin but not the noradrenaline transporter in the frontal cortex of rats. World J Biol Psychiatry 2005; 6:107-12. [PMID: 16156483 DOI: 10.1080/15622970510029731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Interactions of the serotonergic and noradrenergic system at different sites of the brain may be important for efficacy and side effects of antidepressant drugs. Further, serotonin and noradrenaline play a critical role in the development of neurons during brain maturation. To gain further insight how brain maturation and the two monoaminergic systems are influenced by drug treatment during early postnatal development, this animal study investigated possible effects on the noradrenaline and serotonin transporter density of the frontal cortex very early in postnatal life. Rats were treated from postnatal day 2 to 5 either with fluoxetine (5 mg/kg per day s.c.) or with reboxetine (10 mg/kg per day s.c.). At day 90 the serotonin and noradrenaline transporter density in the frontal cortex was measured by ligand binding assay. Fluoxetine treatment led to a significant long-lasting increase of serotonin (not noradrenaline) transporter density (Bmax = 1231 +/- 34) in the frontal cortex (compared with saline-treated controls (Bmax = 1112 +/- 58)). Reboxetine treatment (surprisingly) led to an even more enhanced serotonin transporter density (Bmax = 1322 +/- 46), while noradrenaline transporter density seemed to be unaffected. There were no significant differences for KD values. The results support the idea that serotonin seems to play an important role during early brain development. Moreover, drug-related modulation of the noradrenergic system during brain maturation seems to cross-influence the serotonergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Bock
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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39
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Alfonso J, Frasch AC, Flugge G. Chronic stress, depression and antidepressants: effects on gene transcription in the hippocampus. Rev Neurosci 2005; 16:43-56. [PMID: 15810653 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro.2005.16.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Depressive disorders are among the most frequent forms of mental illness. Both genetic and environmental factors, such as stress, are involved in the etiology of depression. Therefore, chronic stress paradigms in laboratory animals constitute an important tool for research in this field. The molecular bases of chronic stress/depression are largely unknown, although a large amount of information has been accumulated during recent years. Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis as well as structural and physiological alterations in the hippocampus and neocortex are known to occur. Modifications in the expression level of some genes, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, cAMP-response-element binding protein, serotonin receptors and HPA axis components were consistently associated in a number of experimental models. However, recent results suggest that several synaptic proteins, transcription factors and proteins involved in neuronal growth/differentiation, are also modified in their expression in experimental models of chronic stress. In general, these alterations can be reversed by treatment with antidepressants. Thus, a complex pattern of gene expression leading to stress/depression is starting to emerge. We summarize here recent findings on the alterations of gene expression in the hippocampus of chronically stressed and antidepressant treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Alfonso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín, San Martín, Argentina.
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40
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Cai W, Khaoustov VI, Xie Q, Pan T, Le W, Yoffe B. Interferon-alpha-induced modulation of glucocorticoid and serotonin receptors as a mechanism of depression. J Hepatol 2005; 42:880-7. [PMID: 15885359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2005.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Revised: 01/03/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The mechanism of interferon (IFN)-alpha-induced depression remains poorly understood. Recently, modulation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and serotonin receptor 1A (5-HTR1A) were implicated in mechanism(s) leading to depression. To gain insight into this mechanism, we assessed the effect of IFN-alpha on the modulation of GR and 5-HTR1A expression. METHODS Hepatoblastoma, myelocyte-derived and T cell leukemia-derived cell lines were treated with titrated doses of IFN-alpha for different incubation times and analyzed by Western blot, RT-PCR, and microarrays. Dose- and time-dependent decreases of proteins and mRNA levels of GR and 5-HTR1A were observed. RESULTS The expression of GR and 5-HTR1A in cells treated for 6 days decreased by 74 and 72%, respectively. Recovery was observed following IFN-alpha withdrawal. Co-incubation with tricyclic antidepressants (desipramine) or serotonin reuptake inhibitors (fluoxetine) attenuated the effect of IFN-alpha on GR or 5-HTR1A. GR and 5-HTR1A were unaffected by treatment with either IFN-gamma or tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA). However, the effect of IFN-alpha on GR was abolished when used in combination with TUDCA. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, IFN-alpha downregulated GR and 5-HTR1A levels in cell lines. These levels of GR and 5-HTR1A, following IFN-alpha-induced downregulation, recovered after withdrawal of IFN-alpha or addition of desipramine or fluoxetine. These data provide insights regarding pathogenesis of IFN-alpha-induced depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cai
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center (151B), 2002 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
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41
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Wu CC, Chen JYR, Tao PL, Chen YA, Yeh GC. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors attenuate morphine withdrawal syndrome in neonatal rats passively exposed to morphine. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 512:37-42. [PMID: 15814088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2005] [Revised: 01/27/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous investigations had shown that inhibitor of serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) could attenuate morphine withdrawal syndrome in adult animals. In the present study, we determined whether postnatal injection of serotonin reuptake inhibitors, fluoxetine, clomipramine, or citalopram, is able to attenuate the expression of the naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal syndrome in 5-day-old neonatal Sprauge-Dawley rats born to dams rat that received morphine injection since a week before mating till 5 days after delivery. Withdrawal syndrome of morphine, manifested as frequent abdominal stretching and yawning, was generated by injection of naloxone on postnatal day 5. Pre-injection with fluoxetine, clomipramine, or citalopram, significantly attenuated the naloxone-precipitated syndrome in a dose-dependent manner without apparent side effect. The rank order of inhibitory potency is citalopram=clomipramine>fluoxetine. This result suggests that inhibitor of SERT may be of potential in treating neonatal morphine withdrawal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chen Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan, ROC
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42
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Vázquez-Palacios G, Bonilla-Jaime H, Velázquez-Moctezuma J. Antidepressant effects of nicotine and fluoxetine in an animal model of depression induced by neonatal treatment with clomipramine. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005; 29:39-46. [PMID: 15610943 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2004] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The association between smoking and depression has been widely investigated. Most of these reports suggest that nicotine (NIC) may act as an antidepressant. To examine the suggested antidepressant effect of nicotine and its possible interaction with the serotonergic system, we assessed the effect of nicotine and fluoxetine (FLX) in an animal model of depression induced by neonatal treatment with clomipramine (CLI) and submitted to the forced swim test (FST). Results corroborated that CLI-treated rats displayed higher levels of immobility. After the administration of nicotine (0.4 mg/kg sc) acutely (1 day), subchonically (7 days), and chronically (14 days), CLI-treated rats significantly reduced the immobility and increased swimming without affecting climbing. These effects were similar to the effects induced for subchronic and chronic administration of the antidepressant fluoxetine (5 mg/kg sc), a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor. However, fluoxetine failed to affect immobility when it was administered acutely. No synergism was observed when both drugs were administered simultaneously. The present results further corroborate the antidepressant action of nicotine and fluoxetine. The increase of swimming during the FST has been linked to an increase of serotonergic activity. Thus, it could be possible that the antidepressant action of nicotine is mediated by the serotonergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Vázquez-Palacios
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Reproductive Biology, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, México City C.P. 09340. México.
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Feng P, Guan Z, Yang X, Fang J. Impairments of ERK signal transduction in the brain in a rat model of depression induced by neonatal exposure of clomipramine. Brain Res 2003; 991:195-205. [PMID: 14575892 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2003.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Depression is associated with deficiencies in monoaminergic transmitters and possibly neurotrophins. A common cellular response to these molecules is the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). A deficiency of ERK signal transduction in depression was therefore hypothesized and was tested in a rat model of depression, produced by neonatal treatment with clomipramine (CLI). We measured sexual behaviors and brain levels of ERK, phosphorylated ERK (pERK), protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), and MAPK phosphatase-2 (MKP-2) during adulthood in control and neonatally CLI-treated rats (CLI rats). As expected, the CLI rats exhibited significantly lower sexual activities and also exhibited (1). significant decreases of pERK1/2 in the frontal cortex and pERK1 in the hippocampus, (2). slight but significant reduction of ERK2 in the frontal cortex and hippocampus, (3). no change of pERK1/2 levels in the temporal cortex, occipital cortex, parietal cortex, midbrain, and medulla, (4). significantly higher levels of PP1 in both the frontal cortex and hippocampus, (5). no change in MKP-2 in any examined region, and (6). all five measures of sexual function were significantly correlated with ERK2 and pERK2 in the frontal cortex. These findings suggest that a deficiency in the ERK signaling pathway is involved in the display of depressive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingfu Feng
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30306, USA.
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Kinoshita H, Jessop DS, Roberts DJ, Hishida S, Harbuz MS. Chronic ethanol administration and withdrawal decreases 5-HT1A mRNA, but not 5-HT4 expression in the rat hippocampus. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 2003; 93:100-2. [PMID: 12899673 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0773.2003.930208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kinoshita
- Department of Legal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan.
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Gingrich JA, Ansorge MS, Merker R, Weisstaub N, Zhou M. New lessons from knockout mice: The role of serotonin during development and its possible contribution to the origins of neuropsychiatric disorders. CNS Spectr 2003; 8:572-7. [PMID: 12907920 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852900018848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) modulates numerous processes in the central nervous system that are relevant to neuropsychiatric function and dysfunction. It exerts significant effects on anxiety, mood, impulsivity, sleep, ingestive behavior, reward systems, and psychosis. Serotonergic dysfunction has been implicated in several psychiatric conditions but efforts to more clearly understand the mechanisms of this influence have been hampered by the complexity of this system at the receptor level. There are at least 14 distinct receptors that mediate the effects of 5-HT as well as several enzymes that control its synthesis and metabolism. Pharmacologic agents that target specific receptors have provided clues regarding the function of these receptors in the human brain. 5-HT is also an important modulator of neural development and several groups have employed a genetic strategy relevant to behavior. Several inactivation mutations of specific 5-HT receptors have been generated producing interesting behavioral phenotypes related to anxiety, depression, drug abuse, psychosis, and cognition. In many cases, knockout mice have been used to confirm what has already been suspected based on pharmacologic studies. In other instances, mutations have demonstrated new functions of serotonergic genes in development and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Gingrich
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Psychobiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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