1
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Almahayni K, Spiekermann M, Fiore A, Yu G, Pedram K, Möckl L. Small molecule inhibitors of mammalian glycosylation. Matrix Biol Plus 2022; 16:100108. [PMID: 36467541 PMCID: PMC9713294 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2022.100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycans are one of the fundamental biopolymers encountered in living systems. Compared to polynucleotide and polypeptide biosynthesis, polysaccharide biosynthesis is a uniquely combinatorial process to which interdependent enzymes with seemingly broad specificities contribute. The resulting intracellular cell surface, and secreted glycans play key roles in health and disease, from embryogenesis to cancer progression. The study and modulation of glycans in cell and organismal biology is aided by small molecule inhibitors of the enzymes involved in glycan biosynthesis. In this review, we survey the arsenal of currently available inhibitors, focusing on agents which have been independently validated in diverse systems. We highlight the utility of these inhibitors and drawbacks to their use, emphasizing the need for innovation for basic research as well as for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Almahayni
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Malte Spiekermann
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Antonio Fiore
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Guoqiang Yu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Kayvon Pedram
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA,Corresponding authors.
| | - Leonhard Möckl
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany,Corresponding authors.
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2
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Sharma S, Ahmad F, Singh A, Rathaur S. Identification of glucose regulated protein94 (GRP94) in filarial parasite S. cervi and its expression under ER stress. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 258:110683. [PMID: 34744019 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
GRP94, a member of HSP90 family, is involved in folding and degradation of endoplasmic reticulum proteins. The proteome analysis of Setaria cervi, a bovine filarial parasite showed that a 91 kDa protein was over expressed, after the parasites were maintained in glucose deprived medium. The MALDI- LC/MS analysis of the 91 kDa band confirmed it as endoplasmin precursor (GRP94). Amino acid sequence alignment of S.cervi GRP94 exhibited maximum similarity with human filarial parasite Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Loa loa GRP94. Tunicamycin treatment of S. cervi worms revealed that the expression of GRP94 is associated with ER stress. Transcription of S. cervi grp94 as well as igf is regulated by transcription factors ATF-6 and XBP-1S which was confirmed by Real Time PCR. Moreover, marked alteration in the expression of igf after 3 h and 6 h of drug treatment suggested propagation of survival pathway under ER stress. The activities of ER stress markers protein disulphide isomerase and glycosyltransferase were significantly reduced after 6 h of tunicamycin treatment. The present findings thus indicate that the expression of GRP94 and regulation of its expression is under ER stress in Setaria cervi. To our knowledge this is the first report of identification of GRP94, in any filarial parasite till date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Faiyaz Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Anchal Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sushma Rathaur
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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3
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O'Meara CP, Guerri L, Lawir DF, Mateos F, Iconomou M, Iwanami N, Soza-Ried C, Sikora K, Siamishi I, Giorgetti O, Peter S, Schorpp M, Boehm T. Genetic landscape of T cells identifies synthetic lethality for T-ALL. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1201. [PMID: 34671088 PMCID: PMC8528931 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02694-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To capture the global gene network regulating the differentiation of immature T cells in an unbiased manner, large-scale forward genetic screens in zebrafish were conducted and combined with genetic interaction analysis. After ENU mutagenesis, genetic lesions associated with failure of T cell development were identified by meiotic recombination mapping, positional cloning, and whole genome sequencing. Recessive genetic variants in 33 genes were identified and confirmed as causative by additional experiments. The mutations affected T cell development but did not perturb the development of an unrelated cell type, growth hormone-expressing somatotrophs, providing an important measure of cell-type specificity of the genetic variants. The structure of the genetic network encompassing the identified components was established by a subsequent genetic interaction analysis, which identified many instances of positive (alleviating) and negative (synthetic) genetic interactions. Several examples of synthetic lethality were subsequently phenocopied using combinations of small molecule inhibitors. These drugs not only interfered with normal T cell development, but also elicited remission in a model of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Our findings illustrate how genetic interaction data obtained in the context of entire organisms can be exploited for targeted interference with specific cell types and their malignant derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor P O'Meara
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lucia Guerri
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Divine-Fondzenyuy Lawir
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Zoology, Developmental Biology Unit, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Fernando Mateos
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mary Iconomou
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Norimasa Iwanami
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Cristian Soza-Ried
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Fundacion Oncoloop & Center for Nuclear Medicine, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katarzyna Sikora
- Bioinformatics Unit, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Iliana Siamishi
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Orlando Giorgetti
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Peter
- Bioinformatics Unit, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Michael Schorpp
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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4
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Rao A, Roncal-Herrero T, Schmid E, Drechsler M, Scheffner M, Gebauer D, Kröger R, Cölfen H. On Biomineralization: Enzymes Switch on Mesocrystal Assembly. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:357-364. [PMID: 30834324 PMCID: PMC6396387 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellular machineries guide the bottom-up pathways toward crystal superstructures based on the transport of inorganic precursors and their precise integration with organic frameworks. The biosynthesis of mesocrystalline spines entails concerted interactions between biomolecules and inorganic precursors; however, the bioinorganic interactions and interfaces that regulate material form and growth as well as the selective emergence of structural complexity in the form of nanostructured crystals are not clear. By investigating mineral nucleation under the regulation of recombinant proteins, we show that SpSM50, a matrix protein of the sea urchin spine, stabilizes mineral precursors via vesicle-confinement, a function conferred by a low-complexity, disordered region. Site-specific proteolysis of this domain by a collagenase initiates phase transformation of the confined mineral phase. The residual C-type lectin domain molds the fluidic mineral precursor into hierarchical mesocrystals identical to structural crystal modules constituting the biogenic mineral. Thus, the regulatory functions of proteolytic enzymes can guide biomacromolecular domain constitutions and interfaces, in turn determining inorganic phase transformations toward hybrid materials as well as integrating organic and inorganic components across hierarchical length scales. Bearing striking resemblance to biogenic mineralization, these hybrid materials recruit bioinorganic interactions which elegantly intertwine nucleation and crystallization phenomena with biomolecular structural dynamics, hence elucidating a long-sought key of how nature can orchestrate complex biomineralization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashit Rao
- Physical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University
of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Physics of Complex Fluids, University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The
Netherlands
| | - Teresa Roncal-Herrero
- Department
of Physics, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Leeds, 211 Clarendon
Road, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Elina Schmid
- Physical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University
of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany
| | - Markus Drechsler
- Bavarian
Polymer Institute, Keylab Electron and Optical Microscopy, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - Martin Scheffner
- Cellular
Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University
of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany
| | - Denis Gebauer
- Physical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University
of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany
| | - Roland Kröger
- Department
of Physics, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Helmut Cölfen
- Physical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University
of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany
- E-mail:
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Roychowdhury S, Oh YJ, Kajiura H, Hamorsky KT, Fujiyama K, Matoba N. Hydroponic Treatment of Nicotiana benthamiana with Kifunensine Modifies the N-glycans of Recombinant Glycoprotein Antigens to Predominantly Man9 High-Mannose Type upon Transient Overexpression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:62. [PMID: 29441088 PMCID: PMC5797603 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nicotiana benthamiana transient overexpression systems offer unique advantages for rapid and scalable biopharmaceuticals production, including high scalability and eukaryotic post-translational modifications such as N-glycosylation. High-mannose-type glycans (HMGs) of glycoprotein antigens have been implicated in the effectiveness of some subunit vaccines. In particular, Man9GlcNAc2 (Man9) has high binding affinity to mannose-specific C-type lectin receptors such as the mannose receptor and dendritic cell-specific intracellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN). Here, we investigated the effect of kifunensine, an α-mannosidase I inhibitor, supplemented in a hydroponic culture of N. benthamiana for the production of Man9-rich HMG glycoproteins, using N-glycosylated cholera toxin B subunit (gCTB) and human immunodeficiency virus gp120 that are tagged with a H/KDEL endoplasmic reticulum retention signal as model vaccine antigens. Biochemical analysis using anti-fucose and anti-xylose antibodies as well as Endo H and PNGase F digestion showed that kifunensine treatment effectively reduced plant-specific glycoforms while increasing HMGs in the N-glycan compositions of gCTB. Detailed glycan profiling revealed that plant-produced gp120 had a glycan profile bearing mostly HMGs regardless of kifunensine treatment. However, the gp120 produced under kifunensine-treatment conditions showed Man9 being the most prominent glycoform (64.5%), while the protein produced without kifunensine had a substantially lower Man9 composition (20.3%). Our results open up possibilities for efficient production of highly mannosylated recombinant vaccine antigens in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugata Roychowdhury
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Young J. Oh
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Hiroyuki Kajiura
- The International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Krystal T. Hamorsky
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Kazuhito Fujiyama
- The International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Matoba
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Nobuyuki Matoba
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Famiglietti AL, Wei Z, Beres TM, Milac AL, Tran DT, Patel D, Angerer RC, Angerer LM, Tabak LA. Characterization and expression analysis of Galnts in developing Strongylocentrotus purpuratus embryos. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176479. [PMID: 28448610 PMCID: PMC5407767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucin-type O-glycosylation is a ubiquitous posttranslational modification in which N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) is added to the hydroxyl group of select serine or threonine residues of a protein by the family of UDP-GalNAc:Polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (GalNAc-Ts; EC 2.4.1.41). Previous studies demonstrate that O-glycosylation plays essential roles in protein function, cell-cell interactions, cell polarity and differentiation in developing mouse and Drosophila embryos. Although this type of protein modification is highly conserved among higher eukaryotes, little is known about this family of enzymes in echinoderms, basal deuterostome relatives of the chordates. To investigate the potential role of GalNAc-Ts in echinoderms, we have begun the characterization of this enzyme family in the purple sea urchin, S. purpuratus. We have fully or partially cloned a total of 13 genes (SpGalnts) encoding putative sea urchin SpGalNAc-Ts, and have confirmed enzymatic activity of five recombinant proteins. Amino acid alignments revealed high sequence similarity among sea urchin and mammalian glycosyltransferases, suggesting the presence of putative orthologues. Structural models underscored these similarities and helped reconcile some of the substrate preferences observed. Temporal and spatial expression of SpGalnt transcripts, was studied by whole-mount in situ hybridization. We found that many of these genes are transcribed early in developing embryos, often with restricted expression to the endomesodermal region. Multicolor fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) demonstrated that transcripts encoding SpGalnt7-2 co-localized with both Endo16 (a gene expressed in the endoderm), and Gcm (a gene expressed in secondary mesenchyme cells) at the early blastula stage, 20 hours post fertilization (hpf). At late blastula stage (28 hpf), SpGalnt7-2 message co-expresses with Gcm, suggesting that it may play a role in secondary mesenchyme development. We also discovered that morpholino-mediated knockdown of SpGalnt13 transcripts, results in a deficiency of embryonic skeleton and neurons, suggesting that mucin-type O-glycans play essential roles during embryonic development in S. purpuratus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L. Famiglietti
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Zheng Wei
- Developmental Mechanisms Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Beres
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Adina L. Milac
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 296, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Duy T. Tran
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Divya Patel
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Angerer
- Developmental Mechanisms Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Lynne M. Angerer
- Developmental Mechanisms Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Lawrence A. Tabak
- Section on Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Abstract
The sea urchin embryo is a United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) designated model system to study mechanisms that may be involved in human health and disease. In order to examine the importance of high-mannose glycans and polysaccharides in gastrulation, Lytechinus pictus embryos were incubated with Jack bean α-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.24), an enzyme that cleaves terminal mannose residues that have α1-2-, α1-3-, or α1-6-glycosidic linkages. The enzyme treatment caused a variety of morphological deformations in living embryos, even with α-mannosidase activities as low as 0.06 U/ml. Additionally, formaldehyde-fixed, 48-hour-old L. pictus embryos were microdissected and it was demonstrated that the adhesion of the tip of the archenteron to the roof of the blastocoel in vitro is abrogated by treatment with α-mannosidase. These results suggest that terminal mannose residues are involved in the adhesion between the archenteron and blastocoel roof, perhaps through a lectin-like activity that is not sensitive to fixation.
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8
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Pereira DM, Valentão P, Correia-da-Silva G, Teixeira N, Andrade PB. Translating endoplasmic reticulum biology into the clinic: a role for ER-targeted natural products? Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:705-22. [PMID: 25703279 DOI: 10.1039/c4np00102h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ER stress has been identified as a hallmark, and sometimes trigger, of several pathologies, notably cancer, inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Among the molecules described in literature known to affect ER function, the majority are natural products, suggesting that natural molecules may constitute a significant arsenal of chemical entities for modulating this cellular target. In this review, we will start by presenting the current knowledge of ER biology and the hallmarks of ER stress, thus paving the way for presenting the natural products that have been described as being ER modulators, either stress inducers or ER protectors. The chemistry, distribution and mechanism of action of these compounds will be presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Pereira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, no. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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9
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Kanold JM, Guichard N, Immel F, Plasseraud L, Corneillat M, Alcaraz G, Brümmer F, Marin F. Spine and test skeletal matrices of the Mediterranean sea urchin Arbacia lixula--a comparative characterization of their sugar signature. FEBS J 2015; 282:1891-905. [PMID: 25702947 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Calcified structures of sea urchins are biocomposite materials that comprise a minor fraction of organic macromolecules, such as proteins, glycoproteins and polysaccharides. These macromolecules are thought to collectively regulate mineral deposition during the process of calcification. When occluded, they modify the properties of the mineral. In the present study, the organic matrices (both soluble and insoluble in acetic acid) of spines and tests from the Mediterranean black sea urchin Arbacia lixula were extracted and characterized, in order to determine whether they exhibit similar biochemical signatures. Bulk characterizations were performed by mono-dimensional SDS/PAGE, FT-IR spectroscopy, and an in vitro crystallization assay. We concentrated our efforts on characterization of the sugar moieties. To this end, we determined the monosaccharide content of the soluble and insoluble organic matrices of A. lixula spines and tests by HPAE-PAD, together with their respective lectin-binding profiles via enzyme-linked lectin assay. Finally, we performed in situ localization of N-acetyl glucosamine-containing saccharides on spines and tests using gold-conjugated wheatgerm agglutinin. Our data show that the test and spine matrices exhibit different biochemical signatures with regard to their saccharidic fraction, suggesting that future studies should analyse the regulation of mineral deposition by the matrix in these two mineralized structures in detail. This study re-emphasizes the importance of non-protein moieties, i.e. sugars, in calcium carbonate systems, and highlights the need to clearly identify their function in the biomineralization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Kanold
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nathalie Guichard
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Bâtiment des Sciences Gabriel, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Françoise Immel
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Bâtiment des Sciences Gabriel, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Plasseraud
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302, Faculté des Sciences Mirande, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Marion Corneillat
- Unité Propre Soutien de Programme PROXISS, Département Agronomie Environnement AgroSupDijon, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Gérard Alcaraz
- Unité Propre Soutien de Programme PROXISS, Département Agronomie Environnement AgroSupDijon, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Franz Brümmer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Frédéric Marin
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Bâtiment des Sciences Gabriel, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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10
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Gallo A, Costantini M. Glycobiology of reproductive processes in marine animals: the state of the art. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:2861-92. [PMID: 23247316 PMCID: PMC3528131 DOI: 10.3390/md10122861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycobiology is the study of complex carbohydrates in biological systems and represents a developing field of science that has made huge advances in the last half century. In fact, it combines all branches of biomedical research, revealing the vast and diverse forms of carbohydrate structures that exist in nature. Advances in structure determination have enabled scientists to study the function of complex carbohydrates in more depth and to determine the role that they play in a wide range of biological processes. Glycobiology research in marine systems has primarily focused on reproduction, in particular for what concern the chemical communication between the gametes. The current status of marine glycobiology is primarily descriptive, devoted to characterizing marine glycoconjugates with potential biomedical and biotechnological applications. In this review, we describe the current status of the glycobiology in the reproductive processes from gametogenesis to fertilization and embryo development of marine animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Costantini
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Evolution, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples 80121, Italy; E-Mail:
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11
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Gloster TM, Zandberg WF, Heinonen JE, Shen DL, Deng L, Vocadlo DJ. Hijacking a biosynthetic pathway yields a glycosyltransferase inhibitor within cells. Nat Chem Biol 2011; 7:174-81. [PMID: 21258330 PMCID: PMC3202988 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the assembly of glycoconjugates throughout all kingdoms of nature. A long-standing problem is the rational design of probes that can be used to manipulate glycosyltransferase activity in cells and tissues. Here we describe the rational design and synthesis of a nucleotide sugar analog that inhibits, with high potency both in vitro and in cells, the human glycosyltransferase responsible for the reversible post-translational modification of nucleocytoplasmic proteins with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine residues (O-GlcNAc). We show that the enzymes of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway can transform, both in vitro and in cells, a synthetic carbohydrate precursor into the nucleotide sugar analog. Treatment of cells with the precursor lowers O-GlcNAc in a targeted manner with a single-digit micromolar EC(50). This approach to inhibition of glycosyltransferases should be applicable to other members of this superfamily of enzymes and enable their manipulation in a biological setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey M Gloster
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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12
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Pagano M, Clynes MA, Masada N, Ciruela A, Ayling LJ, Wachten S, Cooper DMF. Insights into the residence in lipid rafts of adenylyl cyclase AC8 and its regulation by capacitative calcium entry. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 296:C607-19. [PMID: 19158400 PMCID: PMC2660271 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00488.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) are a family of critically important signaling molecules that are regulated by multiple pathways. Adenylyl cyclase 8 (AC8) is a Ca(2+) stimulated isoform that displays a selective regulation by capacitative Ca(2+) entry (CCE), the process whereby the entry of Ca(2+) into cells is triggered by the emptying of intracellular stores. This selectivity was believed to be achieved through the localization of AC8 in lipid raft microdomains, along with components of the CCE apparatus. In the present study, we show that an intact leucine zipper motif is required for the efficient N-linked glycosylation of AC8, and that this N-linked glycosylation is important to target AC8 into lipid rafts. Disruption of the leucine zipper by site-directed mutagenesis results in the elimination of N-glycosylated forms and their exclusion from lipid rafts. Mutants of AC8 that cannot be N-glycosylated are not demonstrably associated with rafts, although they can still be regulated by CCE; however, raft integrity is required for the regulation of these mutants. These findings suggest that raft localized proteins in addition to AC8 are needed to mediate its regulation by CCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Pagano
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Univ. of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, United Kingdom
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13
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Sajadi S, Rojas P, Oppenheimer SB. Cyclodextrin, a probe for studying adhesive interactions. Acta Histochem 2007; 109:338-42. [PMID: 17382373 PMCID: PMC1988679 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2007.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this short communication, we introduce alpha-cyclodextrin as a new probe to study mechanisms of adhesive interactions. We show that this cyclic polysaccharide, that consisting of six glucosyl residues linked by alpha-1,4 bonds, was the only sugar of 22 tested that dramatically blocked a specific cellular interaction in the sea urchin embryo (p<0.001 compared with non-sugar controls). A total of 150-400 embryos were sampled for each concentration of each sugar tested. Mechanisms of cellular interactions have been studied for almost a century and they still remain poorly understood. Cyclodextrin is an exciting new tool that can be utilized for investigating these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steven B. Oppenheimer
- * Address correspondence to Steven Oppenheimer, * Tel.: +1 818 677 3336; fax +1 818 677 2034, E-Mail address:
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Coyle-Thompson C, Oppenheimer SB. A novel approach to study adhesion mechanisms by isolation of the interacting system. Acta Histochem 2005; 107:243-51. [PMID: 16181663 PMCID: PMC1857332 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2005.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Revised: 06/14/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
For decades most investigations into mechanisms of adhesive interactions have examined whole organisms or single cells. Results using whole organisms are often unclear because it may not be known if a probe used in an experiment is directly affecting the cellular interaction under study or if it is an indirect effect resulting from action on some other structure or pathway. Here we develop a novel approach to isolate the structural components of a cellular interaction by dissecting them out of the organism to study them in a pristine environment away from all confounding factors. We used the adhesion between the archenteron and blastocoel roof of the sea urchin gastrula stage embryo as a model that can be replicated in many other developmental and pathological systems. The isolated components of the cellular interaction and those in the whole organism possessed identical cell surface receptors and adhesive affinities.
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15
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Khurrum M, Hernandez A, Eskalaei M, Badali O, Coyle-Thompson C, Oppenheimer SB. Carbohydrate involvement in cellular interactions in sea urchin gastrulation. Acta Histochem 2005; 106:97-106. [PMID: 15147630 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2004.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2003] [Accepted: 01/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The sea urchin embryo is a model for studying cellular interactions that occur in higher organisms because of its availability, transparency, and accessibility to molecular probes. In previous studies, we found that the mannose/glucose-binding lectin Lens culinaris agglutinin entered living sea urchin embryos, bound to specific cell types and caused exogastrulation, when the developing gut (archenteron) falls out of the embryo proper. We have proposed that the lectin bound to sugar-containing ligands, thus preventing attachment of the archenteron to the blastocoel roof, resulting in exogastrulation. Here, we have continued our study of cellular interactions in this model using Lytechinus pictus sea urchin embryos, and have found that inhibitors of glycoprotein/proteoglycan synthesis, tunicamycin and sodium selenate, and the specific glycosidases, beta-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, and alpha-mannosidase, all inhibit archenteron organization, elongation, and attachment to the blastocoel roof in viable swimming embryos. We also show that single cells obtained by disaggregation of 32-h-old sea urchin embryos bind to L. culinaris agglutinin- and concanavalin A-derivatized beads; the binding is blocked by alpha-methyl mannose, but not l-fucose. These cells also bind to beads derivatized with mannan. These results provide evidence for a role of carbohydrate-containing molecules in cellular interactions in sea urchin gastrulation. In a second set of experiments, we found that the supernatant obtained by disaggregation of 24-32-h-old L. pictus embryos in calcium- and magnesium-free sea water contains molecules that cause exogastrulation, archenteron disorganization, inhibition of archenteron elongation and inhibition of archenteron attachment to the blastocoel roof in viable swimming embryos. We propose that the supernatant contains ligands and/or receptors that mediate archenteron development and attachment to the blastocoel roof and are released when embryos are disaggregated into single cells. These studies may lead to a better understanding of the molecular basis of mechanisms that control cellular interactions during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Khurrum
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer and Developmental Biology, California State University, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, USA
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16
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Abstract
Researchers have long predicted that complex carbohydrates on cell surfaces would play important roles in developmental processes because of the observation that specific carbohydrate structures appear in specific spatial and temporal patterns throughout development. The astounding number and complexity of carbohydrate structures on cell surfaces added support to the concept that glycoconjugates would function in cellular communication during development. Although the structural complexity inherent in glycoconjugates has slowed advances in our understanding of their functions, the complete sequencing of the genomes of organisms classically used in developmental studies (e.g., mice, Drosophila melanogaster, and Caenorhabditis elegans) has led to demonstration of essential functions for a number of glycoconjugates in developmental processes. Here we present a review of recent studies analyzing function of a variety of glycoconjugates (O-fucose, O-mannose, N-glycans, mucin-type O-glycans, proteoglycans, glycosphingolipids), focusing on lessons learned from human disease and genetic studies in mice, D. melanogaster, and C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Haltiwanger
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215, USA.
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17
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Zito F, Nakano E, Sciarrino S, Matranga V. Regulative specification of ectoderm in skeleton disrupted sea urchin embryos treated with monoclonal antibody to Pl-nectin. Dev Growth Differ 2000; 42:499-506. [PMID: 11041491 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-169x.2000.00531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pl-nectin is a glycoprotein first discovered in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin embryo, apically located on ectoderm and endoderm cells. The molecule has been described as functioning as an adhesive substrate for embryonic cells and its contact to ectoderm cells is essential for correct skeletogenesis. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the biochemical characteristics of Pl-nectin and to extend knowledge on its in vivo biological function. Here it is shown that the binding of mesenchyme blastula cells to Pl-nectin-coated substrates was calcium dependent, and reached its optimum at 10 mM Ca2+. Perturbation studies using monoclonal antibody (McAb) to Pl-nectin, which prevent ectoderm cell-Pl-nectin contact, show that dorsoventral axis formation and ectoderm differentiation were retarded. At later stages, embryos recovered and, even if growth and patterning of the skeleton was greatly affected, the establishment of dorsoventral asymmetry was reached. Similarly, the expression of specific ectoderm and endoderm territorial markers was achieved, although occurring with some delay. Endoderm differentiation and patterning was not obviously affected. These results suggest that both endoderm and ectoderm cells have regulative capacities and differentiation of territories is restored after a lag period. On the contrary, failure of inductive differentiation of the skeleton cannot be rescued, even though the ectoderm has recovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zito
- Istituto di Biologia dello Sviluppo del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
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18
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Vafa O, Goetzl L, Poccia D, Nishioka D. Localization and characterization of blastocoelic extracellular matrix antigens in early sea urchin embryos and evidence for their proteolytic modification during gastrulation. Differentiation 1996; 60:129-38. [PMID: 8766593 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-0436.1996.6030129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Previously, results were presented showing a spatiotemporal expression of matrix metalloproteases consistent with a role in remodeling the blastocoelic extracellular matrix (bECM) of the gastrulating sea urchin embryo [35]. In the present work, we provide evidence suggesting that the bECM is in fact the substrate for developmentally regulated proteolysis. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) LG11C7 was generated against testicular tissue of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, and recognizes extracellular matrix antigens overlying the perivisceral epithelium. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy shows that mAb LG11C7 cross-reacts with components of the basal lamina lining the blastocoeles of early embryos and Western immunoblots of detergent extracts indicate that it recognizes gastrula-stage antigens with M(r)s of 158, 68, and 37 kDa. Glycosidase treatments reveal that the embryonal antigens contain multiple N-linked oligosaccharides. Developmental studies employing immunoprecipitations and Western blot analyses of staged embryonal detergent extracts show that the 68-kDa antigen appears between 18 and 24 h after fertilization and is accompanied by a substantial increase in the 37-kDa antigen. Thus, the appearances of the 68- and 37-kDa antigens occur during the blastula-gastrula transition, and their spatiotemporal expression is similar to that of the matrix metalloproteases reported previously. The appearance of the 68-kDa antigen and the increase in the 37-kDa antigen may be blocked by exposing the embryos to the metalloprotease inhibitor 1,10-phenanthroline, which also blocks gastrulation reversibly. These results suggest (1) that the 68- and 37-kDa antigens are products of developmentally regulated proteolysis of a basal laminar glycoprotein, and (2) that this proteolysis is required for the cell-cell/cell-matrix interactions and morphogenetic movements associated with normal gastrulation in the sea urchin embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Vafa
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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19
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Albeck S, Weiner S, Addadi L. Polysaccharides of Intracrystalline Glycoproteins Modulate Calcite Crystal Growth In Vitro. Chemistry 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.19960020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Albeck S, Addadi I, Weiner S. Regulation of calcite crystal morphology by intracrystalline acidic proteins and glycoproteins. Connect Tissue Res 1996; 35:365-70. [PMID: 9084676 DOI: 10.3109/03008209609029213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Many biologically formed calcite crystals contain intracrystalline macromolecules. The ways in which they interact with growing calcite crystals were evaluated by monitoring changes in the morphology of calcite crystals grown in vitro in their presence. Macromolecules were extracted from within isolated prisms from the prismatic layer of the shell of the mollusk Atrina rigida and from spines of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Two modes of interaction were identified; the interaction of highly acidic proteins with calcite planes perpendicular to the c crystallographic axis and the interaction of glycoproteins with planes roughly parallel to the c axis. By different preparative procedures we demonstrated that the polysaccharide moieties of the sea urchin spine glycoproteins are directly involved in the latter mode of interactions. We suggest that organisms utilize the abilities of these macromolecules to interact in different ways with calcite crystals, and in so doing fine-tune aspects of the control of crystal growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Albeck
- Dept. of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hardin
- Department of Zoology and Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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22
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McClay D, Miller J, Logan C, Hertzler P, Bachman E, Matese J, Sherwood D, Armstrong N. Cell adhesion and cell signaling at gastrulation in the sea urchin. Theriogenology 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0093-691x(95)00326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Halloran BA, Donachy JE. Characterization of organic matrix macromolecules from the shells of the Antarctic scallop, Adamussium colbecki. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1995; 111:221-31. [PMID: 7599987 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(94)00245-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The highly acidic soluble organic matrix (SM) isolated from shells of the Antarctic scallop, Adamussium colbecki, was shown to consist of 1.5% carbohydrate by weight and 12.8% phosphate by weight. Total SM is composed of approximately 31% Asx, 29% Ser, and 18% Gly. Separation of the SM using RP-HPLC yielded a minimum of six protein fractions labeled RP-1 through RP-6 in order of elution off the column. The first fraction, RP-1, was found to be an effective inhibitor of calcium carbonate crystal nucleation in vitro suggesting a role for this protein in the regulation of shell mineralization. A less acidic fraction, RP-3, showed less inhibitory activity and dephosphorylation of RP-1 resulted in almost complete loss of inhibitory activity. Automated Edman degradation was used to sequence peptides generated by chemical cleavage of RP-1. Mild acid hydrolysis yielded peptides with sequences of N-S-G-D-D-D-D-G-G-OH, N-S-G-G-(S,G)-G-OH, and N-S-G-R-G-OH. Cleavage with hydroxylamine yielded peptides of N-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-D-OH, N-L-Y-Y-OH, and N-A-V-G-E-S-D-OH. These data suggest biochemical similarities between this SM and other SM proteins isolated from both calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate biominerals, and presents evidence of a primary domain structure similar to that described for oyster SM and phosphophoryn isolated from rat dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Halloran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile 36688, USA
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24
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25
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Brown MF, Partin JS, Killian CE, Lennarz WJ. Spiculogenesis in the sea urchin embryo: Studies on the SM30 spicule matrix protein. Dev Growth Differ 1995. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-169x.1995.00008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Papakonstantinou E, Misevic GN. Isolation and characterization of a new class of acidic glycans implicated in sea urchin embryonal cell adhesion. J Cell Biochem 1993; 53:98-113. [PMID: 8227192 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240530203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Three major glycan fractions of 580 kDa (g580), 150 kDa (g150), and 2 kDa (g2) were isolated and purified from Lytechinus pictus sea urchin embryos at the mesenchyme blastula stage by gel filtration and high pressure liquid chromatography. Chemical analysis, by gas chromatography, revealed that g580 is highly sulfated and rich in N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, glucuronic acid, and fucose. The g150 fraction is less acidic than g580 and contains high amounts of amino sugars, xylose, and mannose. The g2 fraction is neutral, rich in N-acetylglucosamine, mannose, and galactose. The g580 and g150 fractions are resistant to glycosaminoglycan-degrading enzymes, indicating that they are distinct from the glycosaminoglycans. The g580 fraction resembles, with respect to chemical composition, a previously characterized 200 kDa sponge adhesion glycan (g200). The binding of the monoclonal antibody Block 2, which recognizes a repetitive epitope on g200, as well as of the anti-g580 polyclonal antibodies to both g580 and g200 indicated that these two glycans share similar antigenic determinants. The Fab fragments of the Block 2 antibody, which previously have been shown to inhibit cell adhesion in sponges, also blocked the reaggregation of dissociated sea urchin mesenchyme blastula cells. These results indicate that g580 carries a carbohydrate epitope, similar to the sponge adhesion epitope of g200, which is involved in sea urchin embryonal cell adhesion.
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Lane MC, Koehl MA, Wilt F, Keller R. A role for regulated secretion of apical extracellular matrix during epithelial invagination in the sea urchin. Development 1993; 117:1049-60. [PMID: 8325234 DOI: 10.1242/dev.117.3.1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial invagination, a basic morphogenetic process reiterated throughout embryonic development, generates tubular structures such as the neural tube, or pit-like structures such as the optic cup. The ‘purse-string’ hypothesis, which proposes that circumferential bands of actin microfilaments at the apical end of epithelial cells constrict to yield a curved epithelial sheet, has been widely invoked to explain invaginations during embryogenesis. We have reevaluated this hypothesis in two species of sea urchin by examining both natural invagination of the vegetal plate at the beginning of gastrulation and invagination induced precociously by Ca2+ ionophore. Neither type of invagination is prevented by cytochalasin D. In one species, treatment with A23187 three hours before the initiation of invagination resulted in the deposition of apical extracellular matrix at the vegetal plate, rather than invagination. This apical matrix contains chondroitin sulfate, as does the lumen of the archenteron in normal gastrulae. When the expansion of this secreted matrix was resisted by an agarose gel, the vegetal plate buckled inward, creating an archenteron that appeared 3–4 hours prematurely. Pretreatment with monensin, which blocks secretion, inhibits both Ca2+ ionophore-stimulated folding and natural invagination, demonstrating that secretion is probably required for this morphogenetic event. These results indicate that alternatives to the purse-string hypothesis must be considered, and that the directed deposition of extracellular matrix may be a key Ca(2+)-regulated event in some embryonic invaginations. A bending bilayer model for matrix-driven epithelial invagination is proposed in which the deposition of hygroscopic material into a complex, stratified extra-cellular matrix results in the folding of an epithelial sheet in a manner analagous to thermal bending in a bimetallic strip.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Lane
- Department of Molecular, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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28
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Contini A, Falugi C, Fasulo S. Developmental regulation of lectin-binding patterns in Paracentrotus lividus gonads, gametes, and early embryos. Acta Histochem 1992; 92:179-89. [PMID: 1642105 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-1281(11)80079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
By use of several lectins (ConA, WGA, SBA, GS I, PNA), a study was carried on gametes and developing embryos of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, to investigate developmental changes in cell surface, leading to changements in cell-environment interactions. ConA, WGA, and SBA, with high affinity, bind to the vitelline membrane of unfertilized eggs, while PNA labelling at the same site is weak; GS I-binding is only present in the cytoplasm and cortical region of the unfertilized eggs. Immediately after fertilization, no ConA-binding is present in the membrane, while WGA- and SBA-binding molecules are located in the fertilization layer. In zygotes, 40 min after fertilization, ConA affinity sites were again present in both cytoplasm and cortical region. During cleavages and gastrulation, ConA binds to the blastomere cytoplasm and cortical region, to the intercellular matrix, and to the cytoplasm of mesenchyme cells. WGA binds to the cortical region of cleaving blastomeres, including the hyaline layer, up to the unhatched blastula. Then it labels the gastrula inner and outer surfaces. SBA binds to the blastomere membranes; no GS I- and PNA-binding was detected during embryonic development. Sperms are bound by all the lectins, except GS I. Mannose and glucose conjugates are the most represented throughout the whole development of P. lividus, and their origin and locations are developmentally regulated. Galacto-residues are scarcely represented or are masked by other terminal sugars (e.g. sialic acid), and become functional during particular developmental events (cell movements).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Contini
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale ed Ecologia Marina, Università, Messina, Italia
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29
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Kabakoff B, Hwang SP, Lennarz WJ. Characterization of post-translational modifications common to three primary mesenchyme cell-specific glycoproteins involved in sea urchin embryonic skeleton formation. Dev Biol 1992; 150:294-305. [PMID: 1551476 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(92)90243-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have established the importance of a complex, N-linked oligosaccharide chain, recognized by a monoclonal antibody (mAb 1223), in the formation of sea urchin embryonic skeletal components known as spicules. To further investigate the function of this epitope, mAb 1223 was added to primary mesenchyme (PM) cell cultures prior to spiculogenesis. The antibody did not inhibit cell migration, cell attachment, or synthesis of the filapodial networks upon which the spicules are deposited. However, it did block deposition of mineralized CaCO3 along these filapodia, strongly supporting the previously proposed role for the 1223 epitope in calcium accumulation and/or deposition. Previously the 1223 epitope has been most extensively studied in association with a mesenchyme-specific protein of 130 kDa (msp 130). It has now been established, by Western blot analysis of whole embryo and PM cell extracts using mAb 1223, that two other proteins of 205 and 250 kDa contain the 1223 epitope. A study of the developmental profiles of expression of these glycoproteins revealed that all three were first expressed just prior to spiculogenesis, consistent with a role for any or all of these proteins in this process. Additionally all three proteins incorporated ethanolamine, myristate, and palmitate, the precursors of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. Further labeling studies revealed differences in the metabolic lability of the GPI anchor in the three proteins; pulse-chase studies demonstrated that the ethanolamine moiety was stable in msp 130, but was rapidly chased from the 205-kDa protein (T1/2 = 14 hr). Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C partially released (50%) msp 130 from the PM cell surface, whereas it had no effect on release of the 205- and 250-kDa proteins. Studies with 35SO4 labeling and PNGase F treatment directly established that all three proteins are sulfated, and that most of the sulfate is attached to the N-linked oligosaccharide chains. Thus, the three major mAb 1223-reactive glycoproteins in PM cells are also the three major proteins containing both sulfated N-linked oligosaccharide chains and GPI anchors. Further investigation of this intriguing correlation may help to define the precise function of the 1223 epitope in the process of spicule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kabakoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794-5215
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30
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Benson S, Rawson R, Killian C, Wilt F. Role of the extracellular matrix in tissue-specific gene expression in the sea urchin embryo. Mol Reprod Dev 1991; 29:220-6. [PMID: 1931040 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1080290303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the differentiation of tissue types was examined in embryos of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. We have examined the expression of various tissue-specific molecular markers after disrupting the ECM by culturing embryos in the presence of beta-aminoproprionitrile fumarate (BAPN), which disrupts collagen deposition, and beta-D-xyloside, which disrupts proteoglycan metabolism. The markers examined included accumulation of primary mesenchyme-specific mRNA (SM 50); an aboral ectoderm-specific mRNA (Spec 1); and a gut-specific enzyme, alkaline phosphatase. Treatment with BAPN or beta-D-xyloside results in developmental arrest at the mesenchyme blastula stage. Although spicule formation is inhibited, the accumulation of SM 50 transcripts and the synthesis of most of the prominent spicule matrix proteins is similar to that of control embryos. Spec 1 mRNA, in contrast, while accumulating to a significant extent when collagen and proteoglycan metabolism is disrupted, does accumulate to a level somewhat lower than that seen in control embryos. Additionally, the postgastrula rise in gut-specific alkaline phosphatase is reversibly inhibited by BAPN and xyloside treatment. These results demonstrate a differential effect of the ECM on expression of tissue-specific molecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Benson
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Hayward
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31
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Kyossev Z, Ossikovski E. Biosynthesis of dolichyl diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine intermediates in Ascaridia galli microsomes. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 23:749-53. [PMID: 1650722 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(91)90048-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase was demonstrated in the microsomal fraction of Ascaridia galli. 2. The transferase reaction depends on exogenous dolichyl phosphate as lipid acceptor and was found to be inhibited by tunicamycin. 3. The enzyme activity was optimal in the presence of sodium deoxycholate as detergent and Mg cations after 10 min of incubation. 4. The product of the transferase reaction--dolichyl diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine was converted into lipid-disaccharide-dolichyl diphosphate N,N'-diacetylchitobiose. 5. The maximum level of the conversion was achieved at 5 mM concentration of unlabelled UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, while this conversion was negligible at lower UDP-N-acetylglucosamine concentrations (0.1 and 0.5 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Kyossev
- Institute of Parasitology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia
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32
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Gascoigne NR. Transport and secretion of truncated T cell receptor beta-chain occurs in the absence of association with CD3. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38847-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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33
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Abstract
A monoclonal antibody, Sp12, binds to cortical granules, the hyaline layer, and skeletogenic, chromogenic, and blastocoelar mesenchyme of sea urchin eggs and embryos. Adult urchins also express Sp12 antigens in the dermal layer of the test and spines. Antigen is expressed on the surface of primary mesenchyme cells after they have entered the blastocoel, and by two secondary mesenchyme derivatives--the blastocoelar cells after they have been released from the tip of the archenteron, and the pigment cells in prism stage embryos. Immunogold localizations show antigen on the surfaces of mesenchyme, within membrane bounded vesicles, and associated with the Golgi apparatus. Western blots of antigens immunoprecipitated from seven developmental stages reveal twelve antigens ranging in Mr from 35 k to 240 k. Most of these antigens appear, disappear or change Mr over the first five days of development. Characterizations of this complex array of antigens show that the epitope recognized by Sp12 is eliminated by proteolytic enzymes and endoglycosidase F, while immunoreactivity is only reduced by periodate oxidation. As well, calcium magnesium free seawater extracts a subset of antigens different from that retained by crude membrane preparations. It is proposed that the mesenchyme of sea urchin embryos produces a family of developmentally regulated cell surface and extracellular matrix glycoproteins which all exhibit a carbohydrate epitope recognized by Sp12.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Tamboline
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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34
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Mariuzza RA, Winter G. Secretion of a homodimeric V±CΚ T-cell receptor-immunoglobulin chimeric protein. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)83235-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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35
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Bourrillon R, Aubery M. Cell surface glycoproteins in embryonic development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1989; 116:257-338. [PMID: 2670803 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60642-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Bourrillon
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, UER Biomédicale des Saints-Pères, Paris
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36
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Miura S, Erickson RH, Song IS, Kim YS. In vivo effect of tunicamycin on the expression of rat small intestinal brush border membrane glycoproteins and glycoenzymes. Biochem Pharmacol 1988; 37:4081-8. [PMID: 2903742 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(88)90099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tunicamycin, a known inhibitor of the lipid-dependent glycosylation of proteins, was used in vivo to study the biosynthesis of rat intestinal brush border membrane aminopeptidase N and dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV. The incorporation of [3H]glucosamine into newly synthesized total protein of mucosal cell homogenates was inhibited by 60%, whereas incorporation of [3H]leucine was decreased only 21% by tunicamycin. This effect was much more pronounced in the brush border membrane fraction isolated from intestinal mucosal cells where incorporation of radiolabled leucine and glucosamine was reduced to 50 and 82% of control values respectively. An examination of the brush border membrane protein profile by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that there was a marked selective decrease in the amount of glycoproteins of molecular weights greater than 130 kD. In addition, there were decreased levels of assayable aminopeptidase N, dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV and disaccharidase activity in intestinal mucosal cell homogenates and brush border membranes of tunicamycin-treated rats. Though tunicamycin decreased incorporation of newly synthesized aminopeptidase N and dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV protein into brush border membranes by 70-75%, the newly synthesized enzyme that was incorporated was indistinguishable from that of controls. Further, non-glycoslyated forms of both enzymes were not detected in any other subcellular fractions. These results show that tunicamycin, an inhibitor of glycosylation, significantly affected the expression of brush border membrane glycoproteins, suggesting that both polypeptide synthesis and degradation of these proteins may be altered in the presence of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Miura
- Gastrointestinal Research Laboratory, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121
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37
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Decker GL, Valdizan MC, Wessel GM, Lennarz WJ. Developmental distribution of a cell surface glycoprotein in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Dev Biol 1988; 129:339-49. [PMID: 2458287 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(88)90381-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies from this laboratory have shown that an antigen recognized by a monoclonal antibody (MAb 1223) displays a bimodal distribution of expression in development of the embryo of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. This molecule is specifically localized to the primary mesenchyme cells of the embryo, but is also found within the egg. In the current study, immunoelectron microscopy was used to determine the subcellular distribution of the antigen and to determine its fate during early stages of development of the embryo. In eggs, the epitope recognized by MAb 1223 was localized to the cortical vesicles. Immunoblot analysis of an isolated cell surface complex (CSC) that contained the cortical vesicles revealed the presence of a 130-kDa protein, as well as immunoreactive components of higher molecular weight. Upon fertilization, the antigen was exocytosed from the cortical vesicles and became associated with the hyaline layer, the fertilization envelope, and the plasma membrane. Subsequently, the epitope could be detected within small vesicles and yolk platelets. By 60 min postfertilization, the amount of epitope detected intracellularly or in the perivitelline compartment was greatly reduced. At later stages of development, when formation of the embryonic skeleton occurred, the 1223 antigen was principally localized to the Golgi complex and to the syncytial cell surface of the primary mesenchyme cells. Thus, the results of this study suggest that in S. purpuratus the 1223 antigen is stored and secreted from the cortical vesicles of the egg, degraded after fertilization, and then later expressed on the surface of the primary mesenchyme cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Decker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas System Cancer Center, M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston 77030
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Decker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas System Cancer Center, M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston 77030
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SHIMIZU KEIKO, NORO NOBUHIRO, MATSUDA RYOICHI. Micromere Differentiation in the Sea Urchin Embryo: Expression of Primary Mesenchyme Cell Specific Antigen during Development. (sea urchin/micromere/primary mesenchyme cell/monoclonal antibody). Dev Growth Differ 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.1988.00035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Gibson AW, Burke RD. Migratory and invasive behavior of pigment cells in normal and animalized sea urchin embryos. Exp Cell Res 1987; 173:546-57. [PMID: 3691675 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(87)90294-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pigment cell precursors in the vegetal plate of late mesenchyme blastulae of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus begin to express a cell surface epitope recognized by the monoclonal antibody SP-1/20.3.1. When one-quarter gastrulae are dissociated into ectodermal and mesenchymal fractions, most SP-1/20.3.1 immunoreactive cells separate into the mesenchymal fraction, whereas at the full gastrula and all later stages almost all epitope-bearing cells are in the ectodermal fraction. Exposure of embryos to sulfate-free seawater p-nitrophenyl beta-D-xyloside, and tunicamycin, all of which prevent primary mesenchyme migration, does not inhibit SP-1/20.3.1 immunoreactive cells from distributing similarly to those in controls, although pigment synthesis is completely inhibited in sulfate-free conditions. Time-lapse video sequences reveal that pigment cells, and a small set of rapidly migrating, SP-1/20.3.1 immunoreactive amoeboid cells that appear in the pluteus, remain closely associated with the ectodermal epithelium during most of larval development. Transmission electron microscopy observations of plutei show pigment cells tightly apposed to the ectodermal epithelium at discontinuities in the basal lamina and sandwiched between the basal lamina and the epithelial cells. It is concluded that SP-1/20.3.1 immunoreactive mesenchymal cells invade the ectodermal epithelium and may use migratory substrates other than those used by primary mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Gibson
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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41
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Lovelace JK, Gottlieb M. Effect of tunicamycin on the extracellular acid phosphatase of Leishmania donovani promastigotes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1987; 22:19-28. [PMID: 3543672 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(87)90065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of replication of Leishmania donovani promastigotes in axenic culture medium by tunicamycin, an inhibitor of asparagine linked protein glycosylation, depends upon the cell density of the culture at the time of addition of tunicamycin as well as upon the concentration of tunicamycin itself. Parasite multiplication in cultures with initial densities of less than or equal to 1 X 10(6) cells ml-1 and a tunicamycin concentration of 1 microgram ml-1 was limited to 2-3 replications, but this limitation was not observed in cultures with initial densities greater than or equal to 2 X 10(6) cells ml-1. Under conditions in which tunicamycin inhibited parasite growth and protein synthesis by only 15% and 6%, respectively, there was a greater than 90% reduction in the level of secreted acid phosphatase activity in comparison to control cultures. The extracellular acid phosphatase activity remaining in tunicamycin treated cultures was electrophoretically distinct from that found in control cultures. No significant decrease in the amount of [35S]methionine incorporated into acid insoluble products in the supernatant of tunicamycin treated cultures was observed, and a radiolabeled protein with an electrophoretic Mr of 97,000 was immunoprecipitated from this supernatant by an anti extracellular acid phosphatase antiserum. It was concluded that the L. donovani extracellular acid phosphatase, previously shown to be a mannose containing glycoprotein, contains N-linked oligosaccharides which are necessary for maintenance of its catalytic activity, but not its secretion.
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42
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Iwata M, Nakano E. A large calcium-binding protein associated with the larval spicules of the sea urchin embryo. CELL DIFFERENTIATION 1986; 19:229-36. [PMID: 3536130 DOI: 10.1016/0045-6039(86)90099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A tissue-specific, high molecular weight, calcium-binding protein from the sea urchin embryo is described. This protein, designated as CBP 180, has a molecular weight of 180,000 under reducing conditions, and is extractable with 1% Triton X-100. It accumulates rapidly during development, starting roughly at the onset of spiculogenesis. When embryos are cultured in the presence of inhibitors of spicule formation, such as tunicamycin and zinc ions, accumulation of CBP180 is depressed or stopped. By immunofluorescence technique and by using an antibody specifically generated against this protein, CBP180 is mainly localized in primary mesenchyme cells and spicular syncytium of the pluteus larva. Little or none is detectable in ectoderm, endoderm or blastocoelar extracellular matrix. These results suggest that the protein is involved in calcium sequestration in the differentiation of larval spicules.
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Riederer-Henderson MA. Phenotypic switching to long cilia effected by various proteases: results with Dendraster excentricus and Stronglyocentrotus purpuratus blastulae. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1986; 240:327-33. [PMID: 3641879 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402400306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Incubation in trypsin effects a phenotypic switch from short to long cilia (greater than 30 micron) in hatched blastulae of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata. To determine how trypsin causes such a switch we tested whether the phenomenon was unique to the species, Arbacia, and to the protease, trypsin. With two other echinoderm species, the sand dollar, Dendraster excentricus, and the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, trypsin incubation increased the percentage of long cilia. During incubation of D. excentricus in trypsin, the percentage of long cilia increased progressively from the normal 10% long cilia of the apical tuft to 45-50% long cilia covering 1/2-3/4 of the embryo. With S. purpuratus blastulae, however, the percentage of long cilia was lower (32-40%) and the results were more variable. Of the additional proteases tested with D. excentricus, elastase was more effective than trypsin in terms of the percentage of long cilia (58%), the mean length, and the broad distribution of lengths formed. Thermolysin was about as effective as trypsin but chymotrypsin was much less so. Thus, increases in ciliary length were not unique to a particular echinoderm species or to incubation in trypsin. The magnitude of the change in length distribution, however, was species- and enzyme-dependent. An extracellular or membrane component with differential susceptibility to various proteases may, therefore, be involved in altering ciliary length.
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Concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin binding to sea urchin embryo basal laminae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986; 195:433-444. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00375747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/1985] [Accepted: 04/03/1986] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Venkatesan M, Simpson RT. Isolation and characterization of spicule proteins from Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Exp Cell Res 1986; 166:259-64. [PMID: 3743658 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(86)90526-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A simple method is described for the isolation of spicules from pluteus embryos of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Radio-iodination of the demineralized matrix reveals six bands on SDS protein gels. Treatment with N-glycanase leads us to believe that some of these proteins are N-linked glycoproteins.
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46
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DeSimone DW, Spiegel M. Wheat germ agglutinin binding to the micromeres and primary mesenchyme cells of sea urchin embryos. Dev Biol 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(86)90198-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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47
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Solursh M. Migration of sea urchin primary mesenchyme cells. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y. : 1985) 1986; 2:391-431. [PMID: 3078121 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2141-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Solursh
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
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48
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Lennarz WJ. Regulation of glycoprotein synthesis during development of the sea urchin embryo. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y. : 1985) 1986; 3:59-79. [PMID: 3077971 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5050-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W J Lennarz
- University of Texas System Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Houston 77030
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49
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Spiegel E, Spiegel M. Cell-cell interactions during sea urchin morphogenesis. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y. : 1985) 1986; 2:195-240. [PMID: 3078115 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2141-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Spiegel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
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50
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Fujino Y, Mitsunaga K, Fujiwara A, Yasumasu I. Inhibition of45Ca2+ uptake in the eggs and embryos of the sea urchin,Anthocidaris crassispina, by several calcium antagonists, anion transport inhibitor, and chloride transport inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402350215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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